Energy

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head>  <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="keywords" content=""> <meta name="description" content="Known sources of energy are limited, or their use entails difficulties for the environment. To find answers to these challenges, scientists can use the X-ray flashes of the European XFEL to study processes occurring in solar cells or fuel cells. They can also use them to analyse plasmas that could be exploited in future fusion reactors, or find new solutions such as artificial photosynthesis."> <meta name="author" content=""> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Energy</title> <link rel="home" href="https://www.xfel.eu/index_eng.html" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.xfel.eu/zmi_css_defaults" />  <link href="https://www.xfel.eu/common/local_css/xfel.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" /> <link href="https://www.xfel.eu/common/local_css/xfel.custom.min.css?q" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" /> <link href="https://www.xfel.eu/theme_xfel/common/added/web.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://www.xfel.eu/common/img/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.xfel.eu/common/img/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.xfel.eu/common/img/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="https://www.xfel.eu/common/img/favicons/manifest.json"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://www.xfel.eu/common/img/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script type="text/javascript"> //js-detection document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/, 'js'); //touch-detection function is_touch_device() { return (('ontouchstart' in window) || (navigator.MaxTouchPoints > 0) || (navigator.msMaxTouchPoints > 0)); } if (is_touch_device()) { document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className +" is-touch"; } // svg-iconset window.APP = { // baseUrl: '//www.xfel.eu/', svgSpriteUrl: '//www.xfel.eu/common/img/sprite/project.svg' }; // Picture element HTML5 shiv document.createElement('picture'); </script> <script src="https://www.xfel.eu/common/js/head-bundle.min.js"></script> </head> <body class="bodyweb" data-lang="eng" data-path="https://www.xfel.eu/e35177/e52724"> <header class="xfel-header xfel-header--js"> <div class="xfel-header__content"> <nav class="xfel-header-meta xfel-typography--header-meta"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/contacts/index_eng.html" class="xfel-header-meta__link">Contacts</a> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/careers/index_eng.html" class="xfel-header-meta__link">Careers</a> <a href="https://in.xfel.eu/upex" class="xfel-header-meta__link upex" target="_blank">UPEX</a> <span class="xfel-header-meta__languages"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/energy/index_eng.html" class="xfel-header-meta__link xfel-header-meta__link--is-selected">EN</a> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/forschung/energie/index_ger.html" class="xfel-header-meta__link">DE</a> </span> <span class="xfel-header-meta__search xfel-header-meta__search--js"> <svg width="21px" height="22px" viewbox="0 0 21 22"> <use xlink:href="#icon-search"></use> </svg> </span> </nav> <ul class="xfel-header-navigation xfel-typography--header-navigation"> <li id="xfel-header-navigation__magicline" class="xfel-header-navigation__magicline--js"></li> <li class="xfel-header-navigation__logo"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/index_eng.html" class="xfel-header-navigation__logo-link"> <svg class="xfel-header-navigation__logo-svg" width="100px" height="100px" viewbox="0 0 100 100"> <use xlink:href="#icon-logo-xfel"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-navigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-navigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/index_eng.html" id="e35165"><span>Facility</span></a> <ul class="xfel-custom-navbar"> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/overview/index_eng.html">Overview</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/operation/index_eng.html">Operation</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/accelerator/index_eng.html">Accelerator</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/beamlines/index_eng.html">Beamlines</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/index_eng.html">Instruments</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/index_eng.html">User Laboratories</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/safety_and_environment/index_eng.html">Safety and Environment</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/comparison/index_eng.html">Comparison</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/virtual_tour/index_eng.html">Virtual Tour</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-header-navigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-navigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/index_eng.html" id="e35152"><span>Organization</span></a> <ul class="xfel-custom-navbar"> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/mission/index_eng.html">Mission</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/company/index_eng.html">Company</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/council/index_eng.html">Leadership</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/partner_countries/index_eng.html">Partner countries</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/cooperation/index_eng.html">Cooperation</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/staff_members/index_eng.html">Staff members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/index_eng.html">Scientific and Technical groups</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/industrial_liaison/index_eng.html">Industrial Liaison</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/procurement/index_eng.html">Procurement</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-header-navigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-navigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/index_eng.html" id="e35177"><span>Science</span></a> <ul class="xfel-custom-navbar"> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/scope/index_eng.html">Scope</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/health_and_biology/index_eng.html">Health and biology</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/energy/index_eng.html">Energy</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/index_eng.html">Water</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/catalytic_processes/index_eng.html">Catalytic processes</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/information_technology/index_eng.html">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/technology_transfer/index_eng.html">Technology transfer</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-header-navigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-navigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/index_eng.html" id="e35178"><span>News and Events</span></a> <ul class="xfel-custom-navbar"> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/news/index_eng.html">News</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/events/index_eng.html">Events</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/communication/index_eng.html">Communication</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/media_database/index_eng.html">Media database</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/in_the_news/index_eng.html">In the news</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/flyers_brochures_and_annual_reports/index_eng.html">Flyers, brochures and Annual Reports</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/corporate_design/index_eng.html">Corporate design</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/arts_projects/index_eng.html">Arts Projects</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-header-navigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-navigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/index_eng.html" id="e245399"><span>Visitors</span></a> <ul class="xfel-custom-navbar"> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/events/index_eng.html">Events</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/exhibition/index_eng.html">Exhibition</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/guided_tours/index_eng.html">Guided tours</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/xcool_lab/index_eng.html">Xcool Lab</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/campus_tours/index_eng.html">Campus tours</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/food_and_souvenirs/index_eng.html">Food and souvenirs</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/newsletter/index_eng.html">Newsletter</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-header-navigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-navigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/index_eng.html"><span class="xfel-button xfel-button--secondary" data-text="Users"><span>Users</span></span></a> <ul class="xfel-custom-navbar"> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/covid_19_user_operation/index_eng.html">User Campus Access</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/index_eng.html">Beamtime</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_safety/index_eng.html">User safety</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_guide/index_eng.html">User guide</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/guest_house/index_eng.html">Guest House</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/policies/index_eng.html">Policies</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_office/index_eng.html">User office</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_events/index_eng.html">User events</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_organization/index_eng.html">User Organization</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/industrial_users/index_eng.html">Industrial users</a> </li> <li class="xfel-header-subnavigation__item"> <a class="xfel-header-subnavigation__link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/quick_links/index_eng.html">Quick Links</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-header-controls xfel-header-controls--js"> <span class="xfel-header-controls__search"> <svg width="21px" height="22px" viewbox="0 0 21 22"> <use xlink:href="#icon-search"></use> </svg> </span> <span class="xfel-header-controls__drawer"> <span class="xfel-header-controls__drawer-icon"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </span> <span class="xfel-header-controls__drawer-label" data-toggle="CLOSE">MENU</span> </span> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="xfel-drawer__wrapper"> <div class="xfel-search xfel-search--js"> <div class="xfel-search__container"> <form action="https://www.xfel.eu/search/index_eng.html" method="GET"> <div class="field field--input-button" role="group"> <div class="xfel-textfield xfel-textfield--no-margin-bottom xfel-textfield--js"> <input name="q" class="xfel-textfield__input" type="search" placeholder="Enter a search term"> </div> <button class="xfel-button" type="submit" data-text="SEARCH"> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <input type="hidden" name="task" value="search" /> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="002269522213088190445:xsqg-bq5-dy" /> </form> </div> </div> <div class="xfel-drawer xfel-drawer--js"> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-0 xfel-typography--drawer"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <div>Facility</div> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-1 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/overview/index_eng.html">Overview</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/overview/how_it_works/index_eng.html">How it works</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/overview/facts_amp_figures/index_eng.html">Facts & Figures</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/overview/construction/index_eng.html">Construction</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/overview/construction/overview/index_eng.html">Overview</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/overview/construction/timeline/index_eng.html">Timeline</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/overview/construction/in_kind_contributions/index_eng.html">In-kind contributions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/overview/environmental_compensation_measures/index_eng.html">Environmental compensation measures</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/overview/desy/index_eng.html">DESY</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/operation/index_eng.html">Operation</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/accelerator/index_eng.html">Accelerator</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/beamlines/index_eng.html">Beamlines</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/index_eng.html">Instruments</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/fxe/index_eng.html">FXE</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/fxe/science_programme/index_eng.html">Science Programme</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/fxe/instrument_design/index_eng.html">Instrument design</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/fxe/group_members/index_eng.html">Group members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/fxe/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/hed/index_eng.html">HED</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/hed/instrument_capabilities___call_for_proposals/index_eng.html">Instrument Capabilities - Call for proposals</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/hed/videos_and_photos/index_eng.html">Videos and Photos</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/hed/science_programme/index_eng.html">Science Programme</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/hed/user_consortium_and_external_funding/index_eng.html">User Consortium and External Funding</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/hed/documentation/index_eng.html">Documentation</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/hed/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/hed/group_members/index_eng.html">Group members</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/mid/index_eng.html">MID</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/mid/scientific_applications/index_eng.html">Scientific applications</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/mid/experimental_techniques/index_eng.html">Experimental techniques</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/mid/instrument_specifications/index_eng.html">Instrument specifications</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/mid/supporting_infrastructure/index_eng.html">Supporting infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/mid/group_members/index_eng.html">Group members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/mid/workshops_and_meetings/index_eng.html">Workshops and meetings</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/mid/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/scs/index_eng.html">SCS</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/scs/instrument_design/index_eng.html">Instrument Design</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/scs/scs_group_members/index_eng.html">SCS group members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/scs/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/spb_sfx/index_eng.html">SPB/SFX</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/spb_sfx/parameter_sheet_2025_01/index_eng.html">parameter sheet 2025-01</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/spb_sfx/science_programme/index_eng.html">Science Programme</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/spb_sfx/instrument_parameters_for_run_2024_01/index_eng.html">Instrument parameters for run 2024-01</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/spb_sfx/instrument_design/index_eng.html">Instrument design</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/spb_sfx/sfx_user_consortium/index_eng.html">SFX user consortium</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/spb_sfx/group_members/index_eng.html">Group members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/spb_sfx/documentation/index_eng.html">Documentation</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/spb_sfx/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/index_eng.html">SQS</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/news/index_eng.html">News</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/instrument/index_eng.html">Instrument</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/documentation/index_eng.html">Documentation</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/beamtime_publications/index_eng.html">Beamtime publications</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/staff_publications/index_eng.html">Staff publications</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/videos/index_eng.html">Videos</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/group_members/index_eng.html">Group members</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sxp/index_eng.html">SXP</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sxp/team/index_eng.html">Group Members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sxp/instrument/index_eng.html">Instrument</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sxp/community_proposals/index_eng.html">Community Proposals</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/index_eng.html">User Laboratories</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/laboratories/index_eng.html">Laboratory Environments</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/laboratories/biology_labs/index_eng.html">Biology (XBI)</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/laboratories/chemistry_labs/index_eng.html">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/laboratories/material_science/index_eng.html">Dry Sample Preparation</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/laboratories/cold_room/index_eng.html">Cold Room</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/laboratories/dark_room/index_eng.html">Dark Rooms</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/laboratories/glove_box/index_eng.html">Glove Box</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/samples_processing/index_eng.html">Sample Delivery</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/samples_processing/liquids/index_eng.html">Liquids</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/samples_processing/magnets/index_eng.html">Magnets</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/access/index_eng.html">Access</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/about_us/index_eng.html">About us</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/safety_and_environment/index_eng.html">Safety and Environment</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/comparison/index_eng.html">Comparison</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/virtual_tour/index_eng.html">Virtual Tour</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <div>Organization</div> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-1 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/mission/index_eng.html">Mission</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/company/index_eng.html">Company</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/council/index_eng.html">Leadership</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/council/index_eng.html">Council</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/council/council_meetings/index_eng.html">Council meetings</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/council/council_written_procedures/index_eng.html">Council written procedures</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/council/council_working_groups/index_eng.html">Council working groups</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/council/basic_documents/index_eng.html">Basic documents</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/council/isc_predecessor_of_the_council/index_eng.html">ISC (Predecessor of the Council)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/management_board/index_eng.html">Management Board</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/index_eng.html">Committees</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/ikrc/index_eng.html">IKRC</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/afc/index_eng.html">AFC</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/mac/index_eng.html">MAC</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/sac/index_eng.html">SAC</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/dac/index_eng.html">DAC</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/lac/index_eng.html">LAC</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/dmc/index_eng.html">DMC</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/proposal_review_panels/index_eng.html">Proposal Review Panels</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/partner_countries/index_eng.html">Partner countries</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/cooperation/index_eng.html">Cooperation</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/cooperation/user_consortia/index_eng.html">User consortia</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/cooperation/institutional_and_international_cooperation/index_eng.html">Institutional and international cooperation</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/staff_members/index_eng.html">Staff members</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/staff_members/staff_members_public_view/index_eng.html">Staff members (public view)</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/staff_members/staff_members_internal_only/index_eng.html">Staff members (internal only)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/index_eng.html">Scientific and Technical groups</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/instrumentation_department/index_eng.html">Instrumentation Department</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/instrumentation_department/leadership_team/index_eng.html">Leadership Team</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/instrumentation_department/lasers/index_eng.html">Lasers</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/instrumentation_department/mechanical_engineering/index_eng.html">Mechanical Engineering</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/instrumentation_department/undulator_systems/index_eng.html">Undulator Systems</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/instrumentation_department/vacuum/index_eng.html">Vacuum</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/instrumentation_department/x_ray_optics/index_eng.html">X-Ray Optics</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/instrumentation_department/x_ray_photon_diagnostics/index_eng.html">X-Ray Photon Diagnostics</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/data_department/index_eng.html">Data Department</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/data_department/controls/index_eng.html">Controls</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/data_department/data_analysis/index_eng.html">Data Analysis</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/index_eng.html">Theory</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/group_members/index_eng.html">Group Members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/theory_seminar/index_eng.html">Theory Seminar</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/workshops_and_meetings/index_eng.html">Workshops and Meetings</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/selected_research_projects/index_eng.html">Selected Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/index_eng.html">Sample Environment & Characterization</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/projects/index_eng.html">Projects</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/group_members/index_eng.html">Group members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/workshops_and_meetings/index_eng.html">Workshops and meetings</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/index_eng.html">Photon Beam Systems Meetings</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2024/index_eng.html">2024</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2023/index_eng.html">2023</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2022/index_eng.html">2022</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2021/index_eng.html">2021</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2020/index_eng.html">2020</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2019/index_eng.html">2019</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2018/index_eng.html">2018</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2017/index_eng.html">2017</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2016/index_eng.html">2016</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2015/index_eng.html">2015</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2014/index_eng.html">2014</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2013/index_eng.html">2013</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2012/index_eng.html">2012</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2011/index_eng.html">2011</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2010/index_eng.html">2010</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2009/index_eng.html">2009</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2008/index_eng.html">2008</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2007/index_eng.html">2007</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/students/index_eng.html">Students</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/students/welcome_words/index_eng.html">Welcome words</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/students/phd_curriculum/index_eng.html">Ph.D. Curriculum</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/students/european_xfel_network/index_eng.html">European XFEL Network</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/students/young_scientist_award/index_eng.html">Young Scientist Award</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/industrial_liaison/index_eng.html">Industrial Liaison</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/industrial_liaison/room_rental/index_eng.html">Room rental</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/procurement/index_eng.html">Procurement</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/procurement/legal_and_regulatory_information/index_eng.html">Legal and Regulatory Information</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/procurement/calls_for_tender/index_eng.html">Calls for Tender</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <div>Science</div> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-1 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/scope/index_eng.html">Scope</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/health_and_biology/index_eng.html">Health and biology</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/energy/index_eng.html">Energy</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/index_eng.html">Water</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/dimer_bond_dynamics/index_eng.html">Dimer bond dynamics</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/dimer_bond_dynamics/the_experimental_set_up/index_eng.html">The experimental set-up</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/supercooled_water_dynamics/index_eng.html">Supercooled water dynamics</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/supercooled_water_dynamics/the_experimental_set_up/index_eng.html">The experimental set-up</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/water_to_ice/index_eng.html">Water to ice</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/water_to_ice/the_experimental_set_up/index_eng.html">The experimental set-up</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/broken_water_cages/index_eng.html">Broken water cages</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/broken_water_cages/the_experimental_set_up/index_eng.html">The experimental set-up</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/gas_hydrate_formation/index_eng.html">Gas-hydrate formation</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/gas_hydrate_formation/the_experimental_set_up/index_eng.html">The experimental set-up</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/glassy_water/index_eng.html">Glassy water</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/glassy_water/the_experimental_set_up/index_eng.html">The experimental set-up</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/high_pressure_phases/index_eng.html">High pressure phases</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/high_pressure_phases/the_experimental_set_up/index_eng.html">The experimental set-up</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/publications/call_on_molecular_water_science/index_eng.html">Call on Molecular Water Science</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/catalytic_processes/index_eng.html">Catalytic processes</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/information_technology/index_eng.html">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/technology_transfer/index_eng.html">Technology transfer</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/2024/index_eng.html">2024</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/2023/index_eng.html">2023</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/2022/index_eng.html">2022</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/2021/index_eng.html">2021</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/2020/index_eng.html">2020</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/2019/index_eng.html">2019</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/2018/index_eng.html">2018</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/2017/index_eng.html">2017</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/2016/index_eng.html">2016</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/2015/index_eng.html">2015</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/2014/index_eng.html">2014</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/2013/index_eng.html">2013</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/2012/index_eng.html">2012</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/2011/index_eng.html">2011</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/2010/index_eng.html">2010</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/2009/index_eng.html">2009</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/20042008/index_eng.html">2004–2008</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <div>News and Events</div> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-1 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/news/index_eng.html">News</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/events/index_eng.html">Events</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/events/workshops_and_conferences/index_eng.html">Workshops and conferences</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/events/workshops_and_conferences/archive/index_eng.html">Archive</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/events/general_seminars/index_eng.html">General seminars</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/events/general_seminars/archive/index_eng.html">Archive</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/events/science_seminars/index_eng.html">Science seminars</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/events/science_seminars/archive/index_eng.html">Archive</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/events/theory_seminars/index_eng.html">Theory seminars</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/events/theory_seminars/archive/index_eng.html">Archive</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/events/public_events/index_eng.html">Public events</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/communication/index_eng.html">Communication</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/media_database/index_eng.html">Media database</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/in_the_news/index_eng.html">In the news</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/in_the_news/german/index_eng.html">German</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/in_the_news/english/index_eng.html">English</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/flyers_brochures_and_annual_reports/index_eng.html">Flyers, brochures and Annual Reports</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/corporate_design/index_eng.html">Corporate design</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/arts_projects/index_eng.html">Arts Projects</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/arts_projects/projects/index_eng.html">Projects</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/arts_projects/projects/marcus_heine/index_eng.html">Marcus Heine</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/arts_projects/projects/the_karabo_universe/index_eng.html">The Karabo Universe</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/arts_projects/projects/uta_zaza_roettgers/index_eng.html">Uta "Zaza" Röttgers</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/arts_projects/projects/jan_schoelzel_ii/index_eng.html">Jan Schölzel II</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/arts_projects/projects/osdorf_urban/index_eng.html">OSDORF URBAN</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/arts_projects/projects/heiner_mueller_elsner/index_eng.html">Heiner Müller-Elsner</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/arts_projects/projects/jan_schoelzel_i/index_eng.html">Jan Schölzel I</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/arts_projects/projects/henrik_spohler/index_eng.html">Henrik Spohler</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <div>Visitors</div> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-1 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/events/index_eng.html">Events</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/exhibition/index_eng.html">Exhibition</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/guided_tours/index_eng.html">Guided tours</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/xcool_lab/index_eng.html">Xcool Lab</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/xcool_lab/physics_lab/index_eng.html">Physics lab</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/xcool_lab/biology_lab/index_eng.html">Biology lab</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/xcool_lab/open_educational_resources/index_eng.html">Open Educational Resources</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/xcool_lab/science_in_school/index_eng.html">Science in School</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/campus_tours/index_eng.html">Campus tours</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/food_and_souvenirs/index_eng.html">Food and souvenirs</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/newsletter/index_eng.html">Newsletter</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item xfel-drawer-navigation__item--special"> <div>Users</div> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-1 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/covid_19_user_operation/index_eng.html">User Campus Access</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/index_eng.html">Beamtime</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/call_for_proposals/index_eng.html">Call for proposals</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/call_for_proposals/13th_call_for_proposals/index_eng.html">13th call for proposals</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/call_for_proposals/12th_call_for_proposals/index_eng.html">12th call for proposals</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/call_for_proposals/11th_call_for_proposals/index_eng.html">11th call for proposals</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/call_for_proposals/10th_call_for_proposals/index_eng.html">10th call for proposals</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/call_for_proposals/9th_call_for_proposals/index_eng.html">9th Call for Proposals</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/call_for_proposals/8th_call_for_proposals/index_eng.html">8th Call for Proposals</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/call_for_proposals/7th_call_for_proposals/index_eng.html">7th Call for Proposals</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/call_for_expressions_of_interest/index_eng.html">Call for expressions of interest</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/how_to_apply/index_eng.html">How to Apply</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/proposal_review/proposal_review/index_eng.html">Proposal Review</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/invitations/index_eng.html">Invitations</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/operation_status/operation_status/index_eng.html">Operation Status</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/instruments/index_eng.html">Instruments</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/user_laboratories/user_laboratories/index_eng.html">User Laboratories</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/data_analysis/data_analysis/index_eng.html">Data analysis</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/beamtime/scheduled_experiments/index_eng.html">Scheduled Experiments</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_safety/index_eng.html">User safety</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_safety/samples_and_substances/index_eng.html">Samples and Substances</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_safety/machines_and_equipment/index_eng.html">Machines and Equipment</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_safety/lasers/index_eng.html">Lasers</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_safety/safety_training/index_eng.html">Safety Training</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_safety/start_of_experiment/index_eng.html">Start of Experiment</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_safety/electrical_work/index_eng.html">Electrical Work</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_guide/index_eng.html">User guide</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_guide/upex_and_campus_accounts/index_eng.html">UPEX and Campus Accounts</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_guide/registration/index_eng.html">Registration</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_guide/funded_user_travel/index_eng.html">Funded user travel</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_guide/accommodation/index_eng.html">Accommodation</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_guide/shipping/index_eng.html">Shipping</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_guide/visas/index_eng.html">Visas</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_guide/on_site_life/index_eng.html">On-site Life</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_guide/feedback/index_eng.html">Feedback</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_guide/experiment_report/index_eng.html">Experiment Report</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_guide/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/guest_house/index_eng.html">Guest House</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/guest_house/general_information/index_eng.html">General Information</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/guest_house/booking_request/booking_request/index_eng.html">Booking Request</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/guest_house/booking_request/booking_request/index_eng.html">Booking request</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/guest_house/house_rules/index_eng.html">House Rules</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/guest_house/location/index_eng.html">Location</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/policies/index_eng.html">Policies</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/policies/policy_for_samples_and_substances/index_eng.html">Policy for samples and substances</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/policies/sample_risk_assessment_and_sample_operation_instructions/sample_risk_assessment_and_sample_operation_instructions/index_eng.html">Sample Risk Assessment and Sample Operation Instructions</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/policies/user_supplied_instrumentation_equipment/index_eng.html">User-supplied instrumentation/equipment</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/policies/electrical_work/electrical_work/index_eng.html">Electrical work</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_office/index_eng.html">User office</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_events/index_eng.html">User events</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_events/users__meetings/index_eng.html">Users' Meetings</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_events/users__meetings/2025_users__meeting/index_eng.html">2025 Users' Meeting</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_events/users__meetings/2024_users__meeting/index_eng.html">2024 Users' Meeting</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_events/users__meetings/2023_users__meeting/index_eng.html">2023 Users' Meeting</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_events/users__meetings/2022_users__meeting/index_eng.html">2022 Users' Meeting</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_events/users__meetings/2021_users__meeting/index_eng.html">2021 Users' Meeting</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_events/users__meetings/2020_users__meeting/index_eng.html">2020 Users' Meeting</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_events/users__meetings/archive/index_eng.html">Archive</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_events/online_events/index_eng.html">Online Events</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_events/online_events/virtual_user_information_meeting___12th_call_for_proposals/index_eng.html">Virtual user information meeting - 12th call for proposals</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_events/online_events/virtual_user_information_meeting___11th_call_for_proposals/index_eng.html">Virtual user information meeting - 11th call for proposals</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_events/online_events/archive/index_eng.html">Archive</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/user_organization/index_eng.html">User Organization</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/industrial_users/index_eng.html">Industrial users</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/users/quick_links/index_eng.html">Quick Links</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-meta xfel-typography--header-meta"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/visitors/index_eng.html" class="xfel-drawer-meta__link">Visitors</a> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/contacts/index_eng.html" class="xfel-drawer-meta__link">Contact</a> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/careers/index_eng.html" class="xfel-drawer-meta__link">Career</a> <a href="https://in.xfel.eu/upex" class="xfel-drawer-meta__link" target="_blank">UPEX</a> <a href="#" class="xfel-drawer-meta__link"></a> <span class="xfel-drawer-meta__languages"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/energy/index_eng.html" class="xfel-drawer-meta__languages-item xfel-drawer-meta__languages-item--is-selected">EN</a> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/forschung/energie/index_ger.html" class="xfel-drawer-meta__languages-item">DE</a> </span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <main> <section class="module"> <div class="subnavigation xfel-typography--subnavigation subnavigation--js"> <ul class="subnavigation-list"> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/scope/index_eng.html">Scope</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/health_and_biology/index_eng.html">Health and biology</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item subnavigation-item--active"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/energy/index_eng.html">Energy</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/index_eng.html">Water</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/catalytic_processes/index_eng.html">Catalytic processes</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/information_technology/index_eng.html">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/technology_transfer/index_eng.html">Technology transfer</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="subnavigation-list"> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="module"> <div class="breadcrumb breadcrumb--js"> <div class="breadcrumb-container"> <div class="breadcrumb-home"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/index_eng.html"> <svg width="22px" height="22px" viewbox="0 0 22 22"> <use xlink:href="#icon-home"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb-trail"> <ul class="breadcrumb-list"> <li class="breadcrumb-list__item breadcrumb-list__item--is-seperator"> <svg width="6px" height="10px" viewbox="0 0 9 15"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-plain-right"></use> </svg> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-list__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/index_eng.html">Science</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-list__item breadcrumb-list__item--is-seperator"> <svg width="6px" height="10px" viewbox="0 0 9 15"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-plain-right"></use> </svg> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-list__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/energy/index_eng.html">Energy</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="module module-intro"> <div class="intro"> <h1>Energy</h1> <p class="intro__copy description">Known sources of energy are limited, or their use entails difficulties for the environment. To find answers to these challenges, scientists can use the X-ray flashes of the European XFEL to study processes occurring in solar cells or fuel cells. They can also use them to analyse plasmas that could be exploited in future fusion reactors, or find new solutions such as artificial photosynthesis.</p> </div> </section>   <section class="module"> <div class="image-text image-text--image-left"> <aside class="image-text__aside"> <figure class="image"> <picture class="image-picture"> <source media="(min-width: 840px)" srcset="/sites/sites_custom/site_xfel/content/e35177/e52724/e56194/power-poles-503935_640_medium_eng.jpg"></source> <source media="(min-width: 600px)" srcset="/sites/sites_custom/site_xfel/content/e35177/e52724/e56194/power-poles-503935_640_small_eng.jpg"></source> <img alt="One of the interests among the European XFEL user community is to make artificial versions of the energy capture process photosynthesis approach the efficiency of the actual biological mechanism." srcset="/sites/sites_custom/site_xfel/content/e35177/e52724/e56194/power-poles-503935_640_large_eng.jpg" /> </picture> <p class="image-description">One of the interests among the European XFEL user community is to make artificial versions of the energy capture process photosynthesis approach the efficiency of the actual biological mechanism.</p> </figure> </aside> <div class="image-text__container"><p class="image-text__copy">The sun delivers enormous amounts of energy to the earth. However, the clean, economic, and reliable conversion of this abundant energy is a challenging task.</p> <p class="image-text__copy">Direct use of solar energy for generating electrical power (photovoltaic devices) or heat (photothermal devices) is confronted with the need to store energy, as the production cycle—up during daytime, down during the night; up on clear days, down on rainy ones; more during summer, less during winter—does not match the consumption cycle. The storage of energy is currently not very efficient and expensive, which limits the photovoltaic and photothermal approach (in analogy to wind power).</p> <p class="image-text__copy">In effort to solve these problems, scientists are trying to optimize processes which would use sunlight energy to produce storable and transportable fuels, inspired by the nature photosynthetic process in plants, which uses sunlight energy. In plants, the energy of the sun is used to split water into oxygen and hydrogen, the latter of which is further split into a proton and an electron. Their recombination into hydrogen provides the energy to power subsequent reactions that are necessary for the life and growth of plants. Ideally, if one could mimic this process, one could use the hydrogen released from water to react with carbon dioxide and produce methanol or methane, which can be used as fuels.</p> <p class="image-text__copy">The ability of FELs to follow the steps of a chemical cycle or reaction like in a slow-motion movie could help to better understand the efficient water-splitting reaction in plants and other natural or technical chemical processes. The unique capabilities of the European XFEL can significantly contribute to this exicting area of research. It can provide a basis for the application of an optimized photosynthetic process on an industrial scale, to generate hydrogen and liquid fuels from ingredients as cheap and abundant as sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and some light metals.</p></div> </div> </section>   </main> <footer class="xfel-footer"> <div class="xfel-footer__top"> <div class="xfel-footer__top-container"> <div class="mdl-grid"> <div class="mdl-cell mdl-cell--8-col mdl-cell--12-col-tablet"> <h3 class="xfel-footer__headline--eiroforum"> Member of EIROforum</h3> <a class="xfel-footer__logo--eiroforum" href="http://www.eiroforum.org/" target="_blank"> <picture> <source media="(min-width:480px)" srcset="common/img/EIROforum.png" /> <img srcset="common/img/EIROforum-phone.png" src="common/img/EIROforum-phone.png" alt="EIROforum" /> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="xfel-footer__seperator hr"></div> <div class="mdl-cell mdl-cell--8-col mdl-cell--12-col-tablet"> <h3>Subscribe to our newsletter</h3> <form action="#" method="get" enctype="text/plain" id="xfel_nl"> <div class="field field--input-button" role="group"> <div class="xfel-textfield xfel-textfield--no-margin-bottom xfel-textfield--js"> <input type="text" name="email" class="xfel-textfield__input" placeholder="your@email.com" id="xfel_nl_email"> <input type="text" name="nobo" class="xfel-textfield__input" id="xfel_nl_nobo"> </div> <button data-text="Subscribe" class="xfel-button" type="submit" id="subscribe_nl"><span>Subscribe</span></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="xfel-footer__seperator hr"></div> <div class="mdl-cell mdl-cell--8-col mdl-cell--24-col-tablet"> <div class="xfel-footer__right-align"> <h3>Follow us</h3> <div class="xfel-footer__social"> <a class="xfel-footer__social-link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/news_and_events/news/rssfeed.xml"> <svg width="50px" height="50px" viewbox="0 0 50 50"> <use xlink:href="#icon-social-rss"></use> </svg> </a> <a class="xfel-footer__social-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/EuropeanXFEL/" target="_blank"> <svg width="50px" height="50px" viewbox="0 0 50 50"> <use xlink:href="#icon-social-fb"></use> </svg> </a> <a class="xfel-footer__social-link" href="https://twitter.com/europeanxfel" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.xfel.eu/common/img/X.png" alt="XFEL on X" style="width: 50px;" /> </a> <a class="xfel-footer__social-link" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/EuropeanXFEL" target="_blank"> <svg width="50px" height="50px" viewbox="0 0 50 50"> <use xlink:href="#icon-social-youtube"></use> </svg> </a> <a class="xfel-footer__social-link" href="https://www.instagram.com/europeanxfel/" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.xfel.eu/common/img/instagram.png" alt="XFEL on Instagram" style="width: 50px;" /> </a> <a class="xfel-footer__social-link" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/5359345/" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.xfel.eu/common/img/linkedin.png" alt="XFEL on LinkedIn" style="width: 50px;" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="xfel-footer__seperator hr"></div> <div class="xfel-footer__bottom"> <div class="xfel-footer__bottom-container"> <div class="mdl-grid xfel-typography--footer"> <div class="mdl-cell mdl-cell--12-col mdl-cell--24-col-tablet"> <nav class="xfel-footer__navigation"> <a class="xfel-footer__navigation-link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/data_privacy_policy/index_eng.html">Data Privacy Policy</a> <a class="xfel-footer__navigation-link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/legal_notice/index_eng.html">Legal Notice</a> <a class="xfel-footer__navigation-link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/compliance/index_eng.html">Compliance</a> <a class="xfel-footer__navigation-link" href="https://www.xfel.eu/internal/index_eng.html">Internal</a> </nav> </div> <div class="mdl-cell mdl-cell--12-col mdl-cell--24-col-tablet"> <div class="xfel-footer__countries"> <span class="xfel-countries__label">Participating countries</span> <div class="xfel-countries__flags"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/partner_countries/index_eng.html" class="xfel-countries__flag"> <svg width="30px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 30 20"> <use xlink:href="#icon-flag-denmark"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/partner_countries/index_eng.html" class="xfel-countries__flag"> <svg width="30px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 30 20"> <use xlink:href="#icon-flag-france"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/partner_countries/index_eng.html" class="xfel-countries__flag"> <svg width="30px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 30 20"> <use xlink:href="#icon-flag-germany"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/partner_countries/index_eng.html" class="xfel-countries__flag"> <svg width="30px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 30 20"> <use xlink:href="#icon-flag-hungary"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/partner_countries/index_eng.html" class="xfel-countries__flag"> <svg width="30px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 30 20"> <use xlink:href="#icon-flag-italy"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/partner_countries/index_eng.html" class="xfel-countries__flag"> <svg width="30px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 30 20"> <use xlink:href="#icon-flag-poland"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/partner_countries/index_eng.html" class="xfel-countries__flag"> <svg width="30px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 30 20"> <use xlink:href="#icon-flag-russia"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/partner_countries/index_eng.html" class="xfel-countries__flag"> <svg width="30px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 30 20"> <use xlink:href="#icon-flag-slovakia"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/partner_countries/index_eng.html" class="xfel-countries__flag"> <svg width="30px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 30 20"> <use xlink:href="#icon-flag-spain"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/partner_countries/index_eng.html" class="xfel-countries__flag"> <svg width="30px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 30 20"> <use xlink:href="#icon-flag-sweden"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/partner_countries/index_eng.html" class="xfel-countries__flag"> <svg width="30px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 30 20"> <use xlink:href="#icon-flag-switzerland"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/partner_countries/index_eng.html" class="xfel-countries__flag"> <img src="https://www.xfel.eu/common/img/gb_flag.png" alt="flag-gb" style="height: 20px;" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div class="xfel-drawer__obfuscator xfel-drawer__obfuscator--js"></div> <div class="css-breakpoint-helper"> <div class="tablet"></div> <div class="header-desktop"></div> <div class="desktop"></div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/common4all/fancybox/fancybox-2-1-5/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js"></script> <script src="https://www.xfel.eu/common/js/main-bundle.min.js"></script> <script> /* Highlight active Nav-Parent */ var thispatharr = $('.bodyweb').data('path').split("/"); $('.xfel-header-navigation__link').each(function() { var itemid = $(this).attr("id"); if ($.inArray(itemid,thispatharr) > -1) { $(this).addClass("active"); } }); /* Subscribe Newsletter */ jQuery("#xfel_nl").on("submit", function(nl_subscr) { nl_subscr.preventDefault(); var xfel_nl_email = jQuery("#xfel_nl_email").val(); var xfel_nl_nobo = jQuery("#xfel_nl_nobo").val(); if (xfel_nl_nobo == '') { jQuery.fancybox.open({ padding : 0, margin:[30,30,30,30], autoSize:!0, autoResize:!0, closeBtn:!1, href:'/subscribe_to_newsletter.html?e_mail_address='+xfel_nl_email+'', type: 'iframe', tpl:{wrap:'<div class="fancybox-wrap" tabIndex="-1"><div class="fancybox-skin"><div class="fancybox-outer"><div class="fancybox-header"><h2>Subscribe to our newsletter</h2> <div class="closeBtn"> <svg class="more" width="20px" height="20px" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><use xlink:href="#icon-accordeon-more"></use></svg></div></div><div class="fancybox-inner"></div></div></div></div>'}, afterShow:function(){ jQuery(".fancybox-header .closeBtn").one("click",function() { jQuery.fancybox.close() }) } }); } }); /* DropDown Menu */ $(".xfel-header-navigation__item").each(function() { thiswidth=$(this).width(); $(this).find('ul.xfel-custom-navbar').css('width',thiswidth) }); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> var piwik_id='282'; var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; _paq.push(['disableCookies']); _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https:///matomo.desy.de/piwik/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', 282]); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <noscript><p><img src='https://matomo.desy.de/piwik/matomo.php?idsite=282' style="border:0;" alt="" /></p></noscript>   <style> .cookie-bar__inner{background-color:#000;color:#fff;font-size:.875rem;padding:.375rem .5rem}@media (min-width:48rem){.cookie-bar__inner{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}}.cookie-bar__buttons{display:block;margin-top:.375rem}@media (min-width:48rem){.cookie-bar__buttons{display:inline;margin-top:0}.cookie-bar--bottom-left,.cookie-bar--bottom-right{width:22.5rem}}.cookie-bar__btn{background-color:#0275d8;color:#fff;border:none;margin-right:.875rem;padding:.125rem .875rem;-webkit-transition:background-color .3s;-o-transition:background-color .3s;transition:background-color .3s;cursor:pointer}.cookie-bar__btn:hover{background-color:#009fdf}.cookie-bar__btn:active{background-color:#F18F1F}.cookie-bar a{color:#fff;text-decoration:underline}.cookie-bar a:hover{text-decoration:none}.cookie-bar--bottom,.cookie-bar--bottom-left,.cookie-bar--bottom-right{z-index:100;position:fixed}.cookie-bar--bottom{right:0;bottom:0;left:0}.cookie-bar--bottom-left{left:.9375rem}.cookie-bar--bottom-right{right:.9375rem}.cookie-bar--bottom-left,.cookie-bar--bottom-right{bottom:.9375rem}@media (min-width:48rem){.cookie-bar--bottom-left .cookie-bar__buttons,.cookie-bar--bottom-left .cookie-bar__inner,.cookie-bar--bottom-right .cookie-bar__buttons,.cookie-bar--bottom-right .cookie-bar__inner{display:block}.cookie-bar--bottom-left .cookie-bar__buttons,.cookie-bar--bottom-right .cookie-bar__buttons{margin-top:.375rem}}.cookie-bar--bottom-left .cookie-bar__inner,.cookie-bar--bottom-right .cookie-bar__inner{line-height:1.3} </style> <div id="cookie-bar" style="display:none;" class="cookie-bar cookie-bar--bottom-right"><div class="cookie-bar__inner"><span class="cookie-bar__message">We use cookies to provide full functionality of our website.</span><span class="cookie-bar__buttons"><button type="button" class="cookie-bar__btn" id="cookie-bar_ok">OK</button><a href="https://www.xfel.eu/data_privacy_policy/index_eng.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">More information</a></span></div></div> <script> var DESYcookies = localStorage.getItem('DESYcookies'); if (DESYcookies != 'accepted') { var cookiebar = document.getElementById('cookie-bar'); cookiebar.style.display = ''; document.getElementById('cookie-bar_ok').onclick = function() { localStorage.setItem('DESYcookies', 'accepted'); cookiebar.style.display = 'none'; } } </script>  </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Energy