Accelerator

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</ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/undulator_systems/index_eng.html">Undulator Systems</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/undulator_systems/group_members/index_eng.html">Group members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/undulator_systems/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/undulator_systems/scu_tac/index_eng.html">SCU-TAC</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a 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<li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/x_ray_photon_diagnostics/documents/index_eng.html">Documents</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/x_ray_photon_diagnostics/images/index_eng.html">Images</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/x_ray_photon_diagnostics/weblinks/index_eng.html">Weblinks</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/mechanical_engineering/index_eng.html">Mechanical Engineering</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/mechanical_engineering/group_members/index_eng.html">Group members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/mechanical_engineering/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/controls/index_eng.html">Controls</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/controls/karabo/index_eng.html">Karabo</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/controls/profile_amp_competences/index_eng.html">Profile & Competences</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/controls/contact/index_eng.html">Contact</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/controls/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/data_analysis/index_eng.html">Data Analysis</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/data_analysis/group_members/index_eng.html">Group members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/data_analysis/highlights/index_eng.html">Highlights</a> </li> <li 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xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/group_members/index_eng.html">Group Members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/theory_seminar/index_eng.html">Theory Seminar</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/workshops_and_meetings/index_eng.html">Workshops and Meetings</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/selected_research_projects/index_eng.html">Selected Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/index_eng.html">Sample Environment & Characterization</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/projects/index_eng.html">Projects</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/group_members/index_eng.html">Group members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/workshops_and_meetings/index_eng.html">Workshops and meetings</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/index_eng.html">Photon Beam Systems Meetings</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2023/index_eng.html">2023</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2022/index_eng.html">2022</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2021/index_eng.html">2021</a> </li> <li 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</ul> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="module module-intro"> <div class="intro"> <h1>Accelerator</h1> <p class="intro__copy description">The linear accelerator of the European XFEL is unique in the world. As the longest superconducting linear accelerator in the world, it provides the energy needed to generate the European XFEL's X-ray flashes. As an international effort involving 17 institutes, development of this critical portion of the facility is an example of excellent scientific cooperation across borders.</p> </div> </section>   <section class="module"> <div class="text"> <div class="text-container"> </div> </div> </section>   <section class="module"> <figure class=" image image--full-width"> <picture class="image-picture"> <source media="(min-width: 840px)" srcset="/sites/sites_custom/site_xfel/content/e35165/e35166/e50702/2016-11-14_001_1020x380_eng.jpg"></source> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" srcset="/sites/sites_custom/site_xfel/content/e35165/e35166/e50702/2016-11-14_001_1020x380_medium_eng.jpg"></source> <img alt="Picture" srcset="/sites/sites_custom/site_xfel/content/e35165/e35166/e50702/2016-11-14_001_1020x380_small_eng.jpg"> </picture> </figure> </section>   <section class="module"> <div class="text text--aside-left"> <aside class="text-aside" id="e50514"> <div class="info-box" style="background-image: url(/sites/sites_custom/site_xfel/content/e35165/e35166/e50514/xfel_infobox/1997_TESLA-Technologie_1-a3_small_eng.jpg)"> <div class="info-box__cover"></div> <div class="info-box__head"> <span class="info-box__icon"> <svg width="6px" height="26px" viewbox="0 0 6 26"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-info"></use> </svg> </span> <h3 class="info-box__headline">About niobium</h3> </div> <div class="info-box__content"> <p>Niobium (symbol Nb) is a chemical element and one of the transition metals, a large group that includes iron, copper, silver, and gold. Niobium is superconducting at extremely low temperatures. This means that when energy is put into the supercold niobium, none of that energy is lost as heat. This is useful for cavities like those found in the European XFEL accelerator. Niobium is also used in special steel alloys used in situations that require high temperature stability, such as jet engines.</p> </div> </div> </aside> <aside class="text-aside" id="e50514"> <div class="side-fact" style="background-image: none"> <div class="side-fact__cover"></div> <div class="side-fact__icon"> <svg width="44px" height="32px" viewbox="0 0 44 32"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-education"></use> </svg> </div> <h3 class="side-fact__subline-top">How much energy can the European XFEL accelerator give the electrons?</h3> <span class="side-fact__headline">up to 17.5 GeV</span> <h3 class="side-fact__subline-bottom">If we add up the energies of all electrons accelerated every second, that's approximately the same energy as an adult elephant running at full speed.</h3> </div> </aside> <div class="text-container"> <h2 class="text-headline">How it works</h2> <p class="text-copy">As an X-ray free-electron laser, the European XFEL requires energized free—that is, not bound to atoms—electrons to generate laser-like pulses of light in the X-ray wavelength range. Scientists can energize electrons by accelerating them—making them move in one direction at a speed ever approaching, but never quite reaching, the speed of light.</p> <p class="text-copy">Scientists accelerate particles using a metallic structure called a cavity, also called a resonator. When an intense electromagnetic field is applied across a cavity, a particle carrying an electric charge, such as an electron, is moved through the structure. This happens at an increasing pace the more cavities are used.</p> <p class="text-copy">The European XFEL accelerator currently uses 768 cavities over a 1.7 km length. Additionally, the facility uses the elemental metal niobium as the material for the cavities. Niobium is superconducting at extremely low temperatures, so when the cavities are chilled to -271°C—just 2°C away from the lowest possible temperature, absolute zero—they lose all of their electrical resistance. This means that any amount of electromagnetic signal that enters the cavity also goes directly into the electrons, making the acceleration process very efficient. The European XFEL accelerator can currently energize electrons up to 17.5 gigaelectronvolts (GeV).</p> </div> </div> </section>   <section class="module"> <figure class=" image image--full-width"> <picture class="image-picture"> <source media="(min-width: 840px)" srcset="/sites/sites_custom/site_xfel/content/e35165/e35166/e50703/2016-04-12_BeschleunigerTunnel_0005_1020x380_eng.jpg"></source> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" srcset="/sites/sites_custom/site_xfel/content/e35165/e35166/e50703/2016-04-12_BeschleunigerTunnel_0005_1020x380_medium_eng.jpg"></source> <img alt="Picture" srcset="/sites/sites_custom/site_xfel/content/e35165/e35166/e50703/2016-04-12_BeschleunigerTunnel_0005_1020x380_small_eng.jpg"> </picture> <figcaption class="image-description">The European XFEL accelerator while it was being assembled in the tunnel. 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