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<ul id="toc-Career_in_the_Soviet_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_KGB_to_leader_of_Azerbaijan_SSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_KGB_to_leader_of_Azerbaijan_SSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>From KGB to leader of Azerbaijan SSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_KGB_to_leader_of_Azerbaijan_SSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_in_Moscow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_in_Moscow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Career in Moscow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_in_Moscow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_and_re-invention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_and_re-invention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fall and re-invention</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fall_and_re-invention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fall and re-invention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fall_and_re-invention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1993_Azerbaijani_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993_Azerbaijani_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1993 Azerbaijani coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993_Azerbaijani_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Presidency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Final_year_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_year_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Final year of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_year_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1994_ceasefire_and_peace_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1994_ceasefire_and_peace_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>1994 ceasefire and peace negotiations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1994_ceasefire_and_peace_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutional_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Constitutional reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repression_of_veterans_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repression_of_veterans_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Repression of veterans groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repression_of_veterans_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_of_death_penalty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_of_death_penalty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Abolition of death penalty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_of_death_penalty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agrarian_and_land_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agrarian_and_land_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Agrarian and land reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agrarian_and_land_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_with_United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Relations with United Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_NATO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_NATO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Relations with NATO</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_NATO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_EU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_EU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Relations with EU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_EU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Council_of_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Council_of_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Relations with Council of Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Council_of_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Relations with Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.6</span> <span>Relations with US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Oil strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_successor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_successor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death and successor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_successor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Full_list_of_honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_list_of_honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Full list of honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_list_of_honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Heydar Aliyev</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyd%C9%99r_%C6%8Fliyev" title="Heydər Əliyev – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Heydər Əliyev" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%81" title="حيدر علييف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حيدر علييف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyd%C9%99r_%C6%8Fliyev" title="Heydər Əliyev – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Heydər Əliyev" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%88" title="حیدر علیئو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حیدر علیئو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Алиев Гейдар Алирза улы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алиев Гейдар Алирза улы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B5%D1%9E" title="Гейдар Аліеў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гейдар Аліеў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B5%D1%9E" title="Гейдар Аліеў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гейдар Аліеў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Хейдар Алиев – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хейдар Алиев" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyd%C9%99r_%C6%8Fliyev" title="Heydər Əliyev – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Heydər Əliyev" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejdar_Alijev" title="Hejdar Alijev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hejdar Alijev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyd%C9%99r_%C6%8Fliyev" title="Heydər Əliyev – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heydər Əliyev" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%AD%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA_%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%AC%DE%88%DE%B0" title="ހޭދަރު އަލިޔެވް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހޭދަރު އަލިޔެވް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyd%C9%99r_%C6%8Fliyev" title="Heydər Əliyev – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Heydər Əliyev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CF%8A%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%86" title="Χεϊντάρ Αλίγιεφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χεϊντάρ Αλίγιεφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Al%C3%ADyev" title="Heydar Alíyev – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Heydar Alíyev" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejdar_Alijev" title="Hejdar Alijev – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hejdar Alijev" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliev" title="Heydar Aliev – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Heydar Aliev" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81" title="حیدر علی‌اف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حیدر علی‌اف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Heydar Aliyev" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Heydar Aliyev" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyd%C9%99r_%C6%8Fliyev" title="Heydər Əliyev – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Heydər Əliyev" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%A4%EB%A5%B4_%EC%95%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%88%ED%94%84" title="헤이다르 알리예프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤이다르 알리예프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%87" title="Հեյդար Ալիև – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեյդար Ալիև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejdar_Alijew" title="Hejdar Alijew – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hejdar Alijew" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyd%C9%99r_%C6%8Fliyev" title="Heydər Əliyev – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Heydər Əliyev" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Heydar Aliyev" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Heydar Aliyev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyd%C9%99r_%C6%8Fliyev" title="Heydər Əliyev – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Heydər Əliyev" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91" title="היידר אלייב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היידר אלייב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Heydar Aliyev" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ჰეიდარ ალიევი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰეიდარ ალიევი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Хейдар Әлирзаұлы Әлиев – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хейдар Әлирзаұлы Әлиев" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Heydar Aliyev" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Eliyev" title="Heydar Eliyev – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Heydar Eliyev" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Гейдар Алиев – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гейдар Алиев" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidars_Alijevs" title="Heidars Alijevs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Heidars Alijevs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidaras_Alijevas" title="Heidaras Alijevas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Heidaras Alijevas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyd%C9%99r_%C6%8Fliyev" title="Heydər Əliyev – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Heydər Əliyev" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Heydar Aliyev" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="हैदर अलियेव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हैदर अलियेव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ჰეიდარ ალიევი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰეიდარ ალიევი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%81" title="حيدر علييف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حيدر علييف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Heydar Aliyev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Гейдар Алиев – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гейдар Алиев" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejdar_Alijev" title="Hejdar Alijev – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hejdar Alijev" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%82%A4%E3%83%80%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%95" title="ヘイダル・アリエフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘイダル・アリエフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyd%C9%99r_%C6%8Fliyev" title="Heydər Əliyev – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Heydər Əliyev" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyd%C9%99r_%C6%8Fliyev" title="Heydər Əliyev – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Heydər Əliyev" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Heydar Aliyev" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydar_Aliyev" title="Haydar Aliyev – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Haydar Aliyev" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%81" title="حیدر علییف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حیدر علییف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyd%C9%99r_%C6%8Fliyev" title="Heydər Əliyev – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Heydər Əliyev" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Heydar Aliyev" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Heydar Aliyev" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyd%C9%99r_%C6%8Fliyev" title="Heydər Əliyev – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Heydər Əliyev" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Алиев, Гейдар Алирза оглы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алиев, Гейдар Алирза оглы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Heydar Aliyev" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heydar Aliyev" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyd%C9%99r_%C6%8Fliyev" title="Heydər Əliyev – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Heydər Əliyev" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejdar_Alijev" title="Hejdar Alijev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hejdar Alijev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%B9%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%8E%DA%A4" title="حەیدەر عەلیێڤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حەیدەر عەلیێڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Хејдар Алијев – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хејдар Алијев" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyd%C9%99r_%C6%8Fliyev" title="Heydər Əliyev – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Heydər Əliyev" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyd%C9%99r_%C6%8Fliyev" title="Heydər Əliyev – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Heydər Əliyev" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gejdar_Alijev" title="Gejdar Alijev – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gejdar Alijev" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Heydar Aliyev" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐதர் அலியேவ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Heydar Aliyev</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="az"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Heydər Əliyev</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Heydar_Aliyev_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Aliyev wearing suit and tie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Heydar_Aliyev_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Heydar_Aliyev_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Heydar_Aliyev_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Heydar_Aliyev_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Heydar_Aliyev_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-Heydar_Aliyev_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2615" data-file-height="3165" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">President of Azerbaijan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 October 1993 – 31 October 2003 <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">Acting: 24 June – 10 October 1993</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Surat_Huseynov" title="Surat Huseynov">Surat Huseynov</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Fuad_Guliyev" title="Fuad Guliyev">Fuad Guliyev</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Artur_Rasizade" title="Artur Rasizade">Artur Rasizade</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Azerbaijan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan">Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 June 1993 – 5 November 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a><br />Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Surat_Huseynov" title="Surat Huseynov">Surat Huseynov</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Guliyev" title="Fuad Guliyev">Fuad Guliyev</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isa_Gambar" title="Isa Gambar">Isa Gambar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rasul_Guliyev" title="Rasul Guliyev">Rasul Guliyev</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="List of leaders of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Assembly_(Nakhchivan)" title="Supreme Assembly (Nakhchivan)">Supreme Assembly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 November 1990 – 9 October 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vasif_Talibov" title="Vasif Talibov">Vasif Talibov</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 November 1982 – 23 October 1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a> (acting)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a> (acting)<br /><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a> (acting)<br /><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Nikolai Tikhonov</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov">Nikolai Ryzhkov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Arkhipov" title="Ivan Arkhipov">Ivan Arkhipov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Full member of the <a href="/wiki/25th_Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="25th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th</a>, <a href="/wiki/27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th</a> <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 November 1982 – 21 October 1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">First Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Azerbaijan">Communist Party of Azerbaijan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 July 1969 – 3 December 1982</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Veli_Akhundov" class="mw-redirect" title="Veli Akhundov">Veli Akhundov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Baghirov" title="Kamran Baghirov">Kamran Baghirov</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Candidate member of the <a href="/wiki/25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th</a>, <a href="/wiki/26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th</a> <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 March 1976 – 22 November 1982</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Heydar Alirza oğlu Aliyev</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1923-05-10</span>)</span>10 May 1923<br /><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan SSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Transcaucasian SFSR</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 December 2003<span style="display:none">(2003-12-12)</span> (aged 80)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Alley_of_Honor" title="Alley of Honor">Alley of Honor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1945–1991) <br /><a href="/wiki/New_Azerbaijan_Party" title="New Azerbaijan Party">New Azerbaijan Party</a> (1992–2003)<sup id="cite_ref-East_&_Thomas_2003_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East_&_Thomas_2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zarifa_Aliyeva" title="Zarifa Aliyeva">Zarifa Aliyeva</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1948; died 1985)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sevil_Aliyeva" title="Sevil Aliyeva">Sevil Aliyeva</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baku_State_University" title="Baku State University">Baku State University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour" title="Hero of Socialist Labour">Hero of Socialist Labour</a> (twice)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Heydar_Aliyev.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Heydar Aliyev's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Signature_of_Heydar_Aliyev.png/128px-Signature_of_Heydar_Aliyev.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Signature_of_Heydar_Aliyev.png/192px-Signature_of_Heydar_Aliyev.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Signature_of_Heydar_Aliyev.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="80" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Committee for State Security of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Committee for State Security of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(WWII)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Front (WWII)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Heydar Alirza oghlu Aliyev</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">Heydər Əlirza oğlu Əliyev</i> (Latin), <span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><span lang="az">Һејдәр Әлирза оғлу Әлијев</span></span> (Cyrillic), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="az-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Azerbaijani" title="Help:IPA/Azerbaijani">[hejˈdæɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>æliɾˈzɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>oɣˈlu<span class="wrap"> </span>æˈlijef]</a></span>; Russian: <span lang="ru">Гейда́р Али́евич Али́ев</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɡʲɪjˈdar<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐˈlʲijɪvʲɪtɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐˈlʲijɪf]</a></span>; 10 May 1923<sup id="cite_ref-aliyev_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aliyev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 12 December 2003) was an Azerbaijani politician who was a Soviet party boss in the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic</a> from 1969 to 1982, and the third <a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">president of Azerbaijan</a> from October 1993 to October 2003. </p><p>He was a high-ranking official in the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan SSR</a>, serving for 28 years in <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Soviet state security organs</a> (1941–1969). He governed Soviet Azerbaijan from 1969 to 1982 as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan. He held the post of <a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union</a> from 1982 to 1987. He rose through the ranks due to his close associations with <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>. </p><p>Aliyev was installed as president of Azerbaijan after the <a href="/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état">1993 military coup</a> ousted President <a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elchibey was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissident</a> and Azerbaijani nationalist leader who had been elected as president in independent Azerbaijan's first free election in <a href="/wiki/1992_Azerbaijani_presidential_election" title="1992 Azerbaijani presidential election">1992</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliyev's installation as president put an end to Azerbaijan's short post-independence democratic interlude.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after taking charge, Aliyev organized a <a href="/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_presidential_election" title="1993 Azerbaijani presidential election">presidential election</a> where he won nearly 99% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His regime in Azerbaijan has been described as dictatorial,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HansSlomp_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HansSlomp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FranCoise_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FranCoise-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goltz_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goltz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Precht_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Precht-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> authoritarian,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and repressive.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also said to have run a heavy-handed <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a> where elections were rigged and dissent was repressed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Heydar Aliyev's cult of personality">cult of personality</a> developed around Aliyev, which has continued after his death in 2003. Shortly before his death, his son <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a> was elected president in a <a href="/wiki/2003_Azerbaijani_presidential_election" title="2003 Azerbaijani presidential election">fraudulent election</a> and continues to lead Azerbaijan to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_in_the_Soviet_era">Career in the Soviet era</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heydar_Aliyev_childhood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photo depicting four women, two men, and three young children" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Heydar_Aliyev_childhood.jpg/220px-Heydar_Aliyev_childhood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Heydar_Aliyev_childhood.jpg/330px-Heydar_Aliyev_childhood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Heydar_Aliyev_childhood.jpg/440px-Heydar_Aliyev_childhood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>Heydar Aliyev with his family in 1920s</figcaption></figure> <p>According to both his official biography and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a>, Aliyev was born on 10 May 1923 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family had moved to Nakhchivan before his birth from the village of Comardlı (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tanahat" title="Tanahat">Tanahat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik Province</a> of Armenia), located only a few miles from Nakhchivan.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources claim that Aliyev was actually born 2 years earlier in Comardlı, but that it was later decided that a senior Azerbaijani politician should not have an Armenian place of birth.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dewaal_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dewaal-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was from Comardlı<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his mother was from <a href="/wiki/Vorotan,_Sisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorotan, Sisian">Vorotan</a> (also in modern-day Syunik Province of Armenia).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliyev had four brothers: <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Aliyev_(academician)" title="Hasan Aliyev (academician)">Hasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Aliyev" title="Huseyn Aliyev">Huseyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Aliyev" title="Jalal Aliyev">Jalal</a>, and Agil, as well as three sisters: Sura, Shafiga and Rafiga. </p><p>After graduating from the Nakhchivan Pedagogical School, Aliyev attended the Azerbaijan Industrial Institute (now the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Oil_and_Industry_University" title="Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University">Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University</a>) from 1939 to 1941, where he studied architecture. In 1949 and 1950, he studied at the USSR Ministry of State Security Higher School in <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a>. Aliyev's official biography also states that he studied at <a href="/wiki/Baku_State_University" title="Baku State University">Baku State University</a>, graduating with a degree in history in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-biography_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biography-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to American journalist <a href="/wiki/Pete_Earley" title="Pete Earley">Pete Earley</a>, Aliyev first attended the Ministry of State Security Academy in Leningrad and graduated in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also took Senior Staff Professional Development courses at the <a href="/wiki/FSB_Academy" title="FSB Academy">Dzerzhinsky Higher School of the KGB</a> in Moscow in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, Aliyev married <a href="/wiki/Zarifa_Aliyeva" title="Zarifa Aliyeva">Zarifa Aliyeva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 October 1955, their daughter Sevil Aliyeva was born. On 24 December 1961, their son <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham</a> was born. Zarifa Aliyeva died of cancer in 1985. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Heydar_Aliyev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Young_Heydar_Aliyev.jpg/150px-Young_Heydar_Aliyev.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Young_Heydar_Aliyev.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>Young Heydar Aliyev</figcaption></figure> <p>During World War II, he served as commander of a <a href="/wiki/SMERSH" title="SMERSH">Smersh</a> battalion, which conducted intelligence operations on the Soviet Union's own forces and executed soldiers who deserted or fought insufficiently hard.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He joined the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan SSR">Azerbaijan SSR</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People's Commissariat for State Security">People's Commissariat for State Security</a> (NKGB) in 1944 and proceeded to become the department head of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_of_the_Azerbaijani_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for State Security of the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic">State Security Committee of Azerbaijan SSR</a> in 1950, after he graduated from the Senior Staff Training School of the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">USSR State Security Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, as part of a government reform, the NKGB, which was previously named the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">Ministry of State Security</a> (MGB), was again renamed, this time as the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>. Sources point to Aliyev working in the Azerbaijani KGB's Eastern Division, which included Iran and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Aliyev was a close associate of Semyon Tvsigun.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliyev became head of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_of_the_Azerbaijani_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for State Security of the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijani KGB</a> in 1960<sup id="cite_ref-:19_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually received the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time in Soviet secret service, Aliyev was mostly unknown in Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_KGB_to_leader_of_Azerbaijan_SSR">From KGB to leader of Azerbaijan SSR</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Officer_Heydar_Aliyev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Officer_Heydar_Aliyev.jpg/180px-Officer_Heydar_Aliyev.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Officer_Heydar_Aliyev.jpg/270px-Officer_Heydar_Aliyev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Officer_Heydar_Aliyev.jpg/360px-Officer_Heydar_Aliyev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Aliyev in his <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> uniform</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_-_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of men in suits inspecting some plants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_-_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/220px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_-_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_-_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/330px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_-_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_-_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/440px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_-_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2674" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>Aliyev during his visit to a <a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">state collective farm</a> in 70s</figcaption></figure> <p>Aliyev was elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan Communist Party">Azerbaijan Communist Party</a> at its Plenary Session held on 12 July 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was reportedly selected for the job by Brezhnev after his friend <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Tsvigun" title="Semyon Tsvigun">Semyon Tsvigun</a>, Brezhnev's brother-in-law, advocated for Aliyev's selection.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aliyev subsequently dominated affairs in Soviet-era Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Described as the "Monarch of Azerbaijan", Aliyev established an extensive patronage network across Azerbaijan and profited on the black market.<sup id="cite_ref-:192_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:192-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Harold James Perkin, Aliyev was "surrounded by female ‘volunteers’ whose services were mainly sexual."<sup id="cite_ref-:18_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his obituary, <i>The Washington Post</i> wrote, "He made a name for himself by smashing local mafia groups, but his personal circle moved in to profit off oil, caviar and other sectors."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliyev was selective in his anti-corruption campaign, as he targeted those that refused to cooperate with him but rewarding and elevating those that did.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aliyev frequently treated Brezhnev with lavish gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-:192_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:192-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gifts include a ‘Sun-king’ diamond ring worth 226,000 roubles and a jewel-encrusted framed portrait to Brezhnev.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:192_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:192-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliyev built a palace for Brezhnev's personal use for his official visit in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He promoted individuals from his native Nakhichevan to leadership positions in the Azerbaijan SSR.<sup id="cite_ref-:192_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:192-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also promoted Azerbaijani culture and language.<sup id="cite_ref-:192_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:192-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1980s, Aliyev barred the children of certain legal personnel from attending the republic's law school, in a purported effort to curb a self-perpetuating elite based on corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aliyev was subsequently promoted to the Moscow Politburo in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_in_Moscow">Career in Moscow</h2></div> <p>Aliyev became a candidate (non-voting) member of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_CPSU_Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee">Politburo</a> in 1976. He held this position until December 1982, when <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> promoted him to the office of <a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">USSR Council of Ministers</a> and made him a full member of the Politburo.<sup id="cite_ref-mafia_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mafia-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliyev also served at the Council of Ministers as the first deputy chairman in 1974–1979.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aliyev supported the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 1981 Party Congress, Aliyev praised Brezhnev profusely.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 November 1982, Andropov promoted Aliyev from a candidate to a full member of the Soviet Politburo<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appointed him to the post of <a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Chairman</a> of the Council of Ministers of the USSR,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> responsible for transportation and social services. Aliyev thus attained the highest position ever reached by an Azerbaijani in the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-East2002_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East2002-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aliyev was dismissed from his position as First Deputy Premier and from the Politburo by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> in 1987, officially on health grounds,<sup id="cite_ref-East2002_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East2002-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the two had fallen out over Gorbachev's anti-corruption campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:21_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliyev had fallen out with Gorbachev and was one of the gold guard cleared out as part of Gorbachev's <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_and_re-invention">Fall and re-invention</h2></div> <p>After his forced retirement in 1987, Aliyev remained in Moscow until 1990. He suffered a heart attack during this time. Aliyev publicly opposed the January 1990 <a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Soviet military crackdown in Baku</a>, which had followed the continuing <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">conflict regarding Nagorno-Karabakh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-East_&_Thomas_2003_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East_&_Thomas_2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost immediately after this public appearance, Aliyev left Moscow for his native <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a>. There, Aliyev reinvented himself as a moderate nationalist. He was elected the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan SSR in Baku in October 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-East_&_Thomas_2003_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East_&_Thomas_2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the pressure and criticism from groups connected to his nemesis, the leader of Soviet Azerbaijan <a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Mutallibov" title="Ayaz Mutallibov">Ayaz Mutallibov</a>, Aliyev again returned to Nakhchivan, where he was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Nakhchivan in 1991. He resigned that same year from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-East_&_Thomas_2003_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East_&_Thomas_2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By December 1991, when the Soviet Union dissolved and Azerbaijan formally became an independent state, Aliyev independently governed Nakhchivan in spite of Mutallibov's presidency. Early 1992 saw increased violence in the <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shusha_(1992)" title="Battle of Shusha (1992)">fall of</a> <a href="/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a>, the last Azerbaijani-populated town in <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>. These events resulted in Mutallibov's resignation and the subsequent rise to power of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Popular_Front_Party" title="Azerbaijani Popular Front Party">Azerbaijan Popular Front</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a>. Elchibey was elected as president in Azerbaijan's first free and fair elections in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Elchibey's one year in power, Aliyev continued to govern Nakhchivan without any deference to the official government in Baku. The attempt by the Popular Front's Minister of Interior <a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Isgandar Hamidov</a> to forcibly overthrow Aliyev in Nakhchivan was thwarted by local militia at the regional airport. During the same period, Aliyev independently negotiated a cease-fire agreement in Nakhchivan with the then-President of Armenia, <a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan" title="Levon Ter-Petrosyan">Levon Ter-Petrosyan</a>. </p><p>Aliyev was elected as the leader of <a href="/wiki/New_Azerbaijan_Party" title="New Azerbaijan Party">New Azerbaijan Party</a> at its constituent congress organized in Nakhchivan on 21 November 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993_Azerbaijani_coup">1993 Azerbaijani coup</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état">1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état</a></div> <p>In 1993, Elchibey was ousted from power in a Russia-backed military coup led by <a href="/wiki/Surat_Huseynov" title="Surat Huseynov">Surat Huseynov</a>, a military commander that Elchibey had fired.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliyev was installed as President,<sup id="cite_ref-:15_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Aliyev in turn appointed Huseynov as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Altstadt" title="Audrey Altstadt">Audrey Altsadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal" title="Thomas de Waal">Thomas de Waal</a>, Aliyev did not appear to have a direct role in the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1993, Elchibey was stripped of his presidency by a <a href="/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_vote_of_confidence_referendum" title="1993 Azerbaijani vote of confidence referendum">nationwide referendum</a>. </p><p>Aliyev disbanded 33 battalions loyal to Elchibey's Popular Front party.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amid this turmoil, Azerbaijan lost enormous swaths of territory to Armenia in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and had effectively lost the <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency">Presidency</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inauguration_of_Heydar_Aliyev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aliyev standing at podium with hand on book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Inauguration_of_Heydar_Aliyev.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>Aliyev during his inauguration</figcaption></figure> <p>On 3 October 1993, Aliyev organized the <a href="/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_presidential_election" title="1993 Azerbaijani presidential election">1993 Azerbaijani presidential election</a> where he allowed two unknown candidates to run against him.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">President of the Republic of Azerbaijan</a> with 98.8 percent of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal2003225_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal2003225-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 October 1998, he was re-elected, winning 77 percent of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliyev was nominated as a candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2003_Azerbaijani_presidential_election" title="2003 Azerbaijani presidential election">2003 presidential elections</a>, but declined to run in the elections in connection with health problems.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_year_of_war">Final year of war</h4></div> <p>When Aliyev became chairman of the Supreme Soviet in June 1993, Azerbaijan was suffering from internal division and military collapse, which allowed Armenian forces to capture most of <a href="/wiki/Armenian-occupied_territories_surrounding_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh">five districts in the southwest of Azerbaijan</a> without meeting significant resistance, leading to the displacement of around 350,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal2003215_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal2003215-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After taking the office of president, Aliyev disbanded units loyal to the ousted Azerbaijani Popular Front and ordered the creation of a new national army. Tens of thousands of young men with no fighting experience were conscripted to this end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal2003225–226_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal2003225–226-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Aliyev conducted negotiations with the Armenian side: he had already confidentially met with Karabakh Armenian leader <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a> twice in Moscow soon before assuming the presidency, and Armenian and Azerbaijani representatives had agreed to prolong a ceasefire in September 1993. The negotiations bore no results and the ceasefire did not hold, however, and Armenian forces captured additional territories soon after Aliyev's inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal2003225–226_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal2003225–226-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the winter of 1993–1994, Azerbaijani forces attempted to recapture territories on different parts of the frontline. While Azerbaijani forces managed to recapture part of <a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_District" title="Fuzuli District">Fuzuli District</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Kalbajar" title="Operation Kalbajar">operation to retake Kalbajar District</a> was a disastrous failure, with thousands of Azerbaijani soldiers killed or frozen to death in the mountains north of Kalbajar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal2003236-237_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal2003236-237-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1994_ceasefire_and_peace_negotiations">1994 ceasefire and peace negotiations</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_30_November_2001-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vladimir_Putin_30_November_2001-18.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_30_November_2001-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vladimir_Putin_30_November_2001-18.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_30_November_2001-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vladimir_Putin_30_November_2001-18.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_30_November_2001-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>A meeting between Heydar Aliyev, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> on 30 November 2001</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1994, with Aliyev's approval, a <a href="/wiki/Bishkek_Protocol" title="Bishkek Protocol">ceasefire agreement</a> was signed by representatives of Azerbaijan, Armenia and the breakaway <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Nagorno-Karabakh Republic</a>, which successfully put an end to the hostilities in and around Nagorno-Karabakh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal2003239–240_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal2003239–240-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While agreeing to the ceasefire, Aliyev rejected Russian proposals to deploy a peacekeeping contingent to Nagorno-Karabakh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal2003239–240_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal2003239–240-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the ceasefire, Aliyev periodically engaged in negotiations with the Armenian side mediated by the <a href="/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group" title="OSCE Minsk Group">OSCE Minsk Group</a> and its co-chair countries (Russia, France and the United States) for the resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. At the OSCE Lisbon Summit in December 1996, all of the OSCE member states except for Armenia signed a declaration affirming Azerbaijan's territorial integrity and stating that Nagorno-Karabakh's right to self-determination should be realized in the form of "the highest degree of self-rule within Azerbaijan".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aliyev reportedly agreed to a "phased solution" to the conflict proposed by the Minsk Group co-chairs in September 1997, which envisioned the withdrawal of Armenian forces from occupied districts surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh (besides the <a href="/wiki/Lachin_District" title="Lachin District">Lachin District</a>) and the deployment of international peacekeepers, followed by negotiations on the final status of Nagorno-Karabakh in subsequent phases; the proposal was never realized as Armenian president Levon Ter-Petrosyan failed to win support for it from his own government and was forced to resign in February 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliyev participated in bilateral talks with the new president of Armenia, Robert Kocharyan, in spring 1999 and again in January 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal2003267_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal2003267-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, more substantial talks were held in <a href="/wiki/Key_West" title="Key West">Key West</a>, Florida with American mediation in April 2001. The proposals negotiated at Key West have never been published, although it is reported that Nagorno-Karabakh and the Lachin Corridor were to be effectively ceded to Armenia while Azerbaijan would regain the seven occupied districts and receive land access to Nakhchivan through Armenian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite initial reports that the two sides were closer than ever to coming to a final agreement, Aliyev, who is said to have met significant opposition to the conditions from his inner circle, declined to go forward with the agreement after returning to Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal20034,_267–268_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Waal20034,_267–268-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Key West negotiations were the last major negotiations on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict during Aliyev's presidency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitutional_reform">Constitutional reform</h4></div> <p>Aliyev assembled the Constitutional Commission in June 1995 to create a constitution to replace the 1978 Azerbaijan SSR Constitution. The first draft was ready in October for <a href="/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_constitutional_referendum" title="1995 Azerbaijani constitutional referendum">public debate</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the final version consisted of 5 chapters, 12 sections and 147 articles. The new constitution was confirmed by a referendum held on 12 November 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ensure separation of power, the constitution created 3 divisions: legislative (<a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">Milli Majlis</a>), executive (President) and judicial (courts).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aliyev suggested amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Constitution of Azerbaijan</a> in June 2002. The first amendment to the Constitution of Azerbaijan was approved as the result of the <a href="/wiki/2002_Azerbaijani_constitutional_referendum" title="2002 Azerbaijani constitutional referendum">2002 Azerbaijani constitutional referendum</a>, which was married by fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, 39 amendments to 23 articles of the Constitution of Azerbaijan were made. These included the abolition of proportional party-list elections to Parliament, a change in the presidential line of succession to favor the Prime Minister instead of the Chairman of Milli Majlis, the favoring of a simple majority when calculating presidential election results, and the establishment of rights for citizens, courts and <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">ombudsmen</a> to appeal directly to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan">Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Repression_of_veterans_groups">Repression of veterans groups</h4></div> <p>Aliyev perceived the military as a threat to his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the military commanders from the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict were imprisoned by his government.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When war veterans from the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict protested against his government, the government arrested many of them and shut down the veterans rights organization.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abolition_of_death_penalty">Abolition of death penalty</h4></div> <p>Aliyev requested the elimination of the death penalty on 3 February 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milli Majlis approved the draft law on 10 February 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, capital punishment was replaced with life imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azerbaijan joined the "Second Optional Protocol to the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty" on 22 January 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agrarian_and_land_reform">Agrarian and land reform</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reforms_in_Azerbaijan" title="Agrarian reforms in Azerbaijan">Agrarian reforms in Azerbaijan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reforms_in_Azerbaijan" title="Agrarian reforms in Azerbaijan">Agrarian reforms</a> implemented during the Aliyev administration can be divided into 2 phases: </p> <ul><li>1995–1997 – During the first phase, the legislative base for an agrarian sector was reestablished through the adoption of a number of legislative documents. Privatization of Azerbaijani agriculture through the dissolution of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collective</a> and state farms was the focus of these laws.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of these laws include "the Basis of Agrarian Reform" (18 February 1995);<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Reform of state and collective farms" (18 February 1995);<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Land Reform" (16 July 1996).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 January 1997 Aliyev issued a Decree on "Approval of some legal documents assuring implementation of agrarian reforms". The State Commission on Agrarian Reforms was formed by Aliyev on 2 March 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1998–2001 – The second phase focused on post-privatization support and the removal of bureaucratic barriers for more effective implementation of these reforms. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Azerbaijan)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (Azerbaijan)">Ministry of Agriculture</a> was reorganized by a presidential decree dated 6 June 1998 (On Ratification of the Statue on the Ministry of Agriculture),<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the law on "State land cadaster, land monitoring and structure" (22 December 1998),<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a decree on "Land rent" (12 March 1999),<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a law on "land market" (7 May 1999).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Land Code of Azerbaijani Republic was approved by the Law on "Approval of Land Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan"<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (25 June 1999).<sup id="cite_ref-:8_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_United_Nations">Relations with United Nations</h4></div> <p>During Aliyev's presidency, Azerbaijan began actively participating within international organizations such as the United Nations. Aliyev attended the 49th session of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> (UN GA) in 1994 and the special session of UN GA dedicated to 50th anniversary of United Nations in October 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received former <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary General of UN</a> <a href="/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a> in October 1994 in Baku. Aliyev met with Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> during his trip to the US in 1997 July.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliyev addressed the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Summit" title="Millennium Summit">Millennium Summit of UN</a> held in September 2000, where he talked about the Armenian invasion of Nagorno-Karabakh and adjacent regions, and mentioned UN resolutions <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_822" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 822">822</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_853" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 853">853</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_874" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 874">874</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_884" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 884">884</a>, which demanded unconditional withdrawal of the Armenian armed forces from the occupied Azerbaijani territories.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">11 September attacks</a>, Azerbaijan joined the anti-terror coalition of UN and cooperated with Office of Counter-Terrorism and Sanctions Committee of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN SC</a>. In October 2001, Azerbaijan joined the <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Financing_Convention" title="Terrorist Financing Convention">International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism</a> adopted by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN SC</a> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_NATO">Relations with NATO</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> (PfP) Framework Document was signed to enhance security and defense cooperation with <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> on 4 May 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliyev approved the PfP Presentation Document on 19 April 1996. In November 1997, Azerbaijan joined the PfP Planning and Review Process.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NATO_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="NATO Parliamentary Assembly">NATO PA</a> also made Azerbaijan an associate member of NATO in November.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_EU">Relations with EU</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Partnership_and_Cooperation_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Partnership and Cooperation Agreement">Partnership and Cooperation Agreement</a> between the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the Republic of Azerbaijan was signed in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> on 22 April 1996, and went into effect on 22 June 1999. It promises cooperation in the fields of trade, investment, economy, legislation, culture, immigration and the prevention of illicit trade. Azerbaijan received assistance from the EU for economic reforms in the country through the <a href="/wiki/Technical_Assistance_to_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States">TACIS</a> and <a href="/wiki/TRACECA" title="TRACECA">TRACECA</a> programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The “Restoration of the Historic Silk Road” international conference was organized in Baku on 8 September 1998 by Aliyev and President <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> with the support of the TACIS and TRACECA programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_Council_of_Europe">Relations with Council of Europe</h4></div> <p>Azerbaijan participated as a specially invited guest at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> (CoE) on 28 June 1996. Consequently, a number of resolutions and legal acts were adopted from 1996–2001 to improve the Azerbaijani legislative system so it could fulfill the requirements of European standards and international law. On 28 June 2000, Azerbaijan's full admission to the CoE was recommended at the session of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the CoE</a>. Azerbaijan became a full member of the CoE on 17 January 2001; the official ceremony was conducted on 25 January 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presidential orders “On the implementation of the measures of the program of cooperation between the Council of Europe and the Republic of Azerbaijan” (8 July 1996),<sup id="cite_ref-:7_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "On the measures of Deepening Cooperation between the Council of Europe and the Republic of Azerbaijan" (20 January 1998), and “On the measures of expanding cooperation between Azerbaijan and CoE for defending interests of the Republic of Azerbaijan in Council of Europe"<sup id="cite_ref-:7_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (14 May 1999) were adopted by Aliyev.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_Russia">Relations with Russia</h4></div> <p>Aliyev prioritized establishing warmer relations with Russia more than the previous leadership of Azerbaijan did. He stated in his speech at Milli Majlis on 15 June 1993, after being elected as the head of Parliament of Azerbaijan:<sup id="cite_ref-:9_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Russia, our northern neighbor, is absolutely a vast state. Undoubtedly, the relation based on independent principles between Azerbaijan and Russia must be better, broader and more fruitful."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Security between Russia and Azerbaijan was signed on 3 July 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliyev paid his first official trip to Russia as a President of the Republic of Azerbaijan in July 1997 with the invitation of Russian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>. Relations with Russia further developed through Aliyev-Putin negotiations during their bilateral visits (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> visited Azerbaijan in 2001 and Aliyev paid a reciprocal visit to Russia in 2002).<sup id="cite_ref-:9_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreements on "The Status and Benefiting Principles of Gabala Radio Location Station", "Long term economic cooperation agreement between Russian Federation and the Azerbaijan Republic until the year 2010", and "The common declaration of the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin and President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev" were signed in the latter meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_US">Relations with US</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bill_Clinton_and_Heydar_Aliyev,_President_of_Azerbaijan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/President_Bill_Clinton_and_Heydar_Aliyev%2C_President_of_Azerbaijan.jpg/220px-President_Bill_Clinton_and_Heydar_Aliyev%2C_President_of_Azerbaijan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/President_Bill_Clinton_and_Heydar_Aliyev%2C_President_of_Azerbaijan.jpg/330px-President_Bill_Clinton_and_Heydar_Aliyev%2C_President_of_Azerbaijan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/President_Bill_Clinton_and_Heydar_Aliyev%2C_President_of_Azerbaijan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>Aliyev with US President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in November 1999</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_and_Heydar_Aliyev,_President_of_Azerbaijan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/President_George_W._Bush_and_Heydar_Aliyev%2C_President_of_Azerbaijan.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Heydar_Aliyev%2C_President_of_Azerbaijan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/President_George_W._Bush_and_Heydar_Aliyev%2C_President_of_Azerbaijan.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Heydar_Aliyev%2C_President_of_Azerbaijan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/President_George_W._Bush_and_Heydar_Aliyev%2C_President_of_Azerbaijan.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Heydar_Aliyev%2C_President_of_Azerbaijan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Aliyev with US President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in February 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>Establishing closer relations and developing cooperation with the US were among the main goals of Aliyev's foreign policy. He stated in one of his speeches regarding this issue: “The relations of Azerbaijan with the United States are important as we need to learn the Western democracy, culture, achievements, to benefit from them, to use and apply them in Azerbaijan. In this regard, the United States is a special country for us."<sup id="cite_ref-:10_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations between the two countries strengthened after oil contracts were signed. Aliyev paid his first official visit to the US and met with President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> on 1 August 1997. They signed a Joint Statement on future relations between the US and Azerbaijan in defense and military issues. During this trip (27 July-5 August 1997), a statement on intentions of formation of bilateral dialogue between the US and Azerbaijan regarding energy issues and the general agreement between the Government of the Azerbaijani Republic, the National Bank, and the US Export-Import Bank on the promotion of projects were signed. Additionally, 4 agreements on development and production sharing for the Azerbaijani sector of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> were signed.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the visit, Aliyev issued an order on “Measures to expand partnership relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the United States” on 2 September 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azerbaijan joined a US-lead international coalition against terrorism after 11 September attacks,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sent a military contingent to Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An amendment to the Freedom Support Act was adopted on 24 October 2002 by the US Senate to allow a US president to temporarily waive Section 907, which used to forbid to export any financial or humanitarian support to Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_strategy">Oil strategy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baku_pipelines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four oil pipelines fan out from Sangachal Terminal on the Caspian Sea coast to the south-west of Baku, with one heading north into Russia while the other three avoid Armenia by running through Georgia, with one terminating on the Georgian Black Sea coast, one terminating in Turkey, and the other terminating on the Turkish Mediterranean coast." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Baku_pipelines.svg/220px-Baku_pipelines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Baku_pipelines.svg/330px-Baku_pipelines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Baku_pipelines.svg/440px-Baku_pipelines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Oil pipeline routes</figcaption></figure> <p>Aliyev used the oil potential of Azerbaijan to avoid the difficulties his country faced after the collapse of the Soviet Union by attracting foreign investment into Azerbaijan. After a year-long series of negotiations in Baku, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the “Agreement on the Joint Development and Production Sharing for the <a href="/wiki/Azeri_oilfield" title="Azeri oilfield">Azeri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chirag_oilfield" title="Chirag oilfield">Chirag</a> Fields and the Deep Water Portion of the <a href="/wiki/Gunashli_oilfield" title="Gunashli oilfield">Gunashli Field</a> in the Azerbaijan Sector of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>” was signed in Baku on 20 September 1994 by the Government of Azerbaijan and a consortium of 11 oil companies from 6 countries (US, UK, Russia, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>) in the presence of Aliyev.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/State_Oil_Fund_of_Azerbaijan" title="State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan">State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan</a> was established by Presidential Decree in December 1999 to gather the income gained from oil profit with the aim of financing social and economic projects.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the oil strategy developed by Aliyev, Azerbaijani oil was planned to be carried through different routes as <a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Supsa_Pipeline" title="Baku–Supsa Pipeline">Baku–Supsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline</a> (BTC), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to export Azerbaijani oil to the European market, the presidents of Azerbaijan, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and Turkey agreed to construct the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline in 1998 in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>. The ground-breaking ceremony of BTC took place in September 2002 with the participation of Aliyev, Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezer" title="Ahmet Necdet Sezer">Ahmet Necdet Sezer</a>, and Georgian President <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Edward Shevardnadze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decision to export Azerbaijani crude oil to the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Novorossiysk" title="Port of Novorossiysk">Port of Novorossiysk</a> was made through a contract signed in Moscow on 18 February 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil transportation through this route was realized in October 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Establishment of the alternative <a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Supsa_Pipeline" title="Baku–Supsa Pipeline">Baku–Supsa</a> route was agreed on 8 March 1996 by Aliyev and Shevardnadze. The Baku–Supsa route began operation in April 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_successor">Death and successor</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heydar_Aliyev_International_Airport._Domestic_terminal_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two-storey building with a concrete-and-glass façade with a large neon sign reading "Heydər Əliyev" on the roof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Heydar_Aliyev_International_Airport._Domestic_terminal_at_night.jpg/220px-Heydar_Aliyev_International_Airport._Domestic_terminal_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Heydar_Aliyev_International_Airport._Domestic_terminal_at_night.jpg/330px-Heydar_Aliyev_International_Airport._Domestic_terminal_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Heydar_Aliyev_International_Airport._Domestic_terminal_at_night.jpg/440px-Heydar_Aliyev_International_Airport._Domestic_terminal_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev_International_Airport" title="Heydar Aliyev International Airport">Heydar Aliyev International Airport</a> in Baku</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Heydar_Aliyev" title="Death and state funeral of Heydar Aliyev">Death and state funeral of Heydar Aliyev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Heydar Aliyev's cult of personality">Heydar Aliyev's cult of personality</a></div> <p>Aliyev's health began to fail in 1999 when he had a major <a href="/wiki/Heart_bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart bypass">heart bypass</a> operation in the United States at the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic" title="Cleveland Clinic">Cleveland Clinic</a>. He later had <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a> surgery and a <a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">hernia</a> operation. He collapsed while giving a speech on live television in April 2003. On 6 August, Aliyev returned to the US for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> problems. He did not return to Azerbaijan again.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less than two weeks before the <a href="/wiki/2003_Azerbaijani_presidential_election" title="2003 Azerbaijani presidential election">2003 Azerbaijani presidential election</a>, he withdrew his candidacy and appointed his son Ilham as his party's sole presidential candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 December 2003, President Aliyev died at the Cleveland Clinic.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was given a large state funeral and buried at the <a href="/wiki/Alley_of_Honor" title="Alley of Honor">Alley of Honor</a> cemetery in Baku. </p><p>Heydar Aliyev's son <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a> won a presidential election on 15 October 2003 widely considered to have been fraudulent. International observers criticized the contest as falling well below expected standards.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_AZ_pres_elec2003_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_AZ_pres_elec2003-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Heydar_Aliyev,_Mexico_City" title="Statue of Heydar Aliyev, Mexico City">Statue of Heydar Aliyev, Mexico City</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hajdar_Alijev.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of Aliyev in a park with cyrillic script on plinth below" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hajdar_Alijev.JPG/220px-Hajdar_Alijev.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hajdar_Alijev.JPG/330px-Hajdar_Alijev.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hajdar_Alijev.JPG/440px-Hajdar_Alijev.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption>Aliyev's statue in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout his life, Aliyev was awarded a number of state orders and medals, international awards, and elected honourable doctor of universities in many countries. Awards he has received include the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> five times, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Star" title="Order of the Red Star">Order of the Red Star</a> once, and <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Socialist_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero of the Socialist Labor">Hero of the Socialist Labor</a> twice. On 27 March 1997 in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, Aliyev received Ukraine's highest award, the <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Mudry" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaroslav Mudry">Yaroslav Mudry</a> Order, and on 13 April 1999, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>'s highest honour, the <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_International_Peace_Prize" title="Atatürk International Peace Prize">Atatürk International Peace Prize</a>. On 3 April 2003, he was elected a professor and authorized member of the Academy of Safety of the Russian Federation, and was subsequently awarded the Premium of <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>. On 10 May 2003, he was decorated with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-Called</a>—Russia's supreme award.<sup id="cite_ref-aliyev_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aliyev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A statue of Aliyev has been unveiled in a <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%A1majdan_Park" title="Tašmajdan Park">Tašmajdan Park</a> in Belgrade; its renovation was aided by 2 million euros ($2.9 million) from the Azerbaijani government.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2012 a statue of Aliyev which had been gifted to Mexico by the Azerbaijani embassy was <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Heydar_Aliyev,_Mexico_City" title="Statue of Heydar Aliyev, Mexico City">installed in a park in Mexico City</a> but was removed the following January after proving controversial. On April 10, 2023, Heydar Aliyev Street was opened in the center of <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, the Presidents of <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Azerbaijan</a> took part in the opening ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_list_of_honours_and_awards">Full list of honours and awards</h3></div> <dl><dt>Soviet Union</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour" title="Hero of Socialist Labour">Hero of Socialist Labour</a>, twice (1979, 1983)</li> <li>Five <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of Lenin">Orders of Lenin</a> (1971, 1973, 1976, 1979, 1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_October_Revolution" title="Order of the October Revolution">Order of the October Revolution</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Star" title="Order of the Red Star">Order of the Red Star</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Patriotic_War" title="Order of the Patriotic War">Order of the Patriotic War</a>, 1st class (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_Battle_Merit%22" title="Medal "For Battle Merit"">Medal "For Battle Merit"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_Labour_Valour%22" title="Medal "For Labour Valour"">Medal "For Labour Valour"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_the_Defence_of_the_Caucasus%22" title="Medal "For the Defence of the Caucasus"">Medal "For the Defence of the Caucasus"</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_the_Victory_over_Germany_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941%E2%80%931945%22" title="Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"">Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22Twenty_Years_of_Victory_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941%E2%80%931945%22" title="Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"">Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22Thirty_Years_of_Victory_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941%E2%80%931945%22" title="Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"">Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22Forty_Years_of_Victory_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941%E2%80%931945%22" title="Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"">Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_100th_Anniversary_of_the_Birth_of_Vladimir_Ilyich_Lenin%22" title="Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"">Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_Valiant_Labour_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941%E2%80%931945%22" title="Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"">Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22Veteran_of_Labour%22" title="Medal "Veteran of Labour"">Medal "Veteran of Labour"</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22Veteran_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_USSR%22" title="Medal "Veteran of the Armed Forces of the USSR"">Medal "Veteran of the Armed Forces of the USSR"</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%2230_Years_of_the_Soviet_Army_and_Navy%22" title="Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"">Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%2240_Years_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_USSR%22" title="Jubilee Medal "40 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"">Jubilee Medal "40 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%2250_Years_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_USSR%22" title="Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"">Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%2260_Years_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_USSR%22" title="Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"">Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%2270_Years_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_USSR%22" title="Jubilee Medal "70 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"">Jubilee Medal "70 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_Impeccable_Service%22" title="Medal "For Impeccable Service"">Medal "For Impeccable Service"</a> Second Class (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_Impeccable_Service%22" title="Medal "For Impeccable Service"">Medal "For Impeccable Service"</a> First Class (1964)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_State_of_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the State of Republic of Turkey">Order of the State of Republic of Turkey</a> (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise">Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise</a>, 1st class (20 March 1997) – "for outstanding contribution to the development of cooperation between Ukraine and the Republic of Azerbaijan and strengthening friendship between the Ukrainian and Azeri people"</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: Silk Road Service Award by the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_Fund" title="Silk Road Fund">Silk Road Fund</a> (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_International_Peace_Prize" title="Atatürk International Peace Prize">Atatürk International Peace Prize</a> (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Order of St. Andrew</a> (10 May 2003) – "for his great personal contribution to strengthening friendship and cooperation between Russia and Azerbaijan"</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a> National Prize named after <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Yakovlev" title="Ivan Yakovlev">Ivan Yakovlev</a> (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_(Georgia)" title="Order of the Golden Fleece (Georgia)">Order of the Golden Fleece</a> (2001)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Astana_Medal" title="Astana Medal">Astana Medal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>: "Gloria Populi" award of Golden Fortune International Scientific Organization<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_St._Sergius_of_Radonezh,_1st_class_(ROC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of St. Sergius of Radonezh, 1st class (ROC) (page does not exist)">Order of St. Sergius of Radonezh, 1st class (ROC)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Орден Преподобного Сергия Радонежского">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_%22Sheikh-ul-Islam%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order "Sheikh-ul-Islam" (page does not exist)">Order "Sheikh-ul-Islam"</a> (posthumously)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">President of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Politics of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan">Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Azerbaijan" title="Foreign relations of Azerbaijan">Foreign relations of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of political parties in Azerbaijan">List of political parties in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="List of leaders of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">List of leaders of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Assembly_(Nakhchivan)" title="Supreme Assembly (Nakhchivan)">Supreme Assembly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-East_&_Thomas_2003-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-East_&_Thomas_2003_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-East_&_Thomas_2003_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-East_&_Thomas_2003_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-East_&_Thomas_2003_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger East, Richard J. Thomas. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VO4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders</a></i>, Routledge, 2003, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-126-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85743-126-X">1-85743-126-X</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heydar-aliyev-foundation.org/en/content/index/63/National-leader">"The National Leader of the Azerbaijani Nation - Heydar Aliyev"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Leader+of+the+Azerbaijani+Nation+-+Heydar+Aliyev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheydar-aliyev-foundation.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Findex%2F63%2FNational-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aliyev-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aliyev_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aliyev_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070913152639/http://aliyevheritage.org/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0021&g=">"Heydar Aliyev biography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aliyevheritage.org/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0021&g=">the original</a> on 13 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heydar+Aliyev+biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faliyevheritage.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fe-cms%2Fvis%2Fvis.pl%3Fs%3D001%26p%3D0021%26g%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/4a6452d2c.html">"Freedom in the World 2009 - Azerbaijan"</a>. <i>Freedom House</i>. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Freedom+in+the+World+2009+-+Azerbaijan&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F4a6452d2c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchedler2013" class="citation book cs1">Schedler, Andreas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nXxoAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Politics of Uncertainty: Sustaining and Subverting Electoral Authoritarianism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166983-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166983-5"><bdi>978-0-19-166983-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Uncertainty%3A+Sustaining+and+Subverting+Electoral+Authoritarianism&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-166983-5&rft.aulast=Schedler&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnXxoAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaal2018" class="citation book cs1">Waal, Thomas De (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glByDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Caucasus: An Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068308-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068308-5"><bdi>978-0-19-068308-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caucasus%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-068308-5&rft.aulast=Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DglByDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltstadt1997" class="citation cs2">Altstadt, Audrey L. (1997), Parrott, Bruce; Dawisha, Karen (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/conflict-cleavage-and-change-in-central-asia-and-the-caucasus/azerbaijans-struggle-toward-democracy/4973616DA6867A781E2FE7C3D4DB96B7">"Azerbaijan's struggle toward democracy"</a>, <i>Conflict, Cleavage, and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus</i>, Democratization and Authoritarianism in Post-Communist Societies, Cambridge University Press, pp. 110–155, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59731-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59731-9"><bdi>978-0-521-59731-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conflict%2C+Cleavage%2C+and+Change+in+Central+Asia+and+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan%27s+struggle+toward+democracy&rft.pages=110-155&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59731-9&rft.aulast=Altstadt&rft.aufirst=Audrey+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fconflict-cleavage-and-change-in-central-asia-and-the-caucasus%2Fazerbaijans-struggle-toward-democracy%2F4973616DA6867A781E2FE7C3D4DB96B7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/opinion/the-two-faces-of-azerbaijans-mr-aliyev.html">The Two Faces of Azerbaijan's Mr. Aliyev</a> // <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 11 January 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HansSlomp-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HansSlomp_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hans Slomp</i>. Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-39181-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-39181-5">0-313-39181-5</a>, 9780313391811. P.672</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FranCoise-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FranCoise_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>FranCoise Companjen, Laszlo Maracz, Lia Versteegh</i>. Exploring the Caucasus in the 21st Century: Essays on Culture, History and Politics in a Dynamic Context. Amsterdam University Press, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-8964-183-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-8964-183-1">90-8964-183-1</a>, 9789089641830. P.121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goltz-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goltz_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Thomas Goltz</i>. Azerbaijan Diary: A Rogue Reporter's Adventures in an Oil-Rich, War-Torn, Post-Soviet Republic. M.E. Sharpe, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0244-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-0244-X">0-7656-0244-X</a>, 9780765602442. P.66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Precht-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Precht_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Elisabeth Precht</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/100602961/Azerbaijan-in-the-shadow-of-dictatorship">Azerbaijan In the Shadow of a Dictatorship</a> //Jarl Hjalmarson Foundation, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contact.az/docs/2013/Social/020900027838ru.htm#.UtM0-rS4vO8">В турецком учебнике Гейдар Алиев представлен как диктатор</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820044228/http://www.contact.az/docs/2013/Social/020900027838ru.htm#.UtM0-rS4vO8">Archived</a> 20 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // Сontact.az. 2013 Февраль 09 «<i>В изданной в Турции учебнике „Конституционное права“ для студентов университетов бывший президент Азербайджана Гейдар Алиев назван „диктатором“</i>» (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115150/http://www.contact.az/docs/2013/Social/020900027838ru.htm">copy</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/08/09/rise-of-leaders-son-sharpens-azerbaijans-identity-crisis/27907137-47f9-40a1-a322-b44b3b46751d/">Rise of Leader's Son Sharpens Azerbaijan's Identity Crisis</a> // <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. 9 August 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Kramer" title="David J. Kramer">David J. Kramer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kauzlarich" title="Richard Kauzlarich">Richard Kauzlarich</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2016/09/08/its-time-for-the-united-states-to-act-on-azerbaijan/">It's time for the United States to act on Azerbaijan</a> // <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>, 8 September 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Svante E. Cornell <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/article/democratization-falters-azerbaijan">Democratization Falters in Azerbaijan</a> // Journal of Democracy 12.2 (2001) 118—131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/institutsionalizatsiya-instituta-prezidentstva-i-perspektivy-konsolidatsii-politicheskih-rezhimov-na-postsovetskom-prostranstve">Борисов Николай Александрович</a>. Институционализация института президентства и перспективы консолидации политических режимов на постсоветском пространстве // «Полития».-2011.-№ 4(63).-С.93-103. «<i>И хотя эта гипотеза ещё нуждается в дополнительной проверке, уместно предположить, что в этих государствах состоялась авторитарная консолидация, причем важнейшим её фактором был институт президентства и сами личности президентов (Сапармурат Ниязов, Эмомали Рахмон, Нурсултан Назарбаев, Гейдар Алиев)</i>»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/15431/Heydar-Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a>. <blockquote><p>Azerbaijani politician who, was one of the most powerful men in Azerbaijan for more than 30 years, as deputy chairman (1964–67) and chairman (1967–69) of the regional KGB, as secretary (1969–87) of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan, and from 1993 as the repressive and autocratic president of independent Azerbaijan.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/354347">"Heidar Aliev, maestro of the Caucasus"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 31 August 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Heidar+Aliev%2C+maestro+of+the+Caucasus&rft.date=2000-08-31&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F354347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span> "There is stability, because Mr Aliev is an acute tactician who runs a heavy-handed police state. Opposition leaders who decline to be co-opted are in jail, in exile or bullied. Elections are rigged, the media muzzled."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKucera2008" class="citation news cs1">Kucera, Joshua (20 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/dispatches/features/2008/travels_in_the_former_soviet_union/the_cult_of_heydar_aliyev.html">"Travels in the Former Soviet Union"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339">1091-2339</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Travels+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union&rft.date=2008-05-20&rft.issn=1091-2339&rft.aulast=Kucera&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fdispatches%2Ffeatures%2F2008%2Ftravels_in_the_former_soviet_union%2Fthe_cult_of_heydar_aliyev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijan-biography-of-deceased-former-president-heidar-aliyev">"Azerbaijan: Biography Of Deceased Former President Heidar Aliyev"</a>. <i>eurasianet.org</i>. 14 December 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eurasianet.org&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Biography+Of+Deceased+Former+President+Heidar+Aliyev&rft.date=2003-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Fazerbaijan-biography-of-deceased-former-president-heidar-aliyev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/in-armenia-azerbaijani-leaders-ancestral-village-lies-abandoned">"In Armenia, Azerbaijani Leader's Ancestral Village Lies Abandoned"</a>. <i>Eurasianet</i>. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasianet&rft.atitle=In+Armenia%2C+Azerbaijani+Leader%27s+Ancestral+Village+Lies+Abandoned&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Fin-armenia-azerbaijani-leaders-ancestral-village-lies-abandoned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aniarc.am/2015/05/10/tanahat-jomartlou-the-native-village-of-the-worlds-most-famous-azerbaijani-haydar-aliyev/">"Armenian Tanahat (Jomartlou); The Native Village of Haydar Aliyev"</a>. <i>ANI Armenian Research Center</i>. 10 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANI+Armenian+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Armenian+Tanahat+%28Jomartlou%29%3B+The+Native+Village+of+Haydar+Aliyev&rft.date=2015-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aniarc.am%2F2015%2F05%2F10%2Ftanahat-jomartlou-the-native-village-of-the-worlds-most-famous-azerbaijani-haydar-aliyev%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iwpr.net/global-voices/heidar-aliev-political-colossus">"Heidar Aliev: A Political Colossus"</a>. <i>iwpr.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iwpr.net&rft.atitle=Heidar+Aliev%3A+A+Political+Colossus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiwpr.net%2Fglobal-voices%2Fheidar-aliev-political-colossus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dewaal-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dewaal_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Waal2003" class="citation book cs1">De Waal, Thomas (2003). <i>Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War</i>. New York and London: New York University Press. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-1944-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-1944-9"><bdi>0-8147-1944-9</bdi></a>. <q>Some maintain that Heidar Aliev was actually born in Armenia in 1921, not in Nakhichevan in 1923. His younger brother, Jalal Aliev, interviewed on 4 November 2000, said that the Aliev family came from the village of Jomartly in Zangezur but had moved to Nakhichevan by the time Heidar was born.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Garden%3A+Armenia+and+Azerbaijan+through+Peace+and+War&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8147-1944-9&rft.aulast=De+Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biography-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biography_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heydaraliyevcenter.az/#2_HeydarAliyev">"Biography"</a>. Heydar Aliyev Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography&rft.pub=Heydar+Aliyev+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheydaraliyevcenter.az%2F%232_HeydarAliyev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarley2008" class="citation book cs1">Earley, Pete (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TxxynN0KTJcC&pg=PT200"><i>Comrade J: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America After the End of the Cold War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101207673" title="Special:BookSources/9781101207673"><bdi>9781101207673</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comrade+J%3A+The+Untold+Secrets+of+Russia%27s+Master+Spy+in+America+After+the+End+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781101207673&rft.aulast=Earley&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTxxynN0KTJcC%26pg%3DPT200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.president.az/azerbaijan/leader">"Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev"</a>. <i>en.president.az</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.president.az&rft.atitle=Heydar+Alirza+oglu+Aliyev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.president.az%2Fazerbaijan%2Fleader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azernews.az/analysis/81124.html">"Remembering Zarifa Aliyeva - wife, mother, scientist"</a>. AzerNews. 28 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+Zarifa+Aliyeva+-+wife%2C+mother%2C+scientist&rft.pub=AzerNews&rft.date=2015-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azernews.az%2Fanalysis%2F81124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2003/12/13/heydar-aliyev-azerbaijans-hard-nosed-savior-dies/5d2901ae-1c50-41da-96a4-15438d870a56/">"Heydar Aliyev, Azerbaijan's Hard-Nosed 'Savior,' Dies"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Heydar+Aliyev%2C+Azerbaijan%27s+Hard-Nosed+%27Savior%2C%27+Dies&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F2003%2F12%2F13%2Fheydar-aliyev-azerbaijans-hard-nosed-savior-dies%2F5d2901ae-1c50-41da-96a4-15438d870a56%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2015" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Svante E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4aZzCQAAQBAJ"><i>Azerbaijan Since Independence</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47620-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47620-7"><bdi>978-1-317-47620-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan+Since+Independence&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47620-7&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4aZzCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaal2013" class="citation cs2">Waal, Thomas de (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9780814770825.001.0001/html">"Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War"</a>, <i>Black Garden</i>, New York University Press, p. 106, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814770825.001.0001">10.18574/nyu/9780814770825.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7082-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7082-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-7082-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250081480">250081480</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+Garden&rft.atitle=Black+Garden%3A+Armenia+and+Azerbaijan+through+Peace+and+War&rft.pages=106&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250081480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814770825.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7082-5&rft.aulast=Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814770825.001.0001%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1984/12/16/a-soviet-politicians-rise-talent-and-guile-pay-off/80d72494-cc2c-4093-aa52-17a11fd0c2ef/">"A Soviet Politician's Rise: Talent and Guile Pay Off"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. 1984.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Soviet+Politician%27s+Rise%3A+Talent+and+Guile+Pay+Off&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fopinions%2F1984%2F12%2F16%2Fa-soviet-politicians-rise-talent-and-guile-pay-off%2F80d72494-cc2c-4093-aa52-17a11fd0c2ef%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikolaij Nor-Mesek, Wolfgang Rieper. <i>The Defense Council of the USSR</i>, Institut für Sowjet-Studien, 1984, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Sakwa. <i>Soviet Politics in Perspective</i>, Routledge, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16992-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16992-5">0-415-16992-5</a>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Anthony Cook. <i>Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia</i>, Taylor & Francis, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-4057-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-4057-5">0-8153-4057-5</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:192-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:192_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:192_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:192_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:192_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:192_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaal2013" class="citation cs2">Waal, Thomas de (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9780814770825.001.0001/html">"Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War"</a>, <i>Black Garden</i>, New York University Press, pp. 148–149, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814770825.001.0001">10.18574/nyu/9780814770825.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7082-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7082-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-7082-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250081480">250081480</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+Garden&rft.atitle=Black+Garden%3A+Armenia+and+Azerbaijan+through+Peace+and+War&rft.pages=148-149&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250081480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814770825.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7082-5&rft.aulast=Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814770825.001.0001%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harold_James_Perkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold James Perkin">Harold James Perkin</a>. <i>The Third Revolution: Professional Elites in the Modern World</i>, Routledge, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14337-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14337-3">0-415-14337-3</a>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2004" class="citation book cs1">Moss, Walter G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yMwdWFtgV0QC"><i>A History Of Russia Volume 2: Since 1855</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-739-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-739-7"><bdi>978-0-85728-739-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+Of+Russia+Volume+2%3A+Since+1855&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-739-7&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Walter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyMwdWFtgV0QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMccauley2014" class="citation book cs1">Mccauley, Martin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uqWsAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union</i></a>. Routledge. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86783-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86783-8"><bdi>978-1-317-86783-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86783-8&rft.aulast=Mccauley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuqWsAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2003" class="citation news cs1">Brennan, Dan (15 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/dec/15/guardianobituaries">"Heydar Aliev"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Heydar+Aliev&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2Fdec%2F15%2Fguardianobituaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louise I. Shelley. <i>Policing Soviet Society: The Evolution of State Control</i>, Routledge, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10469-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10469-6">0-415-10469-6</a>, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mafia-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mafia_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkin1996" class="citation book cs1">Perkin, Harold James (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdrevolution00prof/page/204"><i>The Third Revolution: Professional Elites in the Modern World</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdrevolution00prof/page/204">204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415143373" title="Special:BookSources/0415143373"><bdi>0415143373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Revolution%3A+Professional+Elites+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0415143373&rft.aulast=Perkin&rft.aufirst=Harold+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdrevolution00prof%2Fpage%2F204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Hopkins McDannald. <i>The Americana Annual: An Encyclopedia of Current Events</i>, Americana Corporation, 1983, p. 524</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2003" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Paul (13 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/13/world/ha-aliyev-kgb-officer-and-azeri-leader-80-dies.html">"H.A. Aliyev, K.G.B. Officer And Azeri Leader, 80, Dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=H.A.+Aliyev%2C+K.G.B.+Officer+And+Azeri+Leader%2C+80%2C+Dies&rft.date=2003-12-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F12%2F13%2Fworld%2Fha-aliyev-kgb-officer-and-azeri-leader-80-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaubmanTimes1986" class="citation news cs1">Taubman, Philip; Times, Special To the New York (28 February 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/28/world/a-soviet-leader-in-a-wide-ranging-news-session.html">"A SOVIET LEADER IN A WIDE-RANGING NEWS SESSION"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+SOVIET+LEADER+IN+A+WIDE-RANGING+NEWS+SESSION&rft.date=1986-02-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Taubman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Times%2C+Special+To+the+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F02%2F28%2Fworld%2Fa-soviet-leader-in-a-wide-ranging-news-session.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin McCauley. <i>Who's Who in Russia Since 1900</i>, Routledge, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13898-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13898-1">0-415-13898-1</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-East2002-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-East2002_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-East2002_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger East, Richard Thomas, Alan John Day. <i>A Political and Economic Dictionary of Eastern Europe</i>, Routledge, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-063-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85743-063-8">1-85743-063-8</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay" class="citation web cs1">Ray, Don. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.occrp.org/en/corruptistan/azerbaijan/2015/06/24/the-making-of-an-investigative-reporter.en.html">"Forged in fire: the making of an investigative reporter - Corruptistan"</a>. <i>OCCRP</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OCCRP&rft.atitle=Forged+in+fire%3A+the+making+of+an+investigative+reporter+-+Corruptistan&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.occrp.org%2Fen%2Fcorruptistan%2Fazerbaijan%2F2015%2F06%2F24%2Fthe-making-of-an-investigative-reporter.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/4a6452d2c.html">"Freedom in the World 2009 - Azerbaijan"</a>. <i>Freedom House</i>. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Freedom+in+the+World+2009+-+Azerbaijan&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F4a6452d2c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2015" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Svante E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4aZzCQAAQBAJ"><i>Azerbaijan Since Independence</i></a>. Routledge. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47620-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47620-7"><bdi>978-1-317-47620-7</bdi></a>. <q>The evidence that Surat Husyenov's coup was engineered in Moscow is as incontrovertible as it gets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan+Since+Independence&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47620-7&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4aZzCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Library of Congress Country Studies <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/azerbaijan/31.htm">Azerbaijan - The Coup of June 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltstadt2017" class="citation book cs1">Altstadt, Audrey L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/alts70456"><i>Frustrated Democracy in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Falts70456">10.7312/alts70456</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70456-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70456-4"><bdi>978-0-231-70456-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/alts70456">10.7312/alts70456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frustrated+Democracy+in+Post-Soviet+Azerbaijan&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Falts70456%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Falts70456&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70456-4&rft.aulast=Altstadt&rft.aufirst=Audrey+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Falts70456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaal2013" class="citation cs2">Waal, Thomas de (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9780814770825.001.0001/html">"Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War"</a>, <i>Black Garden</i>, New York University Press, p. 227, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814770825.001.0001">10.18574/nyu/9780814770825.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7082-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7082-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-7082-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250081480">250081480</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+Garden&rft.atitle=Black+Garden%3A+Armenia+and+Azerbaijan+through+Peace+and+War&rft.pages=227&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250081480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814770825.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7082-5&rft.aulast=Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814770825.001.0001%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaal2018" class="citation book cs1">Waal, Thomas De (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glByDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Caucasus: An Introduction</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kreml.org/opinions/112939144/">the original</a> on 2 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kreml.org&rft.atitle=Kreml.org+%7C+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B8+-+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kreml.org%2Fopinions%2F112939144%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azerbaijan.az/_Economy/_OilStrategy/oilStrategy_05_e.html">"Transport routes of Azerbaijani oil (Baku-Novorossiysk, Baku-Supsa)"</a>. <i>www.azerbaijan.az</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.azerbaijan.az&rft.atitle=Transport+routes+of+Azerbaijani+oil+%28Baku-Novorossiysk%2C+Baku-Supsa%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azerbaijan.az%2F_Economy%2F_OilStrategy%2FoilStrategy_05_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafael_Kandiyoti2012" class="citation book cs1">Rafael Kandiyoti (2012). <i>Pipelines: Flowing Oil and Crude Politics</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848858398" title="Special:BookSources/9781848858398"><bdi>9781848858398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pipelines%3A+Flowing+Oil+and+Crude+Politics&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781848858398&rft.au=Rafael+Kandiyoti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2015" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Svante E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4aZzCQAAQBAJ"><i>Azerbaijan Since Independence</i></a>. Routledge. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47620-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47620-7"><bdi>978-1-317-47620-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan+Since+Independence&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47620-7&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4aZzCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2014" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Henry E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22Heydar+Aliyev+Heritage%22+International+Online+Library&rft.atitle=Az%C9%99rbaycan+Prezidenti+Heyd%C9%99r+%C6%8Fliyevin+T%C3%BCrkiy%C9%99d%C9%99+layiq+g%C3%B6r%C3%BCld%C3%BCy%C3%BC+%22D%C9%99d%C9%99+Qorqud%22%2C+%22%C4%B0nsan+haqlar%C4%B1%22+m%C3%BCkafatlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n%2C+%22%C4%B0p%C9%99k+yolu%22+vaqfinin+f%C9%99xri+%C3%BCzv%C3%BC+diplomunun+v%C9%99+m%C3%BCkafat%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+t%C9%99qdimetm%C9%99+m%C9%99rasimind%C9%99+%C3%A7%C4%B1x%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.aliyev-heritage.org%2Faz%2F7526715.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ayk.gov.tr/s9-hakkmzda/baris-odulu/ataturk-uluslararasi-baris-odulu-2/">"Atatürk Uluslararası Barış Ödülü – AYK"</a>. <i>www.ayk.gov.tr</i>. 3 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22Heydar+Aliyev+Heritage%22+International+Online+Library&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%B7+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%81+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%98.%D0%AF.%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%2C+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8+%D0%AE%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.aliyev-heritage.org%2Fru%2F3854428.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.aliyev-heritage.org/en/178352.html">"Azerbaijani-French relations"</a>. <i>"Heydar Aliyev Heritage" International Online Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22Heydar+Aliyev+Heritage%22+International+Online+Library&rft.atitle=Azerbaijani-French+relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.aliyev-heritage.org%2Fen%2F178352.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.aliyev-heritage.org/az/54188192.html">"Azərbaycan Respublikasının Prezidenti Heydər Əliyevin Ukraynanın Müdafiə Naziri, ordu generalı Aleksandr Kuzmuk və "Qızıl tale" Beynəlxalq Açıq Məşhurluq Reytinqinin Baş direktorluğunun sədri Dmitri Akimov ilə görüşdə söhbəti"</a>. <i>"Heydar Aliyev Heritage" International Online Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22Heydar+Aliyev+Heritage%22+International+Online+Library&rft.atitle=Az%C9%99rbaycan+Respublikas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+Prezidenti+Heyd%C9%99r+%C6%8Fliyevin+Ukraynan%C4%B1n+M%C3%BCdafi%C9%99+Naziri%2C+ordu+general%C4%B1+Aleksandr+Kuzmuk+v%C9%99+%22Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1l+tale%22+Beyn%C9%99lxalq+A%C3%A7%C4%B1q+M%C9%99%C5%9Fhurluq+Reytinqinin+Ba%C5%9F+direktorlu%C4%9Funun+s%C9%99dri+Dmitri+Akimov+il%C9%99+g%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9Fd%C9%99+s%C3%B6hb%C9%99ti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.aliyev-heritage.org%2Faz%2F54188192.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeydar+Aliyev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heydaraliyevcenter.az/#2_HeydarAliyev">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aliyevheritage.org/">Official website Heydar Aliyev Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/93_folder/93_articles/93_aliyev.html">Envisioning the Nation - Interview: Azerbaijan's President, Heydar Aliyev</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vali_Akhundov" title="Vali Akhundov">Vali Akhundov</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party </b><br />1969–1982 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Bagirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamran Bagirov">Kamran Bagirov</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">none</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Parliamentary Chairman of Nakhchivan </b><br />1991–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vasif_Talibov" title="Vasif Talibov">Vasif Talibov</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">President of Azerbaijan</a> </b><br />1993–2003 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_Azerbaijan_since_1918" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Azerbaijan" title="Template:Heads of state of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Azerbaijan" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Azerbaijan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_Azerbaijan_since_1918" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of heads of state of Azerbaijan">Leaders of Azerbaijan since 1918</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Heads of Parliament (1918-1920)</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammad_Amin_Rasulzadeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammad Amin Rasulzadeh">Mammad Amin Rasulzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alimardan_Topchubashov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alimardan Topchubashov">Alimardan Topchubashov</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Azerbaijan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_the_President_of_Azerbaijan.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_the_President_of_Azerbaijan.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_the_President_of_Azerbaijan.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic<br />(1920-1991)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>First secretaries of the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party_(1920)" title="Azerbaijan Communist Party (1920)">Azerbaijan Communist Party</a> (1920-1991)</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Davud_Huseynov" title="Mirza Davud Huseynov">Mirza Davud Huseynov</a> (1920)</li> <li>Viktor Naneyshvily (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Stasova" title="Elena Stasova">Elena Stasova</a> (1920)</li> <li>Vladimir Dumbadze (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Kaminsky" title="Grigory Kaminsky">Grigory Kaminsky</a> (1920–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kirov" title="Sergei Kirov">Sergei Kirov</a> (1921–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhulla_Akhundov" title="Ruhulla Akhundov">Ruhulla Akhundov</a> (1925–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levon_Mirzoyan" title="Levon Mirzoyan">Levon Mirzoyan</a> (1926–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gikalo" title="Nikolai Gikalo">Nikolai Gikalo</a> (1929–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Polonsky" title="Vladimir Polonsky">Vladimir Polonsky</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruben_Rubenov" title="Ruben Rubenov">Ruben Rubenov</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Baghirov" title="Mir Jafar Baghirov">Mir Jafar Baghirov</a> (1933–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Teymur_Yagubov" title="Mir Teymur Yagubov">Mir Teymur Yagubov</a> (1953–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Mustafayev" title="Imam Mustafayev">Imam Mustafayev</a> (1954–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vali_Akhundov" title="Vali Akhundov">Vali Akhundov</a> (1959–1969)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heydar Aliyev</a> (1969–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Baghirov" title="Kamran Baghirov">Kamran Baghirov</a> (1982–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Vazirov" title="Abdurrahman Vazirov">Abdurrahman Vazirov</a> (1988–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Mutallibov" title="Ayaz Mutallibov">Ayaz Mutallibov</a> (1990–1991)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Republic of Azerbaijan<br />(1991-present)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Presidents of Azerbaijan Republic (1991-)</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Mutallibov" title="Ayaz Mutallibov">Ayaz Mutallibov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagub_Mammadov_(politician)" title="Yagub Mammadov (politician)">Yagub Mammadov</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Mutallibov" title="Ayaz Mutallibov">Ayaz Mutallibov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Gambar" title="Isa Gambar">Isa Gambar</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>(a) Denotes acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premiers_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Premiers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Premiers of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Premiers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Premiers of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Premiers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Premiers of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premiers_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premiers of the Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> (1923–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Rykov</a> (1924–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Molotov</a> (1930–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> (1941–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Malenkov</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Bulganin</a> (1955–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a> (1958–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a> (1964–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Tikhonov</a> (1980–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov">Ryzhkov</a> (1985–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Pavlov" title="Valentin Pavlov">Pavlov</a> (Jan.–Aug. 1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Doguzhiyev" title="Vitaly Doguzhiyev">Doguzhiyev</a></i> (Aug. 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Silayev" title="Ivan Silayev">Silayev</a> (Aug.–Dec. 1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Kuybyshev" title="Valerian Kuybyshev">Kuybyshev</a> (1934–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Voznesensky" title="Nikolai Voznesensky">Voznesensky</a> (1941–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Molotov</a> (1942–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Bulganin</a> (1950–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Beria</a> (Mar.–June 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Kaganovich</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Mikoyan</a> (1955–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Pervukhin</a> (1955–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Saburov" title="Maksim Saburov">Saburov</a> (1955–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kuzmin" title="Joseph Kuzmin">Kuzmin</a> (1957–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Kozlov</a> (1958–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a> (1960–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Ustinov</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Mazurov</a> (1965–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Polyansky</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Tikhonov</a> (1976–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Arkhipov" title="Ivan Arkhipov">Arkhipov</a> (1980–1986)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aliyev</a> (1982–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Gromyko</a> (1983–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Talyzin" title="Nikolai Talyzin">Talyzin</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Murakhovsky" title="Vsevolod Murakhovsky">Murakhovsky</a> (1985–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Maslyukov" title="Yuri Maslyukov">Maslyukov</a> (1988–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Voronin" title="Lev Voronin">Voronin</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li>Vladilen Niktin (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Velichko" title="Vladimir Velichko">Velichko</a> (Jan.–Nov. 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Doguzhiyev" title="Vitaly Doguzhiyev">Doguzhiyev</a> (Jan.–Nov. 1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_Ministers_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Prime Ministers of Russia">Prime Ministers of Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Azerbaijan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chairpersons_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Azerbaijan" title="Template:Chairpersons of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chairpersons_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Azerbaijan" title="Template talk:Chairpersons of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chairpersons_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Azerbaijan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chairpersons of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Azerbaijan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Azerbaijan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan">Speakers of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">ADR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammad_Emin_Rasulzade" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammad Emin Rasulzade">Mammad Emin Rasulzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alimardan_Topchubashov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alimardan Topchubashov">Alimardan Topchubashov</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">AzSSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Teymur_Yagubov" title="Mir Teymur Yagubov">Mir Teymur Yagubov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Aliyev" title="Aziz Aliyev">Aziz Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan_Gafarzade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultan Gafarzade (page does not exist)">Sultan Gafarzade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusif_Yusifov_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusif Yusifov (politician) (page does not exist)">Yusif Yusifov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghamirza_Ahmadov" title="Aghamirza Ahmadov">Aghamirza Ahmadov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Topchubashov" title="Mustafa Topchubashov">Mustafa Topchubashov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdulla_Bayramov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdulla Bayramov (page does not exist)">Abdulla Bayramov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ibrahimov" title="Mirza Ibrahimov">Mirza Ibrahimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazanfar_Jafarli" title="Gazanfar Jafarli">Gazanfar Jafarli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Taghizade" title="Ali Taghizade">Ali Taghizade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammad_Dadashzade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mammad Dadashzade (page does not exist)">Mammad Dadashzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Topchubashov" title="Mustafa Topchubashov">Mustafa Topchubashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleyman_Rustam" title="Suleyman Rustam">Suleyman Rustamzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmira_Gafarova" title="Elmira Gafarova">Elmira Gafarova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elmira_Gafarova" title="Elmira Gafarova">Elmira Gafarova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagub_Mammadov_(politician)" title="Yagub Mammadov (politician)">Yagub Mammadov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Gambar" title="Isa Gambar">Isa Gambar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasul_Guliyev" title="Rasul Guliyev">Rasul Guliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtuz_Alasgarov" title="Murtuz Alasgarov">Murtuz Alasgarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogtay_Asadov" title="Ogtay Asadov">Ogtay Asadov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahiba_Gafarova" title="Sahiba Gafarova">Sahiba Gafarova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1986–1990)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1986–1990)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1986–1990)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vitaly Vorotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Zaykov" title="Lev Zaykov">Lev Zaykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Dinmukhamed Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Ligachyov" title="Yegor Ligachyov">Yegor Ligachyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov">Nikolai Ryzhkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Mikhail Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Viktor Chebrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yakovlev_(Russian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician)">Alexander Yakovlev</a></li> <li>Viktor Nikonov</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Slyunkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Slyunkov">Nikolay Slyunkov</a></li> <li>Vadim Medvedev</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Maslyukov" title="Yuri Maslyukov">Yuri Maslyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ivashko" title="Vladimir Ivashko">Vladimir Ivashko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Pyotr Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dolgikh" title="Vladimir Dolgikh">Vladimir Dolgikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Slyunkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Slyunkov">Nikolay Slyunkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sokolov_(marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Sokolov (marshal)">Sergey Sokolov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Talyzin" title="Nikolai Talyzin">Nikolai Talyzin</a></li> <li>Yuri Solovyev</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yakovlev_(Russian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician)">Alexander Yakovlev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Yazov" title="Dmitry Yazov">Dmitry Yazov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Maslyukov" title="Yuri Maslyukov">Yuri Maslyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Razumovsky" title="Georgy Razumovsky">Georgy Razumovsky</a></li> <li>Alexandra Biryukova</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vlasov_(politician)" title="Aleksandr Vlasov (politician)">Alexander Vlasov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lukyanov" title="Anatoly Lukyanov">Anatoly Lukyanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Primakov" title="Yevgeny Primakov">Yevgeny Primakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pugo" title="Boris Pugo">Boris Pugo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1981–1986)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1981–1986)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1981–1986)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Viktor Grishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Dinmukhamed Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arv%C4%ABds_Pel%C5%A1e" title="Arvīds Pelše">Arvīds Pelše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Romanov" title="Grigory Romanov">Grigory Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Nikolai Tikhonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Dmitry Ustinov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vitaly Vorotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Mikhail Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Viktor Chebrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Ligachyov" title="Yegor Ligachyov">Yegor Ligachyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov">Nikolai Ryzhkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Pyotr Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_Kiselyov" title="Tikhon Kiselyov">Tikhon Kiselyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Ponomarev" title="Boris Ponomarev">Boris Ponomarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharof_Rashidov" title="Sharof Rashidov">Sharof Rashidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Mikhail Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dolgikh" title="Vladimir Dolgikh">Vladimir Dolgikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vitaly Vorotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Viktor Chebrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sokolov_(marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Sokolov (marshal)">Sergey Sokolov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Talyzin" title="Nikolai Talyzin">Nikolai Talyzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1976–1981)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1976–1981)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1976–1981)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Andrei Grechko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Viktor Grishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Kulakov" title="Fyodor Kulakov">Fyodor Kulakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Dinmukhamed Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Kirill Mazurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arv%C4%ABds_Pel%C5%A1e" title="Arvīds Pelše">Arvīds Pelše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Romanov" title="Grigory Romanov">Grigory Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Dmitry Ustinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Nikolai Tikhonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Pyotr Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Masherov" title="Pyotr Masherov">Pyotr Masherov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Ponomarev" title="Boris Ponomarev">Boris Ponomarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharof_Rashidov" title="Sharof Rashidov">Sharof Rashidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Mikhail Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Nikolai Tikhonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_Kiselyov" title="Tikhon Kiselyov">Tikhon Kiselyov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ilham_Aliyev" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ilham_Aliyev" title="Template:Ilham Aliyev"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ilham_Aliyev" title="Template talk:Ilham Aliyev"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ilham_Aliyev" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ilham Aliyev"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ilham_Aliyev" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of Azerbaijan">4th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">President of Azerbaijan</a> (2003–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of government of Azerbaijan">7th</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Prime Minister of Azerbaijan</a> (4 August – 31 October 2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Azerbaijani_presidential_election" title="2003 Azerbaijani presidential election">2003 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Azerbaijani_presidential_election" title="2008 Azerbaijani presidential election">2008 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Azerbaijani_presidential_election" title="2013 Azerbaijani presidential election">2013 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Azerbaijani_presidential_election" title="2018 Azerbaijani presidential election">2018 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Azerbaijani_presidential_election" title="2024 Azerbaijani presidential election">2024 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Ilham_Aliyev" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidential trips made by Ilham Aliyev">Presidential trips</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 3px;"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilham_Aliyev_was_interviewed_by_Euronews_TV_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ilham Aliyev"><img alt="Ilham Aliyev" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ilham_Aliyev_was_interviewed_by_Euronews_TV_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Ilham_Aliyev_was_interviewed_by_Euronews_TV_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ilham_Aliyev_was_interviewed_by_Euronews_TV_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Ilham_Aliyev_was_interviewed_by_Euronews_TV_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ilham_Aliyev_was_interviewed_by_Euronews_TV_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Ilham_Aliyev_was_interviewed_by_Euronews_TV_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>Ilham Aliyev</figcaption></figure></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev#Personal_life" title="Ilham Aliyev">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heydar Aliyev‎</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(father)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarifa_Aliyeva" title="Zarifa Aliyeva">Zarifa Aliyeva‎</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(mother)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Aliyev" title="Jalal Aliyev">Jalal Aliyev</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncle)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehriban_Aliyeva" title="Mehriban Aliyeva">Mehriban Aliyev‎a</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(wife)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla_Aliyeva" title="Leyla Aliyeva">Leyla Aliyeva‎</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(daughter)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzu_Aliyeva" title="Arzu Aliyeva">Arzu Aliyeva‎</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(daughter)</span></li> <li>Heydar Aliyev Jr. <span style="font-size:85%;">(son)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Azerbaijani_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Azerbaijani constitutional referendum">2009 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2012" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2012">Eurovision Song Contest 2012</a></li> <li>Launching of <a href="/wiki/Azerspace-1/Africasat-1a" title="Azerspace-1/Africasat-1a">Azerspace-1/Africasat-1a</a></li> <li>Halting of the <a href="/wiki/Khazar_Islands" title="Khazar Islands">Khazar Islands</a> Project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_Games" title="2015 European Games">2015 European Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Azerbaijani_constitutional_referendum" title="2016 Azerbaijani constitutional referendum">2016 Azerbaijani constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Grand_Prix" title="Azerbaijan Grand Prix">Azerbaijan Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Islamic_Solidarity_Games" title="2017 Islamic Solidarity Games">2017 Islamic Solidarity Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Kars_railway" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway">Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_border_clashes" title="2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes">2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramil_Safarov" title="Ramil Safarov">Ramil Safarov</a> repatriation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Armenian_Mil_Mi-24_shootdown" title="2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown">2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 April clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">Gyunnut Operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Anatolian_gas_pipeline" title="Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline">Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_legal_status_of_the_Caspian_Sea" title="Convention on the legal status of the Caspian Sea">Convention on the legal status of the Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2020_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">2020 Tovuz clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russian_Mil_Mi-24_shootdown" title="2020 Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown">2020 Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ilham_Aliyev" title="Category:Ilham Aliyev">Category:Ilham Aliyev</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Era_of_Stagnation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stagnation_Era" title="Template:Stagnation Era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stagnation_Era" title="Template talk:Stagnation Era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stagnation_Era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stagnation Era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Era_of_Stagnation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">Events (1964–1982)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassboro_Summit_Conference" title="Glassboro Summit Conference">Glassboro Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Red_Square_demonstration" title="1968 Red Square demonstration">1968 Red Square demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Attempted assassination of Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladivostok_Summit_Meeting_on_Arms_Control" title="Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control">Vladivostok Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Moscow_bombings" title="1977 Moscow bombings">1977 Moscow bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977 Soviet constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1978 Georgian demonstrations">1978 Georgian demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Reaction to 1980–1981 Polish crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Zapad-81" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise Zapad-81">Exercise Zapad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev">Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev">Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">Events (1982–1985)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RYAN" class="mw-redirect" title="RYAN">RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alarm_incident" title="1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident">1983 false nuclear alarm incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cotton_scandal" title="Uzbek cotton scandal">Uzbek cotton scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Games" title="Friendship Games">Friendship Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politburo members<br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th</a></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Chebrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dolgikh" title="Vladimir Dolgikh">Dolgikh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Efremov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Efremov (page does not exist)">Efremov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Grechko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Grishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_Kiselyov" title="Tikhon Kiselyov">Kiselyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Kulakov" title="Fyodor Kulakov">Kulakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Masherov" title="Pyotr Masherov">Masherov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Mazurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Mzhavanadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arv%C4%ABds_Pel%C5%A1e" title="Arvīds Pelše">Pelše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Polyansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Ponomarev" title="Boris Ponomarev">Ponomarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharof_Rashidov" title="Sharof Rashidov">Rashidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Romanov" title="Grigory Romanov">Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin" title="Alexander Shelepin">Shelepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Shelest" title="Petro Shelest">Shelest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Shvernik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Shvernik">Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Tikhonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitriy_Ustinov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitriy Ustinov">Ustinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Voronov" title="Gennady Voronov">Voronov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vorotnikov</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Troika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Podgorny</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governments of the Soviet Union">Governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_First_Government" title="Kosygin's First Government">Kosygin's 1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_Second_Government" title="Kosygin's Second Government">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_Third_Government" title="Kosygin's Third Government">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_Fourth_Government" title="Kosygin's Fourth Government">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_Fifth_Government" title="Kosygin's Fifth Government">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhonov%27s_First_Government" title="Tikhonov's First Government">Tikhonov's 1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhonov%27s_Second_Government" title="Tikhonov's Second Government">2nd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1973 Soviet economic reform">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1979 Soviet economic reform">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Programme" title="Food Programme">Food Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_Soviet_economic_reform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 Soviet economic reform (page does not exist)">1984</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Eighth five-year plan (Soviet Union)">8th plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ninth five-year plan (Soviet Union)">9th plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Tenth five-year plan (Soviet Union)">10th plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Eleventh five-year plan (Soviet Union)">11th plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Template:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Template talk:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="History of Nagorno-Karabakh">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Azerbaijanis_from_Armenia" title="Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia">Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_movement" title="Karabakh movement">Karabakh movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miatsum" title="Miatsum">Miatsum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Armenians in Azerbaijan">Armenians in Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Baku" title="Armenians in Baku">Armenians in Baku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Azerbaijanis in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan">Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_relations" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan relations">Armenia–Azerbaijan relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First war</a> (1988–1994)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ardaql%C4%B1,_Shamkir#Deportation_of_the_Armenian_population" title="Çardaqlı, Shamkir">Çardaqlı clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askeran_clash" title="Askeran clash">Askeran clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumgait_pogrom" title="Sumgait pogrom">Sumgait pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugark_pogrom" title="Gugark pogrom">Gugark pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvartnots_Airport_clash" title="Zvartnots Airport clash">Zvartnots Airport clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_violence_in_Shusha_and_Stepanakert" title="1988 violence in Shusha and Stepanakert">Shusha and Stepanakert pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirovabad_pogrom" title="Kirovabad pogrom">Kirovabad pogrom</a></li> <li>Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku_pogrom" title="Baku pogrom">Baku pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fanis_Ayrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bağanis Ayrum">Bağanis Ayrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Tbilisi%E2%80%93Agdam_bus_bombing" title="1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing">1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ring" title="Operation Ring">Operation Ring</a></li> <li>Voskepar massacre</li> <li>Battle of Togh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_Mil_Mi-8_shootdown" title="1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown">1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_on_Abolishment_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stepanakert" title="Siege of Stepanakert">Siege of Stepanakert</a></li> <li>Operation Dashalty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Azerbaijani_Mil_Mi-8_shootdown" title="1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown">1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gushchular_and_Malibeyli" title="Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli">Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Garadaghly" title="Capture of Garadaghly">Capture of Garadaghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraga_massacre" title="Maraga massacre">Maraga massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shusha_(1992)" title="Battle of Shusha (1992)">Capture of Shusha</a></li> <li>Capture of Artsvashen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Goranboy" title="Operation Goranboy">Operation Goranboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardakert_and_Martuni_Offensives" title="Mardakert and Martuni Offensives">Mardakert and Martuni Offensives</a></li> <li>Operation Həsənqaya</li> <li>Battle of Lachin</li> <li>Operation Qazançı</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état">1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalbajar" title="Battle of Kalbajar">Battle of Kalbajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aghdam" title="Battle of Aghdam">Battle of Aghdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Summer_Offensives" title="1993 Summer Offensives">1993 Summer Offensives</a></li> <li>Operation Geghamasar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Horadiz" title="Operation Horadiz">Operation Horadiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kalbajar" title="Operation Kalbajar">Operation Kalbajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Baku_Metro_bombings" title="1994 Baku Metro bombings">1994 Baku Metro bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Iranian_Air_Force_C-130_shootdown" title="1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown">1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bagratashen_bombing" title="1994 Bagratashen bombing">1994 Bagratashen bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Azerbaijan" title="Refugees in Azerbaijan">Refugees in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interwar clashes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mardakert_clashes" title="2008 Mardakert clashes">2008 Mardakert clashes</a></li> <li>January 2009 Agdam military incident</li> <li>September 2009 Agdam military incident</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nagorno-Karabakh_clashes" title="2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes">2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Mardakert_clashes" title="2010 Mardakert clashes">2010 Mardakert clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_border_clashes" title="2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes">2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Armenian_Mil_Mi-24_shootdown" title="2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown">2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown</a></li> <li>2016 Odundağ clashes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></li> <li>2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_shelling_of_Alxanl%C4%B1" title="2017 shelling of Alxanlı">Shelling of Alxanlı</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes</a></li> <li>2019 clash near Chinari</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2020_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incidents_during_the_July_2020_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="Incidents during the July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">Incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2020 Azerbaijani protests">Protests in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_July_2020_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">Reactions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second war</a> (2020)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Timeline of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Casualties of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="International reactions to the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_third-party_involvement_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Allegations of third-party involvement in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Allegations of third-party involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagiz_offensive" title="Madagiz offensive">Madagiz offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aras_Valley_campaign" title="Aras Valley campaign">Aras Valley campaign</a></li> <li>Bombardments (<a href="/wiki/2020_Barda_missile_attacks" title="2020 Barda missile attacks">Barda</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_Ganja_missile_attacks" title="2020 Ganja missile attacks">Ganja</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_Ghazanchetsots_Cathedral_shelling" title="2020 Ghazanchetsots Cathedral shelling">Ghazanchetsots Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_bombardment_of_Martuni" title="2020 bombardment of Martuni">Martuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_bombardment_of_Stepanakert" title="2020 bombardment of Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tartar" title="Bombardment of Tartar">Tartar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hadrut" title="Battle of Hadrut">Battle of Hadrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachin_offensive" title="Lachin offensive">Lachin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shusha_(2020)" title="Battle of Shusha (2020)">Battle of Shusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russian_Mil_Mi-24_shootdown" title="2020 Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown">Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="War crimes in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">War crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_prisoners_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Armenian prisoners of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Treatment of Armenian POWs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-ceasefire events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%27s_construction_in_areas_gained_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Azerbaijan's construction in areas gained in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Azerbaijan's construction in gained areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Armenian_protests" title="2020–2021 Armenian protests">2020–2021 Armenian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping_operations_in_Nagorno-Karabakh#2020" title="Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno-Karabakh">Chaylaggala and Hin Tagher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis">Border crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_clashes" title="September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes">September 2022 escalation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susuzluq_explosion" title="Susuzluq explosion">Susuzluq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping_operations_in_Nagorno-Karabakh#2021" title="Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno-Karabakh">Shusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farukh#History" title="Farukh">Farukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Armenian_protests" title="2022 Armenian protests">2022 Armenian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh">Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">2023 Azerbaijani offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Armenian_protests" title="2023 Armenian protests">Protests in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Armenians" title="Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians">Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkadzor_fuel_depot_explosion" title="Berkadzor fuel depot explosion">Berkadzor fuel depot explosion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh">Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepanakert" title="Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askeran_Province" title="Askeran Province">Askeran Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrut_Province" title="Hadrut Province">Hadrut Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashatagh_Province" title="Kashatagh Province">Kashatagh Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martakert_Province" title="Martakert Province">Martakert Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martuni_Province" title="Martuni Province">Martuni Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahumyan_Province" title="Shahumyan Province">Shahumyan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushi_Province" title="Shushi Province">Shushi Province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian-occupied_territories_surrounding_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh">Armenian-occupied territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghdam_District" title="Aghdam District">Aghdam District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_District" title="Fuzuli District">Fuzuli District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabrayil_District" title="Jabrayil District">Jabrayil District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalbajar_District" title="Kalbajar District">Kalbajar District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachin_District" title="Lachin District">Lachin District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lachin_corridor" title="Lachin corridor">Lachin corridor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubadli_District" title="Qubadli District">Qubadli District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangilan_District" title="Zangilan District">Zangilan District</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan" title="Levon Ter-Petrosyan">Levon Ter-Petrosyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan" title="Serzh Sargsyan">Serzh Sargsyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Mkrtchyan" title="Artur Mkrtchyan">Artur Mkrtchyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Petrosyan" title="Leonard Petrosyan">Leonard Petrosyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkadi_Ghukasyan" title="Arkadi Ghukasyan">Arkadi Ghukasyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bako_Sahakyan" title="Bako Sahakyan">Bako Sahakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arayik_Harutyunyan" title="Arayik Harutyunyan">Arayik Harutyunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvel_Shahramanyan" title="Samvel Shahramanyan">Samvel Shahramanyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Mutallibov" title="Ayaz Mutallibov">Ayaz Mutallibov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Community_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh">Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayram_Safarov" title="Bayram Safarov">Bayram Safarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizami_Bahmanov" title="Nizami Bahmanov">Nizami Bahmanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tural_Ganjaliyev" title="Tural Ganjaliyev">Tural Ganjaliyev</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vazgen_Sargsyan" title="Vazgen Sargsyan">Vazgen Sargsyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgen_Dalibaltayan" title="Gurgen Dalibaltayan">Gurgen Dalibaltayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norat_Ter-Grigoryants" title="Norat Ter-Grigoryants">Norat Ter-Grigoryants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirair_Sefilian" title="Jirair Sefilian">Jirair Sefilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiran_Khachatryan" title="Tiran Khachatryan">Tiran Khachatryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyran_Ohanyan" title="Seyran Ohanyan">Seyran Ohanyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvel_Babayan" title="Samvel Babayan">Samvel Babayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristapor_Ivanyan" title="Kristapor Ivanyan">Kristapor Ivanyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkady_Ter-Tadevosyan" title="Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan">Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Melkonian" title="Monte Melkonian">Monte Melkonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Harutyunyan" title="Jalal Harutyunyan">Jalal Harutyunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Arzumanyan" title="Mikael Arzumanyan">Mikael Arzumanyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Isgandar Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahim_Gaziyev" title="Rahim Gaziyev">Rahim Gaziyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Huseynov" title="Surat Huseynov">Surat Huseynov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeh_Barshadly" title="Valeh Barshadly">Valeh Barshadly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mais_Barkhudarov" title="Mais Barkhudarov">Mais Barkhudarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_Mirzayev" title="Hikmat Mirzayev">Hikmat Mirzayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_Hasanov" title="Hikmat Hasanov">Hikmat Hasanov</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Polyanichko" title="Viktor Polyanichko">Viktor Polyanichko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustam_Muradov" title="Rustam Muradov">Rustam Muradov</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_rules" title="Baker rules">Baker rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishkek_Protocol" title="Bishkek Protocol">Bishkek Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Tehran Communiqué">Tehran Communiqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheleznovodsk_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Zheleznovodsk Communiqué">Zheleznovodsk Communiqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group" title="OSCE Minsk Group">OSCE Minsk Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Process_(Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_negotiations)" title="Prague Process (Armenian–Azerbaijani negotiations)">Prague Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Principles" title="Madrid Principles">Madrid Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">2020 ceasefire agreement</a></li> <li>2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping_operations_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno-Karabakh">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Needs_Assessment_Team_in_Armenia" title="OSCE Needs Assessment Team in Armenia">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Monitoring_Capacity_to_Armenia" title="European Union Monitoring Capacity to Armenia">EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Planning_Assistance_Team_in_Armenia" title="EU Planning Assistance Team in Armenia">EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Mission_in_Armenia" title="European Union Mission in Armenia">EUMA Feb 2023–present</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2023 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">2023 ceasefire agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Declaration" title="Astrakhan Declaration">Astrakhan Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Declaration" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration">Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Lisbon_Summit_Declaration" title="NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration">NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Resolution 10/37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Parliamentary_Assembly_Resolution_1416_(2005)" title="Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution 1416 (2005)">PACE Resolution 1416</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Parliamentary_Assembly_Resolution_2085_(2016)" title="Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution 2085 (2016)">PACE Resolution 2085</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_48/114" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 48/114">UNGA Resolution 48/114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_60/285" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 60/285">UNGA Resolution 60/285</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_62/243" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 62/243">UNGA Resolution 62/243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">UNSC resolutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_822" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 822">822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_853" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 853">853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_874" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 874">874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_884" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 884">884</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157451#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157451#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157451#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109066063">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/59990763">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1427595/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwxMw8vKrXqmbtCbHb8G3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123441242">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81047268">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16714316k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16714316k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2004228244&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070270562">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90561239">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aliyev, Heydar, 1923-2003"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000122135&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=178904">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcgk20k2lj87pw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810581902005606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810543580805606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007457110605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd123441242.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/123441242">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/077853504">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43784">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heydar_Aliyev&oldid=1259766695">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heydar_Aliyev&oldid=1259766695</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heydar_Aliyev" title="Category:Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1923_births" title="Category:1923 births">1923 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_deaths" title="Category:2003 deaths">2003 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_secretaries_of_the_Azerbaijan_Communist_Party" title="Category:First secretaries of the Azerbaijan Communist Party">First secretaries of the Azerbaijan Communist Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Alley_of_Honor" title="Category:Burials at Alley of Honor">Burials at Alley of Honor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chairmen_of_the_National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="Category:Chairmen of the National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">Chairmen of the National Assembly (Azerbaijan)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Critics_of_Islamism" title="Category:Critics of Islamism">Critics of Islamism</a></li><li><a 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Party of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Politburo_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Members of the Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Members of the Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Politburo_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Members of the Politburo of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Members of the Politburo of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Presidents of Azerbaijan">Presidents of Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acting_presidents_of_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Acting presidents of Azerbaijan">Acting presidents of Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFNasser_Sagheb_and_Masoud_Javadi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP.M.E._VoltenB._Tashev2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPresidential_Library_of_Azerbaijan\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRafael_Kandiyoti2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Elgie,_Sophia_Moestrup2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchedler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvante_E._Cornell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaubmanTimes1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Public_Administration_Network\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaal2013\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWaal2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZvi_Lerman,_David_Sedik2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\"] = 1,\n [\"26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\"] = 1,\n [\"27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"AzerbaijanPresidents\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Brezhnev Era\"] = 1,\n [\"Chairpersons of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 62,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Aliyev, Heydar\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 11,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 10,\n [\"Ilham Aliyev\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 9,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Succession box\"] = 3,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"USSRpremier\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","460","28.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","13.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","6.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","5.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","5.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","40","2.5"],["[others]","320","20.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7bc9588894-s5dhm","timestamp":"20241202170304","ttl":2530621,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script 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