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<li id="toc-Ancient_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th-century_Dahomey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th-century_Dahomey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>17th-century Dahomey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th-century_Dahomey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toll_roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toll_roads_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Toll roads in the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toll_roads_in_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toll_roads_in_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toll_roads_in_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Toll roads in Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toll_roads_in_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toll_roads_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toll_roads_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Toll roads in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toll_roads_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toll_roads_in_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toll_roads_in_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Toll roads in Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toll_roads_in_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toll_roads_in_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toll_roads_in_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Toll roads in Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toll_roads_in_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charging_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charging_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Charging methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charging_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collection_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collection_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Collection methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collection_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing_and_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing_and_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Financing and management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_against_toll_roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_against_toll_roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Arguments against toll roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_against_toll_roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_in_favor_of_toll_roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_in_favor_of_toll_roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Arguments in favor of toll roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_in_favor_of_toll_roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betalingsvej" title="Betalingsvej – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Betalingsvej" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopista_de_peaje" title="Autopista de peaje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autopista de peaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="جاده عوارضی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جاده عوارضی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%A3%8C%EB%8F%84%EB%A1%9C" title="유료도로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유료도로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_tol" title="Jalan tol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jalan tol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%94" title="כביש אגרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כביש אגרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಸುಂಕದ ರಸ್ತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸುಂಕದ ರಸ್ತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ақылы автомобиль жолдары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақылы автомобиль жолдары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jh%C3%A2l%C3%A2n_tol" title="Jhâlân tol – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Jhâlân tol" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ടോൾ റോഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടോൾ റോഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_tol" title="Jalan tol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jalan tol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolweg" title="Tolweg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tolweg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%96%99%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="有料道路 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="有料道路" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomvei" title="Bomvei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bomvei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomveg" title="Bomveg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bomveg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Платная автомобильная дорога – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Платная автомобильная дорога" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Toll road" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddada_canshuur" title="Waddada canshuur – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Waddada canshuur" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksullinen_tie" title="Maksullinen tie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maksullinen tie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betalv%C3%A4g" title="Betalväg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betalväg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ถนนที่เก็บค่าผ่านทาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ถนนที่เก็บค่าผ่านทาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paral%C4%B1_yol" title="Paralı yol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paralı yol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Платна автомобільна дорога – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Платна автомобільна дорога" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E8%B2%BB%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="收費道路 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="收費道路" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16939396#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Roadway for which a fee (or toll) is assessed for passage</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I-95_NJTP_North_-_Toll_Booth_Before_Leaving_New_Jersey_(25254133007).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/I-95_NJTP_North_-_Toll_Booth_Before_Leaving_New_Jersey_%2825254133007%29.jpg/300px-I-95_NJTP_North_-_Toll_Booth_Before_Leaving_New_Jersey_%2825254133007%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/I-95_NJTP_North_-_Toll_Booth_Before_Leaving_New_Jersey_%2825254133007%29.jpg/450px-I-95_NJTP_North_-_Toll_Booth_Before_Leaving_New_Jersey_%2825254133007%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/I-95_NJTP_North_-_Toll_Booth_Before_Leaving_New_Jersey_%2825254133007%29.jpg/600px-I-95_NJTP_North_-_Toll_Booth_Before_Leaving_New_Jersey_%2825254133007%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The 12-lane <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike" title="New Jersey Turnpike">New Jersey Turnpike</a> in the U.S. is the most heavily traveled toll road in the world, carrying hundreds of thousands of automobiles daily.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>toll road</b>, also known as a <b>turnpike</b> or <b>tollway</b>, is a public or private road for which a <a href="/wiki/Fee" title="Fee">fee</a> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Toll_(fee)" title="Toll (fee)">toll</a></i>) is assessed for passage. It is a form of <a href="/wiki/Road_pricing" title="Road pricing">road pricing</a> typically implemented to help recoup the costs of <a href="/wiki/Road_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Road construction">road construction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Road_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Road maintenance">maintenance</a>. </p><p>Toll roads have existed in some form since <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>, with tolls levied on passing travelers on foot, wagon, or horseback; a practice that continued with the automobile, and many modern tollways charge fees for <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicles</a> exclusively. The amount of the toll usually varies by vehicle type, weight, or number of <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axles</a>, with freight trucks often charged higher rates than cars. </p><p>Tolls are often collected at toll plazas, <a href="/wiki/Toll_booths" class="mw-redirect" title="Toll booths">toll booths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toll_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Toll house">toll houses</a>, toll stations, toll bars, toll barriers, or toll gates. Some toll collection points are automatic, and the user deposits money in a machine which opens the gate once the correct toll has been paid. To cut costs and minimise time delay, many tolls are collected with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection" title="Electronic toll collection">electronic toll collection</a> equipment which automatically communicates with a toll payer's <a href="/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder">transponder</a> or uses <a href="/wiki/Automatic_number-plate_recognition" title="Automatic number-plate recognition">automatic number-plate recognition</a> to charge drivers by debiting their accounts. </p><p>Criticisms of toll roads include the time taken to stop and pay the toll, and the cost of the toll booth operators—up to about one-third of revenue in some cases. Automated toll-paying systems help minimise both of these. Others object to paying "twice" for the same road, namely in fuel taxes and in tolls. </p><p>In addition to toll roads, <a href="/wiki/Toll_bridge" title="Toll bridge">toll bridges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toll_tunnel" title="Toll tunnel">toll tunnels</a> are also used by public authorities to generate funds to repay the cost of building the structures. Some tolls are set aside to pay for future <a href="/wiki/Roadworks" title="Roadworks">maintenance</a> or enhancement of infrastructure, or are applied as a general fund by local governments, not being earmarked for transport facilities. This is sometimes limited or prohibited by central government legislation. Also, <a href="/wiki/Road_congestion_pricing" class="mw-redirect" title="Road congestion pricing">road congestion pricing</a> schemes have been implemented in a limited number of urban areas as a <a href="/wiki/Transportation_demand_management" title="Transportation demand management">transportation demand management</a> tool to try to reduce <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tailpipe_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Tailpipe emissions">air pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FHWA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FHWA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Table-of-tolls-College-Road-London-SE21-Tollgate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Table-of-tolls-College-Road-London-SE21-Tollgate.jpg/220px-Table-of-tolls-College-Road-London-SE21-Tollgate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Table-of-tolls-College-Road-London-SE21-Tollgate.jpg/330px-Table-of-tolls-College-Road-London-SE21-Tollgate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Table-of-tolls-College-Road-London-SE21-Tollgate.jpg/440px-Table-of-tolls-College-Road-London-SE21-Tollgate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A table of tolls in pre-decimal currency for the <a href="/wiki/College_Road,_Dulwich" class="mw-redirect" title="College Road, Dulwich">College Road, Dulwich</a>, London SE21 tollgate</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_toll_bar_in_Roumania,_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/A_toll_bar_in_Roumania%2C_1877.jpg/220px-A_toll_bar_in_Roumania%2C_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/A_toll_bar_in_Roumania%2C_1877.jpg/330px-A_toll_bar_in_Roumania%2C_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/A_toll_bar_in_Roumania%2C_1877.jpg/440px-A_toll_bar_in_Roumania%2C_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2595" data-file-height="1471" /></a><figcaption>Toll bar in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, 1877</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MyanmarCheckpointFee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MyanmarCheckpointFee.jpg/220px-MyanmarCheckpointFee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MyanmarCheckpointFee.jpg/330px-MyanmarCheckpointFee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MyanmarCheckpointFee.jpg/440px-MyanmarCheckpointFee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3017" data-file-height="1901" /></a><figcaption>Entrance fees collection in a local community road checkpoint near <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toll roads have existed for at least the last 2,700 years, as tolls had to be paid by travellers using the <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> highway under the regime of <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>, who reigned in the seventh century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> refer to tolls in Arabia and other parts of Asia. In India, before the fourth century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a> notes the use of tolls. Germanic tribes charged tolls to travellers across <a href="/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">mountain passes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Road_toll_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Road toll (historic)">Road toll (historic)</a></div> <p>Most roads were not freely open to travel on in Europe during the Middle Ages,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Road_toll_(historical)" title="Road toll (historical)">toll</a> was one of many <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> <a href="/wiki/Fee" title="Fee">fees</a> paid for rights of usage in everyday life. Some major European "highways", such as the <a href="/wiki/Via_Regia" title="Via Regia">Via Regia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Via_Imperii" title="Via Imperii">Via Imperii</a>, offered <a href="/wiki/Geleitrecht" title="Geleitrecht">protection</a> to travelers in exchange for paying the royal toll. </p><p>Many modern European roads were originally constructed as toll roads in order to recoup the costs of construction and maintenance, and to generate revenue from passing travelers. In 14th-century England, some of the most heavily used roads were repaired with money raised from tolls by <a href="/wiki/Pavage" title="Pavage">pavage</a> grants. Widespread toll roads sometimes restricted traffic so much, by their high tolls, that they interfered with trade and cheap transportation needed to alleviate local famines or shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tolls were used in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in the 14th and 15th centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th-century_Dahomey">17th-century Dahomey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 17th-century Dahomey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After significant road construction undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/West_African" class="mw-redirect" title="West African">West African</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a>, toll booths were also established with the function of collecting yearly taxes based on the goods carried by the people of Dahomey and their occupation. In some cases, officials imposed fines for public nuisance before allowing people to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-Herskovits_(Vol._I)_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herskovits_(Vol._I)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Industrialisation in Europe needed major improvements to the transport infrastructure which included many new or substantially improved roads, financed from tolls. The <a href="/wiki/A5_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A5 road (Great Britain)">A5 road</a> in Britain was built to provide a robust transport link between Britain and Ireland and had a toll house every few miles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 20th century, road tolls were introduced in Europe to finance the construction of motorway networks and specific transport infrastructure such as bridges and tunnels. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milano,_Autostrada_Milano-Laghi,_casello_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Milano%2C_Autostrada_Milano-Laghi%2C_casello_01.jpg/220px-Milano%2C_Autostrada_Milano-Laghi%2C_casello_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Milano%2C_Autostrada_Milano-Laghi%2C_casello_01.jpg/330px-Milano%2C_Autostrada_Milano-Laghi%2C_casello_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Milano%2C_Autostrada_Milano-Laghi%2C_casello_01.jpg/440px-Milano%2C_Autostrada_Milano-Laghi%2C_casello_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Toll gate of the <i><a href="/wiki/Autostrada_dei_Laghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Autostrada dei Laghi">Autostrada dei Laghi</a></i> ("Lakes Motorway"), the first <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorway</a> built in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-independent_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-motorwebmuseum_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motorwebmuseum-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, in 1924</figcaption></figure> <p>Italy was the first country in the world to build <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorways</a> reserved for fast traffic and for motor vehicles only.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-motorwebmuseum_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motorwebmuseum-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Autostrada_dei_Laghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Autostrada dei Laghi">Autostrada dei Laghi</a></i> ("Lakes Motorway"), the first built in the world, connecting <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Como" title="Lake Como">Lake Como</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a>, and now parts of the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A8_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A8 (Italy)">Autostrada A8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A9_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A9 (Italy)">Autostrada A9</a>, was devised by <a href="/wiki/Piero_Puricelli" title="Piero Puricelli">Piero Puricelli</a> and was inaugurated in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-motorwebmuseum_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motorwebmuseum-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piero Puricelli, a civil engineer and entrepreneur, received the first authorization to build a public-utility fast road in 1921, and completed the construction (one lane in each direction) between 1924 and 1926. Piero Puricelli decided to cover the expenses by introducing a toll.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was followed by Greece, which made users pay for the network of motorways around and between its cities in 1927. Later in the 1950s and 1960s, France, Spain, and Portugal started to build motorways largely with the aid of concessions, allowing rapid development of this infrastructure without massive state debts. Since then, road tolls have been introduced in the majority of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> member states.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:America%27s_Highways_1776%E2%80%931976_-_page_151.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/America%27s_Highways_1776%E2%80%931976_-_page_151.jpg/220px-America%27s_Highways_1776%E2%80%931976_-_page_151.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/America%27s_Highways_1776%E2%80%931976_-_page_151.jpg/330px-America%27s_Highways_1776%E2%80%931976_-_page_151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/America%27s_Highways_1776%E2%80%931976_-_page_151.jpg/440px-America%27s_Highways_1776%E2%80%931976_-_page_151.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2181" data-file-height="1377" /></a><figcaption>The Pennsylvania Turnpike opened as the first long-distance, controlled-access toll road in the United States in 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, prior to the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a> and the large federal grants supplied to states to build it, many states constructed their first <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">freeways</a> by floating <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a> backed by toll revenues. The first major fully grade separated toll road was the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike" title="Pennsylvania Turnpike">Pennsylvania Turnpike</a> in 1940. This was followed up by other toll roads, such as the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Turnpike" class="mw-redirect" title="Maine Turnpike">Maine Turnpike</a> in 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Star_Turnpike" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Star Turnpike">Blue Star Turnpike</a> in 1950, the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike" title="New Jersey Turnpike">New Jersey Turnpike</a> in 1951, the <a href="/wiki/Garden_State_Parkway" title="Garden State Parkway">Garden State Parkway</a> in 1952, the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Turnpike" class="mw-redirect" title="West Virginia Turnpike">West Virginia Turnpike</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway" title="New York State Thruway">New York State Thruway</a> in 1954, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike" title="Massachusetts Turnpike">Massachusetts Turnpike</a> in 1957, and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Skyway" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Skyway">Chicago Skyway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Toll_Road" title="Indiana Toll Road">Indiana Toll Road</a> in 1958. Other toll roads were also established around this time. With the establishment of the Interstate Highway System in the late 1950s, toll road construction in the U.S. slowed down considerably, as the federal government now provided the bulk of funding to construct new freeways, and regulations required that such Interstate highways be free from tolls. Many older toll roads were added to the Interstate System under a <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandfather clause</a> that allowed tolls to continue to be collected on toll roads that predated the system. Some of these such as the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Turnpike" title="Connecticut Turnpike">Connecticut Turnpike</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Richmond%E2%80%93Petersburg_Turnpike" title="Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike">Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike</a> later removed their tolls when the initial bonds were paid off. Many states, however, have maintained the tolling of these roads as a consistent source of revenue. </p><p>As the Interstate Highway System approached completion during the 1980s, states began constructing toll roads again to provide new freeways which were not part of the original interstate system funding. <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Beltway_8" title="Texas State Highway Beltway 8">Houston's outer beltway</a> of interconnected toll roads began in 1983, and many states followed over the last two decades of the 20th century adding new toll roads, including the <a href="/wiki/Central_Florida_Expressway_Authority" title="Central Florida Expressway Authority">tollway system around Orlando, Florida</a>, Colorado's <a href="/wiki/E-470" title="E-470">E-470</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_400" title="Georgia State Route 400">Georgia State Route 400</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SR_417_University_Toll_Plaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/SR_417_University_Toll_Plaza.jpg/220px-SR_417_University_Toll_Plaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/SR_417_University_Toll_Plaza.jpg/330px-SR_417_University_Toll_Plaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/SR_417_University_Toll_Plaza.jpg/440px-SR_417_University_Toll_Plaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1844" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>Collecting tolls on <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Road_417" title="Florida State Road 417">SR 417</a> near <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a>, United States. This shows the two common methods of collection of tolls: <a href="/wiki/Tollbooth" title="Tollbooth">tollbooth</a> (on right) and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection" title="Electronic toll collection">electronic toll collection</a> (on left).</figcaption></figure> <p>London, in an effort to reduce traffic within the city, instituted the <a href="/wiki/London_congestion_charge" title="London congestion charge">London congestion charge</a> in 2003, effectively making all roads within the centre of the city tolled. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salik%27s_Al_Garhoud_Bridge_Toll_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Salik%27s_Al_Garhoud_Bridge_Toll_Gate.jpg/220px-Salik%27s_Al_Garhoud_Bridge_Toll_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Salik%27s_Al_Garhoud_Bridge_Toll_Gate.jpg/330px-Salik%27s_Al_Garhoud_Bridge_Toll_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Salik%27s_Al_Garhoud_Bridge_Toll_Gate.jpg/440px-Salik%27s_Al_Garhoud_Bridge_Toll_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Tolls in the UAE</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, as states looked for ways to construct new freeways without federal funding again, to raise revenue for continued road maintenance, and to control congestion, new toll road construction saw significant increases during the first two decades of the 21st century. Spurred on by two innovations, the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection" title="Electronic toll collection">electronic toll collection</a> system, and the advent of <a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">high-occupancy and express lane tolls</a>, many areas of the U.S. saw large road building projects in major urban areas. Electronic toll collection, first introduced in the 1980s, reduces operating costs by removing toll collectors from roads. Tolled express lanes, by which certain lanes of a freeway are designated "toll only", increases revenue by allowing a free-to-use highway to collect revenue by allowing drivers to bypass traffic jams by paying a toll. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/E-ZPass" title="E-ZPass">E-ZPass</a> system, compatible with many state systems, is the largest ETC system in the U.S., and is used for both fully tolled highways and tolled express lanes. <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_200" title="Maryland Route 200">Maryland Route 200</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_Expressway" title="Triangle Expressway">Triangle Expressway</a> in North Carolina were the first toll roads built without toll booths, with drivers charged via ETC or by optical license plate recognition and are billed by mail. In addition, many older toll roads are also being upgraded to an all-electronic tolling system, abandoning the hybrid systems they adopted during the late 20th century. These include the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike" title="Massachusetts Turnpike">Massachusetts Turnpike</a>, one of the oldest American toll roads, which went all-electronic in 2016, and the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike" title="Pennsylvania Turnpike">Pennsylvania Turnpike</a>, America's oldest toll freeway, which went all-electronic in 2020, along with the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Tollway" title="Illinois Tollway">Illinois Tollway</a>, which both accelerated their transitions to such due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lefferts_toll_booth_snow_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lefferts_toll_booth_snow_jeh.JPG/220px-Lefferts_toll_booth_snow_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lefferts_toll_booth_snow_jeh.JPG/330px-Lefferts_toll_booth_snow_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lefferts_toll_booth_snow_jeh.JPG/440px-Lefferts_toll_booth_snow_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3013" data-file-height="2608" /></a><figcaption>19th-century toll booth in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brooklyn">Brooklyn, New York</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toll_roads_in_the_United_Kingdom">Toll roads in the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Toll roads in the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Toll_roads_in_Great_Britain" title="Toll roads in Great Britain">Toll roads in Great Britain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Turnpike_trust" title="Turnpike trust">Turnpike trust</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Turnpike_trust" title="Turnpike trust">Turnpike trusts</a> were established in England and Wales from about 1706 in response to the need for better roads than the few and poorly-maintained tracks then available. Turnpike trusts were set up by individual <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom">Acts of Parliament</a>, with powers to collect road tolls to repay loans for building, improving, and maintaining the principal roads in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a>. At their peak, in the 1830s, over 1,000 trusts<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> administered around 30,000 miles (48,000 km) of turnpike road in England and Wales, taking tolls at almost 8,000 toll-gates.<sup id="cite_ref-Searlep798_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Searlep798-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trusts were ultimately responsible for the maintenance and improvement of most of the main roads in England and Wales, which were used to distribute agricultural and industrial goods economically. The tolls were a source of revenue for road building and maintenance, paid for by road users and not from general taxation. The turnpike trusts were gradually abolished from the 1870s. Most trusts improved existing roads, but some new roads, usually only short stretches, were also built. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Telford" title="Thomas Telford">Thomas Telford</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Holyhead" title="Holyhead">Holyhead</a> road followed <a href="/wiki/Watling_Street" title="Watling Street">Watling Street</a> from London but was exceptional in creating a largely new route beyond <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>, and especially beyond <a href="/wiki/Llangollen" title="Llangollen">Llangollen</a>. Built in the early 19th century, with many toll booths along its length, most of it is now the <a href="/wiki/A5_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A5 road (Great Britain)">A5</a>. In the modern day, one major toll road is the <a href="/wiki/M6_Toll" title="M6 Toll">M6 Toll</a>, relieving traffic congestion on the <a href="/wiki/M6_motorway" title="M6 motorway">M6</a> in Birmingham. A few notable bridges and tunnels continue as toll roads including the <a href="/wiki/Dartford_Crossing" title="Dartford Crossing">Dartford Crossing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Gateway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersey Gateway">Mersey Gateway</a> bridge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autopista_La_Paz-El_Alto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Autopista_La_Paz-El_Alto.jpg/220px-Autopista_La_Paz-El_Alto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Autopista_La_Paz-El_Alto.jpg/330px-Autopista_La_Paz-El_Alto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Autopista_La_Paz-El_Alto.jpg/440px-Autopista_La_Paz-El_Alto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Toll plaza at the La Paz-El Alto expressway, dividing both city limits</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toll_roads_in_Canada">Toll roads in Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Toll roads in Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some cities in Canada had toll roads in the 19th century. Roads radiating from <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> required users to pay at <a href="/wiki/Tollkeeper%27s_cottages_in_Ontario" title="Tollkeeper's cottages in Ontario">toll gates</a> along the street (<a href="/wiki/Yonge_Street" title="Yonge Street">Yonge Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloor_Street" title="Bloor Street">Bloor Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davenport_Road" title="Davenport Road">Davenport Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Road_(Toronto)" title="Kingston Road (Toronto)">Kingston Road</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the toll gates disappeared after 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toll_roads_in_the_United_States">Toll roads in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Toll roads in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-freeway_turnpikes_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Pre-freeway turnpikes in the United States">Category:Pre-freeway turnpikes in the United States</a></div> <p>In the eastern United States of the 18th and 19th century, hundreds of private turnpikes were created to facilitate travel between towns and cities, typically outside built-up areas. </p><p>19th-century <a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">plank roads</a> were usually operated as toll roads. One of the first US motor roads, the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Motor_Parkway" title="Long Island Motor Parkway">Long Island Motor Parkway</a> (which opened on October 10, 1908) was built by William Kissam Vanderbilt II, the great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</a>. The road was closed in 1938 when it was taken over by the state of New York in lieu of back taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toll_roads_in_Russia">Toll roads in Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Toll roads in Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first toll road in St. Petersburg appeared in the 2000s. The <a href="/wiki/Western_High-Speed_Diameter" title="Western High-Speed Diameter">Western High-Speed Diameter (WHSD)</a> is a multilane motorway running from the South to the North. The road connects the southwest of the city, including the Sea Port area, with the Ring Road, Vasilievsky Island, Kurortny district and the Scandinavia motorway. The WHSD is divided into three sections: Southern, Central and Northern. The entire stretch of the WHSD was opened for traffic in 2016. </p><p>There are 16 toll plazas on the WHSD. Paying toll by transponder is mostly recommended for frequent drivers. The Flow+ toll collection system was implemented on the WHSD. The system was designed for automatic calculation of the driving distance of a vehicle equipped with a transponder. The system does not require constructing toll plazas at each entrance to or exit from the highway. Transponders mounted on vehicles are read by signal receivers installed at the entrance and exit ramps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toll_roads_in_Italy">Toll roads in Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Toll roads in Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autostrade_of_Italy" title="Autostrade of Italy">Autostrade of Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Roads in Italy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barriera_venezia_mestre.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Barriera_venezia_mestre.png/400px-Barriera_venezia_mestre.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Barriera_venezia_mestre.png/600px-Barriera_venezia_mestre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Barriera_venezia_mestre.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toll_plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Toll plaza">Toll plaza</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Tangenziale_di_Mestre" title="Tangenziale di Mestre">Autostrada A57</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highway_A9,_toll_station_Como_Grandate,_Italy-8973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Highway_A9%2C_toll_station_Como_Grandate%2C_Italy-8973.jpg/220px-Highway_A9%2C_toll_station_Como_Grandate%2C_Italy-8973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Highway_A9%2C_toll_station_Como_Grandate%2C_Italy-8973.jpg/330px-Highway_A9%2C_toll_station_Como_Grandate%2C_Italy-8973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Highway_A9%2C_toll_station_Como_Grandate%2C_Italy-8973.jpg/440px-Highway_A9%2C_toll_station_Como_Grandate%2C_Italy-8973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3762" data-file-height="2380" /></a><figcaption>Toll station along the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A9_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A9 (Italy)">Autostrada A9</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Italy the only <a href="/wiki/Toll_(fee)" title="Toll (fee)">toll</a> roads are the <i><a href="/wiki/Autostrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Autostrada">autostrade</a></i> (Italian for <a href="/wiki/Motorways" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorways">motorways</a>). Major exceptions are the beltways around some larger cities (<i>tangenziali</i>) which are not part of a thoroughfare motorway, and the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A2_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A2 (Italy)">Autostrada A2</a> between <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reggio_di_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggio di Calabria">Reggio di Calabria</a> which is operated by the government-owned <a href="/wiki/ANAS" class="mw-redirect" title="ANAS">ANAS</a>. Both are toll free. </p><p>On Italian motorways, the toll applies to almost all motorways not managed by <a href="/wiki/Anas_(company)" title="Anas (company)">Anas</a>. The collection of motorway tolls, from a tariff point of view, is managed mainly in two ways: either through the "closed motorway system" (km travelled) or through the "open motorway system" (flat-rate toll).<sup id="cite_ref-autostrade.it_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autostrade.it-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the multiplicity of operators, the toll is only requested when exiting the motorway and not when the motorway operator changes. This system was made possible following article 14 of law 531 of 12 August 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-edizionieuropee_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edizionieuropee-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a technical point of view, however, the mixed barrier/free-flow system is active where, at the entrance and exit from the motorways, there are lanes dedicated to the collection of a ticket (on entry) and the delivery of the ticket with simultaneous payment (on exit) and other lanes where, during transit without the need to stop, an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection" title="Electronic toll collection">electronic toll system</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> present in the vehicles records the data and debits the toll, generally into the bank account previously communicated by the customer, to the manager of his device. In Italy, this occurs through the <a href="/wiki/Autostrade_per_l%27Italia" title="Autostrade per l'Italia">Autostrade per l'Italia</a> interchange system. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A36" title="Autostrada A36">Autostrada A36</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A59" title="Autostrada A59">Autostrada A59</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A60" title="Autostrada A60">Autostrada A60</a> are exclusively free-flow. On these motorways, those who do not have the electronic toll device on board must proceed with the payment by subsequently communicating the data to the motorway manager (by telephone, online or by going to the offices dedicated to payment). </p><p>The closed motorway system is applied to most Italian motorways.<sup id="cite_ref-laleggepertutti_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laleggepertutti-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It requires the driver of the vehicle to collect a special ticket at the entrance to the motorway and pay the amount due upon exit. If equipped with an electronic toll system the two procedures are completely automatic and the driver on the detection lanes located at the entrances and exits from the motorways subject to toll payment must only proceed at a maximum speed of 30 kilometres per hour (20 mph) without the need to stop.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount is directly proportional to the distance travelled by the vehicle, the coefficient of its class and a variable coefficient from motorway to motorway, called the kilometre rate. </p><p>Unlike the closed motorway system, in the open system, the road user does not pay based on the distance travelled. Motorway barriers are arranged along the route (however not at every junction), at which the user pays a fixed sum, depending only on the class of the vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-laleggepertutti_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laleggepertutti-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The user can therefore travel along sections of the motorway without paying any toll as the barriers may not be present on the section travelled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charging_methods">Charging methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Charging methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Road_pricing" title="Road pricing">Road pricing</a></div> <p>Road tolls were levied traditionally for a specific access (e.g. city) or for a specific infrastructure (e.g. roads, bridges). These concepts were widely used until the last century. However, the evolution in technology made it possible to implement road tolling policies based on different concepts. The different charging concepts are designed to suit different requirements regarding purpose of the charge, charging policy, the network to the charge, tariff class differentiation, et cetera:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Time-based charges and access fees: In a time-based charging regime, a road user has to pay for a given period of time in which they may use the associated infrastructure. For the practically identical access fees, the user pays for the access to a restricted zone for a period or several days.</li> <li>Motorway and other infrastructure tolling: The term tolling is used for charging a well-defined special and comparatively costly infrastructure, like a bridge, a tunnel, a mountain pass, a motorway concession, or the whole motorway network of a country. Classically a toll is due when a vehicle passes a tolling station, be it a manual barrier-controlled toll plaza or a free-flow multi-lane station.</li> <li>Distance or area charging: In a distance or area charging system concept, vehicles are charged per total distance driven in a defined area.</li></ul> <p>Some toll roads charge a toll in only one direction. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridge" title="Sydney Harbour Bridge">Sydney Harbour Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Tunnel" title="Sydney Harbour Tunnel">Sydney Harbour Tunnel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Distributor" title="Eastern Distributor">Eastern Distributor</a> (these all charge tolls city-bound) in Australia, in the United States, crossings between <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River_Port_Authority" title="Delaware River Port Authority">Delaware River Port Authority</a> and crossings between New Jersey and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey">Port Authority of New York and New Jersey</a>. This technique is practical where the <a href="/wiki/Shunpiking" title="Shunpiking">detour to avoid the toll</a> is large or the toll differences are small. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collection_methods">Collection methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Collection methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tollbar" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tollbar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tollbar (disambiguation)">Tollbar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tollbooth" title="Tollbooth">Tollbooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toll_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Toll house">Toll house</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection" title="Electronic toll collection">Electronic toll collection</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balintawak_Toll_Barrier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Balintawak_Toll_Barrier.jpg/220px-Balintawak_Toll_Barrier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Balintawak_Toll_Barrier.jpg/330px-Balintawak_Toll_Barrier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Balintawak_Toll_Barrier.jpg/440px-Balintawak_Toll_Barrier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>Balintawak toll plaza of the <a href="/wiki/North_Luzon_Expressway" title="North Luzon Expressway">North Luzon Expressway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The toll barrier has both electronic toll collection and cash payment in the same barrier, before a new toll plaza was added.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electronic_Toll_Equipment_in_Ontario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Electronic_Toll_Equipment_in_Ontario.jpg/220px-Electronic_Toll_Equipment_in_Ontario.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Electronic_Toll_Equipment_in_Ontario.jpg/330px-Electronic_Toll_Equipment_in_Ontario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Electronic_Toll_Equipment_in_Ontario.jpg/440px-Electronic_Toll_Equipment_in_Ontario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Overhead cameras and reader attached to a gantry on <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_407" title="Ontario Highway 407">Highway 407</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, tolls were paid by hand at a toll gate. Although payments may still be made in cash, it is more common now to pay using an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection" title="Electronic toll collection">electronic toll collection</a> system. In some places, payment is made using <a href="/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder">transponders</a> which are affixed to the windscreen. </p><p>Three systems of toll roads exist: <i>open</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Barrier_toll_system" title="Barrier toll system">mainline barrier toll plazas</a>); <i>closed</i> (with entry/exit tolls); and <i>open road</i> (no toll booths, only electronic toll collection gantries at entrances and exits or at strategic locations on the median of the road). Some toll roads use a combination of the three systems. </p><p>On an open toll system, all vehicles stop at various locations along the highway to pay a toll. (This is different from "open road tolling", where <i>no</i> vehicles stop to pay a toll.) While this may save money from the lack of need to construct toll booths at every exit, it can cause traffic congestion while traffic queues at the mainline toll plazas (toll barriers). It is also possible for motorists to enter an 'open toll road' after one toll barrier and exit before the next one, thus travelling on the toll road toll-free. Most open toll roads have ramp tolls or partial access junctions to prevent this practice, known in the U.S. as "<a href="/wiki/Shunpiking" title="Shunpiking">shunpiking</a>". </p><p>With a closed toll system, vehicles collect a <a href="/wiki/Ticket_system" title="Ticket system">ticket</a> when entering the highway. In some cases, the ticket displays the toll to be paid on exit. Upon exit, the driver must pay the amount listed for the given exit. Should the ticket be lost, a driver must typically pay the maximum amount possible for travel on that highway. Short toll roads with no intermediate entries or exits may have only one toll plaza at one end, with motorists travelling in either direction paying a flat fee either when they enter or when they exit the toll road. In a variant of the closed toll system, mainline barriers are present at the two endpoints of the toll road, and each interchange has a ramp toll that is paid upon exit or entry. In this case, a motorist pays a flat fee at the ramp toll and another flat fee at the end of the toll road; no ticket is necessary. In addition, with most systems, motorists may pay tolls only with cash or change; debit and credit cards are not accepted. However, some toll roads may have travel plazas with ATMs so motorists can stop and withdraw cash for the tolls. </p><p>The toll is calculated by the distance travelled on the toll road or the specific exit chosen. In the United States, for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Turnpike" title="Kansas Turnpike">Kansas Turnpike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Turnpike" title="Ohio Turnpike">Ohio Turnpike</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike" title="New Jersey Turnpike">New Jersey Turnpike</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Toll_Road" title="Indiana Toll Road">Indiana Toll Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway" title="New York State Thruway">New York State Thruway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_Turnpike" title="Florida's Turnpike">Florida's Turnpike</a> currently implement closed systems. </p><p>The Union Toll Plaza on the <a href="/wiki/Garden_State_Parkway" title="Garden State Parkway">Garden State Parkway</a> was the first ever to use an automated toll collection machine. A plaque commemorating the event includes the first quarter collected at its toll booths.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first major deployment of an <a href="/wiki/RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection" title="Electronic toll collection">electronic toll collection</a> system in the United States was on the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_North_Tollway" title="Dallas North Tollway">Dallas North Tollway</a> in 1989 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amtech (page does not exist)">Amtech</a> (see <a href="/wiki/TollTag" class="mw-redirect" title="TollTag">TollTag</a>). The Amtech RFID technology used on the Dallas North Tollway was originally developed at Sandia Labs for use in tagging and tracking livestock. In the same year, the <a href="/wiki/Telepass" title="Telepass">Telepass</a> active transponder RFID system was introduced across Italy. Several US states now use <a href="/wiki/US_Mobile_Tolling_Platforms" title="US Mobile Tolling Platforms">mobile tolling platforms</a> to facilitate use of payment via smartphones. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_407" title="Ontario Highway 407">Highway 407</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada, has no toll booths, and instead reads a transponder mounted on the windshields of each vehicle using the road (the rear licence plates of vehicles lacking a transponder are photographed when they enter and exit the highway). This made the highway the first all-automated toll highway in the world. A bill is mailed monthly for usage of the 407. Lower charges are levied on frequent 407 users who carry electronic transponders in their vehicles. The approach has not been without controversy: In 2003 the 407 ETR settled<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a class action with a refund to users. </p><p>Throughout most of the East Coast of the United States, <a href="/wiki/E-ZPass" title="E-ZPass">E-ZPass</a> (operated under the brand <a href="/wiki/I-Pass" title="I-Pass">I-Pass</a> in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>) is accepted on almost all toll roads. Similar systems include <a href="/wiki/SunPass" title="SunPass">SunPass</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/FasTrak" title="FasTrak">FasTrak</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Good_to_Go_(toll_collection_system)" title="Good to Go (toll collection system)">Good to Go</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a>, and <a href="/wiki/E-470" title="E-470">ExpressToll</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>. The systems use a small radio <a href="/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder">transponder</a> mounted in or on a customer's vehicle to deduct toll fares from a pre-paid account as the vehicle passes through the toll barrier. This reduces manpower at toll booths and increases traffic flow and fuel efficiency by reducing the need for complete stops to pay tolls at these locations. </p><p>By designing a toll gate specifically for electronic collection, it is possible to carry out open-road tolling, where the customer does not need to slow at all when passing through the toll gate. The U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> is using a system that has no toll booths. Drivers without a TollTag have their license plate photographed automatically and the registered owner will receive a monthly bill, at a higher rate than those vehicles with TollTags. A similar variation of automatic collection is the Toll Roads in Orange County, CA, US, wherein all entry or collection points are equipped with high-speed cameras which read license plates and users will have 7 calendar days to pay online using their plate number or else set up an account for automatic debits. </p><p>The first all-electronic toll road in the northeastern United States, the InterCounty Connector (<a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_200" title="Maryland Route 200">Maryland Route 200</a>) was partially opened to traffic in February 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-sun_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the final segment was completed in November 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first section of another all-electronic toll road, the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_Expressway" title="Triangle Expressway">Triangle Expressway</a>, opened at the beginning of 2012 in North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financing_and_management">Financing and management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Financing and management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some toll roads are managed under such systems as the <a href="/wiki/Build-Operate-Transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Build-Operate-Transfer">Build-Operate-Transfer</a> (BOT) system. Private companies build the roads and are given a limited franchise. Ownership is transferred to the government when the franchise expires. This type of arrangement is prevalent in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Indonesia, India, South Korea, Japan, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The BOT system is a fairly new concept that is becoming more popular in the United States, with <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> already building and operating toll roads under this scheme. <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> are also considering the BOT methodology for future highway projects. </p><p>The more traditional means of managing toll roads in the United States is through semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Public_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Public authority">public authorities</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> manage their toll roads in this manner. While most of the toll roads in California, Delaware, Florida, Texas, and Virginia are operating under the BOT arrangement, a few of the older toll roads in these states are still operated by public authorities. </p><p>In France, some toll roads are operated by private or public companies, with specific taxes collected by the state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments_against_toll_roads">Arguments against toll roads</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Arguments against toll roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toll roads have been criticised<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2021)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as being inefficient in various ways:<sup id="cite_ref-Roth_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>They require vehicles to stop or slow down (except <a href="/wiki/Open_road_tolling" title="Open road tolling">open road tolling</a>); manual toll collection wastes time and raises vehicle operating costs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Collection costs can reduce revenue by up to a third, and revenue theft is considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2021)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be comparatively easy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Where the tolled roads are less congested than the parallel "free" roads, the traffic diversion resulting from the tolls increases congestion on the road system and reduces its usefulness.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There are concerns about <a href="/wiki/Government_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Government surveillance">government surveillance</a> associated with both electronic tolls and some forms of "classical" toll collection.</li></ol> <p>A number of additional criticisms are also directed at toll roads in general: </p> <ol><li>Toll roads are a form of <a href="/wiki/Regressive_tax" title="Regressive tax">regressive taxation</a>; that is, compared to conventional taxes for funding roads, they benefit wealthier citizens more than poor citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>If toll roads are owned or managed by private for profit entities, the citizens may lose money overall compared to conventional public funding because the private owners or operators of the toll system will naturally seek to profit from the roads.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The managing entities, whether public or private, may not correctly account for the overall social costs, particularly to the poor, when setting pricing and thus may hurt the neediest segments of society.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments_in_favor_of_toll_roads">Arguments in favor of toll roads</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Arguments in favor of toll roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tolls help <a href="/wiki/Externality#Possible_solutions" title="Externality">internalize</a> some of the <a href="/wiki/Externalities_of_automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalities of automobiles">externalities of automobiles</a>, that is costs automobile traffic imposes on society that are not borne by users.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Through <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_pricing" title="Dynamic pricing">dynamic pricing</a> trips that do not have to occur at <a href="/wiki/Rush_hour" title="Rush hour">rush hour</a> can be moved to other times of the day or <a href="/wiki/Disappearing_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Disappearing traffic">be avoided altogether</a>. This makes more efficient use of existing road capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soreang_Toll_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The entrance to the Soreang toll gate in the Soreang area of Bandung, West Java, Indonesia"><img alt="The entrance to the Soreang toll gate in the Soreang area of Bandung, West Java, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Soreang_Toll_Gate.jpg/110px-Soreang_Toll_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Soreang_Toll_Gate.jpg/166px-Soreang_Toll_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Soreang_Toll_Gate.jpg/221px-Soreang_Toll_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1173" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The entrance to <a href="/wiki/Soreang%E2%80%93Pasir_Koja_Toll_Road" title="Soreang–Pasir Koja Toll Road">the Soreang toll</a> gate in the <a href="/wiki/Soreang" title="Soreang">Soreang</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Bandung_Regency" title="Bandung Regency">Bandung</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Jersey_Turnpike_toll_gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="E-ZPass lanes at a New Jersey Turnpike (I-95) Toll Gate for Exit 8A in Monroe Township, New Jersey"><img alt="E-ZPass lanes at a New Jersey Turnpike (I-95) Toll Gate for Exit 8A in Monroe Township, New Jersey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/New_Jersey_Turnpike_toll_gate.jpg/120px-New_Jersey_Turnpike_toll_gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/New_Jersey_Turnpike_toll_gate.jpg/180px-New_Jersey_Turnpike_toll_gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/New_Jersey_Turnpike_toll_gate.jpg/240px-New_Jersey_Turnpike_toll_gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">E-ZPass lanes at a <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike" title="New Jersey Turnpike">New Jersey Turnpike</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interstate_95" title="Interstate 95">I-95</a>) Toll Gate for Exit 8A in <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Township,_Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey">Monroe Township, New Jersey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exit_to_SCTEX.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tipo toll plaza in Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway, Hermosa, Bataan, Philippines, before the integration with NLEX."><img alt="Tipo toll plaza in Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway, Hermosa, Bataan, Philippines, before the integration with NLEX." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Exit_to_SCTEX.JPG/120px-Exit_to_SCTEX.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Exit_to_SCTEX.JPG/180px-Exit_to_SCTEX.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Exit_to_SCTEX.JPG/240px-Exit_to_SCTEX.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4239" data-file-height="1901" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tipo toll plaza in <a href="/wiki/Subic%E2%80%93Clark%E2%80%93Tarlac_Expressway" title="Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway">Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermosa,_Bataan" title="Hermosa, Bataan">Hermosa, Bataan</a>, Philippines, before the integration with NLEX.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:163rd_Street_Open_Road_Tolling_Lane.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The open road tolling lanes at the West 163rd Street toll plaza, on the Tri-State Tollway near Markham, Illinois, United States"><img alt="The open road tolling lanes at the West 163rd Street toll plaza, on the Tri-State Tollway near Markham, Illinois, United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/163rd_Street_Open_Road_Tolling_Lane.jpg/120px-163rd_Street_Open_Road_Tolling_Lane.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/163rd_Street_Open_Road_Tolling_Lane.jpg/180px-163rd_Street_Open_Road_Tolling_Lane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/163rd_Street_Open_Road_Tolling_Lane.jpg/240px-163rd_Street_Open_Road_Tolling_Lane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Open_road_tolling" title="Open road tolling">open road tolling</a> lanes at the West 163rd Street toll plaza, on the <a href="/wiki/Tri-State_Tollway" title="Tri-State Tollway">Tri-State Tollway</a> near <a href="/wiki/Markham,_Illinois" title="Markham, Illinois">Markham, Illinois</a>, United States</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhode_Island_Truck_Toll_Gantry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In 2018 Rhode Island became one of the first states to set up gantries to exclusively toll only tractor trailer trucks. Gantry shown on I-95 North."><img alt="In 2018 Rhode Island became one of the first states to set up gantries to exclusively toll only tractor trailer trucks. Gantry shown on I-95 North." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rhode_Island_Truck_Toll_Gantry.jpg/120px-Rhode_Island_Truck_Toll_Gantry.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rhode_Island_Truck_Toll_Gantry.jpg/180px-Rhode_Island_Truck_Toll_Gantry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rhode_Island_Truck_Toll_Gantry.jpg/240px-Rhode_Island_Truck_Toll_Gantry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In 2018 Rhode Island became one of the first states to set up gantries to exclusively toll only tractor trailer trucks. Gantry shown on I-95 North.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_toll_roads" title="List of toll roads">List of toll roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_toll_roads" title="Geography of toll roads">Geography of toll roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile costs">Automobile costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_toll_system" title="Barrier toll system">Barrier toll system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_toll" title="Shadow toll">Shadow toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunpiking" title="Shunpiking">Shunpiking</a>, the practice of avoiding turnpikes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Toll house">Toll house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnpike_trusts" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnpike trusts">Turnpike trusts</a> – England and Wales</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeway">Freeway</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FHWA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FHWA_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120702021419/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/revenue/road_pricing/defined/">"Road Pricing Defined"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/revenue/road_pricing/defined/">the original</a> on July 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Road+Pricing+Defined&rft.pub=Federal+Highway+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fipd%2Frevenue%2Froad_pricing%2Fdefined%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilliet, Henri (1990). "Toll roads-the French experience." Transrouts International, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/toll">"Toll"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Toll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Ftoll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernstein, William J.; "The Birth of Plenty: How the Prosperity of the Modern World was Created"; p. 245-6; McGraw-Hill (2010); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0071747042" title="Special:BookSources/978-0071747042">978-0071747042</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herskovits_(Vol._I)-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herskovits_(Vol._I)_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerskovits1967" class="citation book cs1">Herskovits, Melville J. (1967). <i>Dahomey: An Ancient West African Kingdom</i> (Volume I ed.). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dahomey%3A+An+Ancient+West+African+Kingdom&rft.place=Evanston%2C+IL&rft.edition=Volume+I&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Herskovits&rft.aufirst=Melville+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenarduzzi2016" class="citation news cs1">Lenarduzzi, Thea (30 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/the-worlds-first-motorway-piero-puricellis-masterpiece-is-the-focus-of-an-unlikely-pilgrimage-a6840816.html">"The motorway that built Italy: Piero Puricelli's masterpiece"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+motorway+that+built+Italy%3A+Piero+Puricelli%27s+masterpiece&rft.date=2016-01-30&rft.aulast=Lenarduzzi&rft.aufirst=Thea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Feurope%2Fthe-worlds-first-motorway-piero-puricellis-masterpiece-is-the-focus-of-an-unlikely-pilgrimage-a6840816.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-motorwebmuseum-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-motorwebmuseum_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-motorwebmuseum_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-motorwebmuseum_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorwebmuseum.it/en/places/varese/the-milano-laghi-by-piero-puricelli-the-first-motorway-in-the-world/">"The "Milano-Laghi" by Piero Puricelli, the first motorway in the world"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%22Milano-Laghi%22+by+Piero+Puricelli%2C+the+first+motorway+in+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorwebmuseum.it%2Fen%2Fplaces%2Fvarese%2Fthe-milano-laghi-by-piero-puricelli-the-first-motorway-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312014538/http://local.aaca.org/bntc/mileposts/1924.htm">"1924 Mile Posts"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://local.aaca.org/bntc/mileposts/1924.htm">the original</a> on 12 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1924+Mile+Posts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flocal.aaca.org%2Fbntc%2Fmileposts%2F1924.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordi, Philipp (2008): "Institutional Aspects of Directive 2004/52/EC on the Interoperability of Electronic Road Toll Systems in the Community." Europainstitut der Universität Basel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Parliamentary Papers</i>, 1840, Vol 280 xxvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Searlep798-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Searlep798_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearle1930" class="citation book cs1">Searle, M. (1930). <i>Turnpikes and Toll Bars</i> (Limited ed.). Hutchinson & Co. p. 798.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turnpikes+and+Toll+Bars&rft.pages=798&rft.edition=Limited&rft.pub=Hutchinson+%26+Co.&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Searle&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toronto.ca/archives/toronto_history_faqs.htm">"Toronto.ca"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033337/http://www.toronto.ca/archives/toronto_history_faqs.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toronto.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toronto.ca%2Farchives%2Ftoronto_history_faqs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140519225614/http://www.lostrivers.ca/points/earlyrds.htm">"Lostrivers.ca"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lostrivers.ca/points/earlyrds.htm">the original</a> on May 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lostrivers.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lostrivers.ca%2Fpoints%2Fearlyrds.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatton2008" class="citation news cs1">Patton, Phil (October 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/automobiles/12LIMP.html">"A 100-Year-Old Dream: A Road Just for Cars"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209062841/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/automobiles/12LIMP.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+100-Year-Old+Dream%3A+A+Road+Just+for+Cars&rft.date=2008-10-12&rft.aulast=Patton&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F10%2F12%2Fautomobiles%2F12LIMP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=1249017&site_id=1#import">"BBS.keyhole.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090922145434/http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=1249017&site_id=1#import">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBS.keyhole.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbs.keyhole.com%2Fubb%2Fubbthreads.php%3Fubb%3Dshowflat%26Number%3D1249017%26site_id%3D1%23import&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autostrade.it-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autostrade.it_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100406014722/http://www.autostrade.it/il-pedaggio/come-si-calcola.html?initPosAra=4_1">"Come si calcola il pedaggio - Autostrade per l'Italia S.p.A"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autostrade.it/il-pedaggio/come-si-calcola.html?initPosAra=4_1">the original</a> on 6 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Come+si+calcola+il+pedaggio+-+Autostrade+per+l%27Italia+S.p.A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autostrade.it%2Fil-pedaggio%2Fcome-si-calcola.html%3FinitPosAra%3D4_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edizionieuropee-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edizionieuropee_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edizionieuropee.it/LAW/HTML/52/zn93_09_047.html">"Legge 12 agosto 1982, n. 531. - Piano decennale per la viabilità di grande comunicazione e misure di riassetto del settore autostradale"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legge+12+agosto+1982%2C+n.+531.+-+Piano+decennale+per+la+viabilit%C3%A0+di+grande+comunicazione+e+misure+di+riassetto+del+settore+autostradale.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edizionieuropee.it%2FLAW%2FHTML%2F52%2Fzn93_09_047.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Italy the devices allowed are <a href="/wiki/Telepass" title="Telepass">Telepass</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MooneyGo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MooneyGo (page does not exist)">MooneyGo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MooneyGo" class="extiw" title="it:MooneyGo">it</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=UnipolMove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UnipolMove (page does not exist)">UnipolMove</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnipolMove" class="extiw" title="it:UnipolMove">it</a>]</span> and other devices pursuant to <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> regulations</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laleggepertutti-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laleggepertutti_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-laleggepertutti_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laleggepertutti.it/628460_dove-sono-i-pedaggi">"Dove sono i pedaggi?"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dove+sono+i+pedaggi%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laleggepertutti.it%2F628460_dove-sono-i-pedaggi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asartservizi.it/servizi/telepass-e-viacard-2/">"PER VIAGGIARE IN ITALIA TELEPASS E VIACARD"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PER+VIAGGIARE+IN+ITALIA+TELEPASS+E+VIACARD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasartservizi.it%2Fservizi%2Ftelepass-e-viacard-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oehry, Bernhard (2004): Tolling with Satellites – a System Concept for Everybody?" in: Jordi, Philipp (2008): "Institutional Aspects of Directive 2004/52/EC on the Interoperability of Electronic Road Toll Systems in the Community." Europainstitut der Universität Basel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130829085826/http://lostinjersey.wordpress.com/2009/03/19/the-union-watersphere/">"Union Watersphere"</a>. lostinjersey.wordpress.com. March 19, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lostinjersey.wordpress.com/2009/03/19/the-union-watersphere/">the original</a> on August 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Union+Watersphere&rft.pub=lostinjersey.wordpress.com&rft.date=2009-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flostinjersey.wordpress.com%2F2009%2F03%2F19%2Fthe-union-watersphere%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100101044301/http://407etr.com/documents/news/ni03-07-03.pdf">"407ETR.com"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.407etr.com/documents/news/ni03-07-03.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 1, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=407ETR.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.407etr.com%2Fdocuments%2Fnews%2Fni03-07-03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sun-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sun_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Dresser2011" class="citation web cs1">Michael Dresser (February 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110210063121/http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/traffic/2011/02/fiirst_phase_of_icc_to_open_fe.html">"First phase of ICC to open Feb. 22"</a>. <i>Baltimore Sun</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/traffic/2011/02/fiirst_phase_of_icc_to_open_fe.html">the original</a> on February 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=First+phase+of+ICC+to+open+Feb.+22&rft.date=2011-02-07&rft.au=Michael+Dresser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweblogs.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Ftraffic%2F2011%2F02%2Ffiirst_phase_of_icc_to_open_fe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Rector2014" class="citation web cs1">Kevin Rector (November 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-icc-opening-20141105-story.html">"Final section of ICC to Laurel, new I-95 interchange to open this weekend"</a>. <i>Baltimore Sun</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626170331/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-icc-opening-20141105-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Final+section+of+ICC+to+Laurel%2C+new+I-95+interchange+to+open+this+weekend&rft.date=2014-11-05&rft.au=Kevin+Rector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fmaryland%2Fbs-md-icc-opening-20141105-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wral.com/traffic/story/10554492/">"Drivers roll on state's first toll road"</a>. <i>WRAL.com</i>. January 31, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WRAL.com&rft.atitle=Drivers+roll+on+state%27s+first+toll+road&rft.date=2012-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wral.com%2Ftraffic%2Fstory%2F10554492%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mdot.state.ms.us/newsApp/newsDetail.aspx?referrer=home&id=511200733938">[1]</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roth-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roth_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth1998" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Gabriel (1998). <i>Roads in a market economy</i>. Ashgate Publishing Company. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-291-39814-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-291-39814-7"><bdi>978-0-291-39814-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roads+in+a+market+economy&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-291-39814-7&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChronicle2013" class="citation web cs1">Chronicle (2013-04-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chronicleonline.com/opinion/letters_to_editor/eliminate-toll-roads/article_26cecbdf-d290-51be-9086-74d5632de3c1.html">"Eliminate toll roads"</a>. <i>Chronicle Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chronicle+Online&rft.atitle=Eliminate+toll+roads&rft.date=2013-04-07&rft.au=Chronicle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicleonline.com%2Fopinion%2Fletters_to_editor%2Feliminate-toll-roads%2Farticle_26cecbdf-d290-51be-9086-74d5632de3c1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersKramer2003" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Jonathan R.; Kramer, Jonathan K. (Summer 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tollfreeinterstates.com/sites/default/files/The%20Inefficiency%20of%20Toll%20Collection%20as%20a%20Means%20of%20Taxation.pdf">"The Inefficiency of Toll Collection as a Means of Taxation: Evidence from the Garden State Parkway"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transportation Quarterly</i>. <b>57</b>: 26. <q>Nakamura and Kockelman (2002) show that tolls are by nature regressive ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transportation+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Inefficiency+of+Toll+Collection+as+a+Means+of+Taxation%3A+Evidence+from+the+Garden+State+Parkway&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Jonathan+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tollfreeinterstates.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FThe%2520Inefficiency%2520of%2520Toll%2520Collection%2520as%2520a%2520Means%2520of%2520Taxation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsonProzziWalton2008" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Christopher Charles; Prozzi, Jolanda; Walton, C. Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S7MkAQAAMAAJ"><i>Who Uses Toll Roads?: An Analysis of Central Texas Turnpike Users</i></a>. Southwest Regional University Transportation Center, Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas at Austin. p. 30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301151550/https://books.google.com/books?id=S7MkAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2018. <q>Low income users unable to pay to use toll facilities, however, will not gain most of the benefits accessible to those with the ability to pay. ... The study concludes that ... toll roads are a regressive form of funding road systems ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Uses+Toll+Roads%3F%3A+An+Analysis+of+Central+Texas+Turnpike+Users&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Southwest+Regional+University+Transportation+Center%2C+Center+for+Transportation+Research%2C+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Charles&rft.au=Prozzi%2C+Jolanda&rft.au=Walton%2C+C.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS7MkAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtz,_David_L.;_Boone,_Louis_E.2008" class="citation book cs1">Kurtz, David L.; Boone, Louis E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1RQ53EH4pOAC"><i>Contemporary Business</i></a>. South-Western Cengage Learning. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0324653847" title="Special:BookSources/978-0324653847"><bdi>978-0324653847</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301151556/https://books.google.com/books?id=1RQ53EH4pOAC">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Business&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=South-Western+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0324653847&rft.au=Kurtz%2C+David+L.%3B+Boone%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1RQ53EH4pOAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Hirschhausen,_Christian2002" class="citation book cs1">von Hirschhausen, Christian (January 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecQDn_8DtSMC"><i>Modernizing Infrastructure in Transformation Economies</i></a>. Edward Elgar. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781959787" title="Special:BookSources/9781781959787"><bdi>9781781959787</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301151550/https://books.google.com/books?id=ecQDn_8DtSMC">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernizing+Infrastructure+in+Transformation+Economies&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=9781781959787&rft.au=von+Hirschhausen%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DecQDn_8DtSMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2004/08/toll_roads_and_.html">"Toll Roads and Externalities"</a>. 18 August 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toll+Roads+and+Externalities&rft.date=2004-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarginalrevolution.com%2Fmarginalrevolution%2F2004%2F08%2Ftoll_roads_and_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYinLawphongpanich2006" class="citation journal cs1">Yin, Yafeng; Lawphongpanich, Siriphong (1 July 2006). "Internalizing emission externality on road networks". <i>Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 292–301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trd.2006.05.003">10.1016/j.trd.2006.05.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transportation+Research+Part+D%3A+Transport+and+Environment&rft.atitle=Internalizing+emission+externality+on+road+networks&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=292-301&rft.date=2006-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.trd.2006.05.003&rft.aulast=Yin&rft.aufirst=Yafeng&rft.au=Lawphongpanich%2C+Siriphong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/cprm/events/RSanchez">"Dynamic Pricing on the Road: How Managed Tolls Are Increasing Efficiency and Innovation"</a>. 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dynamic+Pricing+on+the+Road%3A+How+Managed+Tolls+Are+Increasing+Efficiency+and+Innovation&rft.date=2015-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww8.gsb.columbia.edu%2Fcprm%2Fevents%2FRSanchez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuMcDonald1998" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Louie Nan; McDonald, John F. (1 November 1998). "Efficient Congestion Tolls in the Presence of Unpriced Congestion: A Peak and Off-Peak Simulation Model". <i>Journal of Urban Economics</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 352–366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjuec.1997.2073">10.1006/juec.1997.2073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Urban+Economics&rft.atitle=Efficient+Congestion+Tolls+in+the+Presence+of+Unpriced+Congestion%3A+A+Peak+and+Off-Peak+Simulation+Model&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=352-366&rft.date=1998-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjuec.1997.2073&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Louie+Nan&rft.au=McDonald%2C+John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Toll_roads" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Toll roads">Toll roads</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turnpikeinfo.com">Turnpike Info</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolltickets.com/en/country/products">Toll Tickets Official Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibtta.org">International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association</a> The International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association (IBTTA) is the worldwide alliance of toll operators and associated industries that provides a forum for sharing knowledge and ideas to promote and enhance toll-financed transportation services.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tollroadsnews.com/">Toll Roads News</a> from contractor perspective</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turnpikes.org.uk">Turnpike Roads in England and Wales</a>, for background on toll roads during the turnpike era in England</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toll_road" title="Template:Toll road"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Toll_road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Toll road (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toll_road" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toll road"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Toll_roads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toll roads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_toll_system" title="Barrier toll system">Barrier toll system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_system" title="Ticket system">Ticket system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_road_tolling" title="Open road tolling">Open road tolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(road_tax)" title="Vignette (road tax)">Vignette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Road_hierarchy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Road_types" title="Template:Road types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_types" title="Template talk:Road types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Road types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Road_hierarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">hierarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_highway" title="Bicycle highway">Bicycle highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium#Road_transport" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual carriageway">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Nepal" title="List of roads in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lanes" title="Local–express lanes">Express–collector setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_two" title="Super two">Super two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_road" title="Back road">Back road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_end_street" title="Dead end street">Dead end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li> <li>Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single carriageway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track road</a></li> <li>Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">Road hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">special route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">business route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroad" title="Stroad">Stroad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toll road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_road" title="Winter road">Winter road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Directional T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">Diverging diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Parclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop interchange">Raindrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Trumpet_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Trumpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br /><span class="nobold">(at-grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization (roads)">Channelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow intersection">Continuous flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-out (RIRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround (road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li> <li>Brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Roads" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_road" title="Plastic road">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br />factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road slipperiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's education">Driver's education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk compensation (road transport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">Bike lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li> <li>Lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street-running railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_bypass" title="Truck bypass">Truck bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-slope barrier</a></li> <li>Curb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-shape_barrier" title="F-shape barrier">F-shape barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised pavement marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_condition_index" title="Pavement condition index">Pavement condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_roughness_index" title="International roughness index">International roughness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_serviceability_index" title="Present serviceability index">Present serviceability index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_performance_modeling" title="Pavement performance modeling">Pavement performance modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_base_equivalency" title="Granular base equivalency">Granular base equivalency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road_types_by_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of road types by features">Road types by features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16939396#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16939396#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1152260/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85135888">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12048389m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12048389m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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