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title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ky%C5%ABjitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Kyūjitai">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522Ky%25C5%25ABjitai%2522">"Kyūjitai"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbm%3Dnws%26q%3D%2522Ky%25C5%25ABjitai%2522%2B-wikipedia%26tbs%3Dar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?%26q%3D%2522Ky%25C5%25ABjitai%2522%26tbs%3Dbkt:s%26tbm%3Dbks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbs%3Dbks:1%26q%3D%2522Ky%25C5%25ABjitai%2522%2B-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q%3D%2522Ky%25C5%25ABjitai%2522">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query%3D%2522Ky%25C5%25ABjitai%2522%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don">JSTOR</a> (January 2023) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> Kyūjitai (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 舊字體 / 旧字体, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literal_translation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'old character forms') are the traditional forms of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanji">kanji</a> (Chinese written characters used in Japanese writing).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Their simplified counterparts are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shinjitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shinjitai">shinjitai</a> (新字体, 'new character forms'). Some of the simplified characters arose centuries ago and were in everyday use in both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japan">Japan</a>, but they were considered inelegant, even uncouth. After <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a>, simplified character forms were made official in both these countries. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <table class="infobox"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Kyūjitai</th> </tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hiragana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">きゅうじたい</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katakana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">キュウジタイ</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kyūjitai</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">舊字體</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shinjitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shinjitai">Shinjitai</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">旧字体</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hepburn_romanization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hepburn romanization">Revised Hepburn</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Kyūjitai</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Kyûzitai</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233430381">.mw-parser-output .characters-body{max-width:22em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-content{padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{background-color:lightpink;white-space:nowrap;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .blist ol li,.mw-parser-output .blist ul li{display:list-item;text-align:left;text-indent:hanging 1em;margin-left:1em}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> However, in Japan fewer and less drastic simplifications were made. An example is the character for "electric", which is still the traditional form of "電" in Japan, but has been <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified</a> to 电 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainland_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> (pronounced "diàn" in Chinese, and "den" in Japanese). Prior to the promulgation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tōyō kanji">tōyō kanji</a> list in 1946, kyūjitai were known as seiji (正字, 'proper/correct characters') or seijitai (正字體). Even after kyūjitai were officially marked for discontinuation with the promulgation of the tōyō kanji list, they were used in print frequently into the 1950s due to logistical delays in changing over <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Typesetting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a> equipment. Kyūjitai continue in use to the present day because when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Japan">Japanese government</a> adopted the simplified forms, it did not ban the traditional forms. Thus, traditional forms are used when an author wishes to use them and the publisher agrees. Unlike in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>, where all personal names were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified</a> as part of the character simplification reform carried out in the 1950s, the Japanese reform only applied to a subset of the characters in use (the tōyō kanji) and excluded characters used in proper names. Therefore, kyūjitai are still used in personal names in Japan today (see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jinmeiy%C5%8D_kanji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jinmeiyō kanji">jinmeiyō kanji</a>). In modern Japanese, kyūjitai that appear in the official spelling of proper names are sometimes replaced with the modern shinjitai form. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji">1 Jōyō kanji</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Traditional_characters_that_may_cause_problems_displaying">1.1 Traditional characters that may cause problems displaying</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#List_of_the_simplified_j%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji_and_their_traditional_forms">1.2 List of the simplified jōyō kanji and their traditional forms</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Jinmeiy%C5%8D_Kanji">2 Jinmeiyō Kanji</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ky%C5%ABjitai_vs._Shinjitai">2.1 Kyūjitai vs. Shinjitai</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Variants">2.2 Variants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Former_j%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji_still_used_as_jinmeiy%C5%8D_kanji">2.3 Former jōyō kanji still used as jinmeiyō kanji</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Jinmeiy%C5%8D_kanji_used_as_j%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji_since_2010">2.4 Jinmeiyō kanji used as jōyō kanji since 2010</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hy%C5%8Dgai_kanji">3 Hyōgai kanji</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Former_Hy%C5%8Dgai_Kanji_used_as_J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_Kanji_since_2010">3.1 Former Hyōgai Kanji used as Jōyō Kanji since 2010</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kokuji">4 Kokuji</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kokuji_used_as_J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_Kanji_or_Jinmeiy%C5%8D_Kanji_(as_of_2010)">4.1 Kokuji used as Jōyō Kanji or Jinmeiyō Kanji (as of 2010)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Jōyō_kanji">Jōyō kanji</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Jōyō kanji" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jōyō kanji">Jōyō kanji</a> </div> In the 2,136 Jōyō Kanji (常用漢字), there are 364 pairs of simplified and traditional characters (for example, 亜 is the simplified form of 亞). The kanji 弁 is used to simplify three different traditional kanji (辨, 瓣, and 辯). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Traditional_characters_that_may_cause_problems_displaying">Traditional characters that may cause problems displaying</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Traditional characters that may cause problems displaying" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Within the jōyō kanji, there are 62 characters the old forms of which may cause problems displaying: Kyōiku kanji (26): <ul> <li>Grade 2 (2 kanji): 海社</li> <li>Grade 3 (8 kanji): 勉暑漢神福練者都</li> <li>Grade 4 (6 kanji): 器殺祝節梅類</li> <li>Grade 5 (1 kanji): 祖</li> <li>Grade 6 (9 kanji): 勤穀視署層著諸難朗</li> </ul> Secondary-school kanji (36): <ul> <li>Secondary school (36 kanji): 欄廊虜隆塚祥侮僧免卑喝嘆塀墨悔慨憎懲敏既煮碑祉祈禍突繁臭褐謁謹賓贈逸響頻</li> </ul> These characters are Unicode CJK Unified Ideographs for which the old form (kyūjitai) and the new form (shinjitai) have been unified under the Unicode standard. Although the old and new forms are distinguished under the JIS X 0213 standard, the old forms map to Unicode CJK Compatibility Ideographs which are considered by Unicode to be canonically equivalent to the new forms and may not be distinguished by user agents. Therefore, depending on the user environment, it may not be possible to see the distinction between old and new forms of the characters. In particular, all Unicode normalization methods merge the old characters with the new ones. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="List_of_the_simplified_jōyō_kanji_and_their_traditional_forms">List of the simplified jōyō kanji and their traditional forms</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: List of the simplified jōyō kanji and their traditional forms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the revised version of jōyō kanji, 5 kanji were removed (but preserved as jinmeiyō kanji), and 196 more kanji were added into Jōyō Kanjihyō of originally 1945 kanji; 6 of these new kanji have a traditional and a simplified form. They are underlined in the following list. <dl> <dd> 亜（亞） 悪（惡） 圧（壓） 囲（圍） 医（醫） 為（爲） 壱（壹） 逸（逸︁） 隠（隱） 栄（榮） 営（營） 衛（衞） 駅（驛） 謁（謁︀） 円（圓） 塩（鹽） 縁（緣） 艶（艷） 応（應） 欧（歐） 殴（毆） 桜（櫻） 奥（奧） 横（橫） 温（溫） 穏（穩） 仮（假） 価（價） 禍（禍︀） 画（畫） 会（會） 悔（悔︀） 海（海︀） 絵（繪） 壊（壞） 懐（懷） 慨（慨︀） 概（槪） 拡（擴） 殻（殼） 覚（覺） 学（學） 岳（嶽） 楽（樂） 喝（喝︀） 渇（渴） 褐（褐︀） 缶（罐） 巻（卷） 陥（陷） 勧（勸） 寛（寬） 漢（漢︀） 関（關） 歓（歡） 観（觀） 気（氣） 祈（祈︀） 既（既︀） 帰（歸） 器（器︀） 亀（龜） 偽（僞） 戯（戲） 犠（犧） 旧（舊） 拠（據） 挙（擧） 虚（虛） 峡（峽） 挟（挾） 狭（狹） 郷（鄕） 響（響︀） 暁（曉） 勤（勤︀） 謹（謹︀） 区（區） 駆（驅） 勲（勳） 薫（薰） 径（徑） 茎（莖） 恵（惠） 掲（揭） 渓（溪） 経（經） 蛍（螢） 軽（輕） 継（繼） 鶏（鷄） 芸（藝） 撃（擊） 欠（缺） 研（硏） 県（縣） 倹（儉） 剣（劍） 険（險） 圏（圈） 検（檢） 献（獻） 権（權） 顕（顯） 験（驗） 厳（嚴） 広（廣） 効（效） 恒（恆） 黄（黃） 鉱（鑛） 号（號） 国（國） 黒（黑） 穀（穀︀） 砕（碎） 済（濟） 斎（齋） 剤（劑） 殺（殺︀） 雑（雜） 参（參） 桟（棧） 蚕（蠶） 惨（慘） 賛（贊） 残（殘） 糸（絲） 祉（祉︀） 視（視︀） 歯（齒） 児（兒） 辞（辭） 湿（濕） 実（實） 写（寫） 社（社︀） 者（者︀） 煮（煮︀） 釈（釋） 寿（壽） 収（收） 臭（臭︀） 従（從） 渋（澁） 獣（獸） 縦（縱） 祝（祝︀） 粛（肅） 処（處） 暑（暑︀） 署（署︀） 緒（緖） 諸（諸︀） 叙（敍） 将（將） 祥（祥︀） 称（稱） 渉（涉） 焼（燒） 証（證） 奨（獎） 条（條） 状（狀） 乗（乘） 浄（淨） 剰（剩） 畳（疊） 縄（繩） 壌（壤） 嬢（孃） 譲（讓） 醸（釀） 触（觸） 嘱（囑） 神（神︀） 真（眞） 寝（寢） 慎（愼） 尽（盡） 図（圖） 粋（粹） 酔（醉） 穂（穗） 随（隨） 髄（髓） 枢（樞） 数（數） 瀬（瀨） 声（聲） 斉（齊） 静（靜） 窃（竊） 摂（攝） 節（節︀） 専（專） 浅（淺） 戦（戰） 践（踐） 銭（錢） 潜（潛） 繊（纖） 禅（禪） 祖（祖︀） 双（雙） 壮（壯） 争（爭） 荘（莊） 捜（搜） 挿（插） 巣（巢） 曽（曾） 痩（瘦） 装（裝） 僧（僧︀） 層（層︀） 総（總） 騒（騷） 増（增） 憎（憎︀） 蔵（藏） 贈（贈︀） 臓（臟） 即（卽） 属（屬） 続（續） 堕（墮） 対（對） 体（體） 帯（帶） 滞（滯） 台（臺） 滝（瀧） 択（擇） 沢（澤） 担（擔） 単（單） 胆（膽） 嘆（嘆︀） 団（團） 断（斷） 弾（彈） 遅（遲） 痴（癡） 虫（蟲） 昼（晝） 鋳（鑄） 著（著︀） 庁（廳） 徴（徵） 聴（聽） 懲（懲︀） 勅（敕） 鎮（鎭） 塚（塚︀） 逓（遞） 鉄（鐵） 点（點） 転（轉） 伝（傳） 都（都︀） 灯（燈） 当（當） 党（黨） 盗（盜） 稲（稻） 闘（鬭） 徳（德） 独（獨） 読（讀） 突（突︀） 届（屆） 難（難︀） 弐（貳） 悩（惱） 脳（腦） 覇（霸） 拝（拜） 廃（廢） 売（賣） 梅（梅︀） 麦（麥） 発（發） 髪（髮） 抜（拔） 繁（繁︀） 晩（晚） 蛮（蠻） 卑（卑︀） 秘（祕） 碑（碑︀） 浜（濱） 賓（賓︀） 頻（頻︀） 敏（敏︀） 瓶（甁） 侮（侮︀） 福（福︀） 払（拂） 仏（佛） 併（倂） 並（竝） 塀（塀︀） 餅（餠） 辺（邊） 変（變） 勉（勉︀） 歩（步） 宝（寶） 豊（豐） 褒（襃） 墨（墨︀） 翻（飜） 毎（每） 万（萬） 満（滿） 免（免︀） 麺（麵） 黙（默） 弥（彌） 訳（譯） 薬（藥） 与（與） 予（豫） 余（餘） 誉（譽） 揺（搖） 様（樣） 謡（謠） 来（來） 頼（賴） 乱（亂） 覧（覽） 欄（欄︀） 竜（龍） 隆（隆︀） 虜（虜︀） 両（兩） 猟（獵） 緑（綠） 涙（淚） 塁（壘） 類（類︀） 礼（禮） 励（勵） 戻（戾） 霊（靈） 齢（齡） 暦（曆） 歴（歷） 恋（戀） 練（練︁） 錬（鍊） 炉（爐） 労（勞） 郎（郞） 朗（朗︀） 廊（廊︀） 楼（樓） 録（錄） 湾（灣） 弁（辨/瓣/辯） </dd> </dl> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Jinmeiyō_Kanji">Jinmeiyō Kanji</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Jinmeiyō Kanji" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jinmeiy%C5%8D_kanji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jinmeiyō kanji">Jinmeiyō kanji</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kyūjitai_vs._Shinjitai">Kyūjitai vs. Shinjitai</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Kyūjitai vs. Shinjitai" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Jinmeiyō Kanji List contains 212 traditional characters still used in names. The modern form (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shinjitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shinjitai">shinjitai</a>), which appears in the Jōyō Kanji List, is given in parentheses. <dl> <dd> 亞（亜） 惡（悪） 爲（為） 逸︁（逸） 榮（栄） 衞（衛） 謁︀（謁） 圓（円） 緣（縁） 薗（園） 應（応） 櫻（桜） 奧（奥） 橫（横） 溫（温） 價（価） 禍︀（禍） 悔︀（悔） 海︀（海） 壞（壊） 懷（懐） 樂（楽） 渴（渇） 卷（巻） 陷（陥） 寬（寛） 漢︀（漢） 氣（気） 祈︀（祈） 器︀（器） 僞（偽） 戲（戯） 虛（虚） 峽（峡） 狹（狭） 響︀（響） 曉（暁） 勤︀（勤） 謹︀（謹） 駈（駆） 勳（勲） 薰（薫） 惠（恵） 揭（掲） 鷄（鶏） 藝（芸） 擊（撃） 縣（県） 儉（倹） 劍（剣） 險（険） 圈（圏） 檢（検） 顯（顕） 驗（験） 嚴（厳） 廣（広） 恆（恒） 黃（黄） 國（国） 黑（黒） 穀︀（穀） 碎（砕） 雜（雑） 祉︀（祉） 視︀（視） 兒（児） 濕（湿） 實（実） 社︀（社） 者︀（者） 煮︀（煮） 壽（寿） 收（収） 臭︀（臭） 從（従） 澁（渋） 獸（獣） 縱（縦） 祝︀（祝） 暑︀（暑） 署︀（署） 緖（緒） 諸︀（諸） 敍（叙） 將（将） 祥︀（祥） 涉（渉） 燒（焼） 奬（奨） 條（条） 狀（状） 乘（乗） 淨（浄） 剩（剰） 疊（畳） 孃（嬢） 讓（譲） 釀（醸） 神︀（神） 眞（真） 寢（寝） 愼（慎） 盡（尽） 粹（粋） 醉（酔） 穗（穂） 瀨（瀬） 齊（斉） 靜（静） 攝（摂） 節︀（節） 專（専） 戰（戦） 纖（繊） 禪（禅） 祖︀（祖） 壯（壮） 爭（争） 莊（荘） 搜（捜） 巢（巣） 曾（曽） 裝（装） 僧︀（僧） 層︀（層） 瘦（痩） 騷（騒） 增（増） 憎︀（憎） 藏（蔵） 贈︀（贈） 臟（臓） 卽（即） 帶（帯） 滯（滞） 瀧（滝） 單（単） 嘆︀（嘆） 團（団） 彈（弾） 晝（昼） 鑄（鋳） 著︀（著） 廳（庁） 徵（徴） 聽（聴） 懲︀（懲） 鎭（鎮） 轉（転） 傳（伝） 都︀（都） 嶋（島） 燈（灯） 盜（盗） 稻（稲） 德（徳） 突︀（突） 難︀（難） 拜（拝） 盃（杯） 賣（売） 梅︀（梅） 髮（髪） 拔（抜） 繁︀（繁） 晚（晩） 卑︀（卑） 祕（秘） 碑︀（碑） 賓︀（賓） 敏︀（敏） 冨（富） 侮︀（侮） 福︀（福） 拂（払） 佛（仏） 勉︀（勉） 步（歩） 峯（峰） 墨︀（墨） 飜（翻） 每（毎） 萬（万） 默（黙） 埜（野） 彌（弥） 藥（薬） 與（与） 搖（揺） 樣（様） 謠（謡） 來（来） 賴（頼） 覽（覧） 欄︀（欄） 龍（竜） 虜︀（虜） 凉（涼） 綠（緑） 淚（涙） 壘（塁） 類︀（類） 禮（礼） 曆（暦） 歷（歴） 練︁（練） 鍊（錬） 郞（郎） 朗︀（朗） 廊︀（廊） 錄（録） </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Variants">Variants</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Variants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Jinmeiyō Kanji List also contains 631 additional kanji that are not elements of the Jōyō Kanji List; 18 of them have a variant: <dl> <dd> 亘（亙） 凜（凛） 尭（堯） 巌（巖） 晃（晄） 桧（檜） 槙（槇） 渚（渚︀） 猪（猪︀） 琢（琢︀） 祢（禰） 祐（祐︀） 祷（禱） 禄（祿） 禎（禎︀） 穣（穰） 萌（萠） 遥（遙） </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Former_jōyō_kanji_still_used_as_jinmeiyō_kanji">Former jōyō kanji still used as jinmeiyō kanji</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Former jōyō kanji still used as jinmeiyō kanji" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The following 5 kanji were removed from the Jōyō Kanji List in 2010, but were preserved as jinmeiyō kanji. They have no simplified form. <dl> <dd> 勺　銑　脹　錘　匁 </dd> </dl> 勺 and 匁 are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kokuji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kokuji">kokuji</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Jinmeiyō_kanji_used_as_jōyō_kanji_since_2010">Jinmeiyō kanji used as jōyō kanji since 2010</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Jinmeiyō kanji used as jōyō kanji since 2010" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Of the 196 new jōyō kanji, 129 were already on the Jinmeiyō Kanji List; 10 of them are used in names of Japanese prefectures, and the kanji 韓 that appears in the name of South Korea (韓国 Kankoku). Four of these kanji have both a simplified and a traditional form: <dl> <dd> 艶（豔）曽（曾）痩（瘦）弥（彌） </dd> </dl> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Hyōgai_kanji">Hyōgai kanji</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Hyōgai kanji" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgaiji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyōgaiji">Hyōgaiji</a> </div> Hyōgai kanji are kanji that are elements of neither the Jōyō Kanji List nor the Jinmeiyō Kanji List. In Hyōgai Kanji Jitaihyō (表外漢字字体表), traditional characters are recognized as printed standard style (印刷標準字体) while the simplified characters are recognized as simple conventional style (簡易慣用字体). Here are some examples of hyōgai kanji that have a simplified and a traditional form: <dl> <dd> 唖（啞） 頴（穎） 鴎（鷗） 躯（軀） 撹（攪） 麹（麴） 鹸（鹼） 噛（嚙） 繍（繡） 蒋（蔣） 醤（醬） 掻（搔） 屏（屛） 并（幷） 沪（濾） 芦（蘆） 蝋（蠟） 弯（彎） 焔（焰） 砿（礦） 讃（讚） 顛（顚） 醗（醱） 溌（潑） 輌（輛） 繋（繫） </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Former_Hyōgai_Kanji_used_as_Jōyō_Kanji_since_2010">Former Hyōgai Kanji used as Jōyō Kanji since 2010</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Former Hyōgai Kanji used as Jōyō Kanji since 2010" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2010, 67 hyōgai kanji were added to the Jōyō Kanji List; 2 of them have a traditional and a simplified form: <dl> <dd> 餅（餠）麺（麵） </dd> </dl> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Kokuji">Kokuji</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Kokuji" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Kokuji are characters that were created in Japan and were not taken over from China. Some of them, e.g. <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E8%2585%25BA%23Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:腺">腺</a>, are now also used in Chinese, but most of them are not. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kokuji_used_as_Jōyō_Kanji_or_Jinmeiyō_Kanji_(as_of_2010)">Kokuji used as Jōyō Kanji or Jinmeiyō Kanji (as of 2010)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Kokuji used as Jōyō Kanji or Jinmeiyō Kanji (as of 2010)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Jōyō Kanji List currently contains 9 kokuji (働 and 畑 are kyōiku kanji): <dl> <dd> 働　匂　塀　峠　腺　枠　栃　畑　込 </dd> </dl> 匁 was removed from the Jōyō Kanji List in 2010, but is still used as jinmeiyō kanji. The Jinmeiyō Kanji List currently contains 16 kokuji: <dl> <dd> 匁　俣　凧　凪　喰　柾　椛　榊　樫　畠　笹　籾　辻　雫　鰯　麿 </dd> </dl> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese characters</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyujitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcMullen2020" class="citation book cs1">McMullen, James (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1159164917">The worship of Confucius in Japan</a>. Project MUSE. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68417-599-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68417-599-4"><bdi>978-1-68417-599-4</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1159164917">1159164917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+worship+of+Confucius+in+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1159164917&rft.isbn=978-1-68417-599-4&rft.aulast=McMullen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1159164917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKy%C5%ABjitai" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Look up <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/ky%25C5%25ABjitai" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/kyūjitai">kyūjitai</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://jgrammar.life.coocan.jp/ja/tools/tradkan0.htm">A complex Shinjitai - Kyūjitai converter</a></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DKy%C5%ABjitai%26oldid%3D1253770199">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyūjitai&oldid=1253770199</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 27 October 2024, at 20:06 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C5%25AB-j%25C4%25AB-th%25C3%25A9" title="Kū-jī-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kū-jī-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%25C5%25ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kyūjitai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%25C3%25BAd%25C5%25BEitai" title="Kjúdžitai – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kjúdžitai" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%25C5%25ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kyūjitai" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%25C5%25ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kyūjitai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%25C5%25ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kyūjitai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%25C5%25ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kyūjitai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25B5%25AC%25EC%259E%2590%25EC%25B2%25B4" title="구자체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구자체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%25C5%25ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kyūjitai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%25C5%25ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kyūjitai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2597%25A7%25E5%25AD%2597%25E4%25BD%2593" title="旧字体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="旧字体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%25C5%25ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kyūjitai" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyujitai" title="Kyujitai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kyujitai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%25C5%25ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kyūjitai" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%25C5%25ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kyūjitai" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%258E%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B7%25D1%2596%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Кюдзітай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кюдзітай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2588%258A%25E5%25AD%2597%25E9%25AB%2594" title="舊字體 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="舊字體" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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