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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Schriftreform in Japan</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> Versuch, das gesprochene Standardjapanisch mit dem geschriebenen Wort zu korrelieren </div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schriftreform_in_Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Artikel</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab "><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diskussion:Schriftreform_in_Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Diskussion</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" 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id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Schriftreform_in_Japan&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"> <span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Weitergeleitet von <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&redirect=no&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūjitai">Kyūjitai</a>)</span> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>Bei der <b>Schriftreform in Japan</b> 1946 wurden die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanische_Schrift?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kanji" title="Japanische Schrift">Kanji</a> (<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinesische_Schrift?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinesische Schrift">Schriftzeichen der Han</a>), die den chinesischen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langzeichen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langzeichen">Langzeichen</a> entsprachen, durch neue Zeichen, meist mit weniger Strichen, ersetzt. Die „alten“ <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanji">Kanji</a> wurden danach als <i>Kyūjitai</i> (<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanische_Schrift?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanische Schrift">jap.</a> <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">旧字体</span>; in Kyūjitai <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">舊字體</span>; dt. „alte Zeichenform“) oder <i>Kyūkanji</i> (<span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">旧漢字</span>; in Kyūjitai <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">舊漢字</span>; dt. „alte Kanji“) bezeichnet. Die neu geschaffenen Zeichen werden seitdem als <i><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shinjitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shinjitai">Shinjitai</a></i> (<span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">新字体</span> / <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">新字體</span>) bzw. <i>Shinkanji</i> (<span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">新漢字</span>) bezeichnet. Diese alten Zeichen sind heutzutage in Japan fast völlig außer Gebrauch, im Gegensatz zu den chinesischen Langzeichen, die in <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republik_China_(Taiwan)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republik China (Taiwan)">Taiwan</a>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hongkong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hongkong">Hongkong</a> und auch begrenzt in der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volksrepublik_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volksrepublik China">Volksrepublik China</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Anm. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noch in Gebrauch sind.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="de" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unterschiede_in_der_Druckschrift_und_in_der_Schreibschrift_vor_der_Schriftreform"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Unterschiede in der Druckschrift und in der Schreibschrift vor der Schriftreform</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Heutiger_Gebrauch_der_alten_Kanji"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Heutiger Gebrauch der alten Kanji</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Alte_Zeichen_im_Computerschriftsatz"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Alte Zeichen im Computerschriftsatz</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Literatur"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Literatur</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Anmerkung"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Anmerkung</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Weblinks"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Weblinks</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Unterschiede_in_der_Druckschrift_und_in_der_Schreibschrift_vor_der_Schriftreform">Unterschiede in der Druckschrift und in der Schreibschrift vor der Schriftreform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Schriftreform_in_Japan&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Unterschiede in der Druckschrift und in der Schreibschrift vor der Schriftreform" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>In Japan wurden vor der Schriftreform mehrere Varianten parallel benutzt. Die Handschrift unterschied sich dabei in einigen Varianten von der Druckschrift. Im Zuge der Schriftreform wurden meistens die Schreibschrift-Varianten zur Druckform erhoben.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Druckschrift</th> <th>Handschrift</th> <th>Anmerkungen</th> </tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">黃</span></td> <td><span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">黄</span></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">德</span></td> <td><span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">徳</span></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">竝</span></td> <td><span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">並</span></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">黑</span></td> <td><span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">黒</span></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">戶</span></td> <td><span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">戸</span> bzw. <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">户</span></td> <td>Auch als Radikal</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">硏</span></td> <td><span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">研</span></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">示</span></td> <td><span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">礻</span></td> <td>Auch als Radikal</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Anmerkung: Nicht in allen Schriftarten werden die Unterschiede zwischen den Zeichen dargestellt.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Heutiger_Gebrauch_der_alten_Kanji">Heutiger Gebrauch der alten Kanji</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Schriftreform_in_Japan&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Heutiger Gebrauch der alten Kanji" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Heutzutage sind die alten Kanji fast komplett außer Gebrauch geraten. Es werden so gut wie keine Bücher mehr in alten Kanji gedruckt. Im Gegensatz dazu werden die alten Zeichen noch begrenzt zur Hervorhebung benutzt. So lassen sich in Japan noch an einigen Geschäften alte Varianten wie <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">龜</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r183723573">.mw-parser-output .Latn{font-family:"Akzidenz Grotesk","Arial","Avant Garde Gothic","Calibri","Futura","Geneva","Gill Sans","Helvetica","Lucida Grande","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Stone Sans","Tahoma","Trebuchet","Univers","Verdana"}</style><span class="Latn" lang="ja-Latn" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic">kame</span> (heute <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">亀</span>), <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">晝</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r183723573"><span class="Latn" lang="ja-Latn" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic">hiru</span> (heute <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">昼</span>) usw. finden. In Namen, wie z. B. Personennamen, geographischen Orten oder Firmennamen werden auch die alten Zeichen noch gebraucht. Beispiele:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mori_%C5%8Cgai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mori Ōgai">Mori Ōgai</a> (<span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">森鷗外</span>, heutige Variante wäre <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">森鴎外</span>)</li> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yasukuni-Schrein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yasukuni-Schrein">Yasukuni-Schrein</a> (<span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">靖國神社</span>, heutige Variante <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">靖国神社</span>). Der Yasukuni-Schrein selber benutzt die alte Version, Straßenschilder usw. benutzen aber auch die neue Variante.</li> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> (<span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">黒澤明</span>, heute: <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">黒沢明</span>. Hier ist allerdings eine Mischung aus alten und neuen Zeichen vorhanden, die komplett alte Version wäre <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">黑澤明</span>)</li> </ul> <p>Einige Zeichen sind auch heute noch im normalen Gebrauch anzutreffen. So wurde z. B. das Zeichen für „Drache“ – <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">龍</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r183723573"><span class="Latn" lang="ja-Latn" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic">ryō</span> – zu <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">竜</span> vereinfacht, trotzdem wird <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">龍</span> immer noch sehr oft benutzt. Auch andere Zeichen, wie <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">國</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r183723573"><span class="Latn" lang="ja-Latn" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic">koku</span>, deutsch <span lang="de" style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal">‚Staat, Land‘</span> sind noch weit verbreitet. Andere Kyūjitai dagegen sind so gut wie ausgestorben.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Alte_Zeichen_im_Computerschriftsatz">Alte Zeichen im Computerschriftsatz</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Schriftreform_in_Japan&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Alte Zeichen im Computerschriftsatz" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Die alten Kanji haben grundsätzlich eigene Codepunkte in <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. So hat beispielsweise das alte Zeichen von <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">国</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r183723573"><span class="Latn" lang="ja-Latn" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic">koku</span>, deutsch <span lang="de" style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal">‚Staat, Land‘</span> (U+56FD), <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">國</span>, einen eigenen Codepunkt unter U+570B. Diese gleichen Codepunkte werden auch im traditionellen Chinesisch gebraucht. Allerdings sind verschiedene kleinere Unterschiede, wie beispielsweise die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radikal_(chinesische_Schrift)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radikal (chinesische Schrift)">Radikale</a> <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">示</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r183723573"><span class="Latn" lang="ja-Latn" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic">shime</span> / <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">礻</span> oder <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">食</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r183723573"><span class="Latn" lang="ja-Latn" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic">shoku</span> im Zuge der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Han-Vereinheitlichung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Han-Vereinheitlichung">Han-Vereinheitlichung</a> nicht separat kodiert worden. Das hatte zur Folge, dass lange Zeit keine Möglichkeit bestand, alte Varianten am Computer mit Unicode darzustellen, da nur mit einer anderen Schrift diese angezeigt werden konnte. Aus diesem Grund war Unicode in Japan nicht sehr populär. Erst mit den <i><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicodeblock_Variantenselektoren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unicodeblock Variantenselektoren">Ideographic Variation Selectors</a></i> wurde eine Möglichkeit eingeführt, alte Zeichen zu kodieren.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Schriftreform_in_Japan&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Literatur" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li><span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">萩野貞樹『舊漢字 – 書いて、覺えて、樂しみて』文藝春秋、東京都、2007年</span> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9784166605798?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-4-16-660579-8</a>. (japanisch)</li> <li><span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">江守賢治『階行草　筆順・字体字典』第二版、三省堂、東京都、2002年</span> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9784385150499?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-4-385-15049-9</a>. (japanisch)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Anmerkung">Anmerkung</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Schriftreform_in_Japan&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Anmerkung" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">In der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volksrepublik_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volksrepublik China">Volksrepublik China</a> waren die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langzeichen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langzeichen">Langzeichen</a> (<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinesische_Schrift?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinesische Schrift">chin.</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r184932626">.mw-parser-output .Hant{font-size:110%}</style><span lang="zh-Hant" class="Hant">繁體字</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r183723573"><span class="Latn" lang="zh-Latn" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic">fántǐzì</span>) offiziell nie abgeschafft; d. h. diese Schriftzeichen sind nach wie vor im Schriftsystem integriert. Einzig die Beherrschung der Langzeichen ist in den amtlichen Schullehrplänen (in <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Festlandchina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Festlandchina">Festlandchina</a>) nicht vorgeschrieben.</span></li> </ol> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Schriftreform_in_Japan&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li><b>Allgemein:</b> <ul> <li><span class="cite">Christopher Seeley: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.spellingsociety.org/uploaded_journals/j19-journal.pdf"><i>13. <i>The 20th Century Japanese Writing System: Reform and Change.</i></i></a> (PDF; 629 kB) <i>Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society 1995/2 J19.</i> In: <i>spellingsociety.org.</i> The English Spelling Society, 1995, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">S. 39</span><span style="display:none">;</span><span class="Abrufdatum" style="display:none"> abgerufen am 6. Dezember 2022</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASchriftreform+in+Japan&rft.title=13.+%27%27The+20th+Century+Japanese+Writing+System%3A+Reform+and+Change.%27%27&rft.description=13.+%27%27The+20th+Century+Japanese+Writing+System%3A+Reform+and+Change.%27%27&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spellingsociety.org%2Fuploaded_journals%2Fj19-journal.pdf&rft.creator=Christopher+Seeley&rft.publisher=The+English+Spelling+Society&rft.date=1995&rft.language=en"> </span></li> </ul></li> <li><b>Computerprogramme:</b> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ltool.net/japanese-new-kanji-characters-to-old-converter-in-english.php">Online-Konverter – Von Shinjitai in Kyūjitai.</a> In: ltool.net (englisch)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pypi.org/project/kyujipy/">Offline-Konverter – Von Shinjitai in Kyūjitai.</a> In: pypi.org (englisch)</li> </ul></li> </ul> </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Abgerufen von „<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DSchriftreform_in_Japan%26oldid%3D246177063">https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schriftreform_in_Japan&oldid=246177063</a>“ </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Schriftreform_in_Japan&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Sailorsfriend" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1719234295"> <span>Zuletzt bearbeitet am 24. 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