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0 0 2px ButtonText; box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px ButtonText; } } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button { width: 29px; height: 29px; display: block; padding: 0; outline: none; border: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button + button { border-top: 1px solid #ddd; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50%; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-color: transparent; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button + button { border-top: 1px solid ButtonText; } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button::-moz-focus-inner { border: 0; padding: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled { cursor: not-allowed; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { opacity: .25; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:not(:disabled):hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:focus-visible { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:not(:focus-visible) { -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:first-child { border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:last-child { border-radius: 0 0 4px 4px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:only-child { border-radius: inherit; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23999'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23aaa'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-waiting .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { -webkit-animation: mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite; animation: mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23999'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23666'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); } to { -webkit-transform: rotate(1turn); } } @keyframes mapboxgl-spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } to { -webkit-transform: rotate(1turn); transform: rotate(1turn); } } a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { width: 88px; height: 23px; margin: 0 0 -4px -4px; display: block; background-repeat: no-repeat; cursor: pointer; overflow: hidden; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 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0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg opacity='.3' stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20210907102346im_/https://www.bbc.com/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg opacity='.9' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo.mapboxgl-compact { width: 23px; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { background-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 0-2.32-1.9-4.17-4.27-4.17zM60.63 5c.13 0 .23.1.23.23v3.76c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 1.88 0 3.45 1.4 3.84 3.28.13.59.13 1.2 0 1.8-.39 1.88-1.96 3.29-3.84 3.29-1.03 0-2.02-.43-2.73-1.18v.77c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V5.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-34 11h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23V8.22c.01-.13.1-.22.23-.22h1.4c.13 0 .22.11.23.22v.68c.5-.68 1.3-1.09 2.16-1.1h.03c1.09 0 2.09.6 2.6 1.55.45-.95 1.4-1.55 2.44-1.56 1.62 0 2.93 1.25 2.9 2.78l.03 5.2c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.8 0-1.46.7-1.59 1.62l.01 4.68c0 .13-.11.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20210907102346im_/https://www.bbc.com/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 0-2.32-1.9-4.17-4.27-4.17zM60.63 5c.13 0 .23.1.23.23v3.76c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 1.88 0 3.45 1.4 3.84 3.28.13.59.13 1.2 0 1.8-.39 1.88-1.96 3.29-3.84 3.29-1.03 0-2.02-.43-2.73-1.18v.77c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V5.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-34 11h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23V8.22c.01-.13.1-.22.23-.22h1.4c.13 0 .22.11.23.22v.68c.5-.68 1.3-1.09 2.16-1.1h.03c1.09 0 2.09.6 2.6 1.55.45-.95 1.4-1.55 2.44-1.56 1.62 0 2.93 1.25 2.9 2.78l.03 5.2c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.8 0-1.46.7-1.59 1.62l.01 4.68c0 .13-.11.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 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.mapboxgl-ctrl.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib { padding: 0 5px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); margin: 0; } @media screen { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact { min-height: 20px; padding: 0; margin: 10px; position: relative; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 3px 12px 12px 3px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover { padding: 2px 24px 2px 4px; visibility: visible; margin-top: 6px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover { padding: 2px 4px 2px 24px; border-radius: 12px 3px 3px 12px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib-inner { display: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib-inner { display: block; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { content: ""; cursor: pointer; position: absolute; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); width: 24px; height: 24px; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 12px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { bottom: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { top: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { top: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { bottom: 0; left: 0; } } @media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib a { color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); text-decoration: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib a:hover { color: inherit; text-decoration: underline; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib .mapbox-improve-map { font-weight: 700; margin-left: 2px; } .mapboxgl-attrib-empty { display: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-scale { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75); font-size: 10px; border: 2px solid #333; border-top: #333; padding: 0 5px; color: #333; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .mapboxgl-popup { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; will-change: transform; pointer-events: none; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right { -ms-flex-direction: column-reverse; flex-direction: column-reverse; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right { -ms-flex-direction: row-reverse; flex-direction: row-reverse; } .mapboxgl-popup-tip { width: 0; height: 0; border: 10px solid transparent; z-index: 1; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-top: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: start; align-self: flex-start; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-bottom: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: start; align-self: flex-start; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-left: none; border-right-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-right: none; border-left-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-close-button { position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; border: 0; border-radius: 0 3px 0 0; cursor: pointer; background-color: transparent; } .mapboxgl-popup-close-button:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .mapboxgl-popup-content { position: relative; background: #fff; border-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: 10px 10px 15px; pointer-events: auto; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-top-left-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-top-right-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-bottom-left-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-bottom-right-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: none; } .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer * { pointer-events: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .mapboxgl-map:hover .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .mapboxgl-map:active .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: none; } .mapboxgl-marker { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; will-change: transform; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot, .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before { background-color: #1da1f2; width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 50%; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before { content: ""; position: absolute; -webkit-animation: mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite; animation: mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:after { border-radius: 50%; border: 2px solid #fff; content: ""; height: 19px; left: -2px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 19px; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); } @-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 70% { -webkit-transform: scale(3); opacity: 0; } to { -webkit-transform: scale(1); opacity: 0; } } @keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 70% { -webkit-transform: scale(3); transform: scale(3); opacity: 0; } to { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 0; } } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale { background-color: #aaa; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale:after { display: none; } .mapboxgl-user-location-accuracy-circle { background-color: rgba(29, 161, 242, 0.2); width: 1px; height: 1px; border-radius: 100%; } .mapboxgl-crosshair, .mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive, .mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive:active { cursor: crosshair; } .mapboxgl-boxzoom { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 0; height: 0; background: #fff; border: 2px dotted #202020; opacity: .5; } @media print { .mapbox-improve-map { display: none; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .partner-module { border-bottom: 1px solid #472479; border-top: 0; } .partner-module__link, .partner-module__link:visited { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; padding: 0; text-decoration: none; } .partner-module__link:hover { background-color: #f5f5f5; } .partner-module__heading { display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: 16px 0; } .partner-module__partner-name { font-weight: bold; } .partner-module__partner-logo { display: block; height: 31px; margin: 12px 0; margin-left: 17px; width: 88px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .uppercase-label { color: #8f8d8d; font-size: 12px; font-style: condensed; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .uppercase-label--small { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 14px; margin: 0; } .uppercase-label--medium { font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--reith-condensed { font-weight: 400; } .uppercase-label--white { color: #ebebeb; } .uppercase-label--light-grey { color: #999; } .uppercase-label--dark-grey { color: #444; } .uppercase-label--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--true-white { color: #fff; text-shadow: 0 1px 1px #193e6d; } .uppercase-label--arial { font-family: Arial; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .author-unit { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; } .author-unit--small-mobile { line-height: 30px; } .author-unit .author-unit__container { color: #4a4a4a; margin: 0 auto; } .author-unit .author-unit__container--desktop { margin: 0; } .author-unit__container { -ms-flex-align: baseline; align-items: baseline; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 10px 0; } .author-unit__text { font-style: italic; font-weight: 600; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none; } .author-unit__icon { color: #6a6a6a; padding-right: 14px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: 1px; } .author-unit__icon:hover { color: #00bbf2; } .label-with-line { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .label-with-line__label { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .body-text-card-inline-video { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-video { height: 100%; } .inline-video__container { position: relative; } .inline-video__border-line { padding: 0 10px; } .inline-video .play-button__inline-video { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; z-index: 1000; } .inline-video__smp { background-color: #000; padding-bottom: 56.25%; } .inline-video__smp--loaded { background-color: unset; padding-bottom: unset; } .inline-video__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin: 0 10px 0 3%; padding: 20px 0 12px; } .inline-video__description--desktop { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); margin: 0 18px; padding: 28px 0 18px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } .spinner { fill: #444; } .spinner__image { -webkit-animation: spin 1s linear infinite; animation: spin 1s linear infinite; } .spinner--worklife { fill: #8beed9; } .spinner--future { fill: #ffc857; } .spinner--culture { fill: #472479; } .spinner--travel { fill: #002856; } .spinner--earth { fill: #002856; } .spinner--white { fill: #fff; } .spinner--audio { height: 32px; width: 32px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-image__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); font-style: italic; margin: 0 10px; padding: 20px 0 12px; } .inline-image__description--desktop { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); margin: 0 18px; padding: 20px 0 18px; } .inline-image img { border-radius: 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-quote { border-left: 3px solid #575757; color: #575757; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0; padding-left: 22px; } .inline-quote--worklife { border-left: 3px solid #8beed9; } .inline-quote--future { border-left: 3px solid #ffc857; } .inline-quote--culture { border-left: 3px solid #472479; } .inline-quote--earth { border-left: 3px solid #002856; } .inline-quote h2 { font-weight: 300; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-audio-player { background: none; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div { /* CreateSMPAudio */ display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div { height: 50px; position: relative; /* stylelint-disable-next-line selector-max-compound-selectors */ } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div > div { padding: 0 !important; } .inline-audio-player__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-holder { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #ededed; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-right: 8px; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising * { cursor: initial; pointer-events: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising button { opacity: 0.6; } .inline-audio-player__text { background: none; border: 0; color: #222; cursor: pointer; font-size: 18px; height: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; outline: inherit; padding: 0; } .inline-audio-player__text--offline { cursor: default; pointer-events: none; } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player__inner-arrow { color: #4d4d49; font-size: 10px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button { background-color: transparent; border: 0; margin-left: auto; outline: none; -webkit-transition: all 0.5s ease; transition: all 0.5s ease; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button__open { -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg); transform: rotate(180deg); } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player__hidden { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container { background-color: #ededed; color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 1rem; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container__hide { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .inline-audio-player__line { margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player .previous-media-button { height: 50px; margin-right: 1px; width: 50px; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .copyright__text { color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .copyright__text { margin-top: 12px; } } .content-embed { width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-video { height: 100%; position: relative; } .article-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-video__overlay { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; left: 50%; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 1500; } .article-video__label { margin-bottom: 16px; } .article-video__image { bottom: 0; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__image--hide { opacity: 0; } .article-video__playercore { display: block; } .article-video__playercore--mobile { display: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__playercore--show { display: block; } .article-video--bordered { border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; } .infographic-embed__frame { width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 180px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .hero-video__video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 80%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; width: 80%; z-index: 2; } .hero-video__video--desktop { left: 0; top: 65px; width: 71.5% !important; } .hero-video__video--mobile { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .hero-video__video--small-desktop { height: 70%; left: 0; top: 78px; width: 67%; } .hero-video--small-desktop, .hero-video--desktop { display: block; height: 720px; } .hero-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; -webkit-filter: brightness(40%); filter: brightness(40%); } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .hero-video img { opacity: 0.5; } } .hero-video--mobile { height: 280px; } .hero-video--medium-mobile { height: 430px; } .hero-video--tablet { height: 574px; } .hero-video--tablet .hero-video__video { margin-bottom: 10px; } .hero-video__play-button { position: absolute; z-index: 100; } .hero-video__video div div { position: inherit !important; position: unset !important; } .share-tools-popout { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 30px 0 20px; position: relative; width: 300px; } .share-tools-popout__text { color: #444; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 18px 18px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .share-tools-popout__url-container { padding: 0 18px; width: 100%; } .share-tools-popout__articleurl { border: 1px solid #979797; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a39f9f; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding: 12px 10px; text-align: center; width: 262px; } .share-tools-popout__close { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; right: 8px; top: 20px; } .share-tools-popout__close:hover .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #888; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #000; font-size: 16px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 40px; position: absolute; top: -7px; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 12px; } .share-tools-popout__tools { margin-bottom: 13px; } .share-tools-popout__details { -ms-flex-item-align: normal; -ms-grid-row-align: normal; align-self: normal; color: #444; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; max-width: 180px; padding-left: 14px; } .share-tools-popout__copied, .share-tools-popout__copy { background-color: #000; border: unset; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 12px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; width: 110px; } .share-tools-popout__copy:hover { background-color: #555; } .share-tools-popout__copied .gelicon--yes { color: #ff9700; margin-left: 8px; } .share-button-with-popout { position: relative; z-index: 9999; } .share-button-with-popout__popout { max-width: 330px; padding-right: 8px; position: absolute; top: 53px; width: 100%; } .share-button-with-popout__popout--desktop { width: auto; } .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-end__share-tools { margin-bottom: 0; } .article-end--tablet .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 36px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 44px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-bottom: 50px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share { margin-top: 0; } .article-end__share { margin-top: 5px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-share-tools a, .article-share-tools button { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 52px; margin-right: 2px; width: 52px; } .article-share-tools--dark a, .article-share-tools--dark button { color: #444; height: 54px; width: 54px; } .article-share-tools--dark a svg, .article-share-tools--dark button svg { stroke: #444; } .article-share-tools a:hover, .article-share-tools button:hover { background-color: #fff; } .article-share-tools .facebook-icon:hover { color: #3b5898; } .article-share-tools .email-icon:hover { color: #615f5d; } .article-share-tools .twitter-icon:hover { color: #47c7fa; } .article-share-tools .linkedin-icon:hover { color: #0077b5; } .article-share-tools .whatsapp-icon:hover { color: #25d366; } .article-share-tools .facebook-messenger { color: #0184ff; } .article-share-tools .ticked-icon { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; font-size: 11px; margin-right: 2px; padding: 3px; } .article-share-tools--popout > *, .article-share-tools--popout a { color: #020203; margin-bottom: 3px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .domestic-disclaimer { background-color: #333; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__content { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 990px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop-small { max-width: 976px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop { max-width: 1248px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; margin: auto; padding: 8px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--tablet { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 16px 54px 16px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--desktop { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 0; max-width: 890px; padding: 14px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 16px 0 0; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button--desktop { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon--desktop { font-size: 22px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-text__text { background-color: #fff; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); margin: 0 8px; opacity: 0.95; padding: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 3; } .section-header-text__text--no-margin { margin: 0; } .section-header-text__ad { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0 8px 8px; position: relative; top: unset; } .section-header-text__ad--desktop { margin: 0 0 8px; } .section-header-text__title { display: inline-block; } .section-header-text__title--large-margin { margin: 0 40px 16px 0; } .section-header-text__title--premium { border: 1.78px solid; padding: 8px; } .section-header-text__title-content { color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; } .section-header-text__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; } .section-header-text__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .section-header-text__description { color: #555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; } .section-header-text__description--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-unit { max-width: 1280px; position: relative; } .section-header-unit--tablet { height: 320px; } .section-header-unit--desktop { border-radius: 4px; height: 320px; overflow: hidden; } .section-header-unit__image { height: 320px; max-height: 320px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .section-header-unit__image img { left: 50%; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .section-header-unit__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__content { position: relative; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .section-header-unit__content--desktop { bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; max-width: 420px; position: absolute; right: 32px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .section-header-unit__content--advert { -webkit-transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); /* - half the height of the advert so the text is still centered. */ } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .label-list { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; position: relative; } .label-list__line { width: 100%; } .label-list__content { margin: 30px 0 0 16px; width: 100%; } .label-list__content--tablet { margin: 34px 0 0 38px; } .label-list__content--desktop { margin: 42px 0 0 32px; } .label-list__list-item { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .label-list__link { color: #444; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-decoration: none; } .label-list__link:hover { color: #adadad; } .label-list__link--large { font-size: 22px; line-height: 29px; } .label-list__link:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 8px; } .label-list__link--large:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 12px; } .label-list__list-items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 36px; } .label-list__list-items--tablet { margin-top: 52px; } .label-list__list-items--desktop { margin-top: 46px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .offline-reading { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .offline-reading__header { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 16px; max-width: 220px; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__header--desktop { font-size: 18px; max-width: 460px; } .offline-reading__buttons { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__buttons--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .offline-reading__top-stories { margin-bottom: 24px; } .offline-reading__top-stories--desktop { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .offline-reading__icon { display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 24px; width: 120px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-image { background-size: cover; height: 74px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 132px; } .rectangle-image img { height: 100%; left: 50%; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: auto; } .rectangle-image--small { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 32px; width: 56px; } .rectangle-image--large { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 162px; width: 288px; } .rectangle-image--medium { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 126px; width: 222px; } .rectangle-image--full-screen { padding-top: 56.25%; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image img { -webkit-transition: all 0.4s ease; transition: all 0.4s ease; } .rectangle-image__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .rectangle-image:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-image:hover img { height: 108%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 288px; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image img { height: 108%; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container { position: relative; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item--tablet { width: 222px; } .rectangle-story-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1 auto; flex: 1 1 auto; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 3px; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__line { display: block; margin: 16px 0; } .rectangle-story-item__author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; bottom: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; height: 44px; line-height: 44px; position: absolute; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.4s ease; transition: 0.4s ease; width: 44px; } .rectangle-story-item__title--white, .rectangle-story-item__author--white, .rectangle-story-item__label--white { color: #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white:hover { border-bottom: 0; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; } .rectangle-article-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-article-group--tablet, .rectangle-article-group--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .rectangle-article-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-top: 12px; } .rectangle-article-group__article--tablet { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .rectangle-article-group__article--desktop { padding: 0 24px 0 0; } .fake-ad { -ms-flex-line-pack: center; align-content: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #f6f6f6; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding: 8px; } .fake-ad__body { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #5ae9cb; color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .fake-ad__text { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; color: #444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__body { height: 320px; width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__text { width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 50px; width: 300px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 300px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 90px; width: 728px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 728px; } .body-text-card-inline-image { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .body-text-card { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; } .body-text-card__image, .body-text-card__video { margin: 24px 0; } .body-text-card__text { display: block; } .body-text-card__advert { margin: 20px 0; } .body-text-card__text div a { cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .body-text-card__text a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .body-text-card__text > div > p { margin: 0 20px 16px; } .body-text-card__text > div > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } .body-text-card__drop-capped { float: left; margin: 0 8px 0 20px; padding-top: 6px; } .body-text-card__text--drop-capped p:first-of-type::first-letter { color: transparent; font-size: 0; } .body-text-card__text--flush-text > div > p { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } .body-text-card__text--future div a:visited { color: #666; } .body-text-card__text--future div a { color: #002856; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #002856; text-decoration-color: #002856; } .body-text-card__text--travel div a { color: #589e50; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #589e50; text-decoration-color: #589e50; } .body-text-card__text--worklife div a { color: #0052a1; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0052a1; text-decoration-color: #0052a1; } .body-text-card__text--earth div a { color: #0fbb56; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; } .body-text-card__text--culture div a { color: #472479; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #472479; text-decoration-color: #472479; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .branding { -webkit-box-sizing: content-box !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; display: inline-block; height: 24px; padding: 12px 16px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon { display: inline-block; height: 24px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon g { fill: #fff; } .branding--medium { padding: 16px; } .branding--large { padding: 16px 24px; } .branding--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .branding--future { background-color: #002856; } .branding--culture { background-color: #472479; } .branding--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .branding--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .branding--travel svg, .branding--earth svg, .branding--culture svg, .branding--future svg, .branding--worklife svg { height: 24px; } .branding--small, .branding--small svg { height: 17px; } .branding__icon--medium, .branding--medium, .branding--medium svg { height: 22px; } .branding__icon--large, .branding--large, .branding--large svg { height: 24px; } .branding__icon--largest, .branding--largest, .branding--largest svg { height: 32px; } .branding__icon--small, .branding--travel .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--earth .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--culture .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--future .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--worklife .branding__icon--small svg { height: 17px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .swimlane-inner { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 100%; display: block; padding: 24px 16px; } .swimlane-inner--small { padding: 24px 8px; } .swimlane-inner--tablet { padding: 28px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--small-desktop { padding: 30px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--desktop { padding: 38px 16px 42px; } .swimlane { overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 0; } .swimlane__black { background-color: #0e0e0e; } .swimlane__background-image { height: 500px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 915px; z-index: -1; } .swimlane__background-image--mobile { height: 181px; width: 320px; } .swimlane__background-image--tablet { height: 421px; width: 752px; } .swimlane__background-image--desktop { height: 500px; width: 915px; } .swimlane__background-image--atb { background-color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8); background-size: cover; height: 100%; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item { margin: 0 0 25px; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item--desktop { margin: 0; } .swimlane__item--tablet { margin: 0 16px 25px 0; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 3); } .swimlane__item--tablet:nth-of-type(3n + 3) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__item--two-columns { margin-right: 0 !important; max-width: 572px; width: 50%; } .swimlane__item--four-columns { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-right: 16px; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 4); } .swimlane__item--four-columns:nth-of-type(4n + 4) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 24px; text-align: left; } .swimlane__items--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-top: 42px; } .swimlane__items--small-desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--tablet { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--no-title { margin-top: 0; } .swimlane__content { margin: auto; max-width: 942px; text-align: center; } .swimlane__content--desktop { max-width: 1216px; } .swimlane__title { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .swimlane__title--black { color: #010101; font-weight: 400; } .see-more-button-container-alt { color: #0e0e0e; } .follow-us-on { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .follow-us-on__text { color: #fff; font-size: 16px; font-style: condensed; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .follow-us-on__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .follow-us-on__link:first-child { margin-right: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-bar { background-color: #fff; } .nav-bar__hidden-menu { display: none; } .nav-bar__visible-menu { display: block; } .nav-bar__no-scroll { max-height: 100vh; overflow: hidden; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .dot-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .dot-with-label__text { padding-left: 8px; } .dot-with-label__text a { text-decoration: none; } .dot-with-label__text:hover h2 { color: #adadad; } .sponsor-section { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; max-width: 530px; } .sponsor-section--menu { padding: 20px 0 16px 24px; } .sponsor-section__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; } .sponsor-section__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .sponsor-section__sponsor { color: #fff; padding-right: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0; white-space: nowrap; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--mobile { padding-bottom: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu { color: #fff; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu-desktop { font-size: 32px; } .sponsor-section__summary { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-top: 16px; } .sponsor-section__advert { display: inline-block; } .icon-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .icon-with-label__icon { padding-right: 10px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .more-articles-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles-item__link { text-decoration: none; } .more-articles-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; } .more-articles-item__label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 8px; } .more-articles-item__type { margin-right: 16px; position: relative; } .more-articles-item__icon { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 8px; } .more-articles-item__text { color: #fff; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; padding: 0; position: relative; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .more-articles-item__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .more-articles-item__text--large { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 30px; line-height: 37px; } .more-articles-item__container--column { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .more-articles-item__image-container { position: relative; } .more-articles-item--two-columns { margin-right: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--desktop { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--tablet { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__link:hover .more-articles-item__text { color: #adadad; } .full-width-image-article { width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__container { min-height: 325px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .full-width-image-article__container--desktop { min-height: 400px; } .full-width-image-article__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #fff; left: 50%; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__label { display: inline-block; font-size: 14.4px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header--desktop { font-size: 33.6px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author { font-size: 16.6px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.13px; line-height: 42px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 28px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author--desktop { margin-top: 32px; } .full-width-image-article__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__link { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .more-articles { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-transition: background-image 0.4s; transition: background-image 0.4s; } .more-articles__heading { display: inline-block; margin: auto; max-width: 1272px; padding: 20px 0 0 16px; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__stories { margin: 10px 16px 42px; max-width: 1232px; padding: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 4; } .more-articles__stories--small { padding: 0; } .more-articles__stories--tablet { margin: 24px 16px 72px; max-width: 1216px; } .more-articles__stories--desktop { margin: 56px 48px 92px; max-width: 1152px; } .more-articles__story-container:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 16px; } .more-articles__line { opacity: 0.3; padding-top: 16px; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__image-overlay { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.3); bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } .more-articles__image { opacity: 0; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .more-articles__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .more-articles__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--visible { opacity: 1; } .more-articles__story--two-columns, .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 16px; width: 310px; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(even) .more-articles__story--two-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(3n + 3) .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns, .more-articles__stories--three-columns { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 16px; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns .more-articles-item__link, .more-articles__stories--three-columns .more-articles-item__link { pointer-events: all; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50%; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns:nth-child(2) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 33%; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns:nth-child(-n + 3) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__heading--small { padding: 20px 0 0 8px; } .more-articles__heading--desktop { max-width: 1264px; padding: 38px 0 0 16px; } .more-articles__heading--tablet { max-width: 1264px; padding: 24px 0 0 16px; } .most-popular { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .most-popular__inner { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 894px; padding: 45px 24px 21px; } .most-popular__inner--desktop { padding: 47px 0 86px; } .most-popular__header { color: #010101; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular__items { display: block; } .most-popular__items--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 57px; } .most-popular-item { box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 33px; } .most-popular-item:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 42px; } .most-popular-item--desktop { padding: 0 20px; width: calc(33.333%); } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 2) { -ms-flex-order: 2; order: 2; padding: 38px 20px; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 3) { -ms-flex-order: 3; order: 3; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(n+4) { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; } .most-popular-item--desktop:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .most-popular-item a { text-decoration: none; } .most-popular-item__content { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 5px; } .most-popular-item__number { color: #cbcbcb; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 32px; margin: 0 20px 0 0; width: 25px; } .most-popular-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 0 45px; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular-item__title { color: #2e2e2ecc; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.17px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; } .most-popular-item__title--desktop { font-size: 16px; } .StickyElementContent { -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s, -webkit-transform 0.5s; } .StickyElementContent--is-undocked { left: 0; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100%; } .StickyElementContent--is-hidden { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-page-header { position: relative; } .error-page-header__headers { margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .error-page-header__headers--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page-header__description { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; } .error-page-header__play-icon { margin-right: 16px; } .error-page-header__play-icon button { color: #adadad; } .error-page-header__dot-label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .styled-list__item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .styled-list__item:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 8px; } .styled-list__item a { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .styled-list__item--worklife a { color: #8beed9; } .styled-list__item--future a { color: #ffc857; } .styled-list__item--culture a { color: #472479; } .styled-list__item--earth a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__item--travel a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__text { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-left: 20px; } .styled-list__dot { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 8px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .image-gallery-item { margin: 26px 0; } .image-gallery-item img { height: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -42%; width: 142%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -55%; width: 155%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin: 20px 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { max-height: 507px; min-height: 463px; } @media (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 768px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { min-height: 818px; } } .error-page { position: relative; } .error-page__container { margin-bottom: 16px; } .error-page__container--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page__title { margin-bottom: 12px; } .error-page__title--desktop { margin-bottom: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-labels { font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-labels a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none; } .article-labels__text:first-child { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin: auto; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--small-tablet { -ms-flex-pack: unset; justify-content: unset; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen { display: block; } .rectangle-story-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-left: 18px; padding-top: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--tablet { padding-left: 20px; padding-top: 22px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop { padding-left: 22px; padding-top: 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop:first-of-type { padding-left: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-tablet { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; width: 50%; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen { display: block; padding: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen:first-of-type { padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop { padding-left: 10px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop:last-of-type { padding-right: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__articles-container { margin: auto; max-width: 950px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 16px 16px 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--desktop { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; display: block; padding: 0 0 0 16px; padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--small-desktop { display: block; padding: 0 0 0 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-title-card-rectangle { width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image:hover .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { opacity: 1; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease, -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; width: 100%; will-change: transform; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .article-title-card-rectangle__image { margin-right: 40px; max-height: 390px; max-width: 620px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: auto; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image img { display: block; min-height: 194px; min-width: 344px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop { margin-right: 0; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet img, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop img { width: 110%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--preview-article { margin-right: 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--index { margin-right: 0; max-width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--preview-article { margin-right: 8px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--index { -ms-flex-align: initial; align-items: initial; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box { background-color: #fff; margin-left: 40px; padding: 16px 22px 0; position: relative; top: -22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife:hover, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index { color: #000; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: -0.53px; line-height: 30px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--tablet { font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.74px; line-height: 44px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--desktop { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 44px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header { color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 12px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--tablet { font-size: 26px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--index { color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.12px; line-height: 31px; margin-top: 4px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 8px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet { margin: 14px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { left: -40px; margin: 0; padding: 40px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet { padding: 35px 22px 22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index { left: 0; margin-right: 40px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--tablet { margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px; padding: 30px 36px 0; top: -80px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--desktop { margin-left: 50px; max-width: 560px; top: -88px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__link { color: #000; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container { display: block; max-width: 252px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop { max-width: 320px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-container { color: #4d4d4d; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-text { display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 27px; max-width: 396px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__read-more { display: inline-block; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 4px; margin: 25px 16px 0 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-title-card-rectangle__arrow { color: #bababa; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(-90deg); transform: rotate(-90deg); } .article-headline { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 43px 0; } .article-headline .article-labels { text-align: center; } .article-headline__line--short { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline--largeTablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--tablet { padding: 31px 0; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; margin: 0 15px 23px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile { padding: 20px 0; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__text { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.63px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline__collection a { color: #242424; } .article-headline__text { font-size: 45px; letter-spacing: -1.26px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 44px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .loading-spinner { margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } .loading-spinner__message { color: #002756; display: block; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: bold; margin: 12px 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .loading-spinner__image { display: block; margin: 0 auto; width: 48px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 900px; position: relative; } .hero-image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; } .hero-image img { height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-hero { height: 672px; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 100%; } .article-hero--small-mobile { height: 373px; } .article-hero--mobile { height: 486px; } .article-hero--small-tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 15px 0; } .article-hero__content { margin: auto; max-width: 1004px; pointer-events: none; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .article-hero--desktop { height: 573px; } .article-hero--desktop .article-hero__content { padding: 50px 30px 0; } .article-hero--large-desktop .article-hero__content { max-width: 1276px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 10px 0; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-title { font-size: 24px; line-height: 30px; max-width: 220px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-line { margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-labels { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta { line-height: 22px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta a { letter-spacing: 3px; } .article-hero__ambient-hidden { display: none; } .article-hero__background-ambient { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; z-index: -1; } .article-hero__background::after { background-image: linear-gradient(-63deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06) 24%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 51%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32) 67%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.51) 100%); content: ''; height: 100%; left: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background--parallax img { -webkit-transform: scale(1.1); transform: scale(1.1); } .article-hero a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .article-hero__content-cta { clear: both; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 4px; line-height: 20px; max-width: 170px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); text-transform: uppercase; } .article-hero__content-cta a { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; letter-spacing: 4px; } .article-hero__content-labels { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px; pointer-events: all; } .article-hero__content-line { background-color: #fff; border: 0; display: block; float: left; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 300px; margin-top: 25px; width: 120px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow { position: relative; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::before { background: #fff; content: ''; height: 2px; left: 5px; margin-top: -1px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease; width: 20px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::after { border-right: 2px solid #fff; border-top: 2px solid #fff; content: ''; display: inline-block; height: 10px; left: 16px; margin-top: 5px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 10px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::before { opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::after { margin-top: 6px; opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow img { height: 11px; margin-left: 10px; width: 19px; } .article-hero__content-title { color: #fff; font-size: 50px; line-height: 54px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 450px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.7); } .article-hero__content-title a { letter-spacing: -1.32px; } .article-hero__title-text { display: inline; } .article-hero__content-title > a:hover > div, .article-hero__content-subtitle > a:hover { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(100%, currentColor), color-stop(0%, transparent)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, currentColor 100%, transparent 0%); background-position: 0 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 100% 2px; } .article-hero__content-subtitle { clear: both; color: #fff; font-size: 23px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 440px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.5); } .article-hero__content-subtitle a { letter-spacing: -1px; } .article-hero__content-title--small { font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px; } .article-hero__content-title--tablet { clear: both; font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 42px; max-width: 264px; } .article-hero__content-title--small a { letter-spacing: -0.63px; } .article-hero__down-arrow { background-color: transparent; border: 0; bottom: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; left: calc(50% - 29px); margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: scale(0.5); transform: scale(0.5); } .see-more-button-container { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable */ @media screen and (min-width: 1000px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 900px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 601px) and (max-width: 999px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 600px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 600px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 300px; } } .related-articles { position: relative; } .related-articles__header { text-align: center; background-color: #000; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 8px; text-transform: uppercase; } .related-articles__header--bright { margin: 20px 0 1.15ex; font-size: 13px; background-color: #d8d8d8; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 3; } .related-articles__list { list-style: none; padding: 0 0 1.5ex 0; margin: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; /* .with-numbers */ } .related-articles__list li { -ms-flex-preferred-size: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row nowrap; flex-flow: row nowrap; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; -ms-flex-line-pack: stretch; align-content: stretch; } .related-articles__list li > div { -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers { counter-reset: related-numbers; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); margin: 0 35px; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers li::before { counter-increment: related-numbers; content: counter(related-numbers); font-weight: bold; font-size: 40px; -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; line-height: 1.85; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18); -ms-flex: 0.1 0.1; flex: 0.1 0.1; -ms-flex-preferred-size: 1ex; flex-basis: 1ex; padding-right: 1ex; text-align: center; display: block; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers li { margin-bottom: 10px; } .related-articles--wide-layout { background-color: initial; margin-top: 20px; } ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide) li { max-width: 100%; } ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide).with-borders li:not(:last-of-type) { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } ul.related-articles__list.list-wide li { max-width: 49.8%; } ul.related-articles__list.list-wide.with-borders li { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } .related-article { -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row nowrap; flex-flow: row nowrap; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; min-height: 90px; } .related-article__image { width: calc(90px + 0.5ex); -ms-flex: 0.3 0.3; flex: 0.3 0.3; min-width: 90px; max-width: calc(90px + 0.5ex); margin: 0; display: block; line-height: 0; -ms-flex-order: -1; order: -1; } .related-article__image img { width: 100%; border: 0; margin: 0 12px 0 0; } .related-article__text { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: column nowrap; flex-flow: column nowrap; width: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-line-pack: start; align-content: flex-start; position: relative; padding: 12px 6px 12px 0; line-height: 1.5; } .related-article__text a { width: 100%; padding-left: 12px; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; text-decoration: none; } .related-article__text a + a { margin-top: 1ex; } .related-article__text br { display: none; } .related-article__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); letter-spacing: -0.01em; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; } .related-article__title:hover { color: #2e2e2e; } .related-article__collection { display: block; color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.5px; line-height: 1.2; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .related-article__collection span { display: none; } .related-articles__list.square-images .related-article { margin: 0.75ex 0; } .related-articles__list.square-images .related-article:hover { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .related-articles__list.square-images.list-wide .related-article { margin: 1.25ex 1.75ex; } .related-articles__list.round-images a:hover { color: #000; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article { margin: 1.25ex 1.75ex; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__title { padding-left: 10px; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image { width: calc(90px + 15px); max-width: calc(90px + 15px); margin: 0; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image img { border-radius: 50%; } .related-articles__list.round-images.list-wide .related-article { margin: 1.75ex 1.75ex; } .vertical-story-card-item { cursor: pointer; font-family: 'ReithSans'; height: 456px; margin: 20px 10px; position: relative; width: 297px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-story-card-item { width: 276px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .vertical-story-card-item { width: 276px; } } .vertical-story-card-item img { width: 100%; } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box { background-color: #fff; bottom: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 5px #d8d8d8; box-shadow: 0 0 5px #d8d8d8; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 111px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: absolute; right: 0; width: 275px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-story-card-item__content-box { width: 261px; } } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box h1 { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px; text-transform: uppercase; } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box h2 { color: #3d3d3d; font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.06px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button__inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: linear 0.6s; transition: linear 0.6s; } .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; -webkit-transition: linear 0.3s; transition: linear 0.3s; } .see-more-button__inner-text { margin-right: 24px; } .see-more-button__inner:hover { color: #4a4a4a; } .see-more-button__inner:hover .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #4a4a4a; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .vertical-story-group { font-family: 'ReithSans'; position: relative; } .vertical-story-group img { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-container { height: 370px; position: relative; width: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-container img { height: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-mask { background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))); background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)); bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container { color: #fff; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 80px; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container { top: 120px; } } .vertical-story-group__heading-container button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container h1 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; margin-bottom: 20px; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container h2 { font-size: 2.1rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 65px; width: 70%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape h1 { color: #fff; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.95px; margin: 0; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; height: 60px; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 260px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button { margin-top: 50px; } } .vertical-story-group__container { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; grid-auto-rows: minmax(auto, auto); grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(290px, 310px)); height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; justify-items: center; margin-top: -210px; width: 100%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__container { margin-top: -120px; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .mapContainer .mapTitle { background: transparent; color: #fff; display: block; font-family: 'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 1.1875em; margin-top: 2%; min-width: 25%; padding: 2%; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 0.375em; position: relative; text-align: center; z-index: 100; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .mapTitle { font-size: 2.4em; } } .mapContainer .styled-line { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } .mapContainer button { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); border: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 60px; outline: none; padding: 2px; width: 60px; } .mapContainer button .gelicon { color: #589e50; font-size: 2.5em; vertical-align: middle; } .mapContainer button:hover { background-color: #f2f2f2; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer button { height: 50px; width: 50px; } .mapContainer button .gelicon { font-size: 2em; } } .mapContainer .navigationPanel { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 50%; max-width: 1200px; padding: 10px; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, 0); transform: translate(-50%, 0); width: 100%; } .mapContainer .zoomControls { background-color: #fff; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 3px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; box-shadow: 0 3px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; cursor: default; font-family: 'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 300px; padding: 0 !important; text-align: left; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img { width: 300px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content { max-width: 190px; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img { width: 190px; } } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { display: none !important; } .mapContainer .map-marker svg { -webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-out; transition: all 0.1s ease-out; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .map-marker svg { height: 52px; -webkit-transform: scale(0.75); transform: scale(0.75); } } .mapContainer .map-marker-active svg { -webkit-transform: scale(1.3); transform: scale(1.3); } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .map-marker-active svg { height: 52px; -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); } } .mapContainer__articleInfo { padding: 0 18px; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-vertical a { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title { font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0.725em 0; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title a { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); text-decoration: none; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title { font-size: 1.7em; } } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 1.45em 0; text-decoration: none; } .location-header { font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .temperature-switcher { background: transparent; border: 0; cursor: pointer; } .temperature-switcher__degrees { font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; } .temperature-switcher__degrees--active { font-weight: bold; } .day { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #959595; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .day__current-day { color: #4b4b4b; } .day__name { font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .day__symbol { display: block; height: 50px; margin: 7px 0 5px; width: 70px; } .day__symbol--desktop { height: 80px; width: 80px; } .day__temp { font-size: 20px; line-height: 32px; } .day__temp--desktop { font-size: 24px; } .day__degree::after { content: '\00B0'; } .weather__day-break { border-right: 1px solid #dcdcdc; display: block; height: 50px; } .weather__day-break--desktop { height: 80px; } .weather__days { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .weather__degrees { display: block; margin: auto; width: 141px; } .weather__degrees--desktop { margin: 0; } .weather__header-wrapper { margin-bottom: 16px; } .weather__header-wrapper--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-bottom: 28px; } .weather__header { display: block; margin: auto; width: 252px; } .weather__header--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin: auto; margin-right: calc(50% - 292px); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .beta-btn { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; line-height: 12px; padding: 0 7px; width: 66px; } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow { cursor: pointer; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(-35deg); transform: rotate(-35deg); } .beta-btn__copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin: 16px auto; max-width: 50%; } .beta-btn__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .image-card { position: relative; } .image-card img { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-card__heading-container { color: #fff; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 80px; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .image-card__heading-container button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .image-card__heading-container h1 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container h2 { font-size: 2.1rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 90%; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape__mobile { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape h1 { color: #fff; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.95px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; height: 60px; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 260px; } .destination-header { width: 100%; } .destination-header__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-height: 380px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 16px; position: relative; } .destination-header__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .destination-header__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .destination-header__text { color: #fff; font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.95px; line-height: 37.4px; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 100%; } .destination-header__text a { color: #fff; font-weight: 300; text-decoration: none; } .destination-header__text--desktop { font-size: 36px; } .destination-header__text-container { border-bottom: solid 1px #fff; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3; padding-bottom: 17px; } .destination-header__text-container--desktop { padding-bottom: 0.75ex; } .destination-header__link-page, .destination-header__advert { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; margin-top: 20px; position: relative; text-align: center; } .destination-header__link-page span, .destination-header__advert span { display: block; width: 100%; } .destination-header__link-page--desktop, .destination-header__advert--desktop { margin-top: 40px; } .destination-header__link-page { left: 14px; margin: 0; position: absolute; text-transform: uppercase; top: 20px; } .destination-header__link-page--desktop { left: 25px; top: 36px; } .destination-header__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .destination-header a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .filter { display: inline-block; max-width: 160px; position: relative; } .filter__button { background-color: #000; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 16px; padding: 16px; width: 160px; } .filter__content { background-color: #000; display: none; position: absolute; width: 160px; z-index: 1; } .filter:focus .filter__content, .filter:hover .filter__content { display: block; } .filter__content--open { display: block; } .filter__content button { background-color: #000; border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-style: italic; padding: 12px 16px; text-decoration: none; width: 100%; } .filter__content button:hover { background-color: #494848; } .callout-box-card { background-color: #eaeaea; color: #4a4a4a; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; } .callout-box-card img { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .callout-box-card__container { padding: 0.2rem 1.5rem; } .callout-box-card__container h3 { font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin: 1rem 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .callout-box-card__container h4 { font-size: 28px; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 35px; } .callout-box-card__container .body { font-size: 16px; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.12px; line-height: 31px; } .callout-box-card__container .body a { color: #4a4a4a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button-inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; } .see-more-button-inner--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__text { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .load-more-button { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { margin-right: 16px; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .load-more-button__downarrow { color: #adadad; font-size: 22px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .load-more-button__loading .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { -webkit-animation: spin 2s linear infinite; animation: spin 2s linear infinite; } .load-more-button__downarrow:first-of-type { padding-right: 16px; } .load-more-button__downarrow:not(:first-of-type) { padding-left: 16px; } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .basic-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #adadad; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); color: #193e6d; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; height: 54px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-width: 222px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button__text { color: #444; font-family: 'BBC Reith Sans Cd'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button__text--white { color: #fff; } .basic-button__text--curious { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .basic-button__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button__text--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button::before { padding-right: 16px; } .basic-button:hover { background-color: #dedede; } .basic-button--background-light-blue:hover { background-color: #dfe8ff; } .basic-button--background-worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--background-future { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-culture { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--background-travel { background-color: #589e50; } .basic-button--background-worklife:hover { background-color: #4494e4; } .basic-button--background-future:hover { background-color: #ffc857; } .basic-button--background-culture:hover { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-travel:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--bold { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .read-more-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-weight: bold; position: relative; width: 224px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .AdFrame { display: -ms-inline-flexbox; display: inline-flex; } .AdFrame--default { background-color: #f6f6f6; } .AdFrame--dark-grey { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); } .AdFrame--centre-aligned { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-with-styled-background { height: inherit; position: relative; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background--collection { display: inline-block; width: unset; } .text-with-styled-background--center-align { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .text-with-styled-background__text { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; padding: 0 0 0 10px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__text--large { font-size: 26px; line-height: 30px; padding: 0 0 0 24px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--remove-padding { padding: 0; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__text--largest { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--future { color: #002856; } .text-with-styled-background__text--culture { color: #472479; } .text-with-styled-background__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .text-with-styled-background__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .text-with-styled-background__text--blue { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; padding: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--medium { font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--large { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container { bottom: 0; margin-left: 13px; position: absolute; width: calc(100% - 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.05); height: 26px; max-width: 240px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__line--large { bottom: -10px; height: 42px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--narrow { height: 26px; max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line--medium { bottom: -10px; height: 36px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--largest { max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--collection { width: calc(100% + 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin { margin: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__line--collection { height: 26px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .previous-media-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .previous-media-button__icon--white svg { fill: #fff; } .previous-media-button span { height: 18px; width: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-header { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-header--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--simple { font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; } .simple-header--small { font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--smallest { font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; } .simple-header--medium { font-size: 24px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--regular { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold { font-stretch: condensed; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--large { line-height: 37px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--regular { line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--white { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .play-button__inline-audio, .play-button__inline-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 49px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 49px; } .play-button__inline-audio .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video .gelicon--play { color: #ececec; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; } .play-button__inline-audio--worklife .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--worklife .gelicon--play { color: #8beed9; } .play-button__inline-audio--travel .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--travel .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio--future .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--future .gelicon--play { color: #ffc857; } .play-button__inline-audio--culture .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--culture .gelicon--play { color: #472479; } .play-button__inline-audio--earth .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--earth .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-video:hover { background-color: #ececec; } .play-button__inline-video:hover .gelicon--play { color: #000; } .play-button__inline-audio { color: #fff; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; padding: 0; width: 50px; } .play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border: 2px solid #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 80px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 80px; } .play-button:hover { color: #5ae9cb; } .play-button--white { border: 4px solid #fff; } .play-button--white:hover { color: #fff; } .play-button--white .gelicon--play { color: inherit; } .play-button--worklife { border: 2px solid #8beed9; } .play-button--worklife:hover { color: #8beed9; } .play-button--travel { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--travel:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--future { border: 2px solid #ffc857; } .play-button--future:hover { color: #ffc857; } .play-button--culture { border: 2px solid #472479; } .play-button--culture:hover { color: #472479; } .play-button--earth { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--earth:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--desktop { font-size: 30px; height: 76px; width: 76px; } .play-button--background-hover:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .error-button .gelicon--alert { color: #ececec; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-p-tag { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-p-tag--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-p-tag--medium { font-size: 27px; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; } .simple-p-tag--quote { color: #575757; } .simple-header--serif-light-italic { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-summary__text { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--blue { color: #193e6d; } .text-summary__text--black { color: #000; } .text-summary__text--grey { color: #6a6a6a; } .text-summary__text--dark-grey { color: #444; } .text-summary__text--left { text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--right { text-align: right; } .screen-reader-only { border: 0; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } .inline-html { display: block; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .drop-capped { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid #444; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; float: left; font-size: 58px; font-weight: bold; height: 84px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin: 8px 10px 4px 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: 84px; } .drop-capped--worklife { border-color: #8beed9; } .drop-capped--future { border-color: #ffc857; } .drop-capped--culture { border-color: #444; } .drop-capped--earth { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--travel { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--desktop { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-label { color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .nav-label:hover { color: #8e8e8e; } .nav-label--menu { color: #ebebeb; } .nav-label--menu:hover { color: #cecece; } .nav-label--white { color: #fff; } .nav-label--curiousSans { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav__icon { color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav:hover .close-nav__icon { color: #cecece; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .close-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-links__link { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding-right: 24px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-links__link--active p { border-bottom: 2px solid #002856; font-weight: bold; } .nav-links__link--active--menu p { border-bottom: unset; } .nav-links__link--active--worklife p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0052a1; } .nav-links__link--active--culture p { border-bottom: 2px solid #472479; } .nav-links__link--active--earth p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0fbb56; } .nav-links__link--active--travel p { border-bottom: 2px solid #589e50; } .nav-links__icon { background-color: #0052a1; bottom: 10px; height: 2px; position: absolute; width: 80px; } .nav-links__link--menu { display: block; padding-right: unset; } .nav-links__icon--menu { display: none; } .nav-links__icon--menu-tablet { width: 60px; } .nav-links__icon--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-links__icon--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-links__icon--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-links__icon--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-links__icon--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-links__link--menu p { font-size: 26px; padding: 0 0 32px 24px; } .nav-links__link--menu-desktop p { font-size: 32px; line-height: 42px; padding: 0 0 44px 100px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .burger-nav { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #0052a1; cursor: pointer; font-size: 20px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .burger-nav--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .burger-nav--future { color: #002856; } .burger-nav--culture { color: #472479; } .burger-nav--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .burger-nav--travel { color: #589e50; } .burger-nav--medium { font-size: 16px; } .burger-nav--small { font-size: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-menu { background-color: #0052a1; display: block; height: 100%; left: 0; min-height: 100vh; opacity: 0.98; overflow: auto; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100vw; } .nav-menu--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-menu--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-menu--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-menu--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-menu--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-menu__close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; padding: 16px 8px 60px; } .nav-menu__close-nav--desktop { padding: 20px 16px 70px; } .nav-menu__sponsored { background-color: rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.5); height: 100%; margin-bottom: 32px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop { margin-bottom: 44px; } .nav-menu__sponsored-container { padding: 20px 16px 16px 24px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop-container { margin: auto; max-width: 1264px; padding: 20px 16px 20px 100px; } .nav-menu__follow-us { padding: 52px 0 34px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .ad-slot { display: inline-block; } .ad-slot__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .ad-slot__label { max-width: 120px; min-width: 112px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: right; } .ad-slot--leaderboard { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .ad-slot__label--mpu, .ad-slot__label--leaderboard { margin-bottom: 8px; max-width: unset; padding-right: unset; text-align: right; } .ad-slot__container--mpu, .ad-slot__container--leaderboard { display: inline-block; -ms-flex-wrap: unset; flex-wrap: unset; } .ad-slot__fake--sponsor { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 31px; min-width: 88px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 250px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 600px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 90px; min-width: 728px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-medium { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 320px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-small { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__label--dark { color: #dcdcdc; } .ad-slot--dark { background-color: #f6f6f6; padding: 8px; } .ad-slot--black { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); padding: 8px; } .open-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; padding: 0; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .open-nav__icon { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .open-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .play-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .play-icon--red { color: #f00; } .play-icon--grey { color: #999; } .play-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .play-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .camera-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .camera-icon--red { color: #f00; } .camera-icon--grey { color: #999; } .camera-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .camera-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-build-bar { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: auto; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; width: 100%; } .nav-build-bar--mobile { height: auto; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .nav-build-bar--mobile .nav-build-bar__title-content { white-space: pre-wrap; } .nav-build-bar--tablet { height: 58px; } .nav-build-bar--desktop { height: 60px; } .nav-build-bar__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-left: auto; overflow: hidden; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: 8px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand--no-brand { margin-left: 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 8px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--tablet { padding: 0 30px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--desktop { padding: 0 80px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__title-content { border: 1.78px solid; color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; padding: 8px; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 48px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav-button { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-left: 8px; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored { background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid #d3d3d3; height: 48px; padding: 0 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--desktop { padding-right: 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile { -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; max-width: 100px; width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-dot { background-color: #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 6px; width: 6px; } .styled-dot--no-cursor { cursor: unset; } .styled-dot--medium { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 10px; width: 10px; } .styled-dot--dark-blue { background-color: #193e6d; } .styled-dot--purple { background-color: #362e67; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--black { background-color: #000; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--grey-green { background-color: #008e9b; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--dark-green { background-color: #589e50; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-dot--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-dot--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--worklife-prime { background-color: #0052a1; } .styled-dot--future-prime { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--culture-prime { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth-prime { background-color: #0fbb56; } .styled-dot--travel-prime { background-color: #589e50; } .styled-dot--large { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); height: 16px; width: 16px; } .styled-dot--small { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 8px; width: 8px; } .styled-dot--grey { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); } .info-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .info-icon--red { color: #f00; } .info-icon--grey { color: #999; } .info-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .info-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .email-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 11px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .email-icon:hover { background-color: #000; } .email-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .facebook-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 15px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .facebook-icon:hover { background-color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #3b5998; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue:hover { background-color: #3b5998; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--small { font-size: 20px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .hero-header__header { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #fff; font-size: 38px; line-height: 40px; margin: 0; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); } .hero-header__header--large { font-size: 44px; line-height: 48px; } .hero-header__header--medium { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .hero-header__header--small { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .hero-header__header--black { color: #000; text-shadow: unset; } .hero-header__header--grey { color: #adadad; text-shadow: unset; } .ticked-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #13de99; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .ticked-icon--small { font-size: 12px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .linkedin-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .linkedin-icon:hover { background-color: #0077b5; } .linkedin-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .google-plus-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .google-plus-icon:hover { background-color: #d34836; } .google-plus-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .reddit-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .reddit-icon:hover { background-color: #ff4500; } .reddit-icon__hide { display: none; } .reddit-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .share-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; color: #444; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 3px; padding: 18px 16px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; width: 110px; z-index: 55; } .share-button .gelicon--share { margin-right: 10px; -webkit-transition: 0.3s ease-in; transition: 0.3s ease-in; } .share-button:hover .gelicon--share, .share-button .gelicon--share-sharing { -webkit-transform: rotate(-180deg); transform: rotate(-180deg); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .twitter-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .twitter-icon:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #1da1f2; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--small { font-size: 18px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .whatsapp-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .whatsapp-icon:hover { background-color: #25d366; } .whatsapp-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; }/* stylelint-disable */ html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; } #root *, #root *::before, #root *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } #root article, #root aside, #root figure, #root footer, #root header, #root nav, #root section { display: block; } body { background: #fff; } .app__body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-height: 100vh; overflow: visible; position: relative; } .app__domestic-disclaimer { bottom: 0; position: fixed; width: 100%; z-index: 5000; } .main { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .navigation { background-color: #fff; display: none; margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 4px 16px 0; position: relative; z-index: 1000; } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .navigation { max-width: 976px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .navigation { padding: 0 16px 1px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .navigation { max-width: 990px; } } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .navigation { padding: 4px 8px; } } .navigation--display { display: block; } .navigation-sticky--undocked { background-color: #fff; width: 100%; z-index: 10000; } .StickyElement { position: relative; z-index: 1501; } .loader { display: none; height: 100%; left: -99999px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; transition: 0.2s opacity; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } .loader--is-active { background: white; display: block; left: 0; opacity: 1; } .loader__body { display: none; left: 50%; position: fixed; top: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%); } .loader__body--show-loader { display: block; } .no-js .loader { display: none; } .vertical-index { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .vertical-index__collection-swimlane { min-height: 400px; } .vertical-index .article-hero__content { margin-top: 106px; padding-left: 25px; } .vertical-index__full-width-ad { background-color: #f1f1f1; padding: 25px; } .vertical-index__latest-articles { margin-top: 35px; } .vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile { margin-top: 28px; } .vertical-index__storyworks-section { margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 16px 0 0; } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { padding: 16px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { margin: auto; max-width: 990px; padding: 8px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { max-width: 976px; } } .vertical-index__storyworks-section > div > div.bbccom_visible > div { background: #f1f1f1; display: inline-block; padding: 8px !important; } .vertical-index__full-width-ad .bbccom_standard_slot, .vertical-index__hero-article-leaderboard .bbccom_standard_slot { background-color: transparent !important; } .latest-articles__container { margin-bottom: 24px; } .latest-articles__container--tablet { margin-bottom: 26px; } .latest-articles__container--desktop { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__articles { margin: auto; } .latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle { margin: auto; } .latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle { margin: auto 8px; } .latest-articles__editor { color: #020202; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 2.92px; margin: 0 0 22px; } .latest-articles__editor--tablet { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__editor--desktop { margin-bottom: 36px; } .latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu > div { padding: 0 8px 8px !important; } .latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu .bbccom_advert { background: #f1f1f1; padding: 0 8px 8px; } .latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu .bbccom_advert > div { padding: 0; } .latest-articles__rectangle .bbccom_mpu_bottom { background: #f1f1f1; padding: 0 8px 8px; padding-bottom: 8px !important; } .latest-articles__container { margin-bottom: 24px; } .latest-articles__container--tablet { margin-bottom: 26px; } .latest-articles__container--desktop { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__articles { margin: auto; } .latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle { margin: auto; } .latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle { margin: auto 8px; } .latest-articles__editor { color: #020202; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 2.92px; margin: 0 0 22px; } .latest-articles__editor--tablet { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__editor--desktop { margin-bottom: 36px; } .latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu > div { padding: 0 8px 8px !important; } .latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu .bbccom_advert { background: #f1f1f1; padding: 0 8px 8px; } .latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu .bbccom_advert > div { padding: 0; } .latest-articles__rectangle .bbccom_mpu_bottom { background: #f1f1f1; padding: 0 8px 8px; padding-bottom: 8px !important; } .around-the-bbc-swimlane { margin-top: auto; } </style> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346js_/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/features_prod.js"></script> </head> <body> <div id="cookiePrompt"></div> <noscript><p style="position: absolute; top: -999em"><img 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media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09tswcp.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09tswcp.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09tswcp.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09tswcp.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09tswcp.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="The Grand Canyon shrouded in cloud (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09tswcp.jpg" alt="The Grand Canyon shrouded in cloud (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/the-lost-index"><span>The Lost Index</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years"><span>The search for the eon that vanished</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Zaria Gorvett</span></div></div></div><div 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srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09sg5h1.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09sg5h1.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Finger counting 2" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09sg5h1.jpg" alt="Finger counting 2" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/mathematics"><span>Mathematics</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210902-how-finger-counting-gives-away-your-nationality"><span>How our digits reveal our nationalities</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Anand Jagatia</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Bangladesh's unusual use for oysters" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09tcb2c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09tcb2c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09tcb2c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09tcb2c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09tcb2c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09tcb2c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09tcb2c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09tcb2c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Artificially created oyster reefs have proven to be effective in reducing the size of waves coming inland (Credit: M. Shah Nawaz Chowdhury)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09tcb2c.jpg" alt="Artificially created oyster reefs have proven to be effective in reducing the size of waves coming inland (Credit: M. Shah Nawaz Chowdhury)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/future-planet"><span>Future Planet</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh"><span>Bangladesh's unusual use for oysters</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Aysha Imtiaz</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__full-width-image-article"><div data-bbc-container="full-width-image-article" data-bbc-title="The planes that conquered Antarctica" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"full-width-image-article","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="full-width-image-article"><div class="full-width-image-article__container"><div class="full-width-image-article__image"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09tk2ls.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09tk2ls.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09tk2ls.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09tk2ls.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09tk2ls.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09tk2ls.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09tk2ls.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09tk2ls.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Today aircraft play a crucial role in bringing in supplies for the many scientists that live and work at bases in Antarctica (Credit: Vittoriano Rastelli/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09tk2ls.jpg" alt="Today aircraft play a crucial role in bringing in supplies for the many scientists that live and work at bases in Antarctica (Credit: Vittoriano Rastelli/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><div class="full-width-image-article__background"></div></div><div class="full-width-image-article__text"><a class="full-width-image-article__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/antarctica"><span class="full-width-image-article-text__label b-reith-sans-font">Antarctica</span></a><a class="full-width-image-article__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica"><h2 class="full-width-image-article-text__header b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">The planes that conquered Antarctica</h2></a><p class="full-width-image-article-text__author b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300">By <!-- -->Mark Piesing</p></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__latest-articles vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile"><div class="latest-articles__container latest-articles__rectangle latest-articles__container--tablet"><p class="latest-articles__editor b-reith-sans-font latest-articles__editor--tablet">Covid-19</p><div class="latest-articles__articles latest-articles__articles--tablet latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle"><div class="rectangle-story-group"><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles-container"><div><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Why some people don't want a vaccine" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-group__article-hero rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle b-reith-sans-font"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__container"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__image"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09pxj9r.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09pxj9r.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09pxj9r.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09pxj9r.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09pxj9r.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09pxj9r.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09pxj9r.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09pxj9r.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Queue of people and vaccine (Credit: Andriy Onufriyenko/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09pxj9r.jpg" alt="Queue of people and vaccine (Credit: Andriy Onufriyenko/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__overlay article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--future"></span></a></div><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/immune-response"><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future">Immune Response</span></a><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy"><h2 class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header b-font-weight-300 b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">Why some people don't want a vaccine</h2></a><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--light-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><p class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author b-font-family-serif b-reith-sans-font">By <!-- -->David Robson</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The 'Covid cure' taking root online" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09mk9w5.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09mk9w5.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09mk9w5.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09mk9w5.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09mk9w5.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09mk9w5.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09mk9w5.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09mk9w5.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Chlorine dioxide in jar (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09mk9w5.jpg" alt="Chlorine dioxide in jar (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/covid-19"><span>Covid-19</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure"><span>The 'Covid cure' taking root online</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Jose Luis Penarredonda</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="How soft drinks can spoof a Covid test" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09nfxhp.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09nfxhp.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09nfxhp.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09nfxhp.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09nfxhp.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09nfxhp.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09nfxhp.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09nfxhp.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="School children have been using soft drinks such as cola to produce fake positive results on Covid-19 tests (Credit: BBC)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09nfxhp.jpg" alt="School children have been using soft drinks such as cola to produce fake positive results on Covid-19 tests (Credit: BBC)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/covid-19"><span>Covid-19</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks"><span>How soft drinks can spoof a Covid test</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Mark Lorch</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="An invisible effect of lockdown" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210907102346/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09lg117.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09lg117.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09lg117.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09lg117.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09lg117.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09lg117.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09lg117.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09lg117.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Box with "memories" tag (Credit: Jan Hakan Dahlstrom)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907102346im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09lg117.jpg" alt="Box with "memories" tag (Credit: Jan 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A Saturday afternoon in Florida, a few weeks into his freshman year. Four years had passed since the Summer of Love – when millions of young people descended on San Francisco, London and beyond in a haze of music and drugs – but the psychedelics still flowed through campus. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELSD, or Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-25, is a chemical trickster. Mimicking the morphology of serotonin, it locks in the synapses of the brain’s 5-HT2A receptors to trigger a manifest wave in cognition: extraordinary ruptures in vision, patterns of thought, belief, and emotion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWithin an hour, the trickster’s games make themselves known. A sense of strangeness hard to put in words descends. Shapes and kaleidoscopes may appear and dance in synchrony. Synaesthetic connections – when you can hear or taste colours – could emerge. Depending on one’s dose, by the drug’s peak you may be thrown into an entirely altered dimension: a weird place filled with entities, snakes, designs behind-the-eyes, DNA strands, and a radically enhanced appreciation for art and aesthetics. Or something far darker.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDoblin’s world hummed, throbbed, droned. After floating through the campus dining hall, he made his way back to a private dorm for an inward-facing trip. Glancing at his friend – also surging on LSD – Doblin was struck by a fresh vision. Not merely \u003Cem\u003Ededucing \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ehis co-pilot’s thoughts and emotions, Doblin could \u003Cem\u003Esee \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ethem plain as day. His friend’s comfort, benefaction, warmth, were visible like arms and legs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Transformative experiences aren’t like most experiences, even our most dramatic ones","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDoblin wished he could feel so free. He was decomposing. In his own LSD rotoscope, Doblin had become a boy again – no longer the man – and the imbalance of emotion and intellect that drove his life in the everyday were sensible. Yet he was this way for a reason, Doblin realised. And this meant it wasn’t set in stone. He could change things. He could be free.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the philosopher LA Paul, what Doblin experienced can be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com\u002Fview\u002F10.1093\u002Facprof:oso\u002F9780198717959.001.0001\u002Facprof-9780198717959\"\u003Edescribed \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eas a \"transformative experience\". These aren’t like most experiences, even our most dramatic ones. What makes them distinct is how they change a person: their preferences, ideas and identities are turned upside-down. When Doblin entered his first trip, he perhaps hadn’t realised that the next day he would not be the same. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfterwards, Doblin knew he was on to something. He’d take more trips – many of which were destabilising – but the essential promise was clear. Evangelising the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs became his life’s mission.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09v68v1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDoblin is today the founder and executive of a non-profit organisation called the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (Maps), which aims to bring psychedelic drugs closer to mainstream use in medicine and beyond. It advises scientists how to conduct trials and win funding, as well as working closely with regulators.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow the efforts of Doblin and others are finally paying off. In the last 10 years, psychedelic drugs like LSD, magic mushrooms, DMT, a host of \"plant medicines\" – including ayahuasca, iboga, salvia, peyote – and related compounds like MDMA and ketamine have begun to lose much of their 1960s-driven stigma. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-021-00187-9\"\u003EPromising clinical trials\u003C\u002Fa\u003E suggest that psychedelics may prove game-changing treatments for depression, PTSD and addiction. The response from the psychiatric community, far from dismissive or even sceptical, has been largely \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fscience\u002F2018\u002Fmay\u002F12\u002Fmichael-pollan-reluctant-psychonanaut-psychedelic-drugs-how-to-change-your-mind\"\u003Eopen-armed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The drugs may well mark the field’s first \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0092867420302828\"\u003Eparadigm shift\u003C\u002Fa\u003E since SSRIs in the 1980s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The \"psychedelic renaissance\" promises to change far more about our societies than simply the medical treatments that doctors prescribe","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2017, for example, the US Food and Drug Administration designated MDMA a \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fda.gov\u002Fpatients\u002Ffast-track-breakthrough-therapy-accelerated-approval-priority-review\u002Fbreakthrough-therapy\"\u003Ebreakthrough therapy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\", which meant it would be fast-tracked through to the second stage of Phase-3 trials. Doblin, whose organisation was instrumental in achieving the designation, hopes it will achieve FDA approval by 2023.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPsychedelics remain Schedule-1 drugs federally in the US and Class-A in the UK, but rules are relaxing. Along with Austria and Spain in the EU, psilocybin mushrooms have been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Flocal\u002Fdc-politics\u002Fdc-magic-mushrooms-result\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F03\u002Fbb929e86-1abc-11eb-bb35-2dcfdab0a345_story.html\"\u003Edecriminalised \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ein Washington DC and a host of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLegal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms\"\u003Eother US cities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnbc.com\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F04\u002Foregon-becomes-first-state-to-legalize-magic-mushrooms-as-more-states-ease-drug-laws.html\"\u003Elegalised for therapy in Oregon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where LSD has also been decriminalised. A California bill to decriminalise LSD and psilocybin \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fthehill.com\u002Fhomenews\u002Fstate-watch\u002F569663-california-bill-decriminalizing-psychedelic-drugs-delayed-until-next\"\u003Epassed several crucial committee stages and will be decided next year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A vote to federally sponsor psychedelic research recently made its way to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.inverse.com\u002Fmind-body\u002Fpsychedelic-drug-research-alexandria-ocasio-cortez\"\u003ECongress\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn anticipation of this shift, psychedelic drug developers and clinical providers are attracting \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2020-12-11\u002Fpsychedelics-replace-pot-as-the-new-favorite-edgy-investment\"\u003Esignificant investment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Business reports describe \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2020-12-09\u002Fmindmed-surges-putting-it-at-forefront-of-psychedelic-euphoria\"\u003Epsychedelic euphoria\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” and a \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fshroomboomstocks.com\u002F\"\u003EShroom Boom\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis phenomenon is known as the \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologytoday.com\u002Fgb\u002Fblog\u002Fhygieias-workshop\u002F201908\u002Fthe-psychedelic-renaissance\"\u003Epsychedelic renaissance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" – and it promises to change far more about our societies than simply the medical treatments that doctors prescribe. Unlike other drugs, psychedelics can radically alter the way people see the world. They also bring mystical and hallucinatory experiences that are at the edge of current scientific understanding. So, what might follow if psychedelics become mainstream?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou may also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180312-are-digital-drugs-the-future-of-medication\"\u003EAre digital drugs the future of medication?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190314-the-unexpected-magic-of-mushrooms\"\u003EThe unexpected magic of mushrooms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200108-the-medications-that-change-who-we-are\"\u003EThe medications that change who we are\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis wave of psychedelic enthusiasm in psychiatry isn’t the first. They were originally heralded as wonder drugs in the 1950s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAcross some \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Freferenceworkentry\u002F10.1007%2F978-3-642-55214-4_96-1\"\u003E6,000 studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmaps.org\u002Fimages\u002Fpdf\u002Fhistory_of_psychedelics.pdf\"\u003Eover 40,000 patients\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, psychedelics were tried as experimental treatments for an extraordinary range of conditions: alcoholism, depression, schizophrenia, criminal recidivism, childhood autism. Participants included artists, writers, creatives, engineers and scientists. And the results were promising. From as little as a single LSD session, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedaily.com\u002Freleases\u002F2012\u002F03\u002F120308224524.htm\"\u003Estudies suggested\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that the drug relieved problem drinking for 59% of alcoholic participants. Experimenting with lower, so-called \"psycholytic\" doses, many therapists were amazed by LSD’s power as an adjunct to talking therapy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09v6h07"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt wouldn’t last. By October 1966, LSD was banned in California, with federal restrictions to follow in 1970 under the Controlled Substances Act. Several alarming myths made their ways into government campaigns: claims of LSD-induced chromosome damage, mutant babies, that tallying five, six (or seven) trips made you \"legally insane\", were propagated to school kids just like Doblin (although he’d only shirk the warnings in time).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis affected science, too. Apart from a handful of remnant groups in Canada and the US, the entire field of psychedelic science would dry up for decades. Regulators restricted access. Funders lost appetite. At the height of the crackdown from the 1970s to the 1980s, Doblin’s attempts to launch psychedelic research led to closed doors and real difficulty securing jobs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.academia.edu\u002F40343132\u002FAcid_Revival_The_Psychedelic_Renaissance_and_the_Quest_for_Medical_Legitimacy\"\u003EConventional narrative\u003C\u002Fa\u003E traces the crackdown to the career of Timothy Leary, a Harvard scientist who became the counterculture's biggest proponent of LSD in the mid-to-late 1960s. A scandal at his Harvard Psilocybin Project in 1963 – in which his co-director was accused of dishing out psilocybin to undergraduates – would mark the first shots of a more sensationalist reaction in the media. Soon after, regulators would grow distressed by LSD’s black market currency \"outside the lab\", which Leary’s post-Harvard advocacy – including \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Finterview\"\u003Eclaims \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ethat LSD could give women \"thousands of orgasms\" and excite \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2018\u002Fmay\u002F22\u002Fhow-to-change-mind-new-science-psychedelics-michael-pollan-review\"\u003Erevolution\u003C\u002Fa\u003E against the establishment – did much to furnish.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat's not the whole story, though. Some medical historians \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1086\u002F707842\"\u003Epin the blame\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for the backlash on the rise of the Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) methodology. This is now the standard way to run clinical trials, and its introduction raised questions about just how scientific \"psychedelic science\" really was among regulators. RCTs involve comparing two groups of people: one which has taken a drug, and another which has not. The participants aren't meant to know which group they are in, but that's difficult with psychedelic substances.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Good Friday Experiment of 1962 – a session held in a church with seminary students to test psilocybin’s capacity for inducing mystical experiences – provides an illustrative example. One half of the subjects were given the active drug, the other a placebo (and all double-blinded), yet within 30 minutes it was plainly obvious who’d got which. Those dosed wandered around the grounds in a daze envisioning God, one of the participants told me – while the placebo group (including him) just \"twiddled their thumbs and read the hymnal\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09v68jd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBetween the 1980s and mid-2000s, flares of change amid the crackdown were seen. But the recent psychedelic renaissance has blown the doors off. It began with a landmark \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hopkinsmedicine.org\u002Fpress_releases\u002F2006\u002Fgriffithspsilocybin.pdf\"\u003Estudy \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ein 2006 at Johns Hopkins University, headed by Roland Griffiths: a scientist who’d made his name studying caffeine. Griffiths and his co-authors attempted a replication of the Good Friday Experiment of more 40 years before. The results were striking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It is remarkable\", Griffiths wrote, \"that 67% of the volunteers rated the experience with psilocybin to be either the single most meaningful experience of his or her life or among the top five most meaningful experiences of his or her life.\" In other words, rivalling the profundity of marriage, childbirth, career highs, and other deep rites of passage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the challenges of conducting robust clinical trials \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F34038314\u002F\"\u003Ehave not gone away\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, regulators are now more open to psychedelic trial results than they once were.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The shifts in the cultural value and meaning of psychedelics in the last decade have been remarkable","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, private clinics are beginning to open around the world. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fclinics.awaknlifesciences.com\u002F\"\u003EAwakn\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a clinic in Bristol, offers infusions of ketamine as a treatment for depression, PTSD, eating disorders and addiction: while not classically psychedelic like LSD, high doses of ketamine can trigger powerful visionary experiences with therapeutic potential. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the anthropologists Tehseen Noorani and Joanna Steinhardt \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fculanth.org\u002Ffieldsights\u002Fintroduction-the-psychedelic-revival\"\u003Ewrite\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, “there are still limits to the enthusiasm for psychedelic healing. Still, the shifts in the cultural value and meaning of psychedelics in the last decade have been remarkable”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf current trends continue, it may be a matter of time until psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is green-lighted by regulators. In a decade's time, might clinics and hospitals feature Psychedelic Session Rooms kitted out with cushions, incense, candles and paintings? Will doctors prescribe pills of psilocybin or LSD, manufactured by big pharma, with side effects including \"ecstasy\", \"changes in metaphysical beliefs\", and \"acute panic\"? Could we see the high-street version of psychedelic clinics – perhaps with names like \"Pala\", \"Indigo\" or \"Oasis\"?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's difficult to know how it will play out, but if therapeutic psychedelics become more common, it may be only the start of a significant transformation in cultural and scientific attitudes\u003Cstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPsychedelic culture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe psychedelic renaissance in medicine has been running parallel to a broader mainstreaming across culture, which the drugs haven't experienced since the early 1960s. In Europe and North America, recreational use is rising – with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Famericans-increase-lsd-use-and-a-bleak-outlook-for-the-world-may-be-to-blame1\u002F\"\u003Euse of LSD rising by 50% from 2015 to 2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the US – psychedelic-themed media are getting popular, influencers and celebrities are emerging as users, and the drugs are de-stigmatising in a way that their pioneers could likely never have foreseen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09v694b"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis mainstreaming has changed who is having psychedelic experiences, says Erik Davis, a writer and long-standing psychedelic commentator. Psychedelics in the 20th Century were confined to underground groups: hippies, hackers, Silicon Valley, spiritual communities, rave culture, environmentalists. Nowadays, though, appetite is coming from unexpected groups: wellness communities, hip hop culture, the political right, cryptocurrency enthusiasts, Wall Street traders, financiers, and everyday people looking to remedy their mental health. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s possible that we’ll soon see the effects appear in broader culture, just as we did in the music, writing, art and politics of the 1960s and 1970s. Yet it's unlikely that any psychedelicised culture will look the same – nor feel the same to psychedelic users – because the world we live in now is so different.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo understand why, it helps to draw on a concept proposed by the social scientist Ido Hartogsohn, called the \"collective set and setting\". One part of a drug experience depends on immediate individual factors – personal mindset, local environment, or the presence of others. But broader social forces make an impact too: the zeitgeist, media headlines, bigger cultural conversations. The 1960s had an entirely different \"collective set and setting\" compared with today. People didn’t just live differently, they tripped differently, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"How might a major societal shift like, say, climate change feed into people's experiences?","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EConsider all the different influences of the present day. Technology and artificial intelligence. Political conflict. A broader sense that society is heading in \"the wrong direction\". The surveillance state. Off-the-record, one scientist I interviewed has already observed an emerging trend of \"apocalyptic\" trips, and not least during the broader pressures of Covid-19. \"Messianic\" trips are emerging in parallel: experiences in which one glimpses their own personal salvific role in effecting systems change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow might climate change feed into people's experiences? It depends on the individual, but when consumed in the right context, the drugs can significantly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F31888300\u002F\"\u003Eenhance \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eone’s connection to nature. One of the most famous examples in this vein is the co-founder of Extinction Rebellion, Gail Bradbrook, who was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gazetteseries.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002F19253006.extinction-rebellions-gail-bradbrook-taking-psychedelics\u002F\"\u003Einspired \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eto start the movement by an experience on iboga.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor this reason, one social scientist has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuwapress.uw.edu\u002Fbook\u002F9780295990958\u002Fdarwins-pharmacy\u002F\"\u003Eproposed \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ecalling them \"ecodelics\". Another researcher \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vice.com\u002Fen\u002Farticle\u002Fj5w49p\u002Fif-everyone-tripped-on-psychedelics-wed-do-more-about-climate-change\"\u003Einterviewed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for Vice magazine raised the idea of bringing pro-environmental cues to psychedelic sessions – the idea being to leverage the mind’s pivotality to increase nature-relatedness, and even dampen climate change scepticism. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMystical experience\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnder the surface, a still-more radical effect is appearing. In clinical trials and recreational use alike, psychedelics often produce states of \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hopkinsmedicine.org\u002Fpress_releases\u002F2006\u002Fgriffithspsilocybin.pdf\"\u003Emystical experience\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" or \"ego dissolution\": a peak consciousness characterised by bliss and goodwill, interconnection, a sense of the \"sacred\", a possible \"loss of self\", or even encounters with spiritual entities and God(s). What happens if more people start having them? And how might we understand their nature better than we currently do?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor researchers, the mystical experience is core to \u003Cem\u003Ehow \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ethe drugs produce such impressive results. It’s seen all the time in papers and reports. The greater the mystical experience, studies suggest, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5367557\u002F\"\u003Egreater the derived therapeutic benefit.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsychedelicreview.com\u002Fwhat-is-the-mystical-experience-questionnaire\u002F\"\u003EQuestionnaires \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eto measure, track, and better-understand the mystical experience are proliferating.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09v68z4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut science and psychiatry have cast suspicions on the mystical experience for centuries. \"Even at the optics level, it’s a horrible name,\" says Matt Johnson, a psychedelic scientist at John Hopkins University, “because 'mystical' sounds like you have a crystal ball and you're casting a spell. For some people, it draws up a connotation of the medieval.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis means that despite the role of spiritual experience in the cultural fabric – underpinning epiphanies of science, art, and religion for millennia – they have been chronically under-studied. People are reluctant to share their stories for risk of stigma, pathology, or diagnosis. Losing one’s sense of self, for example, may be diagnosed as \"depersonalisation\", and a transformative shift to spiritual beliefs may be interpreted as the florid outpourings of a mental breakdown. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside psychedelic usage, more people have had mystical experiences than you might think. From 1962 to 2009 – the last year of available data – the number of Americans who reported a lifetime mystical experience more than doubled to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewresearch.org\u002Ffact-tank\u002F2009\u002F12\u002F29\u002Fmystical-experiences\u002F\"\u003Ehalf the population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith this in mind, researchers may need to get better at understanding how they work and what they entail. For example, the notion that there is a single defined mystical experience at all has come under question. It’s not obvious how its core traits – the boundless, sacred, timeless, blissful – piece together. \"There's a good chance those are going to occur together, but just because something occurs together doesn't mean it's part of the same thing,\" says Johnson. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the author Jules Evans points out in The Art of Losing Control, the \u003Cem\u003Eunitive \u003C\u002Fem\u003Echaracter of the clinical mystical experience – that sense of losingone's ego and becoming \"one with everything\" – also leaves out half the picture. A third of DMT smokers, 17% of LSD takers, and 12% of psilocybin users report encountering external entities. In neoshamanic rituals with ayahuasca, daime and iboga, these entities are anchors of the peak experience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"He received a clutch of octopus eggs that were laid inside his head. He interpreted this as an auspicious occasion","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne subject in a study on ayahuasca, for example, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fneip.info\u002Fnovo\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F09\u002Fheuser_john_ayahuasca_analysis_internet_encounters_CIIS_2006.pdf\"\u003Edescribes \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ea prototypical meeting: \"He received a clutch of octopus eggs that were laid inside his head. He interpreted this as an auspicious occasion, and wrote that he believed the eggs symbolised a source of wisdom. He recognised the octopus as a benign ally right away.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPsychedelics are often defined by the hallucinations they evoke (or, more accurately, pseudohallucinations), too. These hallucinations drove clinicians in the first wave of the 1950s to deem LSD a \"psychotomimetic\", or psychosis-mimicking drug: a move that makes sense, as with its tendencies for casting extraordinary visions and hearing voices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09v69hj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf hallucinatory experiences were to be mainstreamed\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003Enot just de-stigmatised, this could mark a radical shift, says Davis, since they are more often associated with pathological conditions such as schizophrenia. He suggests it would be the culmination of the modern \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.appliedbehavioranalysisedu.org\u002Fwhat-is-the-neurodiversity-movement-and-autism-rights\u002F#:~:text=The%20neurodiversity%20movement%20prefers%20to,normal%20human%20differences%20in%20behavior.\"\u003Eneurodiversity\" movement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which recognises conditions like autism or hearing voices as differences on a spectrum, and not discrete problems to be solved. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Davis, understanding the extraordinary experiences of psychedelics shouldn't – and can’t – be the sole domain of science. Some have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.academia.edu\u002F32326539\u002FThe_Role_of_Poetic_Language_in_Psychedelic_Science_Research_2017_Poster_\"\u003Esuggested \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ethat literature and poetry may be a useful adjunct to scientific questionnaires. Others have called for theologians to join the table, too. After all, without a broader approach, he warns that some may undergo strange experiences that resist any \"model\" – and which could worsen their mental health more than enhancing it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EComing down\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPsychedelics offer something that few other things can: an experience well beyond what our everyday reality could conceive or expect. How the mainstream will handle its trip isn’t clear. Therapeutic mainstreaming may put big issues on the table, but one wonders whether the medical establishment can handle them alone. \"The interest in industry, especially for clinicians in medicalisation, is to downplay all of that. What they want is a soothing, healing, restorative situation,\" says Davis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the mystical, hallucinogenic and transformative experiences coupled with these drugs are likely to change far more than that for many. \"Psychedelics are like philosophical probes,\" Davis explains. \"Even if you're not a philosophical person, you have to suddenly deal with [things] the next day. 'Well, what the hell was that? What do I make of that? Was I given a glimpse of true reality when I got the message to stop drinking alcohol? Am I going to take that seriously? Does that make me crazy?'\" \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EFor Rick Doblin – still in the echoes of that first transformative trip – the possibilities of psychedelics are far-reaching, and go beyond the clinical setting. With his organisation Maps, he \u003Cspan\u003Ewants\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E to \"legitimise psychedelics not just for patients but for all of us who are struggling with a world on fire… to try to make it so we don’t destroy the place. The tactic, you could say, is [to] medicalise it. But that’s not the end goal.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-- \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAll content within this article is provided for general information only, and should not be treated as a substitute for the medical advice of your own doctor or any other health care professional. The BBC is not responsible or liable for any diagnosis made by a user based on the content of this site. The BBC is not liable for the contents of any external internet sites listed, nor does it endorse any commercial product or service mentioned or advised on any of the sites. Always consult your own doctor if you're in any way concerned about your health.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics-22"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-09-07T00:45:52Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The worldview-changing drugs poised to go mainstream","headlineShort":"The drugs that transform your worldview","image":["p09v6j2n"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The growing legitimacy of psychedelics as therapies promises to transform how we view the extraordinary, writes Ed Prideaux.","summaryShort":"They can alter how people see the world – what if everyone took them?","tag":["tag\u002Fdrugs","tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-06T23:00:54.628314Z","entity":"article","guid":"5b5483bd-12fe-4ee9-b5db-0b0394bdc3cc","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-07T09:44:59.996561Z","project":"future","slug":"20210906-what-if-everyone-took-psychedelics","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229114},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine","_id":"61355a230e2e0c68be4c4f94","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fashifa-kassam"],"bodyIntro":"Major backlogs in processing patient data during the pandemic are forcing the healthcare sector to reassess its relationship with fax machines.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs coronavirus cases surged in the city of Austin, Texas, last June, beleaguered public health officials instructed anyone with symptoms to act as though they had Covid-19. The reporting and tracing of new cases had slowed to a crawl, officials explained, partly due to an unexpected culprit: the fax machine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe machines had kicked into overdrive as the pandemic tightened its grip on the city, spitting out printout after printout of results from Covid-19 tests. \"We were probably getting thousands of cases a day that we were responding to. It was madness,\" says Janet Pichette, the chief epidemiologist for Austin Public Health. \"You cannot fight a pandemic using 19th-Century technology.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore than a dozen staff combed through the stacks of printed facsimiles that at times piled up to 18cm (7 inches) thick, tasked with weeding out duplicates and tracking down any missing information. From there the results were manually entered into the city's tracking system.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilar scenes were playing out around the world, highlighting the persistence of traditional fax machines in sectors such as healthcare, financial services and real estate, despite the global uptake of email, instant messaging and cloud computing. The inefficient sharing of data has left a growing number of governments promising to finally abandon their use of fax machines. More than 175 years after the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.encyclopedia.com\u002Fscience\u002Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps\u002Finvention-fax-machine\"\u003Etechnology was first patented\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and decades after it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20150224-why-the-fax-machine-wont-die\"\u003Epeaked as a must-have tool for businesses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, could the coronavirus pandemic consign the fax machine to history?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180814-the-new-phones-that-are-stuck-in-the-past\"\u003EThe new phones that are stuck in the past\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20161017-your-old-phone-is-full-of-precious-metals\"\u003EWhy your old mobile phone is a gold mine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks\"\u003EHow children are spoofing Covid-19 tests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Ministry of Health in the Netherlands hopes so. In May it proposed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gegevensuitwisselingindezorg.nl\u002Fgegevensuitwisseling\"\u003Elegislation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to parliament that would swap fax machines and DVDs for electronic formats in a bid to modernise how patient data is stored and accessed. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tyvxd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"It's really ridiculous that we actually still have fax machines, to be honest,\" says Monica Schagen, a policy advisor with the ministry and registered nurse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in some sectors, such as in healthcare, the fax machine has stubbornly clung on as way of sharing paper health records, test results and documents. Fax isn’t the only outdated technology used in hospitals – doctors rely heavily on pagers to respond to medical emergencies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the Netherlands, the need for change was clear during the pandemic. As hospital admissions soared, healthcare workers lost valuable time tracking down patient records and test results. The Dutch healthcare sector has long grappled with the fact that the fax machine is almost obsolete in mainstream society, but vital to running a hospital.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"One of the first things that we teach our nursing students is how to use the fax machine,\" says Schagen. \"Because it all comes together at the same time; you have a patient or two in the operating theatre, patients that are going for medical examinations at different departments and patients that need to be discharged and you're trying to remember how the fax machine works.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There was a complete backlog of busy signals and they just couldn't handle the capacity that came in through Covid – Kathryn Brohman","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt's a paradox echoed across sectors such as real estate and financial services, where fax machines continue to whirl away despite being shunned by many as an archaic technology.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOthers have remained loyal to the machine but updated it for the modern age, adopting technology that allows faxes to be sent and received in electronic formats.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Society is amazingly complacent,\" says Kathryn Brohman, an associate professor at Queen's University in Kingston, Canada. \"You think about inertia, always doing it the same way, and every doctor's office had a fax machine and every pharmacy had a fax machine and the infrastructure was all there.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's the whole idea of 'If it's not broken, why fix it?'. But it broke in Covid.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe points to the Canadian province of New Brunswick, where a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cbc.ca\u002Fnews\u002Fcanada\u002Fnew-brunswick\u002Fnb-covid-test-fax-machines-one-fax-at-a-time-1.5952106\"\u003Ebottleneck of around 1,500 faxes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E reportedly left residents waiting days to find out if they had tested positive for Covid-19. \"Fax machines don't scale. It's either the line is open or not,\" she says. \"There was a complete backlog of busy signals and they just couldn't handle the capacity that came in through Covid.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMonths earlier fax machines had also come under fire in Toronto, blamed by public health officials for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.toronto.ca\u002Flegdocs\u002Fmmis\u002F2020\u002Fhl\u002Fbgrd\u002Fbackgroundfile-147548.pdf\"\u003Esignificant delays\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the processing and reporting of results. The response was a new system, unveiled earlier this year, that slashed the number of laboratory results received via fax to around 10% of the total, says Vinita Dubey, a spokesperson for Toronto Public Health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tyv66"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThe fax machine dates back to 1842 when Scottish inventor Alexander Bain created and patented a device that could scan a message written with special ink on a metallic surface and transmit it at a distance, using a telegraph circuit. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENone of Bain’s machines were particularly successful. It was Italian priest and inventor Giovanni Caselli who in 1863 built the first commercial fax machine, which was first used in France. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the early 20th Century, fax machines were prized by several professions, including the military who used it to rapidly send maps and charts to and from aircraft, and newspapers, which used them to send photographs for urgent publication. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Japanese popularised the technology in the 1970s, making it a must-have tool for businesses. By the end of the 20th Century, fax machines had become ubiquitous due to their reliable and quick transmission of information. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy 2000, fax’s role in business was declining as companies switched to email and the internet to share information. But in other sectors, such as healthcare and real estate, the fax machine has stubbornly clung on. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"The history of fax","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESimilar efforts are underway in Japan, where the government promised to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fkonotaromp\u002Fstatus\u002F1309655248877711361\"\u003Edo away with fax machines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after a doctor vented his frustration over the convention of faxing handwritten medical reports to public health officials. \"Come on, let's stop this already,\" \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fcutetanaka\u002Fstatus\u002F1253084766041038848\"\u003Ethe doctor wrote on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \"Even with the coronavirus, we're writing by hand and faxing.\" Recent \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2021\u002F08\u002F09\u002Fnational\u002Ffax-machine-phaseout-pushback\u002F\"\u003Ereports\u003C\u002Fa\u003E suggest little has changed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe movement isn't just limited to the healthcare sector. Public offices in Greece this year began cutting the cord on their fax machines, after the pandemic reinforced the need to digitise the public sector. \"The Covid pandemic is causing more people to work from home, so much of the physical contact had to be eliminated,\" says Nikos Vettas, the director of the Athens-based Foundation for Economic and Industrial Research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the fax machine's shortcomings may make it an easy target, its purging may not be enough to address the technological issues seen during the pandemic, says Jonathan Coopersmith\u003Cstrong\u003E, \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Ea professor at Texas A&M University and author of the 2015 book \"Faxed: The Rise and Fall of the Fax Machine\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The fax machine is being used as a scapegoat, as a way of saying look at how screwed up things are,\" he says. \"It's easy to say let's get rid of these machines. It's harder to figure out why are we still using them. But that's the real question that should be asked – why are people still doing this?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe answer likely lies with competing systems that are expensive, difficult to use or which are incompatible with other reporting systems, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnlike computer software, the fax machine is seen as extremely secure and difficult to hack. \"Your fax machine cannot be intercepted. As opposed to when you're sending something over the internet, unless you're encrypting it - how much security do you really have on sending that information?\" says Coopersmith.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's also relatively easy to use and senders receive a confirmation of receipt, making it a convenient choice for those looking for a legal footprint that can stand up in court, says Brohman.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"[The fax] has proven much more resilient than I would have predicted back in 2015. And that reflects weaknesses with the theoretically superior competition,\" says Coopersmith.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECoopersmith points to the example of Britain, where the country's health secretary banned the National Health Service (NHS) from buying fax machines, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-and-social-care-secretary-bans-fax-machines-in-nhs\"\u003Estarting in 2019,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with the aim of completely phasing out the technology in the service by April 2020. \"The question he should have been asking was 'why are they still being used? What makes them so useful if we've got this other stuff?'\" he says. NHS England did not reply to a query regarding whether fax machines continue to be used.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tyvjl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Austin, last year's deluge of faxes led officials to tweak the system so that faxes are now received in an electronic format. \"When we started getting massive amounts of files, we immediately recognised there has got to be a better way here,\" says Pichette, the chief epidemiologist.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the ordeal highlighted the need to improve public health technology infrastructure, she isn't convinced that the pandemic will result in the end of the fax machine. \"I see that it will continue to have somewhat of a role just because old habits are hard to break. And in some cases I don't know what the better solution is,\" says Pichette, noting that ideally a system would exist that allowed everyone from school clinics to laboratories to transfer information seamlessly, electronically and in an encrypted format to public health officials. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"But whether that will happen while I'm still working at this health department, I don't know,\" she says. \"In the meantime, faxes keep coming in.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-- \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Flife-connected"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-09-06T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The outdated machine hampering the fight against Covid-19","headlineShort":"How Covid-19 could end the fax","image":["p09tyvct"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p09tyvmp"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Major backlogs in processing patient data during the pandemic are forcing the healthcare sector to reassess its relationship with fax machines.","summaryShort":"Countries are phasing out the clunky machine after pandemic glitches","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19","tag\u002Fcommunication"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-06T00:00:28.868605Z","entity":"article","guid":"04d3cbb2-d007-4aa8-8cb1-69e9aecb41e3","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-06T13:55:09.693092Z","project":"future","slug":"20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229114},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years","_id":"613046870e2e0c69457a1d9a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fzaria-gorvett"],"bodyIntro":"A billion years have vanished from the geological record – and over 152 years after this was first discovered, scientists can't agree on why.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"FEARFUL DISASTER,\" read the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov\u002Flccn\u002Fsn82014064\u002F1869-07-03\u002Fed-1\u002Fseq-1\u002F#date1=1869&index=10&date2=1869&words=Major+Powell+Powells&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&rows=20&proxtext=Major+Powell&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1\"\u003Eheadline\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on the front page of the Chicago Tribune on 3 July 1869.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe paper was referring to an incident involving a motley team of explorers led by the one-armed, self-taught geologist John Wesley Powell. Their mission was simple, though not easy – to travel 1,000 miles (1,609km) downstream from the banks of the Green River in Wyoming, cataloguing their finds as they went.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt had been some weeks since anyone had heard from the party, and public anxiety was mounting. Now a man claiming to be the sole survivor was speaking to the press. The last time he had seen them, he said, Powell had been standing on his boat, waving his hat in cheery farewell... just before the whole expedition plunged directly into some deadly rapids. Hours later, the narrator had found a lone carpet-bag floating down the river. It contained Powell's notebooks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the week that followed, the tragic news was widely circulated. But Powell's own wife was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov\u002Flccn\u002Fsn82014064\u002F1869-07-07\u002Fed-1\u002Fseq-2\u002F#date1=1869&index=1&date2=1869&words=Major+Powell&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&rows=20&proxtext=Major+Powell&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1\"\u003Enot convinced\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – and it turned out she was quite right. It soon became clear that the source had probably never even met Powell, let alone accompanied the expedition. His whole story was entirely made-up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, the explorers' continued on their journey, entirely unaware of the bizarre scandal unfolding back home. And soon afterwards, the living, breathing Powell uncovered a disappearance of a very different kind – a vanishing that would baffle geologists for the next century and a half. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe lost years \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETwo months earlier, Powell's team – an unusual assortment of trappers, suspected fugitives, Native American scouts, former editors and ex-convicts – had burdened four wooden rowing boats with everything they needed for their journey, including a number of sophisticated scientific instruments. With a crowd of well-wishers gathered around them, they raised their little American flag and pushed off into the rush of water below.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe trip would span 10 months and require no small amount of courage to complete. There were almost daily run-ins with swirling rapids, precipitous waterfalls, and threatening rocks, and at one point, Powell had to sprint away from a 20-ft (6m) wide \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplay.google.com\u002Fbooks\u002Freader?id=wSY6orWMf5AC&pg=GBS.PA64&hl=en\"\u003Eflash flood of red mud\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The team lost an oar mere hours after departing – and in just over two weeks, one of their boats had been swept away. In all, only six out of 10 members of the original party would return home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tskhp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe team first reached the Grand Canyon on 13 August 1869. By then, they had just a month's worth of rations remaining – some soggy apples, putrid bacon, musty flour and a sack of coffee – and many unknown dangers still lay ahead. The men were joking around as usual, but Powell wrote that to him \"the cheer is sombre and the jests are ghastly\". \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven in these desperate times, the team were awed by a steady carousel of wonders. All around, there were grand spires, ornately carved buttresses, and strange, angular pinnacles – imposing scenery on the scale of giants. Of all this, Powell was particularly struck by the cliffs, which he later described as a \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplay.google.com\u002Fbooks\u002Freader?id=wSY6orWMf5AC&pg=GBS.PA190&hl=en\"\u003Elibrary of the gods\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" – a place where colourful layers of rock formed the \"stony leaves of one great book\", in which they could read, line by line, how the universe was made.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt least, this is how it seemed at first. But then Powell \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplay.google.com\u002Fbooks\u002Freader?id=wSY6orWMf5AC&pg=GBS.PA211-IA1&hl=en\"\u003Ediscovered something odd\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the bewildering height of the canyon walls.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210205-the-last-secrets-of-the-worlds-lost-continent\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe missing continent it took 375 years to find\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210702-how-an-earthquake-created-a-village-full-of-sinkholes\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe Croatian village where the land became 'Swiss cheese'\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-climate-change-the-mystery-of-siberias-explosive-craters\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe mystery of Siberia’s exploding craters\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStanding at the base of the cliffs and looking upwards, he could see a thick section of hard, crystalline rocks – mostly granite and schist (slate or shale that has been subjected to intense pressure), arranged in unusual vertical layers. Above this was a 1,000ft (305m) band of reddish sandstone, in the neat horizontal lines you would expect. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut here was the catch – by counting the layers of vertical crystalline rock, Powell estimated that this section should be 10,000ft (3,050m) thick. In reality, it measured just 500ft (152m). There were thousands of feet of missing rock – it had just vanished. He named this feature The Great Unconformity, and asked himself, \"how can this be?\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday geologists know that the youngest of the hard, crystalline rocks are 1.7 billion years old, whereas the oldest in the sandstone layer were formed 550 million years ago. This means there's more than a billion-year-gap in the geological record. To this day, no one knows what happened to the rocks in between. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tsmvl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA global anomaly\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the missing rock is particularly obvious in the Grand Canyon, the phenomenon is ubiquitous. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's one of these features that pretty much occurs under a lot of people's feet, when they don't even realise it,\" says Stephen Marshak, professor emeritus in the Department of Geology at the University of Illinois. He explains that in the centre of any continent, whether you're in the United States, Siberia or Europe, if you drill down far enough you'll hit the two layers of rock involved in this mysterious geological anomaly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"And so what that means is that everywhere beneath you, that boundary exists – sometimes it's close to the surface and you can see it, sometimes it's kilometres below the surface, but it's always there, except in mountain ranges where it's been stripped away entirely,\" says Marshak. \"And so it's widespread, and it's telling us a very, very important story about the Earth history.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs Marshak alludes, finding out what happened during, and led to, the missing billion years is no trivial matter. There are two reasons for this. The first is that it just so happens to have occurred immediately before another inexplicable event – the sudden proliferation in the diversity of life on Earth 541 million years ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Cambrian explosion refers to an era when the oceans suddenly shifted from hosting a scattering of weird and unfamiliar creatures – such as triffid-like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nms.ac.uk\u002Fexplore-our-collections\u002Fcollection-search-results\u002Fediacaran-biota\u002F682567\"\u003Eleaf-shaped animals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and giant \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1525-142X.2010.00404.x\"\u003Esteamrollered ovals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which continue to defy all efforts to categorise them – to an abundance of life, with many of the major taxonomic groups around today. It happened in the space of just 13-25 million years – an evolutionary twinkling of an eye.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe problem was first identified in the 1840s, and proved to be particularly challenging for Charles Darwin. He called it \"inexplicable\" and lamented in On the Origin of Species \"…the difficulty of assigning any good reason for the absence of vast piles of strata rich in fossils beneath the Cambrian system is very great\". \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe second is that it's thought Earth underwent radical climate change during the lost years – possibly turning into a giant ball of ice, with an almost entirely frozen surface. Very little is currently known about how this \"snowball Earth\" formed, or how life managed to cling on. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tsp1x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, if we knew what happened in this prehistoric dark age, perhaps we would find some answers to these thorny scientific puzzles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"This is an interval in Earth's history when a lot is happening,\" says Rebecca Flowers, an associate professor in the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Colorado, Boulder. \"…And all of these events clearly are related in some form, so trying to disentangle the relationships among these different processes in this key interval of Earth's history, I think is pretty fundamental,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETheory 1: the snowball \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne idea about what caused the missing time hinges on what's happening on Earth's glaciers today. Take the second-largest ice body on the planet, the Greenland Ice Sheet, which covers around 80% of the country's surface – roughly 1.7 million sq km (656,000 sq miles).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust like rivers, glaciers can also move – but very slowly. And as they do, they gradually scour away at the crust they're sitting on. If this continues for tens of thousands or even millions of years, eventually this erosion can abrade away significant quantities of rock. As a result, Greenland is riddled with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fncomms14199\"\u003Escars of its glacial history\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such as deep valleys and dramatic fjords.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while some parts of Greenland have been carved out by flowing ice, others have been protected by glaciers that were so hard and frigid, they didn't move at all – and kept the land underneath safely cocooned, free from any erosion. These areas have remained largely unchanged, and form the country's plateaus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe former is what earth scientists call a \"wet\" glacier, while the latter is \"cold\", says C Brenhin Keller, an assistant professor in the department of Earth Sciences at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack when the Earth was a giant snowball, the theory goes, the same processes would have applied across the entire surface of the planet. So the only question is, how bitter was this era exactly – would the glaciers have been \"wet\" or \"cold\" – and could any amount of ice have eroded away a billion years of rock?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tsrv6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBack in 2018, together with colleagues from a number of other universities, Keller \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F116\u002F4\u002F1136.short\"\u003Eattempted to answer this question\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F223888268_Is_there_a_conflict_between_the_Neoproterozoic_glacial_deposits_and_the_snowball_Earth_interpretation_an_improved_understanding_with_numerical_modeling\"\u003EBased on a model\u003C\u002Fa\u003E developed by another group several years before, they assumed that snowball Earth would indeed have had a \"wet\" glacier on its surface, and it would have been surprisingly mobile.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat's because the global ice sheet would have collectively locked up so much water that the earth's sea level would have dropped dramatically. This in turn would have created a steeper gradient from the land to the sea, meaning that the glaciers on the earth's surface would be moving more rapidly – just as rivers speed up when they're running downhill. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAltogether, starting around 717 million years ago and ending around 580 million years ago, the team predicted that the frosty phase would have removed around 3-5 vertical km (1.9-3.1 miles) of rock – more than enough to account for The Great Unconformity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I think there's every reason to believe that this was fairly erosive,\" says Keller, though he points out that the amount of lost rock wouldn't have been the same everywhere \"because ice is a very hit or miss driver of erosion.\" This might explain why there is more missing rock in some parts of the world than others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, this can't have been the full story, because it would still be another 40 million years before much new rock was laid down. \"And I think what is going on there actually is essentially, you've made the crust hotter by just having chopped off the coldest part. That makes it more buoyant,\" says Keller. This pushed up the land and paved the way for yet more erosion – the higher it is, the more quickly it's eroded by ordinary weathering such as rain and wind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETheory 2: the death of a supercontinent \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother possibility is that the culprit was the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcarnegiescience.edu\u002Fnews\u002Fone-supercontinents-different-others-it%E2%80%99s-rodinia\"\u003Esupercontinent Rodinia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – a forgotten landmass that concentrated East Antarctica, India, Siberia, China, a large chunk of South America, North America and assorted bits of Africa in one place. It first assembled around a billion years ago, and broke up gradually, until 750 million years ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tsvdj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"It basically amalgamated all of the crust on the world into a single giant continent,\" says Michael DeLucia, a PhD student in the department of Geology at the University of Illinois who authored a paper on the subject. He explains that most heat from the centre of the Earth is normally released via mountain ranges on the seafloor – oceanic ridges – which occur at the boundaries of tectonic plates. But when all the land was pushed together, there weren't as many of these, so Rodinia got quite hot.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"And of course, when things warm, they expand,\" says DeLucia. \"So it was basically the expansion below the supercontinent that we think promoted this uplift event that caused around six to eight km (3.7-5 miles) of vertical uplift.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis not only accelerated the breakup of Rodinia, but may have erased the record of everything that happened in the preceding billion years – again, the land was higher and therefore more easily eroded.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to this theory, Rodinia would have looked like a giant, hilly plateau for 200 million years – devoid of all life, which was still confined to the vast ocean that surrounded it. This was eventually eroded down to almost nothing. \"And we see this erosion event across all current continents,\" says DeLucia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut that wasn't quite the end of the story. The sheer amount of erosion involved would have changed the chemistry of the atmosphere and the oceans, leading to major climate change. It would have been the opposite of what's happening today – as rainwater scoured away the surface of the supercontinent, this would have released calcium ions, which then washed into the ocean to form calcium carbonate (the main ingredient in chalk). Essentially, the erosion trapped carbon dioxide in the ocean, locking it out of the atmosphere and cooling down the Earth. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn this scenario, the planet would have turned into a snowball \u003Cem\u003Eafter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E the billion years went missing, rather than before.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"This then perhaps even scraped off more sediments,\" says Marshak, who was also involved in the research, \"which enhanced and amplified The Great Unconformity.\" In the end, the older layers of rock beneath the fragmenting Rodinia would have been exposed, ready to join up directly with the new sedimentary rock that was laid down once the climate stabilised again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tslrt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhichever way it happened, the erosion of unfathomable quantities of rock and transfer of these sediments to the oceans is thought to explain the proliferation of life that occurred immediately afterwards, during the Cambrian. It's particularly striking that – at a time when there would be more dissolved minerals in the ocean than ever – many of the new lifeforms that emerged had skeletons and shells that require calcium. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, Marshak is keen to stress that the debate is ongoing. \"There are a couple of issues that are still contentious about it, and are still subjects of research,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETheory 3: a confusion of gaps\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis brings us to the most recent idea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are only two possible ways for a billion years to go missing – either no rock was laid down, or it was all removed (or both).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThough The Great Unconformity is most visible at the Grand Canyon, it's also accessible at a number of other locations, one of which is the Canadian Shield, a vast area of exposed ancient rock that encircles Hudson Bay in the country's northeast. And here \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1029\u002F2020GC009567\"\u003Erecent research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E revealed a twist.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It appears that the major erosion at the Grand Canyon occurred prior to the snowball glaciation,\" says Flowers, who was involved in the research, \"whereas in the Canadian shield it occurred later, during or perhaps after, the snowball Earth glaciations.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis suggests that the epic interruption in the geological record was not a single, discrete phenomenon – but instead is actually at least two mini-gaps, which look like one big one because they occurred at around the same time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen earlier this year, there was another surprise. Just over 150 years after Powell's fateful expedition, Flowers and colleagues went back to the Grand Canyon to do their own investigations. What they found was striking: even the lost billion years at the Grand Canyon may not have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org\u002Fgsa\u002Fgeology\u002Farticle\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1130\u002FG49116.1\u002F606722\u002FZircon-U-Th-He-thermochronology-reveals-pre-Great\"\u003Edisappeared at the same time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and may instead have vanished in several separate events over the course of several hundred million years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tsvzt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"On these timescales, we're not really great at refining an age for missing time exactly,\" says Francis Macdonald, Professor of Geology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, who was also involved in the research. \"And so the previous theory suggested that okay, it's all being formed once, with glaciation – but we're saying 'no it's been formed over hundreds of millions of years'… when you get better data, they [the unconformities] are not exactly correlative.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf the two sets of erased rock really are independent of each other, this suggests that they weren't caused by one extraordinary event like snowball earth after all. In this case, Flowers suggests that they might have been formed via tectonic processes which pushed vast quantities of the earth's crust upwards. There might have been no erosion either – it's possible that the higher altitude just made it difficult to deposit sediment, and therefore little rock was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org\u002Fgsa\u002Fgeology\u002Farticle\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1130\u002FG49116.1\u002F606722\u002FZircon-U-Th-He-thermochronology-reveals-pre-Great\"\u003Eformed during this era\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the first place. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn unsolved mystery \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is not quite the end, however. The debate continues – all the experts I spoke to emphasised the need for more data. And luckily this is likely to be forthcoming. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I think there's [been] a renaissance of interest [in this geological enigma],\" says Macdonald. A decade ago, there was relatively little research on The Great Unconformity and what caused it. But a surge of outlandish new theories – and the emergence of technologies capable of testing them – has transformed the field.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne major game-changer was a technique known as thermochronology, which involves extrapolating the history of rocks by measuring how their temperature has changed since they formed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"So for example [with older methods], if somebody says that they dated a granite and it's 100 million years old, what they usually are referring to is the time at which it cooled from magma to become solid,\" says Marshak. With thermochronology, you aren't looking at when the rock formed, but roughly when it was pushed up to the Earth's surface – and this can tell you a lot about what was happening in our planet's deep past. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"This technique basically gave us a window to pull out the records of missing time,\" says Macdonald. Who knows what secrets they might reveal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EZaria Gorvett is a senior journalist for BBC Future and tweets \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FZariaGorvett\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@ZariaGorvett\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fthe-lost-index"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-09-01T15:05:50.048Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The strange race to track down a missing billion years","headlineShort":"The search for the eon that vanished","image":["p09tswcp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A billion years have vanished from the geological record – and over 152 years after this was first discovered, scientists can't agree on why.","summaryShort":"There are a billion years missing from geology – and scientists can't agree why.","tag":["tag\u002Fgeology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-02T03:35:27.952513Z","entity":"article","guid":"8d7ef2c4-3b12-4a98-b795-968e40685894","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T11:18:11.470127Z","project":"future","slug":"20210901-the-strange-race-to-track-down-a-missing-billion-years","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229114},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210902-how-finger-counting-gives-away-your-nationality":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210902-how-finger-counting-gives-away-your-nationality","_id":"613150960e2e0c65c903cac6","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fanand-jagatia"],"bodyIntro":"Many people around the world learn to count on their fingers, but we don't all do it in the same way. Could there be a better method?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow would you count to 10 on your fingers? Do you start with the thumb or the index finger? Left hand or right? Dactylonomy (counting on your hands) seems like such a simple and natural thing to do that you might assume it's nearly the same everywhere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter all, it's no coincidence that we have 10 digits on our hands and the most common number systems have 10 digits. This way of counting (called a base 10 system) probably arose because we have 10 fingers. If we had evolved with 8 or 12 fingers, our number system \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fideas\u002Fvideos\u002Fis-there-a-better-way-to-count-12s-anyone\u002Fp06mdfkn\"\u003Emight be quite different\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And the word \"digit\" in the sense of numerals comes from the Latin \u003Cem\u003Edigitus, \u003C\u002Fem\u003Emeaning finger or toe – because of the way we use them to count.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut it turns out that people around the world have vastly different techniques for keeping track of numbers on their hands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, if you're from the UK or many parts of Europe, you probably start counting with the thumb, and finish with the pinky. While in the US, they start counting with the index finger, ending with the thumb. In parts of the Middle East like Iran, they begin with the pinky, whereas in Japan they start with the fingers extended in an open palm, drawing them in to make a closed fist.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever this cultural diversity in finger counting hasn't always been appreciated. \"What struck me was that most researchers treated it as if there was just one way of counting with your fingers,\" says Andrea Bender, a professor of cognition, culture and language at the University of Bergen, Norway.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"In the past, researchers have believed that finger counting, and especially the way that we do it in the West, is essential for children when they start to learn counting, and when they try to grasp what numbers actually are. One reason for casting doubt on that is that there is so much cultural diversity in how fingers or body parts are used for counting.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn India, for example, they use the lines between the segments of the fingers to count. This means each digit can represent four numbers and the whole hand can represent 20. While in parts of Eastern Africa like Tanzania, among speakers of some Bantu languages, they use both hands in a symmetric way as much as possible. The number six, for example, is shown with the index, middle and ring finger of both hands. There's also the indigenous Northern Pame people of Mexico, who count on their knuckles, and the (now extinct) Yuki language in California, which used the spaces in between the fingers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou can see examples of these ways of finger counting, and a way of counting to 1,000 on two hands in this \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002Fvideo\u002Fp09sflpk\u002Fhow-the-way-you-count-reveals-where-you-re-from\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBBC Reel video\u003C\u002Fa\u003E below.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210902-how-finger-counting-gives-away-your-nationality-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImage":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09sg5h1","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoUrn":["p09sflpk"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210902-how-finger-counting-gives-away-your-nationality-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, some cultures don't use quantities of fingers to represent numbers at all – they use symbols. In China, they count from one to five in the same way as the US, but six to 10 are represented symbolically. Six is shown by extending the thumb and pinky, while 10 is either a closed fist or crossing the index and middle fingers. And the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1086\u002F357319\"\u003Eancient Romans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E also used a clever (but difficult to master) symbolic system that allowed them to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.historyofinformation.com\u002Fdetail.php?id=1487\"\u003Ecount into the thousands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBender says that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0010027712000960\"\u003Efinger counting can be\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0010027712000960\"\u003E richly varied\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and researchers may have barely scratched the surface of the multitudes of ways different cultures do it. Her group is about to start on a much bigger survey to try to document finger counting around the world in much more detail.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We know a little bit about how much diversity is possible, but we have no idea yet of how big the differences actually can be,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECognitive scientists like Bender are beginning to show that there is still much to discover about the relationship between gesture and language learning. For example, gestures can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.2020.2419\"\u003Echange how we hear words\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But we don't know whether the gesture informs the choice of word or vice versa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"What I think is extremely exciting is – what cognitive implications do these differences have? How do children who grow up with different representations for numbers learn counting?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt some point, probably hundreds of thousands of years ago, our ancestors started to count and developed different counting systems, concludes Bender.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENot only can finger counting reveal where in the world you come from, it may also shed light on how we learned to understand the concept of number – as children and even as a species. Even though counting on your hands feels as easy as one-two-three, in reality it's not so simple.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp style=\"margin: 0px 0px 16px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: ReithSans, Arial, Helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp style=\"margin: 0px 0px 16px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: ReithSans, Arial, Helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca style=\"cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none #002856; color: #002856; box-sizing: border-box;\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca style=\"cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none #002856; color: #002856; box-sizing: border-box;\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca style=\"cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none #002856; color: #002856; box-sizing: border-box;\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp style=\"margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: ReithSans, Arial, Helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca style=\"cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none #002856; color: #002856; box-sizing: border-box;\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca style=\"cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none #002856; color: #002856; box-sizing: border-box;\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca style=\"cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none #002856; color: #002856; box-sizing: border-box;\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003E, \u003Ca style=\"cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none #002856; color: #002856; box-sizing: border-box;\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca style=\"cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none #002856; color: #002856; box-sizing: border-box;\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210902-how-finger-counting-gives-away-your-nationality-2"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-09-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How finger counting gives away your nationality","headlineShort":"How our digits reveal our nationalities","image":["p09sg5h1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Many people around the world learn to count on their fingers, but we don't all do it in the same way. Could there be a better method?","summaryShort":"Could other cultures have a better way to count on their fingers?","tag":["tag\u002Fmathematics","tag\u002Flanguage"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-02T22:30:38.582398Z","entity":"article","guid":"3747e662-0a7a-4656-a642-b8a1da1dc813","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210902-how-finger-counting-gives-away-your-nationality","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-03T12:18:40.718264Z","project":"future","slug":"20210902-how-finger-counting-gives-away-your-nationality","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229115},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh","_id":"612fbc930e2e0c63ab2f996c","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Faysha-imtiaz"],"bodyIntro":"The humble oyster has proven remarkably effective in protecting one of Bangladesh's most vulnerable islands from fast-rising seas.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENothing could have prepared Mohammed Shah Nawaz Chowdhury for the sobering reality of Kutubdia Island. The island, off the coast of southern Bangladesh, was rapidly eroding into the sea, causing both land and life to retreat. Many packed up and moved. Those who couldn't, stayed – inching back, as the island they had called home for generations changed around them. \"These were families I had gotten to know, trust and respect,\" he says. \"It regularly moved me to tears.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChowdhury was witnessing Bangladesh's climate migration, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unhcr.org\u002Fnews\u002Flatest\u002F2015\u002F12\u002F566ff51f6\u002Fsea-levels-rise-bangladeshis-seek-higher-ground.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ecaused by sea level rise linked to climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. By 2050, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org\u002Fhandle\u002F10986\u002F29461\"\u003Eup to 13.3 million Bangladeshis may become displaced due to climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet, just off Kutubdia Island's shore, a glimmer of hope is visible amid the waves. Jutting out of the water, oyster-encrusted reefs glisten in the sun. These reefs are vibrant homes for marine life, a potential source of income for local people and, Chowdhury hopes, they could become a formidable force to defend Kutubdia Island from sea level rise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Kutubdia Island, with its fast receding shoreline, is a microcosm of these challenges at their fiercest","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe idea of Kutubdia Island's oyster reefs was born in 2012, when Chowdhury was a research associate at the Institute of Marine Sciences, at the University of Chittagong, in Bangladesh. The premise was simple: oyster reefs could serve as a defence mechanism against coastal erosion by calming waves before they reached the shore. The idea had worked before in the Netherlands, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180822-recycled-shells-of-louisiana-oyster-reef-protect-new-orleans\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehad also had success in Louisiana in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Now, researchers at Wageningen University would work together with Chowdhury and his colleagues to see if they could improve the situation at Kutubdia Island.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe catch, of course, was that Bangladesh and the Netherlands, and indeed Louisiana, are thousands of miles apart and have wildly different environmental contexts. \"We were facing a lot of challenges like natural sedimentation due to river run-off, storm surges and other monsoonal effects that make our coast so dynamic,\" says Chowdhury, \"I wasn't sceptical, but we had to plan. A lot.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was a tantalising prospect. Could ecological engineering through oysters save the dynamic coastline of Chowdhury's homeland? He spent the next six years, including more than 600 days with 27 students living on Kutubdia Island, finding out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tcb60"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERegularly pelted by storms, cyclones and sea level rise, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190829-bangladesh-the-country-disappearing-under-rising-tides\"\u003EBangladesh's coast is susceptible to many climate stresses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Kutubdia Island, with its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.banglajol.info\u002Findex.php\u002FBJSR\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F26228\"\u003Efast receding shoreline\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, is a microcosm of these challenges at their fiercest. \"Potentially, it has been estimated that by 2050, one in every seven Bangladeshis will be displaced by climate change,\" says Chowdhury. \"We're getting more ferocious waves due to global warming and heating waters.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETraditional structural interventions, such as concrete embankments or dykes, have been a common response to protect the shoreline. According to Rezaul Karim Chowdhury, executive director of the Bangladeshi NGO Coast, 60% of the country's coast is protected by embankments. But some argue that building a living defence, rather than one made of concrete, could be more effective.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOyster breakwaters\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0925857412001310\"\u003EEcological engineering\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or eco-engineering, involves designing sustainable ecosystems with both natural and human value. Oysters engineer their environment by clustering on hard, submerged surfaces and fusing together to create reef structures. Their role in filtering and retaining nutrients in water, providing spawning and shelter for fish, and so boosting biodiversity is well-documented. Oyster reefs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2020.00656\u002Ffull\"\u003Eprovide a habitat for other animals, improve water quality and enhance seagrass growth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Mohammed Shah Nawaz Chowdhury and his colleagues in the Netherlands were particularly interested in their role as natural breakwaters. Oyster reefs can provide relief to a coast constantly buffeted by strong waves. That is not their only benefit, though. \"What you want is the sedimentation behind the reef structure that the oysters naturally form. The reefs give you a more extensive foreshore and [consequently] calmer waters,\" says Petra Dankers, senior consultant for morphology and eco-engineering at Royal HaskoningDHV, which partnered with Wageningen University, in the Netherlands, on the Kutubdia Island project.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESuch fluidity is the hallmark of the building with nature approach. And rather than being seen as a setback, it becomes part of the plan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's a dynamic process – not hard concrete. And that's the new understanding of using natural forces to achieve our goals,\" says Aad Smaal, emeritus professor of sustainable shellfish culture at Wageningen University.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tcb93"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe natural forces shaping Kutubdia were especially important to understand because, unlike many oyster reef projects across the world (for example, in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0964569113003049\"\u003EGulf of Mexico\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), this was not a restoration of a declining reef. It was an introduction of new reefs as engineering structures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFortunately, the region presented many of the ideal conditions necessary for the reef, Chowdhury found in his initial survey. There was the appropriate water temperature, water flow velocity, pH levels, salinity and dissolved oxygen. The marks of life already existing in the water, such as phytoplankton, also indicated that this could be a place where oysters would thrive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENext, they needed to check if oyster larvae were already present in the Bay of Bengal waters. \"It's not just a case of putting something in the water and expecting it to work,\" says Smaal. One of the best substrates (surfaces on which organisms like molluscs grow), he says, is existing oyster shells. \"It's also about successful recruitment, meaning the passively drifting larvae will settle and not move anymore,\" he adds. \"Even in an open system with strong currents.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, Kutubdia Island showed large clusters of oysters growing naturally on concrete pillars, especially near a jetty. And as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbioone.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fjournal-of-shellfish-research\u002Fvolume-39\u002Fissue-1\u002F035.039.0101\u002FAlternative-Substrates-Used-for-Oyster-Reef-Restoration-A-Review\u002F10.2983\u002F035.039.0101.full\"\u003Estudies suggest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, concrete is one of the most successful alternative substrates after natural oyster shells – with reefs on concrete equalling or in some cases surpassing the size, biomass and density of oysters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tcbfn"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo, to start the new reef, Chowdhury and his team chose more concrete. \"We wanted to use what was locally available and sustainably priced,\" he says. The structure of choice? Circular rings that the local residents stack and top with a commode to create latrines. These would not only be readily available, but could withstand the rough weather during the monsoon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInsider knowledge\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while oysters might grow abundantly on concrete in some situations, they are highly particular about other features of their habitat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The oyster... it has a specific preference for growing conditions,\" says Chowdhury. \"They can't be exposed to air or sun for over 20% of the time.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe best people to help find the right spot for the artificial reef were the indigenous coastal community, Chowdhury says, who were already attuned with the rhythms of the rise and fall of the tide across seasons. The local islanders' knowledge of the \u003Cem\u003Ekostura \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(the local word among islanders for oysters) proved invaluable for him and his research associates before the first 300kg (661lbs) rings went into the water at a test site in 2014. Local people also helped select the best sites for the concrete rings to be placed two years later when they were moved to their final destination in 2016. \"I always respect indigenous knowledge,\" says Chowdhury.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnce in the right place with the right conditions, the reef would be able to grow upwards and keep pace with sea-level rise. Minor damage to the reef, especially by natural causes, would be self-repaired – the new population grows again to fill the space and account for any oysters lost.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe researchers hoped that the oysters could also become a nutritious source of food and rich harvesting opportunities for the local community. Though this went somewhat against the grain of local tastes. \"Though oysters are technically halal [lawful in Islam], there isn't much of a consumption habit in Bangladesh so far,\" says Smaal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Not all of our people are interested in oysters,\" Chowdhury agrees, noting that they aren't widely eaten in Bangladesh. \"Some don't even know what the oyster is.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tcbkz"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut while they didn't consume the oysters directly, the experienced Kutubdia fishermen were well aware of the fertile habitat and plentiful fishing grounds that oyster reefs provide.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We started finding mud crabs in the rings, drawn by the reef,\" says Chowdhury. \"Mud crabs have immense export value. 1kg can be sold for $10 [£7.30]. Two to three families can easily make a livelihood off a small oyster reef by adding traps,\" Chowdhury says. Other species the research team found included barnacles, sea anemones, gastropods and polychaetes (marine worms) – all of which can attract fish.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOsman Ali, a 55-year-old fisherman who has spent his life on the island, says after the reefs began to grow, he no longer needed to work such strenuous hours to make a living. \"We find a higher abundance of fish, shrimp and crabs near the \u003Cem\u003Ekostura\u003C\u002Fem\u003E,\" he says. And while the reef spanned only 100m (328ft), Ali is convinced: \"If a larger reef had been created, it would increase our likelihood of getting more fish.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I proposed a partnership with the fishermen,\" says Chowdhury. \"If you take care of the reef, it will take care of you.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERipple effects \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the fish were welcome, it was the accumulation of sediment behind the reef that began to make a difference.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Depending on the environment you're in, sedimentation gradually accumulates on the lee side,\" Dankers says. \"In the Netherlands, we saw 1-5cm (0.3-2 inches) a year. In Bangladesh we saw up to 30cm (12 inches),\" she says. The massive amounts of Himalayan silt in the coastal deltas was the reason for such a marked difference.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We talk about resources, but we ignore the sediment in our water,\" says Chowdhury. \"Billions of tonnes of sediment are flowing through our extensive Bhramaputra, Meghna and Ganges river network. If we could find a way to settle it in our coastline, we could make a new country.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe reef helped sediment to accumulate for as far as 30m (98ft) behind it, Chowdhury found, and stabilised the silt even during the monsoon season. The reef completely dissipated waves lower than 50cm (20 inches), and those over 1m (40 inches) also had their force considerably reduced. It worked even in intense weather – observed when tropical cyclone \u003Cem\u003ERoanu\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, with wind speeds of 70-110kph (43-68mph), hit the study site in May 2016. The vegetation nearby flourished too compared with the control locations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis vegetation could be crucial in helping restore the coast, as it does in other parts of the country. \"Near the Sundarbans area [in the south-west], you don't see erosion [because] mangrove forests act as a bioshield,” says Chowdhury. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0214079\"\u003Echimes with research by Susmita Dasgupta\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an environmental economist at the World Bank. Mangroves are an effective way to protect against storm surges, she writes. The mangroves obstruct the flow of water with roots, trunks and leaves, reducing water flow velocity by 29-92%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"You could have the oyster reef first, and behind that, the mangrove,\" says Dankers. Many of the world's coasts used to have a fringe of mangrove forest, she says, but much has been lost in the past century. \"Depending on how extensive your mangrove system is – for instance, it might span a few kilometres – you may or may not need a dyke or wall as well.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tcbp1"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut oysters can only help to a certain extent. Dankers cautions that there is a looming, unaddressed concern posing an imminent threat to low-lying coastal countries like Bangladesh: rapidly sinking soil. In Bangladesh it is sinking at rates of 5-20cm (2-8 inches) a year, Dankers estimates, making the fight against sea level rise harder, and is expected to worsen as development (and populations) increase.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41558-021-00993-z.epdf?sharing_token=_Jey54DAtdlrG5Y8MQc9j9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0PzAHRBjv4mN9V_P9i6WSpKT2dVue79OIp5lkNZjQ8uwGUugmY-iYbzN-5WAMRPa7GC0Rlj4lyELT5MPQNfPmBzd-W9LlpbtSp1XH6F8b22MZ8Edxv4Hn6FkoO6piyjKxd4lMUtF9RIWfsnfEILUK44bcetMQ-fbiDWShfrn8fzJVMs_v8aaCsjm7M0XEcpxYk%3D&tracking_referrer=www.volkskrant.nl\"\u003ERecent studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E find that the greatest causes of subsidence are often human-induced – including groundwater withdrawal, oil and gas extraction, and mining. And the problem is only compounded in densely populated areas and coastal cities with local, upstream flood defences which limit sediment supply.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Groundwater extraction is a big issue at many locations worldwide and where it isn't yet, it will become one if no proper legislation is organised,\" says Dankers. \"For Bangladesh, it is now the time to come up with legislation so it will not end up like Jakarta, the capital that is flooding every high tide... We can work with sedimentation on the coast, but the bigger problem is soil subsiding.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"You can't keep building higher and higher up with rigid structures. There comes a point when you can't keep up. And such [natural] solutions take time. You want to get the reefs started early.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday, the oyster reef at Kutubdia Island seems to have held up the \"natural\" part of the building with nature bargain, but the necessary upkeep by humans has been somewhat neglected. The reef has grown, but a few portions have been broken down by boats at high tide. \"The site has lost the sign pole we put up to avoid this,\" says Chowdhury. \"We don't have the funds to put it back and monitor further.\" He hopes to establish a larger testing site of at least a kilometre in length to show the reef's potential.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENevertheless, Smaal is hopeful. \"We're aware of the vulnerabilities of living reefs, such as susceptibility to disease. Yet oysters are robust.\" He hopes oysters will be part of a paradigm-shift in the way we view coastal defences. \"The idea is to use natural resources and build with nature,\" he says. \"Because working against it just isn't feasible anymore.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-12"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-09-01T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The unlikely protector against Bangladesh's rising seas","headlineShort":"Bangladesh's unusual use for oysters","image":["p09tcb2c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The humble oyster has proven remarkably effective in protecting one of Bangladesh's most vulnerable islands from fast-rising seas.","summaryShort":"An island hard-hit by climate change could be protected by the humble shellfish","tag":["tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-31T23:02:12.374475Z","entity":"article","guid":"c561e147-0371-4555-9086-0849545480b2","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:46:52.38284Z","project":"future","slug":"20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229115},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica","_id":"612fbc970e2e0c63ab2f996d","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmark-piesing"],"bodyIntro":"Flying on the coldest continent on Earth is a dangerous business, but without aircraft we would still know relatively little about Antarctica and life there would be impossible.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe heroic age of Antarctic exploration reached its zenith in December 1911, when Norwegian Roald Amundsen beat Robert Falcon Scott to the South Pole. It ended, arguably, at 8.20am on 20 December 1928, when Australian Sir George Hubert Wilkins \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=DKkgI8Nqa4w\"\u003Etook off in a \"sleek, shiny, bullet-shaped\" high-wing monoplane\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from Deception Island, just off the Antarctic Peninsula, to explore the last great hole in the map.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith that flight, the machine age of Antarctic exploration had definitively arrived – the flying-machine age – and arguably, we are still in it nearly a century later. There are around 50 runways in Antarctica, and Australia is hoping to build a new concrete runway.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWilkins's flight was followed by similar flights by early aerial pioneers such as Richard Byrd, aviators divided by feuds but who were as brave as their muscle-powered predecessors. Their expeditions paved the way to the demilitarised, environmentally protected, and science-led Antarctica we have today, even if it is, perhaps, not the one they wanted.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The pioneers like Wilkins were hugely courageous aviators,\" says Victoria Auld, a pilot with the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). \"We have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bas.ac.uk\u002Fpolar-operations\u002Fsites-and-facilities\u002Faircraft\"\u003EGPS and radio\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but they would set out on long flights to the pole with only a sextant to estimate their positions with, and a lack of, even basic communications equipment.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike elsewhere in the world, even in the early days of Antarctic aviation, aircraft completely transformed what explorers were able to achieve.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The plane was the real game changer because you can cover so much ground so quickly,\" says Klaus Dodds, professor of geopolitics at the University of London Royal Holloway, and author of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.veryshortintroductions.com\u002Fview\u002F10.1093\u002Factrade\u002F9780199697687.001.0001\u002Factrade-9780199697687\"\u003EThe Antarctic: A Very Short Introduction.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut aircraft also gave explorers an entirely new perspective on the Antarctic continent that allowed them to see just how vast it really was.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Wilkins and Byrd were the first people to systematically fly over Antarctica,\" says Adrian Howkins, a reader in environmental history at the University of Bristol. \"When you look at the maps they produced you can see just how much of the continent they were able to see from a plane, rather than a ship or walking across the ice. But making sense of what they saw wasn't as easy and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.antarctica.gov.au\u002Fabout-antarctica\u002Fhistory\u002Fpeople\u002Fhubert-wilkins\u002F\"\u003Esome mistakes were made\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tk33d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAntarctica may now have been mapped by satellites, but it doesn't mean that humans have been everywhere, or that the maps have always been updated. \"Sometimes mountains would be marked on the very basic maps that we had,\" says polar explorer Felicity Aston, a former BAS meteorologist, author, expedition leader and, in 2012, the first woman to ski alone across Antarctica. \"Sometimes they wouldn't be, and suddenly you were flying over a whole mountain range when on the map there was a bit of text in the middle of a large, blank white area, that said, mountain spotted here in 1967.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAuld now flies the high-wing, twin-engine de Havilland Twin Otter. The Twin Otter is\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bas.ac.uk\u002Fpolar-operations\u002Fsites-and-facilities\u002Ffacility\u002Ftwin-otter-aircraft\u002F\"\u003E a mainstay of the BAS \"air force\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E because of its toughness, reliability, and ability to take off from, and land on, short runways.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETypically, she is \"flying survey lines\" above a particular spot to investigate geophysics or atmospherics in that location, or on week-long trips to instrument sites in the \"deep field\" to download data, carry out repairs and set up new instruments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Some of the older guys would say there is no more real flying these days,\" says Auld. \"But there's not many jobs, certainly for a UK pilot, where you can go and land on snow on skis in an aircraft.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the greatest dangers pilots face in Antarctica is disorientation due to a lack of contrast between the sky and the land. To prevent this danger, BAS won't deploy an aircraft to a new site unless there is \"sunshine on the ground\" [clear blue sky].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"When we go deep field into mountain sites, we'll have a good look at the landing site from overhead from many different angles to spot crevices,\" says Auld. \"Then assuming we can't find any, we use a technique called trailing ski to put sufficient weight on the skis to test to see how rough the surface is, but also to see if we're exposing any crevices that we couldn't see from the air. If we're happy with that, then we'll come in and land.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Antarctica it pays to think about the what ifs. \"We are always thinking about our go-around pattern and making sure we're not exposing ourselves to a situation where you can't get away because of rising ground ahead of you,\" she adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAuld finds herself talking increasingly with drone pilots, working out how to blend operations of the Twin Otter with the Remote Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) that the BAS is developing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"After nearly 4.5 hours, with half his fuel spent, Wilkins opened a hatch, dropped a proclamation claiming the land for King George V of Great Britain","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1928, the bullet-shaped aircraft that Wilkins and his co-pilot Carl Ben Eielson flew was the cutting-edge craft of its day. Their Lockheed Vega was designed by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalaviation.org\u002Four-enshrinees\u002Fnorthrop-john-knudsen\u002F\"\u003EJack Northrop\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, who later founded the Northrop Corporation, famous for the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.military.com\u002Fequipment\u002Fb-2-spirit\"\u003EB-2 Stealth Bomber\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Earlier in the year, in another Vega, the two pilots had become the first to cross the Arctic Ocean from Alaska to Svalbard, Norway.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn the opposite side of the world, the explorers raced above the Antarctic Peninsula. In just 20 minutes, the Vega covered 40 miles (65km), a distance that would have taken months to traverse on foot. After nearly 4.5 hours, with half his fuel spent, Wilkins opened a hatch, dropped \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.south-pole.com\u002Fp0000106.htm\"\u003Ea proclamation (a flag and document) claiming the land for King George V of Great Britain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and reluctantly turned back.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the 10-hour flight – filmed by two movie cameras on board – the Australian and his American colleague had crossed at least 1,000 miles (1,600km) of previously \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F209145\"\u003Eunrecorded Antarctic territory\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. During the flight they were able to get a view over \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F209146\"\u003E100,000sq miles (258,998sq km) of Antarctica\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to estimates from the time. Wilkins named the bays, land and mountains he discovered after his supporters: Hearst Land, Mobiloil Inlet and Lockheed Mountains. \"For the first time in history, new land was being discovered in the air,\" he wrote.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom his flight, Wilkins mistakenly concluded that the Antarctic peninsula was three islands rather than an extension of the mainland.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fgallery\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery\"\u003EThe icy village where you need surgery to live\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170919-how-flying-seriously-messes-with-your-mind\"\u003EHow flying messes with your mind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180913-a-frozen-graveyard-the-sad-tales-of-antarcticas-deaths\"\u003EThe frozen graveyard at the bottom of the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the Australian soon had company in Antarctica. In January 1929, American explorer Richard Byrd's \"million-dollar expedition\" had arrived in the Bay of Whales, near Scott's base for his ill-fated expedition. This was the largest expedition yet sent to Antarctica, and with it came three aircraft and the men to build an underground base in which to overwinter. It was named Little America, and three radio antennae marked its spot. A large slice of Western Antarctica was named after Byrd's wife, Marie Byrd Land. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWilkins's arctic flight had been a triumph, but many doubted that Byrd had flown to the North Pole two years earlier as he claimed. Now the American had to beat his rival to the South Pole, but he lost nerve. He feared that his Trimotor was too heavy, unreliable, and thirsty for such a flight.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe winter months gave Byrd a brief respite, but by November 1929 Wilkins was on his way back to Antarctica, and Jack Northrop told the newspapers that \"we will see a race between Wilkins and Byrd\". Byrd also knew that an Australian expedition led by Douglas Mawson was on its way to explore from the coastline around Enderby Land by air to claim it for Britain, and a Norwegian expedition was heading to roughly the same area, to use the same method. Among them was explorer Ingrid Christensen, who became the first woman to see Antarctica, fly over it, and maybe even the first woman to set foot on the Antarctic mainland.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, at 3.30pm on Thanksgiving Day, 28 November 1929, Byrd took off for the South Pole and headed out into the polar wasteland.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe plane raced across the Ross Ice Shelf, and then laboured to climb up the Liv Glacier to the High Polar Plateau and the pole, but the glacier brought them face to face with a giant ice wall that appeared to be at least 1,500ft (500m) too high for the aircraft to fly over.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDesperately they cast their supplies out of the plane until, at the last minute, close to the ice wall, an updraft picked them up and threw them over the top.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETen hours later, at 1am on 29 November 1929, Byrd reached the South Pole and dropped the US flag. Wilkins made several further flights, but none came close to rivalling Byrd's achievement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen on Christmas Day, tragedy struck: another Norwegian aviator took off on a short flight, a storm blew up and was never seen again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tk2k5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn January 1946, Admiral Richard Byrd ordered the brand-new aircraft carrier Philippine Sea to turn into the wind and six huge propeller-powered long-range Douglas Skytrain cargo planes were blasted into the sky by rocket packs for an eight-hour flight to the Bay of Whales, at Antarctica's Ross Ice Shelf.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 13 ships, 33 aircraft and 4,700 men of the US Navy's Operation Highjump made it the largest expedition ever sent to Antarctica, the apex of the conquest by Antarctica by air, and the birth of a new era of science-led exploration. The goals of the massive expedition included naval preparedness for Arctic warfare; mapping the coastline of Antarctica; assertion of American territorial sovereignty over around 40% of the continent and scientific research. The expedition would climax with a rerun of Byrd's 1929 flight to the South Pole. At the end of which, he dropped the flags of the United Nations over the Pole.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EByrd and his men made many new discoveries. Yet, without ground markers, many of the photographs his men took were useless, and by 1955 only about a third had been used for mapping.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Dodds, exploration is \"never neutral\", and that was certainly true of Wilkins, Byrd, and their kind. These men were motivated variously by personal challenge, discovery, wonder, science, and glory, but also by imperialism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"In the 1920s, 30s and 40s there were mapping wars because the ownership of Antarctica was disputed,\" says Dodds, \"and what these countries were trying to do was to draw and publish as many maps of Antarctica as they could, in as much detail as they could, to establish their claim to it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \"mapping wars\" led to the aviators on the 1939 German expedition dropping metal arrows emblazoned with the Nazi Swastika out of their flying boats to mark their land claim. Needless to say they weren't particularly effective, but this didn't stop Germany claiming a \"vast Antarctic territory\". Following its defeat in the World War Two, Germany had to renounce any claims to Antarctica.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Aviation helped to confirm the ice-covered nature of Antarctica, which arguably contributed to a willingness to compromise in the Antarctic Treaty because there was little immediate prospect for economic gain – Adrian Howkins","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhat drove this land grab was whaling and the need to control the waters around Antarctica. Coal, oil and, later, uranium were next on the list, but no one really knew what was under the ice. It was suggested in 1940 that coal dust could be used to melt the ice, and after the war, nuclear bombs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet Antarctica wasn't carved up by the great powers. Instead, a new era of scientific exploration began to emerge. In 1955-56, Operation Deep Freeze saw the US Navy turn its attention to supporting American scientists on the scientific exploration of Antarctica. On 31 October 1956, the U.S. Navy did what many thought impossible, and landed a \u003Ca title=\"Douglas C-47 Skytrain\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDouglas_C-47_Skytrain\"\u003ELC-47 Douglas Skytrain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E airplane at the South Pole. The following year brought an unprecedented programme of scientific collaboration under the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58, which in Antarctica involved the scientists from around 70 nations. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis new focus on science also brought more women to the continent. In 1968, at the age of 72, Argentinian Irene Bernasconi became one of the first woman scientists to work on the continent – following in the footsteps of Jackie Ronne, who in 1947, became the first woman to explore Antarctica as a working member of an expedition, and who along with Jennie Darlington became the first women to overwinter in Antarctica. Ronne would return a total of 15 times to the Antarctica, including on a US Navy-sponsored flight to the South Pole in 1971.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy far the most important achievement to emerge from the endeavours of the IGY was the Treaty of Antarctica, which was signed in 1959 and committed 12 nations to a demilitarised, peaceful continent based on the principle of international scientific cooperation. That number has now swelled to 46 nations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Aviation also helped to confirm the ice-covered nature of Antarctica, which arguably contributed to a willingness to compromise in the Antarctic Treaty because there was little immediate prospect for economic gain,\" says Howkins.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EScience has become the \"currency\" of the continent, and building infrastructure, like runways, keeps it flowing by allowing aircraft to continue to arrive..\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Antarctica runs by air,\" says Felicity Aston. \"Shipping is important, but it is due to all those early aeronautical expeditions of the 1920s and 1930s, that we have all those air logistics that are so vital to the science programmes, as well as the tourism and the exploration in Antarctica.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tk3jf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Aviators such as Richard Byrd were hugely influential in firing the geographical imaginations of the publics [around the world],\" says Dodd.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe movie \u003Cem\u003EWith Byrd At The South Pole\u003C\u002Fem\u003E won an Oscar for its cinematography. His book Alone is one of the classics of polar literature. The movie about Operation High Jump - \u003Cem\u003EThe Secret World\u003C\u002Fem\u003E – won an Oscar for best documentary\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet, tensions remain. The Antarctic Treaty has merely frozen territorial claims rather than resolving them, and many countries like Russia and China want their place on the ice. And the melting ice sheet is threatening to trigger new disputes over the territories by making it easier to mine the mineral wealth buried beneath.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Surveying to reveal the location of valuable resources is banned by the treaty,\" says Felicity Aston. \"But it's highly improbable that with all the geological surveys going on that scientist don't already have a pretty good idea where the resources are.\" And there is powerful lobby working to allow mining on the continent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlso, the air forces of many nations still make their presence felt on the continent through operations to support scientific research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut flying is still dangerous in Antarctica. In 2019, a Chilean Air Force C-130 Hercules crashed with the loss of 38 passengers and crew after the aircraft broke up in flight, or on hitting water. The cause of the crash is unknown.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat said, it can now take as little two weeks for a scientist to leave their home comforts and be deployed in the field, \"massively extended the working seasons of the science teams\", says Rodney Arnold, the head of the air unit at the British Antarctic Service, and allowing organisations like his to attract a wider range of scientists to the continent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDouglas Dakota-Skytrains still do much of the heavy lifting, and remanufactured as the Basler BT-67, demand for these tough American heavy lifters is increasing. Some, renamed as Snow Eagle 601, can even be found in the colours of China.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow with the coming of the drones, and if built, the new Australian concrete runway could lead to all-year-round flights. It may mean much more of the frozen continent is explored from the air.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* Mark Piesing is the author of N-4 Down: The Search for the Arctic Airship Italia, the true story of the largest polar rescue mission in history.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-08-31T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How aircraft conquered Antarctica","headlineShort":"The planes that conquered Antarctica","image":["p09tk2ls"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Flying on the coldest continent on Earth is a dangerous business, but without aircraft we would still know relatively little about Antarctica and life there would be impossible.","summaryShort":"Flying on the coldest continent on Earth is dangerous but essential","tag":["tag\u002Fantarctica","tag\u002Faircraft"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-31T05:00:26.411827Z","entity":"article","guid":"b0a8049a-4a78-47e7-b357-aa9ac9d67d46","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-03T08:47:26.389976Z","project":"future","slug":"20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229115},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy","_id":"612fbc1e0e2e0c65e61df3e1","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fdavid-robson"],"bodyIntro":"Social media is rife with posts disparaging the vaccine hesitant – but these reactions to a complex and nuanced issue are doing more harm than good.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere should be no doubt about it: Covid-19 vaccines are saving lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsider some recent statistics from the UK. In a study tracking more than 200,000 people, nearly every single participant had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imperial.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F226413\u002Falmost-100-double-vaccinated-people-england\u002F\"\u003Edeveloped antibodies against the virus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E within two weeks of their second dose. And despite initial worries that the current vaccines may be less effective against the Delta variant, analyses suggest that both the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fvaccines-highly-effective-against-hospitalisation-from-delta-variant\"\u003EAstraZeneca and the Pfizer-BioNTech jabs reduce hospitalisation rates by 92-96%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As many health practitioners have repeated, the risks of severe side effects from a vaccine are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.bmj.com\u002Fbmj\u002F2021\u002F05\u002F06\u002Fputting-risks-into-context-covid-19-vaccines-and-blood-clots\u002F\"\u003Etiny in comparison to the risk of the disease itself\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet a sizeable number of people are still reluctant to get the shots. According to a recent report by the International Monetary Fund, that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imf.org\u002Fen\u002FPublications\u002FWP\u002FIssues\u002F2021\u002F05\u002F06\u002FWho-Doesnt-Want-to-be-Vaccinated-Determinants-of-Vaccine-Hesitancy-During-COVID-19-50244\"\u003Eranges from around 10-20% of people in the UK to around 50% in Japan and 60% in France\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe result is becoming something of a culture war on social media, with many online commentators claiming that the vaccine hesitant are simply ignorant or selfish. But psychologists who specialise in medical decision-making argue these choices are often the result of many complicating factors that need to be addressed sensitively, if we are to have any hope of reaching population-level immunity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe 5Cs\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst, some distinctions. While it is tempting to assume that anyone who refuses a vaccine holds the same beliefs, the fears of most vaccine hesitant people should not be confused with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-57374241\"\u003Ebizarre theories of staunch anti-vaxxers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"They're very vocal, and they have a strong presence offline and online,\" says Mohammad Razai at the Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, who has written about the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1177\u002F01410768211018951\"\u003Evarious psychological and social factors that can influence people's decision-making\u003C\u002Fa\u003E around vaccines. \"But they’re a very small minority.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210609-how-long-will-long-covid-last\"\u003ESolving the puzzle of long Covid\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210203-why-vaccinated-people-may-still-be-able-to-spread-covid-19\"\u003ECan vaccinated people spread Covid-19?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210119-covid-19-variants-how-the-virus-will-mutate-in-the-future\"\u003EHow Covid-19 will evolve in the future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe vast majority of vaccine-hesitant people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fanti-vaccination-beliefs-dont-follow-the-usual-political-polarization-81001\"\u003Edo not have a political agenda\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and are not committed to an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F14760584.2021.1889799\"\u003Eanti-scientific cause\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: they are simply undecided about their choice to take the injection.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe good news is that many people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ucl.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F2021\u002Fmar\u002Fover-4-5-people-who-were-hesitant-would-now-take-covid-19-vaccine\"\u003Ewho were initially hesitant are changing their mind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"But even a delay is considered a threat to health because viral infections spread very quickly,\" says Razai. This would have been problematic if we were still dealing with the older variants of the virus, but the higher transmissibility of the new Delta variant has increased the urgency of reaching as many people as quickly as possible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09pxg7z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFortunately, scientists began studying vaccine hesitancy long before Sars-Cov-2 was first identified in Wuhan in December 2019, and they have explored various models which attempt to capture the differences in people's health behaviour. One of the most promising is known as the 5Cs model, which considers the following psychological factors:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConfidence\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E: \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ethe person's trust in the vaccines efficacy and safety, the health services offering them, and the policy makers deciding on their rollout\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EComplacency\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E: \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ewhether or not the person considers the disease itself to be a serious risk to their health\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECalculation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E: \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ethe individual's engagement in extensive information searching to weigh up the costs and benefits\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConstraints (or convenience)\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E: how easy it is for the person in question to access the vaccine\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECollective responsibility\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E: the willingness to protect others from infection, through one's own vaccination\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2018, Cornelia Betsch at the University of Erfurt in Germany and colleagues asked participants to rate \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0208601#sec038\"\u003Ea series of statements that measured each of the 5Cs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and then compared the results with their actual uptake of relevant procedures, such as the influenza or the HPV vaccine. Sure enough, they found that the 5Cs could explain a large amount of the variation in people's decisions, and consistently outperformed many other potential predictors – such as questionnaires that focused more exclusively on issues of trust without considering the other factors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It is useful to examine the various cognitive biases that are known to sway our perceptions","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn currently unpublished research, Betsch recently used the model to predict people's uptake of the Covid-19 vaccines, and her results so far suggest that the 5Cs model can explain the majority of the variation in people's decisions\u003Cstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere will be other contributing factors, of course. A recent study from the University of Oxford suggests that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fpsychological-medicine\u002Farticle\u002Finjection-fears-and-covid19-vaccine-hesitancy\u002FA70D5D859CC25804B7AC4FB3AD54F68D\"\u003Ea fear of needles is a major barrier for around 10% of the population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But the 5Cs approach certainly seems to capture the most common reasons for vaccine hesitancy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConfirmation bias\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen considering these different factors and the ways they may be influencing people's behaviour, it is also useful to examine the various cognitive biases that are known to sway our perceptions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsider the first two Cs – the \u003Cem\u003Econfidence\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in the vaccine, the \u003Cem\u003Ecomplacency\u003C\u002Fem\u003E about the dangers of disease itself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09pxfq3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJessica Saleska at the University of California, Los Angeles points out that humans have two seemingly contradictory tendencies – a \"negativity bias\" and an \"optimism bias\" that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Ftbm\u002Farticle\u002F11\u002F3\u002F821\u002F6187487?login=true\"\u003Ecan each skew people’s appraisals of the risks and benefits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe negativity bias concerns the way you appraise events beyond your control. \"When you're presented with negative information, that tends to stick in your mind,\" says Saleska. The optimism bias, in contrast, concerns your beliefs about yourself – whether you think you are fitter and healthier than the average person. These biases may work independently, meaning that you may focus on the dangerous side effects of the vaccines while simultaneously believing that you are less likely to suffer from the disease, a combination that would reduce confidence and increase complacency.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It is easy to dismiss someone else's decisions if you don't understand the challenges they face in their day-to-day lives","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThen there's the famous confirmation bias, which can also twist people's perceptions of the risks of the virus through the ready availability of misinformation from dubious sources that exaggerate the risks of the vaccines. This reliance on misleading resources means that people who score highly on the \"calculation\" measure of the 5Cs scale – the people who actively look for data – are often more vaccine hesitant than people who score lower. \"If you already think the vaccination could be risky, then you type in 'is this vaccination dangerous?', then all you are going find is the information that confirms your prior view,\" says Betsch. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERemember that these psychological tendencies are extremely common. Even if you have accepted the vaccine, they have probably influenced your own decision making in many areas of life. To ignore them, and to assume that the vaccine hesitant are somehow wilfully ignorant, is itself a foolish stance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09pxj25"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENor should we forget the many social factors that might influence people's uptake – the \"constraints\u002Fconvenience\" factor in the 5Cs. Quite simply, the perception that a vaccine is difficult to access will only discourage people who are already sitting on the fence. When we spoke, Betsch suggested that this \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statista.com\u002Fstatistics\u002F1196071\u002Fcovid-19-vaccination-rate-in-europe-by-country\u002F\"\u003Emight have slowed the uptake in Germany\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which has a very complicated system to identify who is eligible to receive the vaccine at any one time. People would respond much more quickly, she says, if they received automatic notifications.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERazai agrees that we need to consider the question of convenience, particularly for those in poorer communities who may struggle with the time and expense of the journey to a vaccination centre. \"Travelling to and from that may be a huge issue for most people who are on minimum wage or unemployment benefits,\" he says. That's why it's often best for the vaccines to be administered in local community centres. \"I think there has been anecdotal evidence of it being more successful in places of worship, mosque, gurdwaras, and churches.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinally, we need to be aware of the context of people's decisions, he says – such as the structural racism that might had led certain ethnic groups to have lower overall trust in medical authorities. It is easy to dismiss someone else's decisions if you don't understand the challenges they face in their day-to-day lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOpening a dialogue\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo what can be done?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is no easy solution, but health authorities can continue to provide easy-to-digest, accurate information address the major concerns. According to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imperial.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F221294\u002Fglobal-report-tracks-changing-health-behaviours\u002F\"\u003Ea recent report by Imperial College London's Institute of Global Health Innovation (IGHI)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the major barriers continue to be patient's concerns about the side effects and the fears that the vaccines haven’t been adequately tested.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I would urge governments to stop thinking they can reach the mass of niches out there with one mass-market vaccine message – Sarah Jones","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor the former, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwintoncentre.maths.cam.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fcommunicating-potential-benefits-and-harms-astra-zeneca-covid-19-vaccine\u002F\"\u003Egraphics showing the relative risks of the vaccines, compared to the actual disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, can provide some context. For the latter, Razai suggests that we need more education about the history of the vaccines' development. The use of mRNA in vaccines has been studied for decades, for instance – with long trials testing its safety. This meant \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-ncov\u002Fvaccines\u002Fdifferent-vaccines\u002Fmrna.html\"\u003Ethe technique could be quickly adapted for the pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"None of the technology that has been used would be in any way harmful because we have used these technologies in other areas in healthcare and research,\" Razai says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESarah Jones, a doctoral researcher who co-led the IGHI report, suggests a targeted approach will be necessary. \"I would urge governments to stop thinking they can reach the mass of niches out there with one mass-market vaccine message, and work more creatively with many effective communications partners,\" she says. That might involve closer collaborations with the influencer role models within each community, she says, who can provide \"consistent and accurate information\" about the vaccines' risks and benefits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09pxf92"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever they choose to deliver the information, health services need to make it clear that they are engaging in an open dialogue, Razai says – rather than simply dismissing them out of hand. \"We have to listen to people's concerns, acknowledge them, and give them information so they can make an informed decision.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESaleska agrees that it's essential to engage in a two-way conversation – and that's something that we could all learn as we discuss these issues with our friends and family. \"Being respectful and recognising their concerns – I think that could actually be more important than just spitting out the facts or statistics,\" she says. \"A lot of the time, it's more about the personal connection than it is about the actual information that you provide.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdavidrobson.me\u002F\"\u003EDavid Robson\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is the author of The Intelligence Trap: Why Smart People Do Dumb Things. His next book is The Expectation Effect: Transform Your \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EHealth, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFitness, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EProductivity, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EHappiness and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAgeing, to be published in early 2022. He is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fimmune-response"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-07-23T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why some people don't want a Covid-19 vaccine","headlineShort":"Why some people don't want a vaccine","image":["p09pxj9r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fvaccine"],"summaryLong":"Social media is rife with posts disparaging the vaccine hesitant – but these reactions are doing more harm than good.","summaryShort":"The reasons for vaccine hesitancy are complex but may prevent herd immunity","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19","tag\u002Fvaccine","tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-07-23T00:00:00.555572Z","entity":"article","guid":"fd76e8ff-70d5-414a-ac7c-1438cf2abeeb","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:44:51.957837Z","project":"future","slug":"20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229116},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure","_id":"612fbbd80e2e0c69457a1d6f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjose-luis-penarredonda"],"bodyIntro":"In South America, a toxic chemical is being touted as a miracle cure for Covid-19. How did the mistaken belief in its powers take hold?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe flyer had thousands of shares on Facebook. It requested people to do something that, amid a pandemic, sounded outrageous: go to a square and protest elbow-to-elbow with a bunch of strangers. Yet, dozens of residents of Lima, the capital of Peru, left their homes the morning of 28 July 2020, and met in one of the city’s biggest parks to do just that. In their minds, they were not only not risking their own lives, but saving the lives of many others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe protest was organized by an organisation called Comusav, a Spanish acronym for 'Global Coalition for Health and Life'. They said they were defending their rights to life and health, but their true cause was demanding their government accept a toxic chemical as a treatment for Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChlorine dioxide, the apparent cure they were clamouring for, is not only ineffective against Covid-19, but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fda.gov\u002Fnews-events\u002Fpress-announcements\u002Fcoronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-warns-seller-marketing-dangerous-chlorine-dioxide-products-claim\"\u003Eit can cause\u003C\u002Fa\u003E life-threatening dehydration and acute liver failure. It is considered hazardous for human consumption by health authorities all over the world, including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.digemid.minsa.gob.pe\u002FUpLoad\u002FUpLoaded\u002FPDF\u002FComunicados\u002F2020\u002FC38_2020-07-22.pdf\"\u003Ethose in Peru\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Its promoters have had face-offs with doctors and have even been prosecuted by authorities for years, but the coronavirus pandemic \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002F53361876\"\u003Egave them their biggest showcase so far\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInterest in chlorine dioxide on Google \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftrends.google.com\u002Ftrends\u002Fexplore?date=today%205-y&q=chlorine%20dioxide\"\u003Eskyrocketed in 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and hundreds of pages offering it began to appear in social media. Several celebrities endorsed it in their social media profiles, and some even managed to win mainstream media coverage by praising of its alleged properties. Andreas Kalcker, one of its biggest promoters, has been invited to talk about it by well-meaning journalists, legislators and academics not only in Peru, but also in neighbouring countries such as Colombia and Bolivia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210609-how-long-will-long-covid-last\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESolving the puzzle of long Covid\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210430-why-arent-antiviral-drugs-as-effective-as-antibiotics\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy we can’t treat Covid-19 with drugs\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210119-covid-19-variants-how-the-virus-will-mutate-in-the-future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow Covid-19 will evolve\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow did a substance \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fda.gov\u002Fnews-events\u002Fpress-announcements\u002Ffda-warns-consumers-about-dangerous-and-potentially-life-threatening-side-effects-miracle-mineral\"\u003Ethe Federal Drug Administration (FDA) says\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \"is the same as drinking bleach\" trigger such a movement in Latin America? Social media had something to do with it, but also psychological traits and marketing techniques that have been around for a long time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA simple solution\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChlorine dioxide was not the only fake cure to gain popularity as the world scrambled for ways to combat the pandemic. Other substances, like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medrxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2020.10.15.20209817v1\"\u003Ehydroxychloroquine, interferon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Feclinm\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS2589-5370(20)30464-8\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Eivermectin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flancet\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS0140-6736(21)00461-X\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Eazithromycin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E were also touted as possible ways to prevent getting the virus or suffering its worst effects. None of them, it turned out, showed any conclusive results against Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The narrative of fake cures is fed by hope, by this idea that 'we finally found the solution',\" says Laura Merchan, a researcher from the Democracy Observatory in the University of the Andes in Bogota, who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpoliticayredes.obsdemocracia.org\u002Fpoliticayredes\u002Fcovid-19\u002Fdesinformacion-en-tiempos-de-pandemia\u002F\"\u003Estudied\u003C\u002Fa\u003E how false information about fake cures spread on Facebook in Colombia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09mkc2v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis was especially true early on in the pandemic, when scientists knew a lot less about the virus and it was not clear that a vaccine would appear soon. \"All these drugs have legitimate uses, and in all of them there was a piece of evidence that suggested they might work,\" says Merchan. In a situation defined by its uncertainty, these drugs promised a simple way out – hence their appeal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is perhaps the oldest medical marketing trick in the book. Back in Renaissance Italy, town squares were packed with charlatans who sold all kinds of concoctions by exaggerating their therapeutic claims. In a time long before the development of sanctioned, effective medicines for most illnesses, street peddlers could offer a way out of the complexity, says David Gentilcore, a historian in University of Venice Ca’Foscari who has extensively studied charlatans' role in the history of medicine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbcgoodfood.com\u002Fhowto\u002Fguide\u002Fbeyond-natural-processed-food\"\u003ERead more Beyond Natural stories on BBC Good Food\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"A charlatan can come along and say, 'Oh, you have a fever, I have a simple remedy: You take a spoon, a spoonful of this every morning with a glass of wine and it'll put you right. It'll work on anybody, any time of the year, any age,'\" explains Gentilcore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is also why in many cases \"these cures were used as political instruments\", Merchan says. Leaders like former US president \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fpolitics\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F24\u002Frise-fall-trumps-obsession-with-hydroxychloroquine\u002F\"\u003EDonald Trump\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and Brazilian president \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2020-05-20\u002Fchloroquine-is-all-the-rage-for-bolsonaro-in-brazil-s-virus-war\"\u003EJair Bolsonaro\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have promoted chloroquine as a cheap and widely available prophylactic against the virus. Soon enough, their supporters on social media started to claim its efficacy – using the digital infrastructures \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brasildefato.com.br\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F03\u002Fbolsonaro-and-his-bots-how-the-spread-of-fake-news-about-the-coronavirus-works\"\u003Ealso used for pushing other types of disinformation and abusing political opponents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Cem\u003E(Read more on BBC News' story on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002F53361876\"\u003Efake Covid cures in South America\u003C\u002Fa\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The brain tends to mistake familiarity for fluency – Sander van der Linden","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESince these political social media 'machines' excel at putting the same messages many times in front of people, they exploit what is known as the illusory truth effect – one of the top mechanisms that make people believe in false information.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The brain tends to mistake familiarity for fluency: there's a lot of research that shows that the faster you process something, the more familiar you are with it, the more likely you are to believe it,\" says Sander van der Linden, a researcher from University of Cambridge who focuses on the psychology of misinformation. \"The more misinformation is repeated, the more likely you are to think that it is true.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09mkfxw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd there is a lot of false content about Covid-19 on social media. While it is very difficult to pin down a precise number, there are several figures which show how pervasive it can be. A survey \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ofcom.org.uk\u002Fresearch-and-data\u002Ftv-radio-and-on-demand\u002Fnews-media\u002Fcoronavirus-news-consumption-attitudes-behaviour\"\u003Eby broadcasting regulator Ofcom\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the UK shows that 54% of respondents have seen social media content labelled as untrue; and Facebook's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabout.fb.com\u002Fnews\u002F2020\u002F04\u002Fcovid-19-misinfo-update\u002F\"\u003Emost recent report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, from April 2020, says the social network labelled more than 50 million pieces of content with fact-checking warnings, meant to alert users they contain false or misleading information.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConspiratorial thinking\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile most other substances were hyped out of the misunderstanding of scientific evidence, \"chlorine dioxide works a lot more like a conspiracy theory\", says Merchan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2006, a US-born engineer and gold miner named Jim Humble published a book touting it as a Miracle Mineral Solution, or MMS, and claiming it helped curing malaria cases in Africa. Since then, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-england-london-33079776\"\u003Eit has been promoted as a cure for multiple diseases, from acne to autism to HIV\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As MMS gained popularity on fringe health circles worldwide, it attracted the attention of health authorities. The FDA published its first warning about it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20110203232945\u002Fhttp:\u002Fwww.fda.gov\u002FNewsEvents\u002FNewsroom\u002FPressAnnouncements\u002Fucm220747.htm\"\u003Ein 2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20100429000458\u002Fhttp:\u002Fwww.mareaweb.net\u002Fmms\u002FNEWS011.htm\"\u003Eblog post in 2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Humble wrote he found a solution: \"Forming a church of health and healing.\" It was all about evading oversight: \"If handled properly a church can protect us from vaccinations that we don't want, from forced insurance, and from many things that a government might want to use to oppress us.\" Humble created the Genesis II church with Mark Grenon, who became one of the substance's top promoters. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Other chlorine dioxide enthusiasts are also keen on conspiratorial thinking","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2016, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabc7.com\u002Fgenesis-two-church-of-bleach-healing-miracle-mineral-solution\u002F1225161\u002F\"\u003Ea news report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed Grenon saying conspiratorial falsities in a church event, like the 11 September planes were \"holograms created by the government\", or that \"chemtrails\" were poisonous. Humble also has his fair share of bizarre claims on the record: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabc7.com\u002Fchurch-of-bleach-genesis-ii-2-health-and-healing\u002F1578279\u002F\"\u003Ehe said\u003C\u002Fa\u003E he is a billion-year-old god from the Andromeda galaxy who asked to be put in charge of taking care of the Earth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther chlorine dioxide enthusiasts are also keen on conspiratorial thinking, like Luis Lopez, from Peru. While talking to the BBC, he said he believed public health measures like mandatory masks make people sick, and that the whole pandemic is an effort to depopulate the Earth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELopez tells me the pandemic forced him to close his business, so he took on manufacturing and selling the substance \"because it works\". He says he makes the equivalent of £580 ($820) in a good day, more than three times the monthly minimum wage in his country.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow did people like Lopez fall down the rabbit hole? \"What we think might be happening is that these are people who feel distrustful of authority, basically are more likely to lean on the conspiratorial side of things,\" says van der Linden.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09mkcq5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother plausible explanation might have to do with how conspiracy theories exploit reasoning errors we are all prone to make. Van der Linden explains that \"believers often commit what's called a conjunction fallacy\", meaning they wrongly judge a specific set of conditions as more probable than a single general one. \"The probability of a conspiracy actually being true is, of course, very low, but the way that it's framed makes things seem more plausible than they actually are.\" (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200522-what-we-can-learn-from-conspiracy-theories\"\u003Ewhy people believe conspiracy theories\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther factors that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frsos.201199\"\u003Eresearchers have identified\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to make people more susceptible to misinformation and conspiracy theories are poor literacy and numeracy skills, a sense of distrust of medical institutions, and a self-perceived minority status. \"Perceiving themselves as a minority is pretty predictive of people’s conspiratorial beliefs,\" says van der Linden.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELopez says he was convinced to take chlorine dioxide by videos he saw on social media, but he also claims that it is difficult to recruit new people just by sending them content online. \"You have to talk to each person,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Kalcker, the chlorine dioxide promoter who rubs shoulders with some parts of the Latin American establishment, knows how to put on a show","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe jury is still out on the role social media plays on spreading conspiracy theories. There is research which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jmir.org\u002F2021\u002F4\u002Fe25215\"\u003Eassociates\u003C\u002Fa\u003E a greater use of social media with more conspiratorial thinking, but other scholars \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fdont-blame-social-media-for-conspiracy-theories-they-would-still-flourish-without-it-138635\"\u003Eremind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E us that conspiracy theories were out there long before the internet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabout.fb.com\u002Fnews\u002F2020\u002F04\u002Fcovid-19-misinfo-update\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsupport.google.com\u002Fyoutube\u002Fanswer\u002F9891785?hl=en\"\u003EYouTube\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have taken down a lot of content from organisations like Comusav, and pledged to exclude all content that might cause harm. But when the content is deplatformed it does not disappear – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fdoes-deplatforming-work-to-curb-hate-speech-and-calls-for-violence-3-experts-in-online-communications-weigh-in-153177\"\u003Eit just goes somewhere else\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like messaging apps that are impossible to moderate at scale, or video platforms with lax content moderation policies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPutting on a show\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKalcker, the chlorine dioxide promoter who rubs shoulders with some parts of the Latin American establishment, knows how to put on a show. He delivers his speeches in perfect Spanish – with just a very slight German accent – often wearing a white coat and showing lab equipment in the background.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of the videos he and others make promoting the substance make grandiose claims, and strive to sound and look scientific: they talk about protocols, dosages, and chemical reactions with a fluency many doctors do not have.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELopez, in turn, often sells the thing by telling his own story. \"I got Covid, got very ill and needed oxygen. But I was taking it for some time, and the virus left my body in a week.\" When asked why did he get sick despite taking chlorine dioxide, he says he stopped before getting Covid. His claims sound outrageous: he also says his rhinitis and constant ear infections have been cured for life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09mkhgb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBoth tactics are similar to those the Italian charlatans used centuries ago. On the one hand, they put on a show on the \u003Cem\u003Epiazzas\u003C\u002Fem\u003E to be noticed among other merchants. \"The first description we ever have in any European language of puppets on a string is a description of a charlatan troupe,\" says Gentilcore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother thing they did was publishing personal stories of people who they claimed they cured. \"Some of them published pamphlets where they'll give the names of people that were cured by them, which will include names that people will recognise.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there is a key difference, he explains. The word \"charlatan\" did not have the pejorative meaning it has today, as it referred to the act of selling by putting up a show, \"to talk up your thing and do it from a stage\". Furthermore, the concoctions charlatans sold were not only approved by the authorities, but also were not so different from the remedies official medicine practitioners of the time would offer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EModern day charlatans today may be skirting far closer to illegal activity. Kalcker has had standoffs with the Spanish police, who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.noudiari.es\u002Flocal-ibiza\u002Fdetenido-eivissa-el-guru-aleman-de-la-medicina-alternativa-por\u002F\"\u003Ebriefly detained him in 2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (Kalcker says on his website he has no criminal record in Spain and did not respond to questions from the BBC). Grenon was arrested in Colombia in August 2020, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.justice.gov\u002Fusao-sdfl\u002Fpr\u002Fflorida-family-indicted-selling-toxic-bleach-fake-miracle-cure-covid-19-and-other\"\u003Eis due to be extradited to the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where he faces charges of conspiracy to commit fraud and criminal contempt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The people from Comusav did not have permission to do the protest, but they managed to get their point across the higher spheres of the country","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut some loyalists just do not care. On the day of the Lima protest, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Frppnoticias\u002Fvideos\u002F-en-vivo-di%C3%B3xido-de-cloro-marchas-a-favor-de-este-peligroso-producto-genera-dist\u002F234708757927001\u002F\"\u003Ea journalist recorded a livestream\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from her radio station’s Facebook page. The images showed a small, harmless gathering, animated by the timid cries of someone with a megaphone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Protests do not work. You give people a flier, they skim through it and throw it away,\" says Luis, who was not there but organised other similar demonstrations in another Peruvian city.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHalf of the people who reacted to the transmission on Facebook used the \"Haha\" button. Yet, the reporter suddenly changed her tone: \"Look out! The police detained one of the protestors!\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe people from Comusav did not have permission to hold the protest, but they managed to get their point across the higher spheres of the country. Despite the repeated health warnings, the conclusive evidence that it does not help to prevent or treat Covid-19, and the legal problems of some of its promoters, the Peruvian congress \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk\u002Fhome-news\u002Fcovid-peru-cure-investigation-bleach-b1848037.html\"\u003Edecided\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to set up a committee to \"investigate the possible positive and negative effects of chlorine dioxide\". \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09mkhxm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe promoter of the committee, congressman Posemoscrowte Chagua, has been accused of sharing conspiracy theories in Congress and did not backed up his proposal with robust evidence, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Felcomercio.pe\u002Ftecnologia\u002Fciencias\u002Fcds-dioxido-de-cloro-covid-19-pandemia-una-comision-investigadora-sin-sustentos-noticia\u002F\"\u003Ereported Peruvian paper \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Felcomercio.pe\u002Ftecnologia\u002Fciencias\u002Fcds-dioxido-de-cloro-covid-19-pandemia-una-comision-investigadora-sin-sustentos-noticia\u002F\"\u003EEl Comercio\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. When contacted by the BBC, Chagua conceded that there is no evidence supporting the use of chlorine dioxide for treating Covid-19, but said the commission will examine \"successful experiences\" medical doctors have had with it in several countries, although he did not provide any evidence of such research results.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe commission is unlikely to change the country’s official stance towards the poison, but this is not the real problem many see with the Congress’s decision. The commission “opens a space to pseudoscience and fake news,” tweeted Alberto de Belahunde, another Peruvian congressman. “It sends an awful message to a citizenry desperate for solutions.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-18"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":true,"displayDate":"2021-07-01T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"South America's bitter divide over a toxic 'Covid cure'","headlineShort":"The 'Covid cure' taking root online","image":["p09mk9w5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In South America, a toxic chemical is being touted as a miracle cure for Covid-19. How did the mistaken belief in its powers take hold?","summaryShort":"A dangerous chemical is touted as a wonder cure. Why?","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19","tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-07-01T10:12:05.47914Z","entity":"article","guid":"6da76452-5f68-4a7b-8647-ee8c9473e321","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:43:45.611574Z","project":"future","slug":"20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229116},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks","_id":"612fbbe70e2e0c69457a1d73","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmark-lorch"],"bodyIntro":"Some children have found a devious method to get out of school – using cola to create false positive Covid tests. How does it work?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChildren are always going to find cunning ways to bunk off school, and the latest trick is to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newsweek.com\u002Fschool-kids-orange-juice-get-false-positive-covid-tests-1604118\"\u003Efake a positive Covid-19 lateral flow test\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (LFT) using soft drinks. [Videos of the trick have been circulating on TikTok since December and a school in Liverpool, UK, recently wrote to parents to warn them about it.] So how are fruit juices, cola and devious kids fooling the tests, and is there a way to tell a fake positive result from a real one? I’ve tried to find out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst, I thought it best to check the claims, so I cracked open bottles of cola and orange juice, then deposited a few drops directly onto LFTs. Sure enough, a few minutes later, two lines appeared on each test, supposedly indicating the presence of the virus that causes Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s worth understanding how the tests work. If you open up an LFT device, you’ll find a strip of paper-like material, called nitrocellulose, and a small red pad, hidden under the plastic casing below the T-line. Absorbed on the red pad are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpdb101.rcsb.org\u002Fmotm\u002F21\"\u003Eantibodies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that bind to the Covid-19 virus. They are also attached to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com\u002FGB\u002Fen\u002Ftechnical-documents\u002Ftechnical-article\u002Fmaterials-science-and-engineering\u002Fbiosensors-and-imaging\u002Fgold-nanoparticles\"\u003Egold nanoparticles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (tiny particles of gold actually appear red), which allow us to see where the antibodies are on the device. When you do a test, you mix your sample with a liquid buffer solution, ensuring the sample stays at an optimum pH, before dripping it on the strip.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe fluid wicks up the nitrocellulose strip and picks up the gold and antibodies. The latter also bind to the virus, if present. Further up the strip, next to the T (for test), are more antibodies that bind the virus. But these antibodies are not free to move – they are stuck to the nitrocellulose. As the red smear of gold-labelled antibodies pass this second set of antibodies, these also grab hold of the virus. The virus is then bound to both sets of antibodies – leaving everything, including the gold, immobilised on a line next to the T on the device, indicating a positive test.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210609-how-long-will-long-covid-last\"\u003ESolving the puzzle of long Covid\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210430-why-arent-antiviral-drugs-as-effective-as-antibiotics\"\u003EWhy we can’t treat Covid-19 with drugs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210210-why-the-entire-coronavirus-would-fit-in-a-can-of-coca-cola\"\u003EWhy all coronavirus fits in a soda can\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGold antibodies that haven’t bound to the virus carry on up the strip where they meet a third set of antibodies, not designed to pick up Covid-19, stuck at the C (for control) line. These trap the remaining gold particles, without having to do so via the virus. This final line is used to indicate the test has worked.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09nfx6p"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo, how can a soft drink cause the appearance of a red T line? One possibility is that the drinks contain something that the antibodies recognise and bind to, just as they do to the virus. But this is rather unlikely. The reason antibodies are used in tests like these is that they \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4339518\u002F\"\u003Eare incredibly fussy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about what they bind to. There’s all sorts of stuff in the snot and saliva collected by the swabs you take from the nose and mouth, and the antibodies totally ignore this mess of protein, other viruses and remains of your breakfast. So they aren’t going to react to the ingredients of a soft drink.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA much more likely explanation is that something in the drinks is affecting the function of the antibodies. A range of fluids, from fruit juice to cola, have been used to fool the tests, but they all have one thing in common – they are highly acidic. The citric acid in orange juice, phosphoric acid in cola and malic acid in apple juice give these beverages a pH between 2.5 and 4. These are pretty harsh conditions for antibodies, which have evolved to work largely within the bloodstream, with its almost neutral pH of about 7.4.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Even a small change to the chains can dramatically impact a protein’s function","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMaintaining an ideal pH for the antibodies is key to the correct function of the test, and that’s the job of the liquid buffer solution that you mix your sample with, provided with the test. The critical role of the buffer is highlighted by the fact that if you mix cola with the buffer – as shown in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fuk-factcheck-coca-cola-positive-covid-te-idUSKBN28W20Q\"\u003Ethis debunking\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of an Austrian politician’s claim that mass testing is worthless – then the LFTs behave exactly as you’d expect: negative for Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo without the buffer, the antibodies in the test are fully exposed to the acidic pH of the beverages. And this has a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0006349500766021\"\u003Edramatic effect\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on their structure and function. Antibodies are proteins, which are comprised of amino acid building blocks, attached together to form long, linear chains. These chains fold up into very specific structures. Even a small change to the chains can dramatically impact a protein’s function. These structures are maintained by a network of many thousands of interactions between the various parts of the protein. For example, negatively charged parts of a protein will be attracted to positively charged areas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09nfx9n"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut in acidic conditions, the protein \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fchem.libretexts.org\u002FCourses\u002FUniversity_of_Kentucky\u002FUK%3A_CHE_103_-_Chemistry_for_Allied_Health_(Soult)\u002FChapters\u002FChapter_13%3A_Amino_Acids_and_Proteins\u002F13.1%3A_Amino_Acids\"\u003Ebecomes increasingly positively charged\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As a result, many of the interactions that hold the protein together are disrupted, the delicate structure of the protein is affected and it no longer functions correctly. In this case, the antibodies’ sensitivity to the virus is lost.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGiven this, you might expect that the acidic drinks would result in completely blank tests. But denatured proteins are sticky beasts. All of those perfectly evolved interactions that would normally hold the protein together are now orphaned and looking for something to bind to. A likely explanation is that the immobilised antibodies at the T-line stick directly to the gold particles as they pass by, producing the notorious cola-induced false positive result.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIs there then a way to spot a fake positive test? The antibodies (like most proteins) are capable of refolding and regaining their function when they are returned to more favourable conditions. So I tried washing a test that had been dripped with cola with buffer solution, and sure enough the immobilised antibodies at the T-line regained normal function and released the gold particles, revealing the true negative result on the test.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChildren, I applaud your ingenuity, but now that I’ve found a way to uncover your trickery I suggest you use your cunning to devise a set of experiments and test my hypothesis. Then we can publish your results in a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkids.frontiersin.org\u002F\"\u003Epeer-reviewed journal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* Mark Lorch is a professor of chemistry and science communication at the University of Hull, UK.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fcovid-19-kids-are-using-soft-drinks-to-fake-positive-tests-ive-worked-out-the-science-and-how-to-spot-it-163739\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eoriginally appeared \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Eon The Conversation, and is republished under a Creative Commons licence. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-07-06T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How children are spoofing Covid-19 tests with soft drinks","headlineShort":"How soft drinks can spoof a Covid test","image":["p09nfxhp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":["future\u002Fpartner\u002Fthe-conversation"],"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Some children have found a devious method to get out of school – using cola to create false positive Covid tests. How does it work?","summaryShort":"Children are using a sugary secret weapon to bunk off school","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-07-06T00:00:18.993679Z","entity":"article","guid":"83018759-3ed9-4cef-95eb-ecaecd67c726","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:43:59.929515Z","project":"future","slug":"20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229116},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories","_id":"60c7ed900e2e0c610b09e904","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fclaudia-hammond"],"bodyIntro":"Has your memory got worse during the pandemic? The data is in.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn November 2020 I wrote \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201113-covid-19-affecting-memory\"\u003Ea feature about us becoming more forgetful during the Covid-19 pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. My starting point was anecdotal reports from people telling me that their memories seemed to be letting them down more often during the lockdowns.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the feature I spoke to a memory researcher, Catherine Loveday, who is professor of cognitive neuroscience at the University of Westminster. We discussed the various factors that could be at play, but at that stage there wasn't any data quantifying how common this sense of impaired memory might be.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, thanks to Loveday, we have the data. It's currently being prepared for academic publication, but on the psychology show that I present on BBC Radio 4, she \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fsounds\u002Fplay\u002Fm000vgjl\"\u003Egave me a sneak preview of the results\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn her research, Loveday used the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F17852284\u002F\"\u003EEveryday Memory Questionnaire\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which asks respondents to give subjective ratings of how different aspects of their memory have performed recently (something we're better at than you might think). It asks questions like these:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDid you forget to tell people something important? \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDid you start reading something, only to realise that you've read it before\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor this study of our memory in the Covid era, people were asked whether, for each question they believed their memory had improved, stayed the same or got worse during the pandemic. And the data did appear to back up the anecdotal evidence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201113-covid-19-affecting-memory\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELockdown has affected your memory – here’s why\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-the-long-term-effects-of-covid-19-infection\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow Covid-19 can damage the brain\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210609-how-long-will-long-covid-last\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESolving the puzzle of long Covid\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile a few lucky people felt their memory had improved, 80% of the people who took part, said that at least one aspect of their memory had deteriorated, a significantly higher percentage that we would normally expect to see.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe do have to remember that some of these participants had responded to a call on social media, for people to complete a questionnaire on memory failings during the pandemic. In other words they were a self-selecting sample who might have taken part for this reason. But not all the participants were recruited that way and the results are similar, regardless of how they came to take part. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09lg3b6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe most common change was forgetting when an event or incident happened, which 55% of people said was happening to them. This suggests the pandemic has affected our perception of time, which is hardly surprising. When I examined the literature on time perception \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcanongate.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002F1210-time-warped-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-time-perception\u002F\"\u003Ein my book Time Warped\u003C\u002Fa\u003E it was clear that some memories come with what's referred to as a time-stamp. When a memory is distinctive, vivid, personally involving and becomes a tale we have recounted many times since, we can pinpoint that memory exactly in the timeline of our life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut most events in our lives are not like this and so we struggle to place them precisely in time. This issue has been particularly true for many aspects of the pandemic. Of course, you probably remember when you first heard we were going into lockdown or (if you're lucky enough to have had one) when you had a vaccination. But not much else vivid and distinctive (or interesting to anyone else) has happened in more than a year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The next most common category where people said their memories had got worse was in remembering the right word to say in a sentence","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOur range of activities has been very restricted – online meetings, walking, television, yet another meal at home. Days, weeks, months have merged into one. Last Wednesday feels very much like the previous Monday, and it's very hard to know even in which month you might have gone walking in a particular park, let alone the exact day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI was interested to see that the next most common category where people said their memories had got worse was in remembering the right word to say in a sentence. This is known in psychology at \"the tip-of-tongue phenomenon\". We all experience it from time to time and it happens more often with names. (Usually, the name it comes back to us later on, when it's too late. \"Oh yes, he's called Tom!\")\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09lg24p"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhy this forgetfulness about words should have increased during Covid-19 restrictions is not clear, but it could simply be explained by the fact that many of us have been working from home alone or even distanced in a workplace, and we've therefore had fewer opportunities to talk with other people in person in the past year or so. We're out of practice at social interaction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther common memory difficulties revealed by the new data were forgetting you were told something, or forgetting to do things you said you'd do. The most likely explanation for this is a lack of cues in the external environment. Instead of travelling into work, moving about in an office, going to other places for meetings and bumping into people constantly, some of us have been mainly confined in one room at home, staring at the same screen for endless online meetings. When people were getting out more, they'd pass the room where they had a certain meeting or see someone walk past the desk, the sort of cues that remind us that, yes, we need to do a report for the next meeting or tomorrow is that friend's birthday. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People who got out and about and into different buildings, or who were able to go from room to room, reported fewer memory difficulties","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt's notable that most of distinctive memories, the sort that come time-stamped or that we tend to remember, involve events that take place outside, which might fit in with the hypothesis that when we are away from home, the hippocampus in our brain becomes more active, possibly in a bid to make sure we can always find our way back. By contrast, if our lives become more confined, activity in this part of the brain that is so crucial for autobiographical memory \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffnagi.2012.00028\u002Ffull\"\u003Eis likely to reduce\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt follows that in this new research on memory during lockdown, one of the biggest predictors of how good people felt their memories were, was how much they had moved around during the day. People who got out and about and into different buildings, or who were able to go from room to room, reported fewer memory difficulties. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09lg1lp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe other big factor – more surprisingly at first sight – was gender. Women were more likely to say their memory had worsened. What could account for this? It seems women had higher scores because they experience more negative changes in their work situations, their relationships and higher rates of overall stress. This fits with other studies which have shown \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ons.gov.uk\u002Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity\u002Fhealthandsocialcare\u002Fconditionsanddiseases\u002Farticles\u002Fcoronaviruscovid19andthedifferenteffectsonmenandwomenintheukmarch2020tofebruary2021\u002F2021-03-10\"\u003Ewomen being harder hit by lockdowns\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELoveday also asked people to describe a notable memory from their life in lockdown. People were far more likely to choose memories from April 2020, early in the first lockdown in the UK than during later lockdowns. Certain themes came through strongly including spending time in nature, beginnings and endings such as new jobs, births, leaving jobs and funerals. People were also likely to describe doing normal things with friends or family, but in an unusual way. One participant talked about playing table tennis with her mum dressed in gloves and a mask. The good news is that these so-called episodic memories were very detailed. \"I would see this as an indication that the memory systems are not 'broken' as such,\" Loveday concludes, \"but just not firing on all cylinders all the time.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis suggests that when life gets busier again, for those of us without cognitive impairments, the old cues will be there and our effective memories should return. Soon, like other aspects of this strange and sad year, increased forgetfulness will fade from our minds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fmedical-myths"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-06-15T14:36:36Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Covid-19: Has the pandemic harmed our memories?","headlineShort":"An invisible effect of lockdown","image":["p09lg117"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Has your memory got worse during the pandemic? The data is in.","summaryShort":"Months of routine can have a huge effect on what we remember","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-06-15T00:00:08.662245Z","entity":"article","guid":"61b24926-c614-40a8-a6e1-939a7ec1de5d","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:42:53.34165Z","project":"future","slug":"20210614-covid-19-has-the-pandemic-harmed-our-memories","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229117},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210831-the-people-who-believe-plants-can-talk":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210831-the-people-who-believe-plants-can-talk","_id":"612fbc9b0e2e0c63ab2f996e","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-baraniuk"],"bodyIntro":"While many gardeners believe talking to their plants encourages them to grow, there is a war of words in the scientific world about whether plants are listening, or even talking back.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELaura Beloff's plant seemed to be clicking. She had rigged its roots up to a contact microphone in order to detect faint, high-pitched clicks in the soil. With the help of software she had written for her computer, the frequency of the clicks had been lowered, making them audible to humans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs she worked at her desk, the plant apparatus next to her happily chattered away. And that's when it happened. \"This was the weirdest thing,\" says Beloff, an artist and associate professor at Aalto University in Finland. A visitor came into her room, at which point the plant's clicking stopped. When the visitor left, the clicking resumed. Later, more people arrived and, again, the clicking ceased. It only recommenced when the people departed. \"I still don't know what to think about it,\" says Beloff.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was as if the plant wanted a private audience with Beloff. As if it had been talking to her.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdirect.mit.edu\u002Flmj\u002Farticle-abstract\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1162\u002Flmj_a_01097\u002F97062\u002FThe-Hearing-Test-Evidence-of-a-Vegetal-Entity\"\u003EBeloff's attempts to detect clicks emanating from plants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E lasted more than two years in total, on and off. She remains unsure about what was going on. Her equipment was low cost, a simple microphone that she acknowledges could have been picking up noise from microorganisms in the soil or other sources – not necessarily the plant. And to infer that the plant was communicating, or that it reacted to people entering the room, is speculation at this point.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the possibility, the slightest chance, intrigued Beloff. \"Is it really happening that way? That's the question,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is much about plants, and plant lives, that we don't know. Currently, there is a debate among people who study plants regarding the extent to which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fed.ted.com\u002Flessons\u002Fcan-plants-talk-to-each-other-richard-karban\"\u003Eflowers and shrubs can communicate with one another\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or other living things. And if they can, does that make them intelligent?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210831-the-people-who-believe-plants-can-talk-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tp52z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"square","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210831-the-people-who-believe-plants-can-talk-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EScientific research is constantly yielding new discoveries about the intricacy of plants and their amazing abilities. There is a possibility that plants may be more complex than some have assumed. And yet the idea that they could be considered to be \"talking\" to humans is controversial.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat doesn't stop some people trying to engage them in conversation, though. They are the plant whisperers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeloff first had the idea of listening to her plants' roots after reading about experiments by Monica Gagliano and other researchers. Over the last decade or so, Gagliano, at the University of Western Australia, has published a series of papers that suggest plants have an ability to communicate, learn and remember.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe has long argued that scientists \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fbeheco\u002Farticle\u002F24\u002F4\u002F789\u002F218916?login=true\"\u003Eshould pay greater attention to the fact that plants can transmit and retrieve information acoustically\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In a 2017 study, Gagliano and colleagues showed that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00442-017-3862-z\"\u003Eplants appear to be able to sense the sound of water vibrating\u003C\u002Fa\u003E via their roots, which may help them to locate it underground.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGagliano is confident that plants can communicate. \"The evidence is clear,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210831-the-people-who-believe-plants-can-talk-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Plants exposed to audio of the munching of caterpillars produce more chemicals to deter feeding when later exposed to real, hungry, caterpillars","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210831-the-people-who-believe-plants-can-talk-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt was in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS1360138512000544\"\u003Ea much-cited paper published in 2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that she and her co-authors reported the detection of clicking noises from plant roots. The researchers used a laser vibrometer to detect these sounds right at the root tips. Gagliano says that the laser was trained on the roots when they were submerged in water in a lab setting, to help ensure that the detected sounds were indeed emanating from the roots themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo say that those clicks have any communicative function requires further evidence, however. Gagliano says that she has observed plant roots responding to sounds at similar frequencies by changing their direction of growth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUncertainties as to what this means, exactly, remain. And Gagliano \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Flong_reads\u002Fscience-and-technology\u002Fclimate-change-scientist-secret-life-plants-a9090106.html\"\u003Ehas also raised eyebrows with claims that, in non-experimental settings, she has heard plants speak to her\u003C\u002Fa\u003E using words.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe says that this experience is \"outside the strictly scientific realm\" and that a third-party observer would not be able to measure the sounds she heard with laboratory instruments. But she is quite certain that she has perceived plants speaking to her on multiple occasions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I have been in situations where not just me but several others in the same space heard the same thing,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhatever you think of these claims, recent research by multiple scientific teams has been revealing an assortment of fascinating insights about plants and sound. Take \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002Fele.13331\"\u003Ethe 2019 study by a group of researchers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Israel, for instance, which found that plants increase the amount of sugar in their nectar when they are exposed to the sound of a bee buzzing by.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPlants might do this in order to reward insects, such as bees, that pollinate them when retrieving nectar. Certain other insects would just nab the nectar without gathering or spreading any pollen, which does not benefit the plant. It was only when the researchers exposed the plants in their study to bee sounds, or noises at the same frequency, that the sugar content increased.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther studies suggest a whole range of ways in which sound might matter to plants. For instance, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.calacademy.org\u002Fexplore-science\u002Fdo-plants-hear\"\u003Eplants exposed to audio of the munching of caterpillars produce more chemicals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to deter feeding when later exposed to real, hungry, caterpillars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStudies like this have made people wonder whether they can influence plants using specially tailored sound. A Chinese organisation, the Qingdao Physical Agricultural Engineering Research Center, has designed a special device for broadcasting sound to plants. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Freader.elsevier.com\u002Freader\u002Fsd\u002Fpii\u002FS1876610212000677?token=368F70B9A443A768F8FAE3524A7E75DB58BE085464BCD0DB47EBA3DDEE379998107B4A6F2D46CA6376AD89552992FA4E&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20210827143944\"\u003EIts creators claim this increases production\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, lowering the need for fertilisers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210831-the-people-who-believe-plants-can-talk-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tp4ds"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210831-the-people-who-believe-plants-can-talk-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESound can also enable mutually beneficial relationships between plants and other living things. In Borneo, the rear internal wall of pitchers belonging to the carnivorous plant Nepenthes hemsleyana has evolved to reflect the ultrasound of bats. This attracts bats to the plants' pitchers, in which they roost, and the bats subsequently fertilise the plant with their droppings. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS1369526616300942\"\u003EA 2016 paper investigating the acoustic relationships between plants and bats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E noted that a closely related plant species, one that did not rely on bats for fertilisation, did not have the same reflective surface known to attract the flying mammals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll of this work helps make the case that sound is important to plants. But the precise mechanisms through which plants might perceive or sense sound remain mysterious. And while it's one thing to say that they possess genetically programmed, or automatic, responses to acoustic stimuli, it's another thing to suggest that they can listen to and contemplate sounds before then making a decision about how to react. Most people would argue that sort of intelligence is largely the preserve of animal species.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmong the sceptics is David Robinson at the University of Heidelberg in Germany. He and others are highly critical of claims that plants are intelligent, or that they can communicate like we do. Plant responses to acoustic stimuli, while interesting, are predetermined and rigid, he says: \"They've got nothing to do with a thought process.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPlants do not have neurons, the cells that transmit information via electrical signals in animal brains. In general, plants lack the machinery for thinking, Robinson argues. However, information can be said to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencemag.org\u002Fnews\u002F2018\u002F09\u002Fplants-communicate-distress-using-their-own-kind-nervous-system\"\u003Emove around inside plants, via chemical signalling\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea that plants can learn is also contested. One researcher attempted to replicate the results of a study on learning in plants by Gagliano and colleagues. However, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Felifesciences.org\u002Farticles\u002F57614\"\u003Ethey were unable to achieve the same outcome\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In a published response, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Felifesciences.org\u002Farticles\u002F61141\"\u003EGagliano and her team said that\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the methodology of the repeat experiment was too different from their own to produce a reliable evaluation of their earlier results.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210831-the-people-who-believe-plants-can-talk-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"While plants respond to acoustic stimuli of certain kinds and sometimes communicate chemically with various forms of life, many would argue that it's not quite the same as having a chat","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210831-the-people-who-believe-plants-can-talk-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERobinson says he does not discount the possibility that plants can still surprise us – but he insists that we should not try to compare their communicative abilities to our own. Or attempt to talk to them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"What I think many people are trying to do is humanise plants to make them more like ourselves,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe also does not downplay the size of the disagreement between researchers who argue that plants are cognitively endowed and those who say they aren't. \"There are two camps which are at war,\" he says, before adding, \"I mean verbally at war.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is not to suggest that there is an even split between these factions, either. Researchers' ideas about the capabilities of plants differ in lots of ways and many scientists besides Robinson remain sceptical that plants are intelligent – a prerequisite for human-like communication, one would have thought.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Tony Trewavas, professor emeritus at the University of Edinburgh, takes a different view. He says that, under a broad definition, plants can be considered intelligent because they clearly respond to stimuli in ways that improve their odds of survival. He likens this to a zebra that runs away from a lion. We have little trouble thinking of that as an intelligent response whereas the plant that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Fegg-killing-leaves-come-from-plant-butterfly-arms-race\u002F\"\u003Ekills off a patch of its own leaf\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to stop a caterpillar egg from hatching may be viewed somewhat differently.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETrewavas also points to the fact that trees rely on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencemag.org\u002Fnews\u002F2019\u002F05\u002Fwood-wide-web-underground-network-microbes-connects-trees-mapped-first-time\"\u003Enetworks of microbes in the soil\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to help them locate nutrients – this is a form of communication between species.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"All life is intelligent because if it wasn't, it simply wouldn't be here,\" Trewavas says. It's certainly thought-provoking. Is survival, by definition, proof of intelligence?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEither way, the question of how one could talk to plants or decode vegetal utterances still hovers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210831-the-people-who-believe-plants-can-talk-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tp62l"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210831-the-people-who-believe-plants-can-talk-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile plants can clearly respond to acoustic stimuli of certain kinds and at the very least can sometimes communicate chemically with various forms of life, many would argue that it's not the same as having a chat. Or even akin to the incidental, social vocalisations that occur in many nonhuman animal species.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELaura Beloff says that, while she is fascinated by the possibility, she remains sceptical of the idea that plants can talk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Of course there are people who say they can communicate with plants,\" she says. \"I see it maybe from a more rational or scientific perspective, how difficult it is.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd there's the question of what we would actually say if we could have a conversation with a conifer? Or a discussion with a dahlia?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Maybe the plants would like to communicate to us as well,\" wonders Beloff. \"Who knows?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210831-the-people-who-believe-plants-can-talk-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-09-01T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The people who believe plants can talk","headlineShort":"Are plants talking to us?","image":["p09tp36s"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"While many gardeners believe talking to their plants encourages them to grow, there is a scientific war of words about whether plants are listening, or even talking back.","summaryShort":"Many people believe talking to plants helps them grow, but can they talk back?","tag":["tag\u002Fplant","tag\u002Fbiology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-01T00:00:38.32557Z","entity":"article","guid":"7ff6633e-6ba1-462b-981d-98a106d2f87c","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210831-the-people-who-believe-plants-can-talk","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:47:00.467555Z","project":"future","slug":"20210831-the-people-who-believe-plants-can-talk","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229117},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed","_id":"612fbc8b0e2e0c69457a1d7a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristine-ro"],"bodyIntro":"By the end of the century, three-quarters of the world could be at risk of deadly heat. And yet, we still struggle to design cities to be heatwave ready.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJennifer Walker spends most of her life on the pavement – which is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fla.curbed.com\u002F2019\u002F8\u002F22\u002F20827815\u002Fvalley-weather-hot-cool-pavement\"\u003Escorchingly hot\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Los Angeles's San Fernando Valley. For the past six months, she's lived out of a tent next to a large shop, surrounded by bags of food, clothes, and many bottles of water. When it gets too hot, she'll sit inside the covered car park, or use the battery-powered fan inside her tent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe heat is oppressive, but Walker is cheerfully thinking about how much worse the climate could feel. And given her lack of good indoor housing options, \"I'm going to stay outside,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's grimly clear that due to human-induced climate change, heatwaves are becoming \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-58130705\"\u003Emore frequent and intense\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – and affecting many more people than those who live on the streets, like Walker. Presently, 30% of people worldwide are at risk of potentially deadly heat exposure for over 20 days a year. Depending on the rate of human-induced climate change, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnclimate3322\"\u003Ethat proportion could reach 74% by 2100\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe good news is that there is a bevy of simple ways to combat health risks from heat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Heat is one of the biggest weather-related killers, but no one knows for sure just how many lives it claims","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne of the most important aspects is the most basic: simply recognising that high temperatures are a problem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause heat is a slow-moving, gradually accumulating disaster, its effects \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstories.iseechange.org\u002Fhow-can-you-make-heat-visible-this-summer\u002F\"\u003Ecan be invisible\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Heat is one of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-021-01881-4\"\u003Ebiggest weather-related killers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but no one knows for sure just how many lives it claims. It isn't always mentioned as a factor in death certificates, so coroners and medical professionals can't grasp the full scale of heat as a health hazard.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t6570"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn many places, heat continues to be perceived largely \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgrist.org\u002Fclimate\u002Fthe-sun-is-glorious-and-rain-is-nasty-could-weather-bias-be-killing-us\u002F\"\u003Eas a blessing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, rather than as a threat. For instance, Japanese cities have a custom of competing with each other for the title of \"hottest city in Japan\". This can be a lucrative tourism slogan, but risks understating the dangers of heat-related illnesses – something that should be painfully clear in Japan, where \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F333256513_The_July_2018_High_Temperature_Event_in_Japan_Could_Not_Have_Happened_without_Human-Induced_Global_Warming\"\u003Eover 1,000 people died\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in a heatwave in 2018.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEarlier and more effective public health warnings can challenge the underestimation of heat risks. In Ahmedabad in India, early heat warnings have been sent to people's phones via WhatsApp, as part of a package of measures that have been found to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nrdc.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fahmedabad-hap-evaluation.pdf\"\u003Eeffectively increase awareness\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the risks of heatwaves. Meanwhile, state-appointed \"heat officers\" in Florida have called for a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ft.com\u002Fcontent\u002F15d8f258-1926-4e13-9b0d-23e7b08cd8b1\"\u003Enaming system for heatwaves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, similar to that used to name hurricanes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETechnology may help. Jennifer Runkle, an environmental epidemiologist at the North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, researches the emerging field of wearable sensors to track body temperature and signs of heat strain. \"We're really interested in how to use this technology to promote sustained engagement in and response to heat warnings,\" she explains. \"One way to protect against dismissal or inaction is to incorporate these data into electronic health records, and… encourage health providers and support partners to inquire about these data during routine care visits.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough messaging is important, how those messages are delivered matters. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flancet\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS0140-6736(21)01209-5\u002Ffulltext\"\u003EToo frequent warnings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00484-021-02123-y\"\u003Econfusing colour coding\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, can result in people ignoring advice. Adding more warnings might not have the intended results.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The real challenge isn't the warning systems, but the behaviour change,\" according to Public Health England consultant Emer O'Connell.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd that's if people actually encounter the risk advisories. Older and less-educated people are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00484-021-02123-y\"\u003Eless likely to receive heat warnings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t612r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe elderly make up the majority of people at risk of heat stress. Yet despite being the most vulnerable group, many don't consider themselves in danger. In the UK, the homes of over-75s are \u003Cspan\u003Emore prone to overheating\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, but these residents are less likely to report overheating. Similarly, a French study found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00484-021-02123-y\"\u003Eonly 4% of people surveyed in the 65-and-over age group\u003C\u002Fa\u003E considered themselves at high risk during heatwaves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are good reasons for this disconnect. Certain medications and health conditions can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.climatecentral.org\u002Fnews\u002F2020-Heat-and-Seniors\"\u003Emake it hard to determine body temperature\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and to respond swiftly to the dangers. The symptoms of heatstroke – including confusion, cramps and fatigue – can be hard to differentiate from other medical conditions, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aljazeera.com\u002Fnews\u002F2021\u002F7\u002F21\u002Folympics-face-heat-from-broiling-tokyo-summer\"\u003Eincluding Covid-19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Cognitive impairment adds another challenge, as does \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1177\u002F01436244211013645\"\u003Eresistance to changing habits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe dismissal of heat risks isn't just about individuals. Among policymakers in some places, there's a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1177\u002F01436244211013645\"\u003Ebias toward cold management\u003C\u002Fa\u003E rather than heat management, and towards addressing more spectacular climate-linked events \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00484-021-02123-y\"\u003Elike floods.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven in Japan – which is so prepared for emergencies that there's a national Disaster Prevention Day, and where many institutions regularly carry out disaster drills – disaster prevention education programs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcitynet-ap.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F12\u002FSession-3-Lecture-8.pdf\"\u003Edon’t always incorporate excessive heat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the most important action areas to reduce soaring temperatures is to increase green space in cities, from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.drawdown.org\u002Fsolutions\u002Fgreen-and-cool-roofs\"\u003Eroofs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to parks. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fworldhealthorg-my.sharepoint.com\u002Fpersonal\u002Frheinhuberta_who_int\u002F_layouts\u002F15\u002Fonedrive.aspx?originalPath=aHR0cHM6Ly93b3JsZGhlYWx0aG9yZy1teS5zaGFyZXBvaW50LmNvbS86ZjovZy9wZXJzb25hbC9yaGVpbmh1YmVydGFfd2hvX2ludC9FcGdIWDM3MTFLUk5qTzNINDBYbUNuZ0JXc2d2TzFQT0lGZHZFMWNKaVFHbU1nP3J0aW1lPVludkJ1bWRtMlVn&id=%2Fpersonal%2Frheinhuberta%5Fwho%5Fint%2FDocuments%2FWHO%20Webinar%20on%20Heat%20Health%2005052021%2FWHO%20updated%20evidence%20for%20effective%20prevention%2Epdf&parent=%2Fpersonal%2Frheinhuberta%5Fwho%5Fint%2FDocuments%2FWHO%20Webinar%20on%20Heat%20Health%2005052021\"\u003EUrban greening works to combat heat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, says Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, an environment and health expert at the European Environment Agency. Yet all too often, urban management isn't fully implemented as part of heat-health action plans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAdmittedly, tree planting is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-planting-trees-doesnt-always-help-with-climate-change\"\u003Eno panacea\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and some urban tree-planting programmes have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Ffeatures\u002F2021-07-30\u002Fwhat-happens-after-pledges-to-plant-millions-of-trees\"\u003Efallen far short of their goals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Yet it's clear that trees save lives. An analysis of extreme heat in the US city of Baltimore has found that increasing tree cover by 10% \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fs.usda.gov\u002Ftreesearch\u002Fpubs\u002F62532\"\u003Eaverts 83 deaths each year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t628g"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Edith de Guzman, an environmental researcher who heads the Los Angeles Urban Cooling Collaborative, \"we have to be collectively smart about what we plant where\". The wrong tree in the wrong place can lead to problems. Large trees in small spaces can lead to broken sidewalks, making cities unequally accessible, and in desert cities, options for shade trees are limited.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECareful selection of tree species, areas for planting, and community partners can also address the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cityplants.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2021\u002F02\u002FLAUF-Equity-Assement-Report-February-2021.pdf\"\u003Epersistent inequalities of which neighbourhoods benefit from trees\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while reducing the threat of gentrification posed by some tree-planting programmes. In LA, as in many cities, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.2preservela.org\u002Flos-angeles-general-plan-needs-urban-tree-canopy-fight-climate-change\u002F\"\u003Ethe poorer the neighbourhood, the sparser the tree cover is\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShade and ventilation should be incorporated into other aspects of building and urban design, from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.architectmagazine.com\u002Fproject-gallery\u002Fmedina-haram-piazza?bbeml=tp-sIruo0nAxUqVOssJPzeOqw.joqb4rI9cxE25uwReIdauiw.r_hs7U2D1wEe6N_9cCC0AOg.loByc32SRO0e0nBNoFcoRkA\"\u003Ecovered walkways\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to cross-ventilation (where outdoor air quality is decent) to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.archdaily.com\u002F270592\u002Fal-bahar-towers-responsive-facade-aedas\"\u003Eshaded panels that move in response to sunlight\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. When it comes to surfaces, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fglobalcoolcities.org\u002Fdiscover\u002F\"\u003Ewhite paint\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210728-how-tokyo-is-cooling-down-for-the-olympics\"\u003Esolar-blocking paint\u003C\u002Fa\u003E help to reflect sunlight, reducing the need for mechanical cooling. Finding affordable materials to insulate housing, such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fghhin.org\u002Fresources\u002Fknowledge-attitudes-practice-around-heatwave-in-karachi-following-a-forecast-based-heatwave-messaging-project\u002F\"\u003Ein informal settlements in Karachi\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in Pakistan, would help to reduce heat transfer. And simply creating more drinking fountains and designating more public toilets would help to keep people hydrated.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are also some overlooked areas where small innovations could save lives. For instance, UK care homes are typically required under health and safety codes to have window restrictors on upper floors to prevent falls, allowing windows to be opened only a crack. This represents a trade-off between one type of safety (risk of falling) and another type (risk of overheating).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I think this is an interesting design problem to be solved: how do we design a window that's fall-safe and also allows for ventilation on a hot day? There's a lot of space for design innovation,\" says Anna Mavrogianni, who researches sustainable building and urban design at University College London.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere's also enormous room for improved design and take-up of cooling. \"Passive\" isn't usually a positive word, but it is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning\"\u003Ewith regard to cooling\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Behavioural changes, such as placing blinds over bright windows, are simple, common-sense, cost-saving measures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, these options aren’t available to all. Indeed, much of the world needs more mechanical cooling, not less. While air conditioning is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning\"\u003Ea significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it remains an effective heat emergency measure. \"A\u002FC in the short term will prevent heat-related deaths more than anything else, period,\" \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciline.org\u002Fclimate\u002Furban-heat\u002F\"\u003Esays Vivek Shandas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a climate change researcher at Portland State University in the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t6310"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feia-international.org\u002Freport\u002Fpathway-to-net-zero-cooling-product-list\u002F\"\u003EChanges in driver behaviour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can temper the need to crank up the A\u002FC. Parking in the shade, avoiding driving in the hottest parts of the day, carpooling, and switching to public transport will all reduce the need for mobile air conditioning.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENa'Taki Osbourne Jelks, an environmental health scientist and community organiser, says of her Atlanta community, \"In some cases, people either don't have air conditioning, or even if they do, there have been certain parts of our community that are heavily burdened by high energy costs.\" Even fans can be a luxury to some.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGlobally, about 3.6 billion cooling appliances are actually being used. This is dwarfed by the number of devices needed to meet people's needs, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unep.org\u002Fresources\u002Freport\u002Fcooling-emissions-and-policy-synthesis-report\"\u003Ecould reach 14 billion by 2050\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe problem is that air conditioning is indispensable in some places but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencemag.org\u002Fnews\u002F2018\u002F03\u002Fcountries-crank-ac-emissions-potent-greenhouse-gases-are-likely-skyrocket\"\u003Ealso contributes to the causes of overheating\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And over-relying on A\u002FC could also lead to power disruptions, ironically increasing the death toll of heat, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flancet\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS0140-6736(21)01209-5\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Eas in Pakistan in 2015 and 2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The impact of cooling on climate change is twofold,\" explains Fionnuala Walravens, a campaigner at the Environmental Investigation Agency. \"Yes, we have the energy used by your cooling system, but one of the often-forgotten sides of cooling is the fact that ironically, cooling products are powered by very potent greenhouse gases called HFCs. These gases often leak out of air conditioners or general cooling products during use, but also at the end of their life. And they have a huge impact on the climate.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t65mm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother alternative to HFC-based cooling is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcoolar.co\u002Fnews\u002F\"\u003Esolar-powered evaporative cooling\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which essentially uses water to cool and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fwirecutter\u002Fblog\u002Fdo-swamp-coolers-work\u002F\"\u003Ecan be useful\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for places that are high in temperature while low in humidity (although it may strain the water supply in drought-stressed areas). Japanese energy researchers have also developed a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210728-how-tokyo-is-cooling-down-for-the-olympics\"\u003Eswirling technology\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that improves the efficiency of air conditioning.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are some other easy wins. One of Walravens' bugbears is supermarkets leaving refrigerator doors open, or off altogether. Sometimes about half of the energy toll from refrigerated cases comes from the lack of doors, she says.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust as important as technical measures are addressing social isolation and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Finteractive\u002F2020\u002F08\u002F06\u002Fclimate\u002Fclimate-change-inequality-heat.html\"\u003Einequality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, given that many elderly and disabled people die of overheating \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.climatecentral.org\u002Fnews\u002F2020-Heat-and-Seniors\"\u003Ealone in their homes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or on the streets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThose with limited technological access or literacy may rely on acquaintances and loved ones checking in during heatwaves. So several US cities are facilitating \"\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com\u002Farticleshow\u002F84098468.cms\"\u003Eheat ambassadors\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\". In New York City, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk\u002Fentry\u002Fheat-waves-cities-climate-change_n_5fad4e44c5b68707d1fcf7e4\"\u003EBe a Buddy programme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E connects neighbourhood volunteers with vulnerable residents during heatwaves. In Phoenix, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-021-01881-4\"\u003Eresearchers are testing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E indoor temperature sensors that send warning messages to the friends or families of vulnerable people. Around the world, the many mutual aid groups that sprang up during the Covid-19 pandemic could be repurposed to respond to heat risks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne whimsical lesson can be taken from Japan, where \u003Cem\u003Eshochumimai\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, or summertime greeting cards, are traditionally \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sg.emb-japan.go.jp\u002FJCC\u002FE-Magazine-Jul-2020-Greetings.html\"\u003Esent to friends and family during the hottest part of the year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. With messages like \"As the fierce heat of summer continues, how are you spending your days?\", this is a low-key way to check on someone’s health in the heat – as well as to spread the vital message that heat can kill.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe good news, emerging from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-58130893\"\u003Erecent news of terrible heatwaves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, is that this year may represent a sea change. \"I've been working in this area for probably 15 years now. And I think, again, perception is absolutely key,\" says Mavrogianni. \"I think people's awareness has been increasing. And I just hope that there will be action and adaptation before it is too late.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* R\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eeporting for this article was supported by the Social Science Research Council and the Japan Foundation Center for Global Partnership\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cem\u003Ethrough the Abe Fellowship for Journalists.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-08-27T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why the health risks of overheating go unnoticed","headlineShort":"Should we name heatwaves like storms?","image":["p09t65wl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"By the end of the century, three-quarters of the world could be at risk of deadly heat. And yet, we still struggle to design cities to be heatwave ready.","summaryShort":"As heatwaves become more common, they pose an increasing risk to our health","tag":["tag\u002Fhealth","tag\u002Fweather"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-27T00:00:11.613188Z","entity":"article","guid":"d22ff6e9-243e-4907-ad64-a0b8984b2b77","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:46:45.161462Z","project":"future","slug":"20210825-why-the-health-risks-of-overheating-go-unnoticed","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229117},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather","_id":"612fbc790e2e0c65e61df3f0","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkatherine-latham"],"bodyIntro":"\"Pale Moon rains. Red Moon blows. White Moon neither rains nor snows.\" For generations, people have watched the Moon for signs of changes in the weather. The Moon does, in fact, affect the Earth's climate and weather patterns in several subtle ways.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFour and a half billion years ago, two ancient planets collided and merged into one to become the Earth. During the colossal meeting of these two planets – proto-Earth and Theia – a small rocky mass spun off to become our moon. This, our closest companion in the vastness of space, is intrinsically linked to our very existence, with lunar rhythms embedded in the cycles of life on Earth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe effects of the Moon's actions upon Earth are still not fully understood. The challenge is to disentangle what is myth and when our lunar companion really does have an influence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWobbly orbit\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe most obvious effect the Moon has on the Earth can be seen in the ocean tides. As the Earth rotates each day, the Moon's gravity pulls the water on the nearest side of Earth towards it, creating a bulge. The sea bulges on the opposite side too due to centrifugal force caused by the Earth's rotation. The Earth rotates beneath these watery bulges, resulting in the two high tides and two low tides we see each day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EEvery 18.6 years the Moon's orbit \"wobbles\" between a maximum and minimum of plus or minus 5 degrees relative to the Earth's equator. This cycle, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frstl.1727.0064\"\u003Efirst documented in 1728\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, is called the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F2010JC006645\"\u003Elunar nodal cycle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. When the lunar plane tilts away from the equatorial plane, the tides on Earth grow smaller. When the Moon's orbit is more in line with the Earth's equator, the tides are exaggerated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ENow, Nasa says that rising sea levels due to climate change, combined with the influence of the lunar nodal cycle will cause a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Ffeature\u002Fjpl\u002Fstudy-projects-a-surge-in-coastal-flooding-starting-in-2030s\u002F\"\u003Edramatic increase in the number of high\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Ffeature\u002Fjpl\u002Fstudy-projects-a-surge-in-coastal-flooding-starting-in-2030s\u002F\"\u003E-\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Ffeature\u002Fjpl\u002Fstudy-projects-a-surge-in-coastal-flooding-starting-in-2030s\u002F\"\u003Etide floods\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during the 2030s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBenjamin Hamlington, a research scientist and lead of Nasa's sea level change science team, is interested in how sea levels respond to both natural and human actions, and what that will mean for coastal populations. Before moving to California, Hamlington lived in coastal Virginia where flooding was already a big problem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We may see four times the amount of flooding one decade to the next – Benjamin Hamlington","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"High-tide flooding affects life very broadly in coastal communities. It impacts your ability to get to your job, makes it difficult for businesses to stay open,\" he says. \"Now it's an inconvenience – but it's going to become hard to ignore, hard to live with.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThese floods, exacerbated by the Moon, are set to damage infrastructure and change coastlines, Hamlington says. \"We may see four times the amount of flooding one decade to the next. The lunar nodal cycle affects all locations on Earth and sea levels are going up everywhere. So we'll see these rapid increases in high-tide floods across the globe.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ssvky"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe lunar nodal cycle might be set to raise many challenges for humans, but for wildlife in coastal ecosystems it could be an existential threat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIlia Rochlin, visiting professor at Rutgers University studies the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F28418218\u002F\"\u003Elink between the lunar nodal cycle and salt marsh mosquito populations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"When the nodal cycle is at its peak, the high tides flood mosquito habitat further landward,\" Rochlin says. The tidal flooding occurs more often at this time, and brings with it killifish – a group of a few hundred species of minnow-like fish found in salt, brackish and fresh waters. These predators will eliminate or reduce mosquito populations that are in the egg, larva or pupa stages of development, before the insects are able to fly out of the water where they are born.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"Typically, there are fewer mosquitoes at the peak of the cycle,\" says Rochlin. \"At the trough of the nodal cycle, the tides may flood mosquito habitat very infrequently, giving them enough time to emerge thus increasing their populations.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAnd it's not just mosquitos that are affected – their abundance is a proxy for the welfare of numerous other species. Salt marshes lack large mammalian herbivores, but in their place are invertebrates such as shrimp, crabs, snails, grasshoppers and other insects. These in turn are a major food source for shorebirds and fish.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"Peak lunar nodal cycle when combined with increased sea level rise creates the real possibility of drowning salt marshes,\" says Rochlin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sswl4"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAnd when the invertebrates of a salt marsh are drowned, the shorebird, fish and other species that depend on them suffer profoundly too. That includes people, as salt marshes are integral to the global economy, serving as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foceanservice.noaa.gov\u002Ffacts\u002Fsaltmarsh.html\"\u003Enursery for a plethora of marine life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that includes more than 75% of all fishery species.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESalt marshes are also of significant environmental importance, able to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fgcb.14726\"\u003Estore carbon at much greater rates\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than many land-based ecosystems. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fncomms13835\"\u003EFreshwater wetlands, meanwhile, hold nearly 10 times more carbon than tidal saltwater sites, in part because of their very large extent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. With increased flooding due to the Moon wobble and sea level rise, freshwater wetlands may also face a profound change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkristinehopfensperger.weebly.com\"\u003EKristine Hopfensperger\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is an environmental scientist at Northern Kentucky University who studies\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1890\u002FES14-00534.1\"\u003E the salinisation of freshwater wetlands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"Freshwater coastal wetlands experience great tidal fluctuations throughout a day, and are much more biodiverse than their salt marsh counterparts,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"Many species are specialists so, as soon as the plants or first level of the food web begin to change composition from a diverse community of freshwater plant species to a less diverse community of salt-tolerating plants, the animals that rely on these plants may begin to change – the birds, terrestrial insects and so on. Freshwater aquatic species are also greatly impacted by increasing salinity and pushed upstream to remain in freshwater.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"Salinisation of freshwater coastal wetlands will continue to increase with rising sea levels – and the more frequent flooding is, the more the wetlands will be impacted by the salinity.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sswt6"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA world without tides would have very different weather systems. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov\u002Ffacts\u002Fclimate.html\"\u003ETides are one factor that influences the movement of ocean currents, which move warm or cool water about the Earth.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Warm ocean currents bring warmer wetter weather, while cold ocean currents bring colder drier weather.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOne of the most \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov\u002Ffeatures\u002FElNino\"\u003Eimportant weather-producing phenomena on Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E may be affected by the lunar nodal cycle too. Usually, strong winds along the equator blow the warm surface water westward from South America towards Indonesia and cooler deep water rises up in its place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EDuring an El Niño event, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov\u002Ffeatures\u002FElNino\"\u003Ethese trade winds are weakened or even reversed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, affecting weather all over the world. Warm surface water piles up near the west coast of South America and cold water remains deep in the ocean. Usually wet regions may be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2590061719300225\"\u003Eplunged into drought while dry regions may be deluged in rain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, even causing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fenvironment\u002Fgallery\u002F2015\u002Foct\u002F30\u002Fflowers-bloom-in-the-atacama-desert-in-pictures\"\u003Edeserts to burst into bloom\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA La Niña event, on the other hand, has the opposite effect of El Niño. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foceanservice.noaa.gov\u002Ffacts\u002Fninonina.html\"\u003ETrade winds are stronger than usual\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, pushing more warm water toward Asia. Cold waters that well up off the coast of the Americas then push the jet stream northward. The result is warmer than usual winter temperatures in the south and cooler than normal in the north.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ETogether, the El Niño and La Niña phenomena are part of a cycle called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (Enso). (The \"Southern Oscillation\" part refers to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncdc.noaa.gov\u002Fteleconnections\u002Fenso\u002Fenso-tech.php\"\u003Echange in air pressure at sea level over the equatorial Pacific Ocean\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EScientists from Ohio State University have suggested the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-019-49678-w\"\u003Eswitch between El Niño and La Niña\u003C\u002Fa\u003E may be influenced by a subsurface ocean wave driven by lunar tidal gravitational force. Researchers at the University of Tokyo report that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-018-33526-4\"\u003EEnso may be predicted by looking at the Moon\u003Cspan\u003E’\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Es 18.6-year nodal cycle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"There certainly is a known lunar nodal effect on sea surface temperatures,\" says Phil Woodworth, a sea-level scientist and emeritus fellow of the UK's National Oceanography Centre. The Moon’s gravitational pull influences tidal currents and so the movement and mixing of the upper layers of the ocean water, says Woodworth. “This especially applies to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1029\u002F2005GL025237\"\u003ENorth Pacific\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIce, land and air\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EWhile the lunar nodal cycle is set to bring marked change over the coming decades, on a shorter timescale the Moon affects the Earth in a few other lesser-known ways.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe Moon is also thought to affect \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gi.alaska.edu\u002Falaska-science-forum\u002Fbasking-warmth-full-moon\"\u003Epolar temperatures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and contribute to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Ficesjms\u002Farticle\u002F63\u002F3\u002F401\u002F718604\"\u003Efluctuations in the extent of Arctic ice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Though here, the influence of the Moon is not its 18.6-year nodal cycle, but its more familiar monthly variation in the amount of light reflected from it as it waxes and wanes. Satellite measurements have shown that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gi.alaska.edu\u002Falaska-science-forum\u002Fbasking-warmth-full-moon\"\u003Ethe poles are 0.55C warmer during a full Moon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn addition, tidal forces act to break up ice sheets and change ocean heat flows, altering the amount of ice in the Arctic Ocean.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe Moon generates \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002F2014JC010310\"\u003Etidal currents and waves both at the surface and deeper in the ocean\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, says Chris Wilson, expert in marine physics and ocean climate at the National Oceanography Centre. \"These currents and waves may either melt or break up sea ice, due to either the transport and mixing of warmer waters or due to straining motions acting to tear apart the ice into smaller pieces, which are then more susceptible to melting.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ssth0"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe water and ice of the ocean are not the only parts of the planet to experience tides. The Moon also has a tidal effect on both solid land and on the atmosphere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EEarth tides are similar to ocean tides. The land deforms and bulges just as the sea does and is thought to trigger \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-018-19307-z\"\u003Evolcanic activity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F262563634_EARTH_TIDES_AND_EARTHQUAKES\"\u003Eearthquakes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Ftopics\u002Fearth-and-planetary-sciences\u002Fatmospheric-tides\"\u003EAtmospheric\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Ftopics\u002Fearth-and-planetary-sciences\u002Fatmospheric-tides\"\u003E tides\u003C\u002Fa\u003E cause energy flows from the upper to lower atmosphere and changes in atmospheric pressure. Air pressure changes linked to the position of the Moon were \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fnora.nerc.ac.uk\u002Fid\u002Feprint\u002F516229\u002F1\u002Fcartwright_etal_manueljohnson_hgss_2017.pdf\"\u003Efirst detected in 1847\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The Moon's gravitational forces cause bulges and oscillations in the Earth's atmosphere, similar to those seen in water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"Changes in atmospheric pressure are linked with higher air temperatures, which in turn means that the air molecules can hold more moisture in the form of water vapour, lowering the humidity and therefore the chance of rainfall,\" says Liz Bentley, chief executive of the Royal Meteorological Society. As a result, lower pressure is known to result in cold wet weather, and higher pressure in calmer, more pleasant weather.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBut the Moon's influence on precipitation via atmospheric tides is small, as other factors like heat from the Sun have a much greater effect. Researchers at the University of Washington \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washington.edu\u002Fnews\u002F2016\u002F01\u002F29\u002Fphases-of-the-moon-affect-amount-of-rainfall\u002F\"\u003Ereported\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that lunar forces do affect the amount of rainfall – but only by around 1%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EJohn Wallace, professor of atmospheric sciences at the University of Washington, says: \"At times when the Sun and Moon are pulling together, it rains a tiny bit more than it does six hours earlier or later. So, the Moon's pull doesn't affect how much it rains, only when it rains.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe Moon's influence, sometimes subtle and sometimes profound, has had a formative impact on life on Earth. Some scientists argue that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Fmoon-life-tides\u002F\"\u003Eit is the Moon that made life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Fmoon-life-tides\u002F\"\u003E possible\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the first place. The Moon steadies the Earth as it spins on its axis, helping to give us a stable climate. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iop.org\u002Fexplore-physics\u002Fmoon\u002Fhow-does-moon-affect-earth\"\u003EWithout it, the Earth would wobble more erratically\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The poles would move markedly in relation to the Earth's orbit. Seasons, days and nights would all look very different.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBut the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newscientist.com\u002Farticle\u002Fdn4786-no-moon-no-life-on-earth-suggests-theory\u002F\"\u003Etides that may have kick started life on Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-12311119\"\u003Epushing our moon away from us\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Every year, the Moon moves further from the Earth by almost 4cm \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.3847\u002FPSJ\u002Fabe53f\"\u003Ebecause of the tides it causes on Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The Earth rotates more quickly than the Moon orbits, so the gravitational tug of the tidal bulge pulls the Moon along faster. As the Moon accelerates it is flung a little outwards and its orbit becomes bigger. It’s a bit like when you stand on a playground roundabout – the faster it spins, the more you feel as though you are being thrown outwards from the centre.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe Moon is our closest ally in the vastness of the Universe, without which the Earth would be a very lonely place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-08-24T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The subtle influence of the Moon on Earth's weather","headlineShort":"How the Moon alters the weather","image":["p09ssvfz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"For generations, people have watched the Moon for signs of changes in the weather. The Moon does, in fact, affect the Earth's weather patterns in subtle ways.","summaryShort":"The Earth's closest companion affects our planet in subtle and surprising ways","tag":["tag\u002Fclimate"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-24T00:00:19.715564Z","entity":"article","guid":"740a6fb5-707d-472f-8081-9a126e7e7ab1","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:46:27.105721Z","project":"future","slug":"20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229118},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-how-to-fight-microplastic-pollution-with-magnets":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-how-to-fight-microplastic-pollution-with-magnets","_id":"612fbc880e2e0c69457a1d79","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fisabelle-gerretsen"],"bodyIntro":"Huge amounts of plastic ends up rivers and oceans every year, harming the environment and potentially also human health. But what if we could pull it out of water with the power of magnets?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a child, Fionn Ferreira spent hours exploring the coastline near his hometown of Ballydehob in south-west Ireland. But the more time he spent on the sheltered, shingle-strewn coves nearby, he grew increasingly shocked by the large amounts of plastic litter he found strewn across the beach and in the sea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It didn't look nice to me – the coloured bits of plastic all along the shore,\" he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAround the world, humans produce an estimated \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unep.org\u002Finteractive\u002Fbeat-plastic-pollution\u002F\"\u003E300 million tonnes of plastic waste every year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and at least \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplasticoceans.org\u002Fthe-facts\u002F\"\u003E10 million tonnes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E end up in our oceans – the equivalent of a rubbish truck load every minute.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut it was the plastic that Ferreira couldn't see which really concerned him. Microplastics are fragments smaller than five millimetres and either come directly from the products we use or are created as larger plastic objects break down in the environment. They are ubiquitous – they have been found at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.geochemicalperspectivesletters.org\u002Farticle1829\u002F#Fig3\"\u003Ethe bottom of the world's deepest ocean trench \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eand \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-020-61948-6\"\u003Elodged in Arctic sea ice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I got really anxious when I found out about microplastics,\" says Ferreira, who is now aged 20 and a chemistry student at Groningen University in the Netherlands. \"These plastics are going to be in our environment for thousands of years. We are going to be dealing with them long after we stop using plastic.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs he learned more about the environmental impact of microplastics in the environment, Ferreira began to look for ways to combat them. And it was a serendipitous discovery on his local beach that gave him the idea for a new way to remove these tiny, omnipresent plastics from the oceans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-how-to-fight-microplastic-pollution-with-magnets-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t5pth"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-how-to-fight-microplastic-pollution-with-magnets-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMicroplastics are found in our clothes, cosmetics and cleaning products. One load of laundry can release \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0025326X16307639?via%3Dihub\"\u003Ean average of 700,000 microplastic fibres\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Less than a millimetre in length, these fibres make their way into rivers and oceans, where they are eaten by fish and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-019-54698-7\"\u003Eeven corals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Because of their tiny size, microplastics are able to pass through filtration systems, making it very difficult to avoid them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6141690\u002F\"\u003E2018 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, plastic contamination can also be found in bottled water, with 93% of 259 bottled water samples the scientists examined containing microplastics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F371\u002F6530\u002F672\"\u003Erecent research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, we constantly inhale and ingest microplastics during our daily lives. One \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fd2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net\u002Fdownloads\u002Fplastic_ingestion_web_spreads.pdf\"\u003Estudy in 2019 by researchers at the University of Newcastle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that globally people ingest an average of 5g of plastic every week – the equivalent of a credit card. The impact that this diet of microplastics has on our health, however, is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F371\u002F6530\u002F672\"\u003Estill poorly understood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChemicals used in plastic have, however, been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Farticles\u002F22h6LGBHrb7jvT5CLxLDnsl\u002Fshould-i-worry-about-plastics\"\u003Elinked to a range of health problems\u003C\u002Fa\u003E including cancer, heart disease and poor foetal development. Studies have found that human exposure to microplastics could cause \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F24127541\u002F\"\u003Eoxidative stress\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7068600\u002F\"\u003Einflammation and respiratory problems\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The urgency of the plastic problem has not yet hit people,\" says Ferreira. \"Plastic pollution is a public health issue. You are not just drinking the plastic, but also the chemicals that are added to it. Plastic attracts heavy metals and brings these into our system.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also want to read:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-why-plastic-waste-is-an-ideal-building-material\"\u003EWhy plastic waste is an ideal building material\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180705-whats-the-real-price-of-getting-rid-of-plastic-packaging\"\u003EThe real price of getting rid of plastic packaging\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210510-how-to-recycle-any-plastic\"\u003EThe world's first infinite plastic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother concern is that plastics could help transport pathogens which bind themselves to the material. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS014111361630112X\"\u003E2016 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found the pathogen \u003Cem\u003EVibrio cholerae\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which causes cholera in humans, attached to microplastics sampled from the North and Baltic Seas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It is not just a problem of the health of our environment, but really a problem that concerns all of us and our health,\" says Ferreira.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-how-to-fight-microplastic-pollution-with-magnets-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"After the microplastics attached themselves to the ferrofluid, Ferreira used a magnet to remove the solution and leave behind only water","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-how-to-fight-microplastic-pollution-with-magnets-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd the amount of plastic in the environment is projected to get much worse. Plastic production is expected to increase by \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww3.weforum.org\u002Fdocs\u002FWEF_The_New_Plastics_Economy.pdf\"\u003E60% by 2030 and triple by 2050\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. By then, there could be more plastic than fish in the ocean, according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fthe-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action\"\u003Ethe Ellen MacArthur Foundation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a UK non-profit that promotes the circular economy where materials are reused rather than thrown away.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the age of 12 years old, Ferreira became determined to find a solution to remove microplastics from water. He started by designing his own spectrometer, a scientific instrument that uses ultraviolet light to measure the density of microplastics in solutions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I could see there were a lot of microplastics in the water and they weren't just coming from big plastic breaking down in the sea,\" he says. \"There needed to be a way to combat this.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was on his local beach that Ferreira came up with a solution that could extract microplastics from water. \"I found some oil spill residue with loads of plastic attached to it,\" he says. \"I realised that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=E_SEKSdv2CI&t\"\u003Eoil could be used to attract plastic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFerreira mixed vegetable oil with iron oxide powder to create a magnetic liquid, also known as ferrofluid. He then blended in microplastics from a wide range of everyday items, including plastic bottles, paint and car tyres, and water from the washing machine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter the microplastics attached themselves to the ferrofluid, Ferreira used a magnet to remove the solution and leave behind only water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFollowing 5,000 tests, Ferreira's method \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=akCjg2s7xrs\"\u003Ewas 87% effective\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at extracting microplastics from water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFerreira is currently in the process of designing a device which uses the magnetic extraction method to capture microplastics as water flows past it. The device will be small enough to fit inside waterpipes to continuously extract plastic fragments as water flows through them. He has also been working on a system that could be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=akCjg2s7xrs\"\u003Efitted to ships so they can extract plastics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on the oceans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-how-to-fight-microplastic-pollution-with-magnets-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t5lzs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-how-to-fight-microplastic-pollution-with-magnets-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"There is no current effective solution to remove microplastics in natural waterways,\" says Anne-Marieke Eveleens, who created another device known as the Bubble Barrier, a tube device that can be installed on canals and rivers to trap larger plastic waste with a stream of bubbles that guides it to a catchment area, preventing it from entering the ocean. \"Our Bubble Barrier is very effective at catching macroplastics and can catch microparticles of plastic as small as 1 mm. Fionn's innovation has the capacity to remove all types of microplastics.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2019, Ferreira presented his invention to a panel of expert judges at the Google Science Fair, which led to him winning the competition and receiving an educational scholarship of $50,000 (£36,400).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"He observed and tackled a problem he saw locally which has vast global significance,\" says Larissa Kelly, Ferreira's former science teacher at Schull Community College and his mentor for the Google Science Fair entry. \"His invention, based on very simple components, is groundbreaking. It has powerful potential to provide solutions that will contribute to the worldwide effort to remove microplastics from the environment.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I started out as a lonely inventor,\" says Ferreira. \"After the Google Science Fair, I could all of a sudden speak to scientists – they gave me credit for what I had done. My idea was no longer a toy invented by a child.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter receiving funding from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.footprintcoalition.com\u002F\"\u003EFootprint Coalition\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which was founded by actor Robert Downey Jr, Ferreira started scaling up the technology so it could be used at wastewater treatment facilities and prevent microplastics from escaping into the ocean.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe is currently working with US company Stress Engineering to fine-tune his invention and design a device out of stainless steel, glass or recycled plastic. \"We're trying to make something where we are not creating more plastic pollution,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-how-to-fight-microplastic-pollution-with-magnets-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t5pnd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-how-to-fight-microplastic-pollution-with-magnets-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe technology is \"very quick, cheap and low energy,\" he says, adding that it can easily be integrated into existing facilities and is able to handle normal flow rates of water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFerreira is also developing a consumer-focused device which can be installed inside pipes in homes, cleaning the water as it enters and leaves the house. The aim is to provide people with water that is both safe to drink and sustainable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I don't want to be drinking plastic every day,\" he says. \"By building this device in our homes, we are not only protecting our health, but also raising awareness.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe is testing the devices in different water bodies around the world and hopes to commercialise both within the next two years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Ferreira says he has encountered scepticism throughout his journey as a young inventor and hopes that inventions such as his will help change that attitude. And as his generation inherits problems created by those that came before them, the world is likely to need more imaginative solutions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"A lot of people don't trust young inventors,\" he says. \"That needs to change. Youth have the power to come up with new creative ideas, they aren't trained to look down just one tunnel.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBright Sparks Sustainability\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis article is part of BBC Future's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fpreview\u002Farticle\u002Ffuture\u002Fbright-sparks-sustainability\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBright Sparks: Sustainability\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E series, which sets out to find the young minds who are finding new and innovative ways of tackling environmental problems. They are the next generation of engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs who are taking control of their own future by seeking solutions to climate change, pollution, biodiversity loss and over-consumption.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-how-to-fight-microplastic-pollution-with-magnets-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-08-26T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How to fight microplastic pollution with magnets","headlineShort":"How to fight microplastics with magnets","image":["p09t5lb1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Huge amounts of plastic ends up rivers and oceans every year, harming the environment and potentially also human health. But what if we could pull it out of water with magnets?","summaryShort":"An Irish 20-year-old has found a way to keep our water plastic-free","tag":["tag\u002Fpollution"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-26T00:00:27.138187Z","entity":"article","guid":"13e28581-7d33-4cdf-ae6e-fb74a6551c9d","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-how-to-fight-microplastic-pollution-with-magnets","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:46:41.432682Z","project":"future","slug":"20210825-how-to-fight-microplastic-pollution-with-magnets","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229118},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace","_id":"612fbc810e2e0c67e222387e","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkamala-thiagarajan"],"bodyIntro":"The natural living barrier was described as \"utterly impassable to man or beast\", and snaked across India from the Indus River to the Mahanadi. But why doesn't anyone remember it?","businessUnit":"public service","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a second-hand bookstore in London, in late 1994, author Roy Moxham made a discovery that would consume the next three years of his life. Wedged in the footnotes of a colonial-era book published in 1893 that he had just purchased, was a fascinating, long-forgotten piece of Indian history.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the book \u003Cem\u003ERambles and Recollections of an Indian official\u003C\u002Fem\u003E by Major General WH Sleeman, in a chapter called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gutenberg.org\u002Ffiles\u002F15483\u002F15483-h\u002F15483-h.htm#Ch60\"\u003ETransit Duties in India – Mode of Collecting Them\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, was a startling reference to a \"customs hedge\" – a natural barrier that the book described as becoming \"gradually a monstrous system to which it would be almost impossible to find a parallel in any tolerably civilised country\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe details about the hedge itself were sparse, but whatever was documented was enough to deeply puzzle Moxham, who had by then made five journeys to India without ever hearing about the hedge. The hedge was allegedly built over a customs line, which the book mentioned was established in 1869 and expanded to stretch across the length of India, covering an estimated 2,300 miles (3,701km) – the distance from London to Istanbul (then Constantinople). It was guarded by 12,000 British officers, at an annual cost of 1,620,000 rupees (£162,000 or $220,716, based on the exchange rate today).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe hedge was constructed entirely from an impenetrable thicket of thorny native shrubs, designed to prevent smugglers from sneaking in salt from coastal areas to British-controlled states, where it was taxed heavily. \"People seldom realise how critical salt is to health,\" says Moxham. \"And yet, it seems inconceivable to me how this incredibly painful part of history, the immense abuse people endured at this time, could be so utterly forgotten.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t25tb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt first, Moxham thought the reference to the hedge was a mistake – it sounded wildly improbable. He began to seek out other colonial-era books that could possibly allude to it. In April 1996, in a book called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.co.in\u002Fbooks\u002Fedition\u002FThe_Finances_and_Public_Works_of_India_f\u002Fbzwn9CEHgwkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover\"\u003EThe Finances and Public Works of India (1869-81)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E written by John and Richard Strachey, both brothers and administrative officers in British India, he uncovered other details confirming the hedge's existence. The hedge was divided into 110 \"beats\", each extending 10 to 30 miles (16-48km) and presided over by a patrol, watched from 1,727 guard posts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe ancient fabric that no one knows how to make\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210325-the-strange-medieval-fruit-the-world-forgot\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe forgotten medieval fruit with a vulgar name\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-the-mystery-of-the-lost-roman-herb\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe mystery of the lost Roman herb\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMoxham pieced together from records how the Customs Line needed 10 men guarding it in shifts for every mile, how these men had to \"sweep\" their section of the line when they took over duties, which they did by trailing bamboo or a large branch over the sandy floors. This was to ensure that they would be accountable for any impressions of footsteps that were discovered after they went off duty. In his book, \u003Cem\u003EThe Great Hedge of India\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, Moxham describes how the boundaries of the hedge kept shifting over the years, as the British gained greater control over India. \"It kept getting longer and more formidable,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fworldcat.org\u002Fidentities\u002Flccn-n98922907\u002F\"\u003EJames Grant Duff\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, one of the famous \"administrator-historians\" of India during this period, compared the Great Hedge to the Great Wall of China. There was vigilance night and day. The motive behind it was clear: to drive profits by allowing the British to effectively tax salt. The hedge isolated British controlled states from salt-producing coastal areas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t22f0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELaunched on a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flibrary.oapen.org\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F20.500.12657\u002F45669\u002F625263.pdf?sequence=1\"\u003Ecold New Year's Eve, in 1600\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, The East India Company has often been described as one of the world's first multi-national corporations. And salt was one of the longest lasting sources of revenue that supported it and the British Imperialism that followed, not just in India, but across Asia. The necessity of salt meant that it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fhistorical-journal\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fsalt-and-sovereignty-in-colonial-burma\u002FAEE6FC4EE94DCBCF4A42B200DEF62565\"\u003Ecould be reliably taxed to raise state finances\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMuch of the development of the hedge has been credited to one man. In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.conservationindia.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Ffiles_mf\u002FCollar-Prys-Jones-2012-Allan-Octavian-Hume.pdf\"\u003E1867, when the British Civil Servant and botanist Allen Octavian Hume was appointed Commissioner of Customs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, he took control over the Customs Line, pouring considerable resources and his own horticultural know-how into making the hedge an effective barrier against smuggling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy 1869, the great hedge stretched from the foothills of the Himalayas to Odisha, and then cut mid-way across the country as it inched towards the Bay of Bengal. Its purpose was to cut off the salt producing coastal regions in Gujarat and Odisha from the rest of the princely states governed by the British Raj. This ensured that salt remained a precious commodity. It was taxed so heavily that most Indians couldn't afford it. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.history.com\u002Ftopics\u002Findia\u002Fsalt-march\"\u003EThe India Salt Act of 1882\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ensured that the British had a complete monopoly over salt and explicitly prohibited Indians from collecting or selling it, a law which Mahatma Gandhi would soon defy in a series of marches that sparked the Indian independence movement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut despite it being a formidable barrier, with an average height of 8ft (2.4m), the smuggling of salt went on unabated. Armed gangs broke through the hedge, driving camels laden with sacks of salt right through it. Smugglers tossed salt over it in unguarded areas. Violent skirmishes broke out often. \"The Customs officials harassed the population and exhorted bribes,\" Moxham noted in his book. \"The barrier was a continual reminder of what Indians saw as unjust – British taxes. Nevertheless, it continued to be strengthened.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t27ny"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESheila Ghelani, a London-based artist who recently wrote about the hedge in a book she co-authored with fellow artist Sue Palmer (Common Salt, based on a live performance on the same subject), explains that the humble hedge can serve as a formidable natural barrier. \"But it's also kind of invisible. It's not something you notice right away,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Moxham's book, he describes the hedge as being built from \"almost every description of locally indigenous thorny shrubs.\" In some dry areas, the entire top layer of rocky soil had to be dug out and replaced for the hedge to thrive. It was built with prickly pear (\u003Cem\u003EOpuntia ficus-indica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E), clusters of thorny acacias (\u003Cem\u003EVachellia nilotica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) and the thorny Indian plum tree \u003Cem\u003EZiziphus mauritiana\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut of all of these, the \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.civilsdaily.com\u002Fnews\u002Fspecies-in-news-carissa-carandas-the-great-hedge-of-india\u002F\"\u003ECarissa carandas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, called \u003Cem\u003Ekaronda\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in Hindi, is the most intriguing from a horticultural point of view, says Reema Gupta. Gupta is a former investment banker-turned organic farmer after setting up the Sustainable, Local, Organic, Wholesome (Slow) farm in the outskirts of Bengaluru, in the state of Karnataka in South India in 2014. \"In Northern India, karonda was a condiment,\" she says. Her grandmother would pickle the bright red berry, while she uses it to make jam. The raw berry can be eaten on its own and has a sour, tangy taste, like lemon. Gupta is keenly aware of how this indigenous knowledge of plants and herbs is fading fast. Even among organic farmers across India, so few people know of this indigenous shrub and its role in the history of the hedge, she explains. \"It is a hardy bush. It grows fast, spreads rapidly, needs constant pruning and has vicious thorns. I can easily imagine it being a critical part of the Great Hedge,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut why did it disappear?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Moxham, the hedge was eventually abandoned when the British took complete control of all salt production in India, by seizing one of the largest territories – the Sambhar Salt Lake in Rajasthan. The salt tax could then be added at the point of manufacture, and this would effectively stop smugglers. There was no longer any need for a Customs Line nor an expensive hedge. On 1 April 1879, it became obsolete. However, people continued to pay steep salt taxes in the years that followed, right up to March 1947. India received its independence in August of the same year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t291t"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps this fading knowledge of these indigenous plants was an indirect cause for the Great Hedge's demise in modern India. Hoping to find someone who remembered the hedge or some physical evidence of its existence, Moxham made three trips to India in the mid-1990s, seeking it out. He pored over old maps and satellite imagery, travelled to small towns and spoke to villagers and locals in areas where the hedge was mentioned in historical records.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn many places, Moxham found that the Hedge had just melted away. Many of the trees had a lifespan of sixty years, so they would have died by then anyway. Others had been cleared for the construction of roads. People had also widened their agricultural fields to encroach along the areas where the Great Hedge once ran.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA pivotal moment came in 1998, when Moxham finally found traces of the Great Hedge – in a section of prickly shrubs that grew along a 40ft-wide embankment in Etawah, a district in India's most populous state of Uttar Pradesh. Some of the hedgerow in this area was now 20ft (6m) high and it was impossible to tell if they were part of the original hedge or had sprouted from successive seeding, he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe location was exactly on the same latitude (the longitude, however, was one mile further east) as indicated in the map of India in 1876, when the Great Hedge was first documented. When Moxham had first started his search, he wrote that he was looking for \"a harmless piece of English eccentricity\" but he had ended up finding instead \"a terrible instrument of British oppression.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t244k"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAisling O'Carroll, a lecturer teaching landscape architecture and a PhD candidate at The Bartlett School of Architecture at University College, London, has also been looking for the hedge. O'Carroll's research started with an interest to investigate The Great Hedge as a border and see what traces of that could be found remaining in the landscape – whether remnants of the hedge itself, or structural, spatial, infrastructural, or cultural traces of it – and if so, what its impact had been.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\"I wanted to understand more about how a live hedge could be maintained as a border at such a massive scale, and the contradiction between the typical function of the hedgerow – to protect and increase [the] productivity and resilience of the landscape on either side, often to mitigate erosion – and the violent intention of this hedge, to physically separate and exert control over the people of each province,\" says O'Carroll.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EThe research was primarily carried out between 2017 and 2018 in Uttar Pradesh and funded by the Danish Arts Council. \"I found it particularly interesting that the line of the hedge, which used to be a barrier, has transformed into a corridor of connection in many parts — where the embankment of the hedge now serves as the road corridor,\" says O'Carroll.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMoxham was recently invited to a conference on Nuclear Energy in Verdun, France to speak about the Great Hedge. \"They were intrigued by how such a big project could have disappeared from memory in such a short time,\" says Moxham. The delegates saw it as proof enough that the world could forget anything – including the cost of nuclear warfare or the grave dangers posed by improperly disposing of radioactive waste – all of which could have severe consequences if ever erased from public memory.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday, the fact that the hedge remains largely unknown is seen by Ghelani and Palmer as another example the uncritical teaching of British Imperialism, which they argue often downplays the pain and suffering of colonialism and the human cost of these endeavors. \"This history [of India's Great Hedge] was missing from our [British] history books too,\" says Palmer. \"We could find no reference to it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETrying to keep this public memory alive is a constant challenge – but one that Palmer and Ghelani take on. Ironically, they recently performed at the South London Botanical Institute, which was set up by one of the key commissioners of the Hedge, AO Hume. \"He had this very British obsession with making the hedge perfect and impenetrable,\" says Palmer. \"When we performed… his portrait was on the wall. It was like we were trying to say, so many years later, that we needed to acknowledge that this happened. We need to hear this,\" she said.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EThis article was updated on 25 August 2021.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fthe-lost-index"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-08-25T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The mysterious disappearance of the world's longest shrubbery","headlineShort":"The search for India's forgotten hedge","image":["p09t3c6d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The natural living barrier was described as \"utterly impassable to man or beast\", and snaked across India from the Indus River to the Mahanadi. But why doesn't anyone remember it?","summaryShort":"The natural living barrier was described as 'utterly impassable to man or beast'","tag":["tag\u002Findia"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-25T00:00:19.701553Z","entity":"article","guid":"b3faf7b4-df55-4d11-99c3-d7dc6f7eed2d","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:46:34.213517Z","project":"future","slug":"20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229118},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from","_id":"612fbc7d0e2e0c65e61df3f1","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fpatchen-barss"],"bodyIntro":"They are the biggest black holes in the known Universe, billions of times more massive than our Sun, but little is known about how these monsters form and grow so big. New telescopes and techniques are giving us a new way of looking at these giants.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHalfway between the belly of Delphinus the Dolphin and the hind hoof of Pegasus the flying horse, a pristine pinwheel tumbles through space. For billions of years, the flocculent spiral arms of galaxy UCG 11700 have wheeled in peace, undisturbed by the collisions and mergers that have deformed so many other galaxies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while a spiral galaxy like UCG 11700 is pleasing to look at, something monstrous lurks in its midst. At the heart of this beautiful cosmic Catherine wheel is one of the most mysterious objects in the Universe – a supermassive black hole.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile standard black holes start at around four times the mass of our Sun, their enormous relatives are millions, and sometimes billions, of times as massive. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EScientists believe almost every large galaxy has a supermassive black hole at its heart. Except nobody knows how they got there.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is where galaxy UCG 11700 could prove useful.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The ideal galaxies for my study are the most beautiful, perfect spirals you could possibly think of,\" says Becky Smethurst, a junior research fellow at the University of Oxford who studies supermassive black holes. \"The prettiest galaxies are the ones that could help us solve the mystery of how these black holes grow.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ssd5n"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"square","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStudying something that, by its nature is so dense that even light cannot escape from its centre, makes learning about it difficult. But new techniques that look for the effects supermassive black holes have on the interstellar objects around them, and even at the ripples they create in the fabric of space and time, are providing new clues. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere's little secret about how conventional – if they can be called that – black holes form and grow. A dying star runs out of fuel, explodes in a supernova, collapses in on itself, and becomes so dense that even light cannot escape its intense gravity. The idea of black holes has been around for a century and is predicted in Albert Einstein's Theory of General Relativity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn popular culture, black holes are perfectly dark and endlessly hungry. They barrel through the Universe sucking up everything in their path, growing larger and more voracious as they do. Mystery solved, one might think – supermassive black holes are simply the hungriest and oldest of their kind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn reality, however, black holes don't live up to their monstrous reputation. They are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=qtXDF7N1YHQ\"\u003Esurprisingly inefficient at accreting\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (physicists' jargon for \"sucking up\") surrounding material, even in a dense galactic core. In fact, collapsed stars grow so slowly, they couldn't possibly become supermassive just by absorbing new material.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Let's assume the very first stars formed black holes around 200 million years after the Big Bang,\" Smethurst says. \"After they've collapsed, you've then got about thirteen and a half billion years to grow your black hole to billions of times the mass of the Sun. That's too short a time to get it that big just with accretion.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven more mystifying, supermassive black holes already existed when \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu\u002Fabs\u002F2018Natur.553..473B\u002Fabstract\"\u003Ethe Universe was still in its relative infancy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Far-distant quasars, some of the brightest objects in the night sky, are actually ancient supermassive black holes that have set the cores of dying galaxies on fire. Some of these giants have been present at least since the Universe was a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.3847\u002F2041-8213\u002Fabd8c6\"\u003Emere 670 million years old\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – at a time when some of the oldest known galaxies were forming.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the heart of a black hole remains unknowable to external observers, supermassive black holes can shine more brightly than an entire galaxy of stars, and can even produce \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F373\u002F6556\u002F789\"\u003E\"burps\" of ultraviolet radiation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as they consume material around them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If you think of anything we burn with carbon, or chemical energy, or even what happens in stars, it's just a small, small fraction of what a black hole produces – Marta Volonteri","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBlack holes have a spherical boundary known as an \"event horizon\". Within this sphere, light, energy, and matter are inescapably trapped. Space and time fold in on themselves, and the physical laws that describe how most of our Universe works break down. But, just outside the event horizon, a spinning black hole can whip nearby material into a spinning, superheated disc. Reaching temperatures higher than 10 million C, the accretion disc in a quasar releases blindingly bright radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Black holes are the most effective, efficient engines in the Universe,\" says Marta Volonteri, a black hole researcher at l'Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris. \"They \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.stanford.edu\u002F~wilkinsd\u002Fdocs\u002Fposters\u002FBlackHolesPoster.pdf\"\u003Etransform mass into energy with up to 40% efficiency\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. If you think of anything we burn with carbon, or chemical energy, or even what happens in stars, it's just a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.popularmechanics.com\u002Fspace\u002Fa14524087\u002Fblack-holes-mass-energy\u002F\"\u003Esmall, small fraction of what a black hole produces\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESupermassive black holes interest scientists for more than just their energy efficiency. Their formation and evolution are clearly connected to the development of galaxies, and to the even larger story of our entire Universe's history and structure. Solving the mystery of these cosmic giants would represent a significant step in scientists' ongoing effort to understand why things are the way they are.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEnergy release is one of many ways black holes divulge their secrets. When black holes merge or collide with slightly less dense objects like neutron stars, the events create ripples in spacetime called gravitational waves. These waves move across the cosmos at the speed of light and were first \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.aps.org\u002Fprl\u002Fabstract\u002F10.1103\u002FPhysRevLett.116.061102\"\u003Edetected on Earth in 2015\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Since then huge observatories like the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ligo.org\u002F\"\u003ELaser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatories\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (Ligo) in the United States, and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.virgo-gw.eu\u002F\"\u003EVirgo facility\u003C\u002Fa\u003E near Pisa, Italy have been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ligo.org\u002Fdetections.php\"\u003Epicking up the ripples created by these collisions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while these observatories use instruments several kilometres in size, they can only detect waves from relatively modest-sized black holes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ssg3g"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Ligo has detected mergers up to only about 150 solar masses,\" says Nadine Neumayer, who leads the Galactic Nuclei research group at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy. \"There is a gap in data about what people call 'intermediate-mass black holes' of about 10,000 solar masses or so. And those actually could be the seeds for supermassive black holes.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIntermediate-mass black holes, she says, could have formed in the very early Universe from collapsing giant gas clouds or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F2105.01085\"\u003Erunaway collisions of stars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In the cramped environment of the young Universe, successive collisions between these medium-sized black holes, combined with a rapid accretion of the surrounding material, could have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F2107.10862\"\u003Eaccelerated their growth to supermassive scales\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201008-the-weird-mathematics-that-explains-black-holes-exist\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe silence that delivered a solution to Einstein's great puzzle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201008-the-weird-mathematics-that-explains-black-holes-exist\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHow weird is the space outside our solar system?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210326-the-mystery-of-our-expanding-universe\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe mystery of how big our Universe really is\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, the intermediate-mass black-hole seed theory has problems. The early, small Universe was also very hot. Gas clouds would have been bathed in radiation, possibly giving them too much energy to collapse in on themselves. And even in a dense cosmos, the laws of physics still limit the maximum rate at which black holes can absorb matter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVolonteri says that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F1003.4404\"\u003Eevery current explanation for supermassive black holes has \"bottlenecks and drawbacks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" that prevent scientists from converging on a definitive answer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The theories involving what we call 'dynamical processes', meaning you form a black hole from many, many stars rather than just one are possible, but these processes need to happen in very specific conditions,\" she says. \"There are also theories about 'primordial black holes', which could have come into existence and begun growing before there were stars. But this is completely unknown territory. We don't have any observational proof to test this principle.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe says she loves the physics of dynamical processes, but acknowledges that it is very difficult for the theory to credibly predict anything growing larger than about 1,000 solar masses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"When you consider quasars that already had a billion solar masses when the Universe was a billion years old, it's very hard to get to those numbers,\" she says. She believes the true story of how supermassive black holes came to be is yet to be told. \"The more we dig, the more we find there are issues with what we thought we had understood. We're missing something fundamental.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Most of the observable Universe's two trillion galaxies are accelerating away from one another, but many collisions occur","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe current generation of observational instruments have started to fill in the gaps. Virgo, Ligo and similar observatories are providing increasingly in-depth \"demographic information\" about the size, age and locations of the Universe's black hole population.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut to fill in this kind of data on supermassive black holes, researchers are going to need even bigger detectors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the 2030s, Nasa and the European Space Agency (Esa) will launch the ambitious Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (Lisa), which comprises three satellites flying in a triangle with sides 2.5 million kilometres long. This array will work on similar principles to Ligo and Virgo, but its massive scale will allow it to detect gravitational waves from very large black holes beyond the reach of existing technology. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are already hints that gravitational waves created by supermassive black holes are washing over us. At the start of 2021, astronomers announced they had detected small discrepancies in the pulses of radiation coming from 45 pulsars – compact stars that release beams of light at regular intervals. Although the results have yet to be confirmed, the researchers suggest this could be due to a \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.3847\u002F2041-8213\u002Fabd401\u002Fmeta?casa_token=wqZzq-jPzq8AAAAA:D_REFgAAunFS0KcNWM6IJ_Pa4BqyvK_gn1PpYgHuxiJWqYwo9DUXfEuvAUszVkQXkXtQzEBIoxocsXggfwE\"\u003Egravitational wave background\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" that is likely created by supermassive black hole mergers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there are other more direct ways of seeing black holes. The Event Horizons Telescope recently captured the first \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Fjournal\u002F2041-8205\u002Fpage\u002FFocus_on_EHT\"\u003Ephotographic images of black holes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, coaxing these mysterious objects out of the shadows and revealing more about their nature and their effects of their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.3847\u002F2041-8213\u002Fabe4de\"\u003Egravity and magnetism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on the galaxies they inhabit. Astrophysicists can also track the movement of stars in close orbits around black holes in the galactic core, extrapolating information about the massive objects at the centre.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ssgfg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMost observations of this type rely on ground-based telescopes that use a technology called \"adaptive optics\". Observers analyse a bright star (or human-generated laser beam) to measure atmospheric distortions that would otherwise reduce image quality. Computer controlled signals correct for these distortions through tiny adjustments to the physical shape of the telescope's mirror. The results are precise observations of the hearts of galaxies billions of light years away, and a wealth of data on their supermassive black holes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENeumayer was one of the first scientists to use adaptive optics to study galactic cores.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It was just mind-blowing that you could have better resolution from the Earth than from the Hubble Space Telescope,\" she says. \"I worked on measuring specific black hole masses. There is a tight correlation: the more mass a galaxy has, the more massive its central supermassive black hole is. Somehow these objects grow in step.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite this correlation, there's no clear evidence that massive galaxies create massive black holes, or vice versa. They are connected, but the nature of that connection remains a mystery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne piece of the explanation might involve collisions between galaxies. Most of the observable Universe's two trillion galaxies are accelerating away from one another, but many collisions occur, creating opportunities for two very large central black holes to merge into something even bigger. Some scientists believe this could be how the truly monstrous supermassive black holes are formed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen comparatively tiny stellar black holes collide, they release \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ligo.org\u002Fscience\u002FPublication-GW150914Astro\u002Fflyer.pdf\"\u003Ehuge amounts of energy for a fraction of a second\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, producing a flash so bright that it briefly outshines everything else in the sky. If we were to see a similar event involving supermassive black holes, it would be one of the most cataclysmic events to be detected in the night's sky.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut, while scientists suspect mergers between supermassive black holes do occur, they may be made less common due to another problematic aspect of black hole dynamics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBlack holes on a collision course spin around one another with increasing speed as they draw closer. But very large black holes reach a point at about one parsec (3.26 light years) apart where their orbital velocity starts to balance out gravitational attraction. The decay of their orbits would happen so slowly that the actual merger could not happen within the current age of the Universe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Astrophysicists are also exploring the possibility that supermassive black holes form directly from dark matter, the mysterious material that holds galaxies together","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENevertheless, physicists do believe such mergers happen, which requires \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fpdf\u002Fastro-ph\u002F0212270.pdf\"\u003Enew theories about how to overcome the so-called \"final parsec problem\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\". Some additional force or energy is required to bring the orbiting black holes together.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Universe is littered with galaxies that are thought to have formed through mergers, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpweb.cfa.harvard.edu\u002Fresearch\u002Ftopic\u002Fgalaxies-merging-and-interacting\"\u003Eincluding our own Milky Way\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, suggesting they do occur. When galaxies do collide their original spiral structure gets destroyed as their stars, gas clouds, dark matter, and black holes interact. Even glancing blows between galaxies can mess with their structures, which makes them easy to spot.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut it means supermassive black holes at the centre of perfect pinwheel galaxies like UCG 11700 can't be explained by collisions. Their structures suggest they have never brushed up against another galaxy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I pick out very rare galaxies that have been left alone their entire lives, that have been very, very isolated in the Universe,\" Becky Smethurst says. \"In those we can be sure that the black hole in the middle has never grown by merging with something else.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt means they must have formed in another way.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESmethurst works backwards to determine how big these black holes would have had to have been at the beginning in order to grow to their current size. Her best models suggest a black hole that formed early in the Universe with 1,000 to 10,0000 solar masses could possibly do the trick — numbers that jibe with Neumayer's theories about intermediate-sized \"seed\" black holes. But black holes of that size wouldn't likely come from collapsing stars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ssgtg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAstrophysicists are also exploring the possibility that supermassive \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fmnras\u002Farticle\u002F502\u002F3\u002F4227\u002F6056505\"\u003Eblack holes form directly from dark matter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the mysterious material that holds galaxies together. But dark matter, which is a theoretical type of particle that interacts with gravity, but is invisible to light and electromagnetism, is itself poorly understood. Combining the mysteries of black holes and dark matter only makes the physics more challenging.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There's still a lot we don't know,\" says Smethurst. \"I think it would be arrogant of us to conclude that the only way to form a black hole is by supernova, because we don't know that for sure. Maybe the explanation is something else entirely we just haven't thought of yet. I am looking forward to the day the Universe surprises us with the answer. I think it will be a good day for science.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore advanced observational instruments are on the way. This autumn, Nasa plans to launch the James Webb Space Telescope (though there is currently a push to rename the instrument due to the homophobic policies enforced by its eponymous Nasa director), whose unprecedented size and sensory capabilities will make it a valuable tool in the study of supermassive black holes. The Lisa mission, when it is launched, will also give scientists new ways of looking at supermassive black holes through their gravitational waves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther scientists are creating increasingly detailed maps of the locations, movements, shapes, and sizes of millions of galaxies, which feeds into the research of both observers and theoreticians.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The pace of work is just phenomenal,\" says Smethurst. \"We have a hundred years' worth of research on black holes. But compared to the 14 billion years that the Universe has been around, that's not enough to crack all the mysteries. I set out to answer one question and end up with five more. And that's okay with me.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENeumayer agrees with Smethurst that the most exciting discoveries about black holes will likely relate to questions that nobody yet has asked.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\"\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EIt's been an amazing century of technical developments that make these discoveries possible,\" she says. \"We have a lot of known problems we want to solve. But we will also see new things we cannot even imagine. And I think that's amazing.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-08-23T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The mysterious origins of Universe's biggest black holes","headlineShort":"How supermassive black holes got so big","image":["p09sschv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"They are the biggest black holes in the known Universe, billions of times more massive than our Sun, but little is known about how these monsters form and grow so big.","summaryShort":"Where the Universe's biggest black holes came from is a mystery","tag":["tag\u002Fspace","tag\u002Fphysics"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-23T00:00:50.127664Z","entity":"article","guid":"027c0b45-96b6-4c2f-920c-5d72dbbebd55","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:46:30.690517Z","project":"future","slug":"20210820-where-did-supermassive-black-holes-come-from","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229119},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives","_id":"60cd72c20e2e0c610b09eac9","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Lessons from “expert talkers” could make all the difference when helping a person in crisis.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1984, Dallas, Texas, a call to the emergency services went catastrophically wrong. An elderly woman had stopped breathing, or was struggling to breathe, in her home. Her son, clearly distressed, called 911. The conversation between the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F800591?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\"\u003Ecaller and the dispatcher quickly spiraled out of control\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBoth parties appeared to argue for several minutes over the condition of the woman. The caller, increasingly exasperated, refuses to give straight answers to many of the dispatcher’s questions. The dispatcher, equally frustrated, eventually hung up with a curt “'kay, b'bye”. Thirteen minutes later paramedics were sent to the home where the woman in question was pronounced dead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“He didn't hear that the nurse’s questions were about helping the mother as best as possible,” says Tanya Stivers, a sociologist at the University of California Los Angeles, US. “The nurse was trying to establish some basic information about the mother. He found her questions antagonistic. Sometimes things that are transparent to one party, the nurse in this case, are not to another.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAt one point the dispatcher tried to speak to the elderly woman: “[You] can't, she's… seems like she's incoherent,” said the caller. When asked why she is incoherent, he replied: “How the hell do I know?” When chastised for cursing he said: “Well I don't care, ya stupid-ass questions you're asking.”\u003Cem\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20190903-linguistic-fluency-proficiency-second-language-learning\"\u003EHow do we measure language fluency?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20190809-how-the-views-of-a-few-can-determine-the-fate-of-a-country#new_tab\"\u003EHow the views of a few can determine a country's fate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20190226-how-your-language-reflects-the-senses-you-use\"\u003EHow your language reflects the senses that you use\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe incident received extensive coverage in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.upi.com\u002FArchives\u002F1984\u002F03\u002F06\u002FAn-ambulance-dispatcher-who-argued-for-several-minutes-with\u002F3203447397200\u002F\"\u003EDallas newspapers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and on national TV news at the time. Officials expressed bewilderment as to how an emergency call could have been conducted this way.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe caller had given enough information – their address and that there was someone who had stopped breathing – to elicit a “Marine Corps response”, in the view of the Fire Surgeon for Salt Lake City Fire Department. This maximum response would include the dispatch of an ambulance, fire engine and paramedics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAfter an investigation, the dispatcher in question was fired.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut how could an emergency call have gone so wrong? The failings on both parts subtly shows how the way we ask questions can have a big impact on the answers. Choosing certain words over others can help us persuade, win over and even cajole people we are talking to. By looking at similar miscommunications, and drawing on the experience of “expert talkers”, there are lessons for how we can ensure our own encounters do not end with dire consequences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EKeep talking\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen dealing with persons in crisis, the strategy for police negotiators is to keep the subject talking. If you examine the recordings of these negotiations, however, you will find that “talk” should be avoided. Two researchers, Rein Sikveland and Elizabeth Stokoe, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fapplij\u002Fadvance-article-abstract\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1093\u002Fapplin\u002Famy065\u002F5305680\"\u003Ecollaborated with British police to analyse recordings of conversations between persons in crisis and crisis negotiators\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They saw that negotiators often use “talk” to begin a conversation: “Can we talk about how you are?” But this often gets pushed back by the person in crisis: “No, I don’t want to talk” or “It’s not genuine action, man, you’re just talking”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPersons in crisis resist the request to talk because, as Stokoe points out, cultural idioms encourage us to put little value on “talk”. After all, “talk is cheap” and “talking the talk” is less meaningful than “walking the walk”. However, a single word substitution could be enough to save a life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps because we do not have equivalent cultural idioms, “speak” seems to work. In real conversations between a negotiator and person in crisis, when the negotiator says “speak” (“I wanna come down and I wanna speak to you…”) they get their desired response. In some cases, the person in crisis interrupts the negotiator to begin talking. Despite being near-synonyms, one word is loaded with context that makes it ineffective in these scenarios, while the other is free of those associations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBeing willing\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMediators have also found power in words to turn around someone who is disengaged. These professional facilitators might assist in business negotiations, family grievances or disputes between neighbours. They are experts in making sure conversations reach as positive a conclusion as possible. In the UK, for example, all people in child custody disputes must first attempt to reach an agreement through a family mediation service.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUsually, an initial call with a mediator follows a set pattern. After introductions, the mediator explains how their service works. They then ask: “Does that sound like something you and the other party want to do?” To which the caller might reply: “Oh, I’m not sure the other party will ever agree to this, they are very difficult to deal with.” From a position of looking like the conversation might be shut down, the mediators can turn it around with: “Okay, but \u003Cem\u003Eyou\u003C\u002Fem\u003E would be willing to come in for a preliminary meeting.” “Oh of course,” replies the caller,\u003Cem\u003E “I\u003C\u002Fem\u003E was never \u003Cem\u003Enot\u003C\u002Fem\u003E willing to try.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe caller is probably not too enthused by the prospect of speaking to a mediator, and has shown that they do not really want to go down this route. Often when we do not want to do something we look to blame someone or something else. Here, they have pinned the blame on the other party – the other parent of the child.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt is effective for several reasons; it is not a question, it is a statement, and it allows the caller to frame themselves as a good person while not having to backtrack on blaming the other party.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Cultural idioms encourage us to put little value on “talk”","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUsually, once one party has agreed to take part in a session, the other party follows, says Jan Coulton, chair of the College of Mediators in the UK. Coulton has been a mediator for almost 30 years, specialising in family mediation since 1998.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We look at the way things are put by each party – the way they describe their problems – to move from negatives to positives,” says Coulton. “People in conflict can be very focused on the negatives. But when you look there are a lot of matters in common, often the children. They love the kids. We hang the pegs on the positives. There may be differences around how things are done. We may do that when we summarise. We do that in a very positive way back to them at the end.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECoulton says the principles for a positive and constructive discussion are framing your conversation in positivity, not to look for immediate resolutions – often mediation sessions will end with both parties agreeing to come back with alternative solutions to their problem – and to reach an agreement together.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUnintended consequences\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESometimes, the way that an answer to a question is phrased will also lead to unintended consequences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnalysis of conversations between doctors and parents talking about the wellbeing of a child reveals they can often look like negotiations, even though they are not intended to be. Very specific behaviours on the part of the parent lead to a significant increase in prescriptions of antibiotics. What sets them apart from a negotiation is that the parents will not explicitly ask for antibiotics. In fact, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdrive.google.com\u002Ffile\u002Fd\u002F0Bx1FfRiOBWkGM2ExUVp6T0llZjQ\u002Fview\"\u003Ewhen questioned before the appointment, they might not even say that they are hoping to receive antibiotics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for their child. However, the doctor will often interpret the parents answers as an attempt to get the prescription out of them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“They may present it with a name of an illness – they might say ‘I’m worried it could be a sinus infection’,” says Stivers, who has studied these conversations between doctors and parents. “As soon as parents are talking about infection doctors are more likely to think the parent expects antibiotics.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdrive.google.com\u002Ffile\u002Fd\u002F0Bx1FfRiOBWkGci13ckMzSjM3a2c\u002Fview\"\u003EThe use of medical terms indicated to the doctors that the parents expected antibiotics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But, this wasn't true. Parents’ concerns were for getting the best possible treatment. Stivers describes this interaction as a good example of miscommunication between an expert and layperson. The doctor hears “infection” and immediately makes the connection with antibiotics. But for parents, that association does not exist.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I always like to remember that doctors are people before they are doctors,” says Stivers. “We don’t like to deprive people of what they want, so it is not always about what is medically correct.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIs there something else?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs with “speak” and “talk”, one word can make all the difference. In one study, physicians in the US were instructed to solicit extra concerns from patients making visits to their practice. One group of physicians were instructed to say “Is there anything else you want to address in the visit today?” and a second group were instructed to say “Is there something else you want to address in the visit today?”. A third group acted as a control and said nothing to solicit further concerns. In doing so, the researchers were able to test the effectiveness of the words “any-“ and “some-“ when used in open-ended questions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe results were quite clear. “Anything” was as effective at soliciting extra concerns as saying nothing at all – 53% of patients mentioned their additional concern. Clearly, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.academia.edu\u002F25750200\u002FReducing_Patients_Unmet_Concerns_in_Primary_Care_the_Difference_One_Word_Can_Make\"\u003Esome patients did mention other ailments, but much less frequently than those who were asked the “some-“ question\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In this group, 90% of patients with extra concerns raised them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EConversation analysts, like Loughborough University’s Elizabeth Stokoe, suggest this is because the word “any-“ has a closing-down function. It tends to be used as a token gesture. Think about meetings that end with the chair asking “Any other business?”. How often are other issues raised at this point? Perhaps, with one word substitution, we would be more willing to raise extra concerns – “Is there something else you would like to raise?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe right question\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEmergency service dispatchers are trained to deal with people who are experiencing “the worst day of their lives,” says Heidi Kevoe-Feldman, an associate professor in the department of communication studies at Northeastern University, in Boston, Massachusetts. Kevoe-Feldman collaborates with dispatchers taking real life emergency calls to find better ways of handling those calls. Callers are often emotional, so their answers might be incoherent. If they are unable to answer the questions, the dispatcher has to think on their feet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EQuestions with “Yes” or “No” answers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=Qn9nM5mcIHw\"\u003Eare very useful for getting information quickly\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like whether the person in trouble is breathing. But more subtle questions, such as what colour the person looks, might need further prompting. In this case, a “menu” of possible answers is required, but it is important that the menu contains at least three options, otherwise it might lead someone towards an inaccurate answer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETake this exchange from the fateful Dallas call described at the start of this article:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDispatcher: “Okay is this a house or an apartment?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECaller: “It… it is a home”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis is a fairly innocuous question to establish whether or not to dispatch paramedics with light stretchers that can be taken up flights of stairs, or more robust stretchers that are only suitable for use in houses. The caller does not know that.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If they are unable to answer the questions, the dispatcher has to think on their feet","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The location question is so critical,” says Kevoe-Feldman. “Inside, outside, in a basement, in a car, what floor you are on. The help that you get is very dependent on how you answer this question.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne of the problems is that callers often misinterpret why they are being asked questions in the first place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“There were multiple things where it went wrong with the Dallas call but at the heart of it call takers ask a lot of questions and callers sometimes act like this is gate keeping,” says Stivers. “They think they need to answer these questions in a certain way to get what they want.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt is worth remembering that the Dallas call is not representative of most calls to emergency services. It is also standard practice to tell the caller that an ambulance is on its way as soon as one has been dispatched, to allay fears they are not going to receive help, and then to continue asking further questions to get a greater level of detail.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EKevoe-Feldman says that if you want to be an expert talker when speaking to emergency services dispatchers; know your location. The best way to save a life is to say exactly where you are.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWilliam Park is \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002F@williamhpark\"\u003E@williamhpark\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on Twitter.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-09-20T15:33:55Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"The simple words that save lives","headlineShort":"The words to get what you want","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"right","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Lessons from “expert talkers” could make all the difference when helping a person in crisis.","summaryShort":"Synonyms can make all the difference when negotiating with others","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2019-09-19T20:07:37.12923Z","entity":"article","guid":"986b1060-e060-47ab-a747-f82df51b2ee2","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:07:05.26369Z","project":"future","slug":"20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229120},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur","_id":"60cd74c50e2e0c65ea7bc8de","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"English is the world’s dominant scientific language, yet it has no word for the distinctive smell of cockroaches. What happens though, if you have no words for basic scientific terms?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJust what is a fossil, anyway?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhether the question is posed to 12-year-olds studying science or adults going about their daily business, many would struggle to explain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Zulu-speaking South African schoolchildren working with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.symmetrymagazine.org\u002Farticle\u002Fdecolonizing-science-through-sci-comm\"\u003Escience communicator Sibusiso Biyela\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an added challenge has been not just grasping the concept in English, but translating it back into Zulu, which doesn’t have words for such terms. While Zulu, or isiZulu as it is called in South Africa, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Funstats.un.org\u002Funsd\u002Fdemographic\u002Fsources\u002Fcensus\u002Fwphc\u002FSouth_Africa\u002FZAF04-Census2011.pdf\"\u003Eis spoken by almost 12 million people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it lacks the words for communicating many scientific concepts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIlahle \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(“coal”), suggested one girl. It makes sense, since coal is a fossil fuel. A boy came up with a version of \u003Cem\u003Eamathambo amadala atholakala emhlabathini \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(“\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180215-how-does-fossilisation-happen\"\u003Eold bones\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found in the ground”). This translation is intuitive but imperfect, as plants can be fossils as well.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191121-why-you-might-be-counting-in-the-wrong-language\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWhy you might be counting in the wrong language\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181120-what-single-word-defines-who-you-are\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWhat single word defines who you are\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe simple words that save lives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAround the world, enterprising individuals often have to come up with local translations of scientific concepts. These can be lyrical, like \u003Cem\u003Ebisaatsinsiimaan\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (“beautiful plantings”) for Einstein’s theory of relativity, devised by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.atlasobscura.com\u002Farticles\u002Ftranslating-astrophysics-into-blackfoot\"\u003Ea mother-son duo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E who were translating astrophysics into the indigenous North American language Blackfoot, or Siksiká.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageCaption":"The word for Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity in the native American language Blackfoot translates rather wonderfully as “beautiful plantings” (Credit: Getty Images\u002FJavier Hirschfeld)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOr the neologisms can be focused on efficiency. This motivated one Scottish medical student to create a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-scotland-tayside-central-49057331\"\u003EBritish Sign Language sign for a single piece of DNA \u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in place of the tediously finger-spelled “deoxyribonucleotide”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, Biyela believes, the actual words used aren’t the most important things. “The impact has not been the words themselves, it’s been the formula to come up with the words,” he says. Earlier this year he documented the formula he developed for Zulu in a powerful article for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theopennotebook.com\u002F2019\u002F02\u002F12\u002Fdecolonizing-science-writing-in-south-africa\u002F\"\u003EThe Open Notebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which elicited solidarity around the world from people facing similar issues (and also inspired this article).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe formula is crucial for developing Zulu terms for concepts that English speakers often take for granted, from “immune system” to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20170918-what-if-the-dinosaurs-hadnt-died-out\"\u003E“dinosaur”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This process creates an opportunity to correct some of the biases and errors embedded in the English terms. As Biyela points out, “dinosaur” is a misnomer, as it derives from the Greek word for “terrible lizard”. He opted for \u003Cem\u003Eisilwane sasemandulo \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E(“ancient animal”) instead. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The clinical-sounding “immune system” has a more descriptive variant in Zulu","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn some cases where there are coinages for scientific words or medical conditions, they can end up reflecting \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.healthnews.ng\u002Fthe-direct-translation-for-mental-health-in-hausa-is-services-for-mad-people\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Einaccuracies and\u003C\u002Fa\u003E stigmas that persist in certain culture, such as describing a person with Down’s syndrome as a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-africa-48252939\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Edumazi\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (“dwarf”) or \u003Cem\u003Endondocha\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (“zombie”)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Swahili. This is why it also helps to have a more rigorous formula for creating new words, argues Biyela.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn some cases, however, neologisms can be perfectly poetic compared to their English equivalents. The clinical-sounding “immune system” has a more descriptive variant in Zulu: \u003Cem\u003Eamasosha omzimba\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which translates as “bodily soldiers”. This exemplifies how healthcare workers around the world explain a condition in lay terms that will be understood locally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageCaption":"The highly descriptive Zulu term for immune system translates as \"bodily soldiers\" (Credit: Smith Collection\u002FGado\u002FGetty Images\u002FJavier Hirschfeld)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We go about in a round way,” says Pradip Narzary, a doctor in the North Indian village of Tukrajhar. He draws a circle in the air for emphasis. In the local Boro language, he might refer to a mass rather than a uterine growth, or talk about water collections on a kidney rather than renal cysts. There are some cases, of course, where the English words are widely understood and then he uses them – such as “tumour” and “cancer”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn many languages, however, medical workers and scientists themselves might not know the local terms for scientific concepts, if they exist, because relatively few textbooks and scientific papers are published in minority languages. For instance, the scientific establishment may not be aware of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdaily.jstor.org\u002Fhow-language-and-climate-connect\u002F\"\u003Efolk and indigenous terms for plants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Zulu traditional healers have named plenty of plant species that remain outside of Western medicine","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESuzi Oliveira de Lima, a University of Toronto linguist who focuses on Brazilian indigenous languages, explains other strategies for communicating concepts when the words aren’t there. In the Amazonian language Yudja, spoken by fewer than a thousand people, one strategy is to borrow words from Brazilian Portuguese, tweaking them to make them sound more Yudja. Yudja speakers often also reference the function of the object, such as \u003Cem\u003Eaxi saasaka,\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (“fire that flashes”) for “flashlight”, or the sound it makes, as in \u003Cem\u003Ekiriri\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which captures the sound of a zipper for the word “backpack”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhether the language is spoken by billions or hundreds, it is worth considering the relevance of translating scientific terms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat can be tricky. For while Yudja contains many words for the starchy plant \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.damninteresting.com\u002Fthe-curse-of-konzo\u002F\"\u003Emanioc\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and Zulu traditional healers have named plenty of plant species that remain outside of Western medicine, English is a repository of many unique scientific words. In addition to having \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20181015-what-dogs-have-to-do-with-geopolitical-tensions\"\u003Ean unusually large vocabulary\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, English is now the dominant scientific language (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pri.org\u002Fstories\u002F2014-10-06\u002Fhow-did-english-become-language-science\"\u003Ea position previously enjoyed by German\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageCaption":"English is the dominant scientific language so translating concepts like dinosaurs into indigenous languages can be challenging (Credit: Getty Images\u002FJavier Hirschfeld)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere are stark contrasts between English’s scientific dominance and, for instance, the language of a stateless minority. “Many academic words or scientific and marketing words are really lost in translation in the Rohingya community,” says A K Rahim, a sociolinguist for the non-profit \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftranslatorswithoutborders.org\u002F\"\u003ETranslators without Borders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. More generally, “We have to think of languages in terms of…where is this culture in terms of historical trajectory or in terms of scientific progress, because some cultures haven’t been exposed to the Industrial Revolution.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs a historically oral language, “the Rohingya language lacks words for concepts like paragraph, sentence, essay, etc,” Rahim says. Mathematical terms might be borrowed from Burmese, while the word for “word” is derived from Arabic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Many European languages are very limited in describing smells while Thai is much more descriptive","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EConsequently, communication between Rohingya refugees and aid workers in Bangladeshi refugee camps \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fchristinero\u002F2019\u002F09\u002F13\u002Fthe-linguistic-innovation-emerging-from-rohingya-refugees\u002F#14c41bc45e42\"\u003Ehas had to involve mutual learning, creativity and sensitivity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It’s been challenging for aid workers to explain the concepts of nutrition and nutrients, for instance. Thus “nutrition packets” (or food-containing aid packages) are often called \u003Cem\u003Eshuji\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which means “semolina” because the powdery content inside looks like the coarse durum wheat flour that the Rohingya people traditionally use to make porridge or puddings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis isn’t just a matter of conversation. “Not knowing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fsections\u002Fgoatsandsoda\u002F2018\u002F07\u002F22\u002F630858182\u002Ffinding-the-right-words-to-help-rohingya-refugees\"\u003Ethe word for ‘diarrhoea’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or not knowing the word for ‘vaccine’ could be very dangerous,” Rahim points out. Translators without Borders are recording a glossary, based on discussions with Rohingya speakers from different refugee camps, and from multiple generations and dialects. The hope is that eventually speakers of Turkish, English, Rohingya and Chittagonian (a Bangladeshi language) can all understand the meanings of even very localised words.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageCaption":"Thai speakers have many more words for odours than European languages, including a word for the odour of cockroaches (Credit: Getty Images\u002FJavier Hirschfeld)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut vaccines, flashlights and dinosaurs are all concrete items. What about more elusive items, like those that refer to the senses? As University of York psycholinguist Asifa Majid and her colleagues have found, many European languages are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F115\u002F45\u002F11369\"\u003Every limited in describing smells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Thai is much more descriptive, and Thai speakers communicate about odours much more often, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk\u002F10070235\u002F\"\u003Eincluding terms like\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Ehʉ̌ʉn \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eand \u003Cem\u003Eměn hʉ̌ʉn \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(associated with oil for frying), \u003Cem\u003Esàap \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(for the odour of cockroaches), and \u003Cem\u003Ehɔ̌ɔm grùn\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (for warm foods like bread fresh out of the oven). Unsurprisingly, smells are very important to religious and culinary practices in Thailand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s hard to grasp the absence of a term, so here’s an example of a fairly recent entry into the English lexicon: the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20190503-the-mystery-taste-that-always-eluded-us\"\u003EJapanese flavour term umami\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Scientists discovered the taste receptor that’s sensitive to umami, MSG, things like that, in the early 1900s,” explains Majid. “But it wasn’t accepted in Western science until the 1980s…That’s an interesting case, where the science and the public acceptance go hand-in-hand.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt wasn’t that Westerners couldn’t taste the umami flavour until they had a word to describe it. But they didn’t find it as easy to practise that perceptual ability. “It wasn’t something that was as accessible to people. I think that having language does make it more salient in consciousness,” says Majid.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat is an intriguing point when it comes to scientific terms, but it is important to note that even if a language lacks a certain term, it might not suggest a radically different worldview. For instance, Brazilian linguist de Lima says Yudja “is a language that in the past did not have native words for measuring”. While fluency with mathematical language does affect the ability to do arithmetic, this doesn’t mean that Yudja people didn’t measure substances before borrowing the Portuguese word \u003Cem\u003Elitro\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Instead, they might have used fingers (like “feet” in English) to express height. (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ehow we measure without using mathematics\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageCaption":"Yudja speakers often refer to function of objects, such as their word for backpack, which captures the sound of a zipper (Credit: Alamy\u002FJavier Hirschfeld)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“When you cannot find an exact translation for a particular concept,” de Lima stresses, it might be that speakers of that language express it in a different way. To give another example, not having words for units of time like “hour” doesn’t mean a society lacks a notion of time. Instead, Yudja culture \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11229-018-02016-5\"\u003Etraditionally tracks time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in terms of how often the sun rises or its position in the sky. (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-what-we-get-wrong-about-time\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ewhy we often think about time in the wrong way\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, the world is enriched by understanding these variations in concepts like “old bones” and “fire that flashes”. Queen’s University linguist Anastasia Riehl \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sapiens.org\u002Flanguage\u002Fendangered-languages\u002F\"\u003Egives one example\u003C\u002Fa\u003E among Lulamogi speakers in Uganda, for example, who “worry that as people forget the dozens of terms that describe methods of trapping and eating white ants – such as \u003Cem\u003Eokukunia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cem\u003Eokutegerera\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, and \u003Cem\u003Eokubuutira\u003C\u002Fem\u003E – they will forget this important cultural practice”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore generally, Majid says “the fact that we see different aspects of experience are more or less expressible in different languages brings up the possibilities of borrowing the tricks that the other languages have developed”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis raises some tantalising possibilities. Perhaps if English weren’t so limited in describing smell, while \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0010027718301288\"\u003Ebeing so focused on vision\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, inventors would have long ago created the equivalent of glasses for the nose.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-01-17T02:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What happens if you have no word for 'dinosaur'","headlineShort":"The people with no word for dinosaur","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"English is the world’s dominant scientific language, yet it has no word for the distinctive smell of cockroaches. What happens though, if you have no words for basic scientific terms?","summaryShort":"Something magical happens to scientific words when they are translated","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-01-17T02:00:12.750988Z","entity":"article","guid":"ffbe85e6-4014-412a-a667-2c35959605d7","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:12:44.157768Z","project":"future","slug":"20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229120},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction","_id":"60cd74d60e2e0c65ea7bc8ed","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"It isn’t just languages that are endangered: dozens of alphabets around the world are at risk. And they could have even more to tell us.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn his first two days of school, in a village above the Bangladeshi port of Chittagong, Maung Nyeu was hit with a cane. This was not because he was naughty. It was simply that Nyeu could not understand what the teacher was saying, or what was written in his textbooks. Although \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldatlas.com\u002Farticles\u002Fwhat-languages-are-spoken-in-bangladesh.html\"\u003E98% of Bangladeshis speak Bengali\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as a first language, Nyeu grew up with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.endangeredalphabets.net\u002F?s=marma\"\u003EMarma\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, one of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Funpo.org\u002Fmembers\u002F7867\"\u003Eseveral minority tongues in the region\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Written, it is all curls, like messy locks of hair. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEventually Nyeu managed to escape this cycle of bewilderment and beatings. After learning Bengali at home, he returned to school and went to university. Now he is pursuing a doctorate at Harvard. Yet Nyeu never forgot his early schooldays. He spends much of his time in the hills where he grew up, where he founded \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fourgoldenhour.org\u002F\"\u003EOur Golden Hour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – a nonprofit fighting to keep Marma and a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.endangeredalphabets.net\u002F\"\u003Eflurry\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of other scripts alive. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are between 6,000 to 7,000 languages in the world. Yet \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.unesco.org\u002Fnews\u002Funesco-launches-website-international-year-indigenous-languages-iyil2019\"\u003E96% are spoken by just 3% of the global population. \u003C\u002Fa\u003EAnd \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.endangeredalphabets.com\u002F\"\u003E85% are endangered\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like Marma.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181024-the-best-age-to-learn-a-foreign-language\"\u003EWhat is the best age to learn a foreign language? \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181207-how-ai-could-help-us-with-ancient-languages-like-sumerian\"\u003EThe key to cracking long-dead languages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180606-can-you-lose-your-native-language\"\u003ECan you lose your native language?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlong with the spoken words, something else is also at risk: each language’s individual script. When we talk about “endangered languages”, most of us think of the spoken versions first. But our alphabets can tell us huge amounts about the cultures they came from. Just as impressive is the length people will go to save their scripts – or invent whole new alphabets and spread them to the world. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EKeep to the script\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn August 2018, Unesco proudly announced that 2019 would be its year of indigenous languages. Unveiling a website devoted to the project, the organisation warned of the need to “preserve, revitalise and promote indigenous languages around the world”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut while many have focused on the spoken word, how different cultures write is often ignored. This might have something to do with the artificiality of alphabets. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsciencenetlinks.com\u002Fscience-news\u002Fscience-updates\u002Fhuman-language\u002F\"\u003ELanguage is innate to all humans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.scholarpedia.org\u002Farticle\u002FLanguage_(linguistics)\"\u003Escripts have to be invented\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and actively learned. This has happened rarely. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.unesco.org\u002Feducation\u002FGMR2006\u002Ffull\u002Fchapt8_eng.pdf\"\u003EEven by the middle of the 19th Century, only 10% of adults knew how to write,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and there are only about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rws.com\u002Finsights\u002Frws-moravia-blog\u002Fendangered-alphabets-podcast\u002F\"\u003E140 scripts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in use today. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo put it another way, suggests founder of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.endangeredalphabets.com\u002F\"\u003EEndangered Alphabets Project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Tim Brookes, writing can feel less vital to humanity than speaking. “Linguistics emerged with a very strong brief that said writing is an accidental byproduct of language, and the study of spoken language is really what linguistics is about,” explains Brookes, who also heads up the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.endangeredalphabets.net\u002F\"\u003EAlphabet of Endangered Alphabets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an interactive database of endangered scripts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELinguists agree. “Endangered alphabets and scripts just haven’t been brought to people’s attention in the same way as languages,” says Sheena Shah, a specialist in endangered languages at London’s SOAS. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBy their very artificiality, alphabets arguably say more about a culture than mere language. That starts with the characters themselves. For instance, the harsh downward scratches of a script like Runic speak to life in Dark Age Scandinavia: each character was painstakingly carved into rock. On the other hand, intricate scripts like Chinese could only flourish after the invention of paper.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWriting can tell us about a culture in other ways, too. Because they live in the thick forests of the Philippines, users of Hanunuo have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.endangeredalphabets.net\u002Falphabets\u002Fhanunuo\u002F\"\u003Etraditionally inscribed messages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E into bows of bamboo. Different fonts depend on the way that scribes wield the knife.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"right","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENot that scripts are simply a means of communication. Some burrow right into the values of the people who use them, and not just because they often record sacred prayers or ancient remedies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne striking example is the funeral rite of some Eastern Cham, an ethnic group living in southern Vietnam. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.endangeredalphabets.net\u002F?s=cham+people\"\u003ETheir writing is so fundamental to their identity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that you literally can’t die without it. Before a Cham can go to the afterlife, some believe, a priest must sit by their grave and teach them their ABCs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESimilar devotion exists even for alphabets stumbling towards extinction. The Coptic script – an intoxicating mix of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.omniglot.com\u002Fwriting\u002Fcoptic.htm\"\u003EGreek\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Ftopic\u002Fdemotic-script\"\u003Ecursive hieroglyphics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – hasn’t been used colloquially in Egypt since the time of the Crusades. Yet it still plays a central role in the liturgy \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.suscopts.org\u002Fdeacons\u002Fcoptic\u002FFT-Coptic%20Language-Lectures.pdf\"\u003Eof local Christians\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENone of this surprises Shah, who says that many communities see writing as a good in itself, as a symbol of cultural identity, even if it might not be in common use. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWriting a wrong\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen Kaoru Akagawa was young, she spent hours writing letters to her grandmother. Reading the responses was hard: her scrawled notes were just too messy. It was only later that Akagawa learned that her grandmother did not just have bad handwriting, but was writing in Kana, a script mostly used by Japanese women since \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2019\u002Fjun\u002F26\u002Fsaving-woman-hand-the-artist-rescuing-female-only-writing\"\u003Emedieval times\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet as the centuries passed, and the authorities began culling what they saw as superfluous letters, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2019\u002Fjun\u002F26\u002Fsaving-woman-hand-the-artist-rescuing-female-only-writing\"\u003Eover 90% of Kana characters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E were lost. When Akagawa started investigating the script, she remembers, “no one had heard” of Kana.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAkagawa is far from alone. From \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.omniglot.com\u002Fwriting\u002Flontara.htm\"\u003ELontara\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.omniglot.com\u002Fwriting\u002Flontara.htm\"\u003EManchu\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, scripts that have endured for hundreds of years are creeping towards destruction. As the story of Kana hints, this is partly a matter of politics. Governments are often keen to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bu.edu\u002Farticles\u002F2013\u002Freviving-an-ancient-script\"\u003Eenforce\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pri.org\u002Fstories\u002F2013-06-25\u002Fsome-turks-reconsidering-arabic-connection-turkish-language\"\u003Eone\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thejakartapost.com\u002Fnews\u002F2019\u002F07\u002F31\u002Fsign-of-the-times-chinas-capital-orders-arabic-muslim-symbols-taken-down.html\"\u003Escript\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over another for nationalist reasons, even if that means stomping the competition. Take \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F333038853_Language_Situation_in_Bangladesh\"\u003EBangladesh\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. After 1971, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F30044556?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\"\u003Epoliticians chose Bengali\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – which had gained symbolic status during the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ozy.com\u002Fflashback\u002Fwhen-bangladesh-went-to-war-over-language\u002F85912\u002F\"\u003Ebrutal independence war against Pakistan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – as the national language and alphabet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":[],"imageAlignment":"right","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut, Nyeu says, elevating Bengali ravaged Marma and other minority scripts. Nowadays “very few” people in his native hills can read or write their own alphabets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, with enough determination, activists can drag their alphabets to safety. Nyeu himself is an excellent example. When he began teaching, he could barely gather five students together. Now his courses attract 3,000 children who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourgoldenhour.org\u002Fprojects\u002Foral-history-preservation\u002Fbooks\u002F\"\u003Elearn from charming picture books\u003C\u002Fa\u003E featuring winged princesses, flying elephants and dragons. This is obviously encouraging, but Nyeu is eager to stress that educating children in their native alphabets can have practical benefits too. Weaning students on their mother scripts before introducing Bengali, he says, has led to a “significant” fall in school dropout rates.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFormal research points in the same direction. A study of Inuit children educated in the Inuktitut script, for example, found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.endangeredalphabets.com\u002F2013\u002F11\u002F16\u002Flessons-from-ottawa-part-two-total-immersion\u002F\"\u003Ethey could solve complex mental problems by second grade\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Meanwhile, Inuit students taught in English or French were already falling behind their non-Inuit classmates. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"right","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome alphabet devotees are taking these lessons so seriously that they invent whole new scripts. One of the most spectacular examples comes from a pair of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Ftechnology\u002Farchive\u002F2016\u002F11\u002Fthe-alphabet-that-will-save-a-people-from-disappearing\u002F506987\u002F\"\u003EGuinean brothers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Abdoulaye and Ibrahima Barry. Tired of squashing their native Fulani tongue into the French (Latin) or Arabic alphabets, neither of which could accurately represent the range of Fulani sounds, they developed something better. The process was wonderfully unscientific: the brothers simply closed their eyes, scribbled random shapes, and refined their favourites into letters. The result was Adlam, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.omniglot.com\u002Fwriting\u002Fadlam.htm\"\u003Enamed after the first four letters of the alphabet. \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust three decades after its invention, people use Adlam across \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.omniglot.com\u002Fwriting\u002Fadlam.htm\"\u003Eseveral West African countries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and some have even used it to write books. The Barry brothers are now putting their creation online. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.com\u002Fsearch?q=adlam+text+messages&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS504US504&oq=adlam+text+messages&aqs=chrome..69i57.2735j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8\"\u003EYou can now write Adlam text messages,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E while a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fgroups\u002F2071942953051219\u002Flearning_content\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E group helps new learners.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike Runic or Hanunuo, the very shape of Adlam can tug readers into the world that created it. But apart from being a lively reminder of human ingenuity – as Abdoulaye puts it, “whenever there’s a need for something, there’ll be someone there to come up with a solution” – its success shows why even unusual scripts are worth protecting. Because Adlam corresponds exactly to Fulani sounds, and learners avoid the muddle of studying Arabic or French first, illiterate fans can pick it up quickly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOther activists are going digital as well. After selling his car to raise funds, Momen Talosh built an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcas.uab.edu\u002Fpeacefulsocieties\u002F2018\u002F03\u002F08\u002Fapp-nubian-language\u002F\"\u003Eapp\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to teach \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.al-monitor.com\u002Fpulse\u002Foriginals\u002F2017\u002F06\u002Fapplication-to-breathe-life-into-dying-nubian-language.html\"\u003Etwo forms of Nubian\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Ftopic\u002FNubian-languages\"\u003Efamily of languages mainly spoken in Egypt and Sudan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECentral to his work is reviving the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Ftopic\u002FNubian-languages\"\u003EOld Nubian alphabet, itself related to Coptic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “This is my baby,” says Talosh, who now lives in Cairo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EApart from the obvious benefits of shepherding young people towards endangered alphabets, Brookes says digitising scripts might be a way of circumventing the dominance of Arabic, Latin and other major alphabets. He imagines a world where activists could write in their own alphabets and see them automatically translated for colleagues abroad. It goes without saying, Brookes adds, that all this would “really upset people in power”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat about alphabets that are just too obscure, or too repressed, to revive? We might still be able to enjoy them. Extinct alphabets can always be appreciated for the grace and inventiveness of their characters, even if no one understands what they mean. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"right","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKaoru Akagawa’s work is a case in point. Though few still study Kana, she brings the script to a wider audience through art. Her drawings – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2019\u002Fjun\u002F26\u002Fsaving-woman-hand-the-artist-rescuing-female-only-writing#img-3\"\u003Epainting thousands of tiny Kana character to form larger images\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – have been \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.meisterin-akagawa.jp\u002Fen\u002Ftermine.htm\"\u003Edisplayed across Europe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven at the end, our alphabets can live on.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction-21"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-01-21T15:07:13.409Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The alphabets at risk of extinction","headlineShort":"The alphabets at risk of extinction","image":[],"imageAlignment":"right","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"It isn’t just languages that are endangered: dozens of alphabets around the world are at risk. And they could have even more to tell us.","summaryShort":"Dozens of scripts around the world are at risk. Here's why that matters","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-01-22T02:00:38.405997Z","entity":"article","guid":"acd5f903-66de-49bc-9ff4-4d26a928db7e","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:12:55.248014Z","project":"future","slug":"20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229120},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness","_id":"612fb9070e2e0c65e61df393","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Forgiving someone else can have a positive effect on your life, but exactly how you forgive someone depends on where in the world you are from.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere is a simple step we can all take that could \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F25139892\u002F#:~:text=Greater%20lifetime%20stress%20severity%20and,for%20persons%20exhibiting%20more%20forgiveness.\"\u003Ereduce our stress levels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, our risk of heart disease and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5055412\u002F\"\u003Emental illness\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F30346198\u002F\"\u003Eprevent cognitive decline in later life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F21706213\u002F\"\u003Ehelp you live longer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F31409102\u002F\"\u003Eearn more money\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10902-008-9111-8\"\u003Ebe happier\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. While it is no substitute for a healthy diet and regular exercise, it costs nothing and can be done in seconds. All of this can be yours in exchange for three little words: “I forgive you.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is remarkable to think that this simple phrase can be so impactful. And these are just the benefits to the forgiver – so consider the unburdening of guilt on the part of the transgressor too. But an act of forgiveness doesn’t have to follow an apology. Even if the person who offended you shows no remorse, you can forgive them and reap the benefits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I don’t know if there is a sphere of your life that will not be positively impacted by being more forgiving,” says Loren Toussaint, a psychologist who studies forgiveness at Luther College, Iowa, US. For Toussaint, there’s no argument for holding back an olive branch.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you think of our cultural influences, too, forgiveness is everywhere. Is there a culture or religion on this planet that does not encourage reconciliation whether with your God or fellow human?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, despite how seemingly near-universal forgiveness is, not all acts are created equal. Our cultures and our personal psychologies affect how we choose to offer forgiveness, and the benefits that come with it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“When you cross cultural borders, it becomes not important, but crucial, that the approach towards forgiveness be culturally sensitive and appropriate,” says Toussaint. An act of forgiveness in one culture might mean something completely different in the other – it might actually make tensions worse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200608-why-is-it-so-hard-to-forgive-an-ex\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWhy it can be so hard to forgive an ex\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200930-can-empathy-be-bad-for-you\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe surprising downside of empathy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190625-why-we-need-to-talk-about-cheating\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe truths and myths of cheating\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAre there universally-recognised qualities to forgiveness that are the same around the world? And what can we learn about the differences between our forgiving tendencies?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe reasons we forgive\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWestern countries like the US or the UK tend to have more individualistic cultures, which means Western people often put personal gain before helping the wider group (whether that is their family, friends or colleagues). Other countries, like those in Asia and Africa, are more inclined to put the group first – these are called collectivistic cultures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is broadly true that individualists use forgiveness to relieve a burden, clear their conscience, or to feel they have done the right thing. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1177\u002F0022022119845502\"\u003ECollectivists by comparison, use forgiveness to preserve social harmony\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For the latter, forgiveness might be offered even if that individual still feels resentment towards their transgressor, because it is their duty to keep the group happy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"To decide you will forgive and then withhold it emotionally for most individuals would be very disconcerting – Loren Toussaint","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThese are broad observations – some people from the West can have more collectivistic traits and vice versa. “There is typically as much variability within a group as across groups,” says Toussaint. “It really amounts more to an individual worldview than cleanly sliced across cultures.” But on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fheinonline.org\u002FHOL\u002FLandingPage?handle=hein.journals\u002Fijsoctu6&div=70&id=&page=\"\u003Eaverage cultures tend to divide along these lines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and as a result, the language and strategies we use for forgiving are similarly divided.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome psychologists describe forgiveness as having two separate types.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn one hand is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fajsp.12173\"\u003Edecisional forgiveness, which is colder, cognitive and analytical\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A collectivist might decide to forgive after weighing up whether it will keep the group happy. The choice to be made by a collectivist is: will drawing a line under this offence be the best thing for everyone else?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe other type is emotional forgiveness – where reconciliation is offered to satisfy an emotional need in the transgressed and as a result is more common in individualistic people. This is sometimes used to explain the difference between collectivistic and individualistic approaches. But it might not always be that simple.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes putting the needs of the group first leave the forgiver dissatisfied? What about their emotional needs?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The question is whether emotional forgiveness follows decisional forgiveness in collectivistic people,” says Toussaint. “Something called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Ftopics\u002Fneuroscience\u002Fcognitive-dissonance\"\u003Ecognitive dissonance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E might interfere.” In short, it’s difficult for people to say one thing and believe another – our brains struggle to allow two contradictory thoughts to exist and it creates additional psychological stress. As a result, if we say we believe something, that belief tends to materialise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“To decide you will forgive and then withhold it emotionally for most individuals would be very disconcerting,” says Toussaint. “Sometimes, especially when acts of forgiveness are made public, they draw us emotionally in line with those commitments.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis reasoning is one reason why \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190206-what-the-meat-paradox-reveals-about-moral-decision-making\"\u003Evegetarianism and veganism can become an entire life philosophy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for some people, and not just a diet. They believe the reasons for their diet are important and it permeates elsewhere – such as in the clothes they buy and charities they support. Likewise, for someone who arrives at a cold, calculated reason to forgive, it is likely that the emotional satisfaction will follow suit. Perhaps then, if you want to benefit from being more forgiving, you can start by deciding to forgive even if you are not yet emotionally invested.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow do you say “I forgive you”?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELanguage plays an important part in our interpretation of emotions. It’s very common for feelings to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200604-what-we-can-learn-from-untranslatable-illnesses\"\u003Emanifest in different ways depending on the language you speak\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The people of Tahiti, for example, have no word for “sadness”, writes Lisa Feldman Barrett, a neuroscientist at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts, and author of How Emotions Are Made.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“When Tahitians are in a situation that a Westerner would describe as sad, they feel ill, troubled, fatigued or unenthusiastic, all of which are covered by their broader term ‘\u003Cem\u003Epe'ape'a\u003C\u002Fem\u003E’’, which means ‘worries’,” she writes. Sadness is not one of their worries, instead their language is more specific and sophisticated. So, when a Westerner might say they feel sad, a Tahitian might say they feel physically sick, and due to cognitive dissonance, a physical sensation follows.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Ghana has more than 50 languages, which makes choosing a definition for “forgiveness” tricky if you want to study it there","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe same is true of forgiveness. Take Hawaii, for example. As a US state, it is something of an outlier. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsyarxiv.com\u002Fhqcs6\u002Fdownload\u002F?format=pdf\"\u003EIt is the only state never to have had a white majority and scores 91 on the collectivism index\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (19 points higher than the second most collectivistic state).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Hawaiian there is a term called “\u003Cem\u003Eho'oponopono\u003C\u002Fem\u003E”. “‘I am sorry, please forgive me, I love you’, is the really grossly oversimplified way to describe it,” says Toussaint. Like other collectivistic values, this culturally-unique saying is taught from an early age in Hawaii. Similarly, the Zulu language from South Africa has “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theelders.org\u002Fnews\u002Fforgiveness\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eubuntu\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”, which roughly means “showing humanity towards others”, and in Sierra Leone people use “\u003Cem\u003Efambul\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cem\u003Etok\u003C\u002Fem\u003E” (literally, “family talk” in Krio, one of the local languages) to offer forgiveness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“These are conceptualisations of what I might call a ‘forgiving spirit’ that likely do not have cultural equivalents in Westernised [individualistic] cultures,” says Toussaint.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGhana has more than 50 languages, which makes choosing a definition for “forgiveness” tricky if you want to study it there. Annabella Osei-Tutu, a senior lecturer in psychology at the University of Ghana, interviewed Ghanaians in English for one study, but acknowledged that for many people “forgiveness” does not translate well – often the closest term is an entire phrase.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Akan, one of the languages Osei-Tutu speaks, forgiveness translates as “\u003Cem\u003Ebͻne fa kyɛ”\u003C\u002Fem\u003E or\u003Cem\u003E “bͻne fa firi”. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E“‘Bͻne’ loosely translates as ‘wrong’ or ‘transgression’ and ‘fa kyɛ’ and ‘fa firi’ both loosely translate into English as ‘let go’ or ‘forgive’,” says Osei-Tutu. “However, they are qualitatively nuanced. ‘Firi’ has the connotation of borrowing or giving someone a loan, whereas ‘kyɛ’ carries the notion of ‘gifting’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The moment you try talking to people in local languages you get some richer meanings than when they communicate in English.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike other African countries, Ghana has a largely collectivistic culture, with strong norms around deferring to gender and age. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12646-018-0471-9\"\u003EIt is normal for a younger person to offer forgiveness to an older person, even if the older person was the transgressor\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in order to maintain social harmony. Young people are expected to hide their annoyance. Likewise, deference is paid towards men. Within couples, an act of forgiveness is more likely to be offered when the offending party accompanies their apology with physical gestures, such as kneeling, prostrating, clasping their hands and generally changing their body position to be submissive towards the transgressed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It is not enough to say ‘I’m sorry’, they want to see the orientation change to show how terrible you feel,” says Osei-Tutu. “This was very important to them. If you have wronged a partner and are not willing to go down on your knees it means you are not sorry.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When people come across a transgression, they put it under the table – and in doing so they transform their emotional behaviour towards the transgressor – Man Yee Ho","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOsei-Tutu says there are similarities with other aspects of Ghanaian culture, such as demonstrations of grief, which might be accompanied by flamboyant gestures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChinese cultures are “not quite used to using the term ‘forgiveness’” either, says Man Yee Ho, a behavioural scientist at City University of Hong Kong. Translated into Mandarin Chinese, \"宽恕” [kuānshù], is quite formal and gives the impression that the committed offence was very serious. Kuānshù is closely related to religion – this type of forgiveness conjures images of divine forgiveness handed down from a god – and would be quite inappropriate for one person to offer another unless there was a really serious transgression.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is another term that is used by Chinese-speaking people: “原谅” [yuan liang], which is a bit like “forbearance” in English. Taking the maintenance of social harmony to another level, the transgressed might \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12144-018-9875-x\"\u003Ecompletely overlook someone’s mistake so as not to even mention it\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “People don’t like the idea of directly addressing a transgression,” says Ho. “Forbearance” comes more easily to mind, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is usually associated with trivial problems, like lateness or untidiness, and generally means that the transgressed is prepared to ignore the problem in order to maintain harmony. “When people come across a transgression, they put it under the table – and in doing so they transform their emotional behaviour towards the transgressor,” says Ho.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EClearly there is potential for causing offence if in one culture it is customary to ignore a minor transgression and to raise it at all would be offensive to the group, while in other cultures a more direct approach is normal. This poses questions for how apologies might be offered by nations to indigenous peoples for crimes against them. As Francesca Dominello of MacQuarie University, Australia, says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fresearchers.mq.edu.au\u002Fen\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolitical-implications-of-apology-and-forgiveness-for-indigenous-\"\u003Elittle attention is paid to the responses of indigenous peoples\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which might not be what Westerners expect.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe good news is that on a personal level you can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F03069885.2015.1130798\"\u003Elearn to be more forgiving\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And, like any other skill, “the more time you devote to working on forgiving the better you become at it,” says Toussaint.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Reach intervention (Recall, empathise, show altruism, commit and hold onto forgiveness) is a commonly taught way of promoting forgiving qualities. It has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpsyg.2020.00671\u002Ffull?&utm_source=Email_to_authors_&utm_medium=Email&utm_content=T1_11.5e1_author&utm_campaign=Email_publication&field=&journalName=Frontiers_in_Psychology&id=499061\"\u003Eshown to work in both Western and Eastern cultures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, though Reach works better when the transgressor and transgressed share a belief system. The simple acronym is easy enough for anyone to follow, says Toussaint.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe intervention teaches that forgiveness has to start with understanding why you felt hurt by the offender and why they might have caused that hurt. Was it malicious of them, or accidental? If there was malice, had you done anything to upset them? The acronym finishes with two similar points on commitment: forgiveness is not a one-time decision. You might need to see the offender again if they are family or a colleague, so you have to be prepared to stand by your decision to forgive them and not renege on your commitment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToussaint encourages us all to work on our forgiveness, though he warns it is important to be considerate of other people's differences, whether a result of their culture or worldview. But if the benefits are just one tenth of those highlighted at the start of this piece, surely we can all find room in the current climate to be a little more forgiving.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWilliam Park is a senior journalist for BBC Future and tweets at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fwilliamhpark\"\u003E@williamhpark\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness-14"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-11-10T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What other cultures can teach us about forgiveness","headlineShort":"What forgiving says about you","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Forgiving someone else can have a positive effect on your life, but exactly how you forgive someone depends on where in the world you are from.","summaryShort":"How you forgive someone depends on where in the world you are from","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-11-10T04:37:18.851725Z","entity":"article","guid":"f65ae6e2-fd33-4eb6-a754-0a71c24f6fd7","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:31:44.555111Z","project":"future","slug":"20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229120},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate","_id":"60cd7dee0e2e0c723260d83a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"There are more than 7,000 languages in the world, 4,000 of which are written. Yet only 100 or so can be translated by automated tools such as Google Translate. New research promises to let us communicate with the others too.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EImagine you come across a message that could contain life-saving information. But there's a problem: you don't understand a word. You're not even sure which of the world's thousands of languages it is written in. What do you do?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf the message is in French or Spanish, typing it into an automatic translation engine will instantly solve the mystery and produce a solid answer in English. But many other languages still defy machine translation, including languages spoken by millions of people, such as Wolof, Luganda, Twi and Ewe in Africa. That's because the algorithms that power these engines learn from human translations – ideally, millions of words of translated text.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is an abundance of such material for languages like English, French, Spanish and German, thanks to multilingual institutions like the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdl.acm.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.3115\u002F1075671.1075717\"\u003ECanadian parliament\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fconferences.unite.un.org\u002Funcorpus\"\u003EUnited Nations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statmt.org\u002Feuroparl\u002F\"\u003EEuropean Union\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Their human translators churn out streams of translated transcripts and other documents. The European Parliament alone produces a data trove of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Fjrc\u002Fen\u002Flanguage-technologies\u002Fdcep\"\u003E1.37 billion words in 23 languages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over a decade.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENo such data mountain exists, however, for languages that may be widely spoken but not as prolifically translated. They are known as low-resource languages. The fallback machine-training material for these languages consists of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aclweb.org\u002Fanthology\u002FP19-1310.pdf\"\u003Ereligious publications\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including the much-translated \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10579-014-9287-y\"\u003EBible\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But this amounts to a narrow dataset, and is not enough to train accurate, wide-ranging translation robots.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGoogle Translate currently offers the ability to communicate in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftranslate.google.com\u002Fintl\u002Fen-GB\u002Fabout\u002Flanguages\u002F\"\u003Earound 108 different languages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E while Microsoft's Bing Translator offers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bing.com\u002Ftranslator\"\u003Earound 70 languages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Yet there are more than 7,000 spoken languages around the world, and at least \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ethnologue.com\u002Fenterprise-faq\u002Fhow-many-languages-world-are-unwritten-0\"\u003E4,000 with a writing system\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat language barrier can pose a problem for anyone who needs to gather precise, global information in a hurry – including intelligence agencies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"I would say the more interested an individual is in understanding the world, the more one must be able to access data that are not in English,\" says Carl Rubino, a programme manager at IARPA, the research arm of US intelligence services. \"Many challenges we face today, such as economic and political instability, the Covid-19 pandemic, and climate change, transcend our planet – and, thus, are multilingual in nature.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETraining a human translator or intelligence analyst in a new language can take years. Even then, it may not be enough for the task at hand. \"In Nigeria, for instance, there are over 500 languages spoken,\" Rubino says. \"Even our most world-renowned experts in that country may understand just a small fraction of those, if any.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo break that barrier, IARPA is funding research to develop a system that can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iarpa.gov\u002Findex.php\u002Fresearch-programs\u002Fmaterial\u002Fmaterial-baa\"\u003Efind, translate and summarise information\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from any low-resource language, whether it is in text or speech.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPicture a search engine where the user types in the query in English, and receives a list of summarised documents in English, translated from the foreign language. When they click on one, the full translated document comes up. While the funding comes from IARPA, the research is carried out openly by competing teams, and much of it has been published.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Humans don't need to read years' worth of parliamentary records to learn a language","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKathleen McKeown, a computer scientist at Columbia University who leads one of the competing teams, sees benefits beyond the intelligence community. \"The ultimate goal is to facilitate more interaction between, and more information about, people from different cultures,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe research teams are using neural network technology to tackle the problem, a form of artificial intelligence that mimics some aspects of human thinking. Neural network models have revolutionised language processing in recent years. Instead of just memorising words and sentences, they can learn their meaning. They can work out from the context that words like \"dog\", \"poodle\", and the French \"chien\" all express similar concepts, even if they look very different on the surface.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo do this, however, the models usually need to go through millions of pages of training text. The challenge is to get them to learn from smaller amounts of data – just like humans do. After all, humans don't need to read years' worth of parliamentary records to learn a language.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200414-the-many-lanuages-still-missing-from-the-internet\"\u003EThe many languages missing from the internet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190320-the-man-bringing-dead-languages-back-to-life\"\u003EHow to revive a lost language\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur\"\u003EThe people with no word for dinosaur\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Whenever you study a language, you would never, ever in your lifetime see the amount of data today's machine translation systems use for learning English-to-French translation,\" says Regina Barzilay, a computer scientist at MIT who is a member of another of the competing teams. \"You see a tiny, tiny fraction, which enables you to generalise and to understand French. So in the same way, you want to look at the next generation of machine-translation systems that can do a great job even without having this kind of data-hungry behaviour.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo tackle the problem, each team is divided into smaller specialist groups that solve one aspect of the system. The main components are automatic search, speech recognition, translation and text summarisation technologies, all adapted to low-resource languages. Since the four-year project began in 2017, the teams have worked on eight different languages, including Swahili, Tagalog, Somali and Kazakh.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne breakthrough has been to harvest text and speech from the web, in the form of news articles, blogs and videos. Thanks to users all over the world posting content in their mother tongues, there is a growing mass of online data for many low-resource languages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"If you search the internet, and you want data in Somali, you get hundreds of millions of words, no problem,\" says Scott Miller, a computer scientist at the University of Southern California who co-leads one of the research teams working on this. \"You can get text in almost any language in fairly large quantities on the web.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis online data tends to be monolingual, meaning that the Somali articles or videos are just in that language, and don't come with a parallel English translation. But Miller says neural network models can be pre-trained on such monolingual data in many different languages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is thought that during their pre-training, the neural models learn certain structures and features of human language in general, which they can then apply to a translation task. What these are is a bit of a mystery. \"No one really knows what structures these models really learn,\" says Miller. \"They have millions of parameters.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut once pre-trained on many languages, the neural models can learn to translate between individual languages using very little bilingual training material, known as parallel data. A few hundred thousand words of parallel data are enough – about the length of a few novels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It's during this summarising process that neural models display some of their strangest behaviour – they hallucinate","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe multilingual search engine will be able to comb through human speech as well as text, which presents another set of complex problems. For example, speech recognition and transcription technology typically struggles with sounds, names and places it has not come across before. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"My example would be a country that's maybe relatively obscure to the West, and perhaps a politician gets assassinated,\" says Peter Bell, a specialist in speech technology at the University of Edinburgh who is part of one of the teams trying to tackle this problem. \"His name is now really important, but previously, it was obscure, it didn't feature. So how do you go and find that politician's name in your audio?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne solution used by Bell and his collaborators is to go back to words that were initially transcribed with a measure of uncertainty, indicating that the machine was not familiar with them. On re-inspection, one of them may turn out to be the previously obscure, little-known name of the politician.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnce it has found and translated the relevant information, the search engine sums it up for the user. It's during this summarising process that neural models display some of their strangest behaviour – they hallucinate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EImagine you are searching for a news report about protesters who stormed a building on a Monday. But the summary that comes up says they stormed it on a Thursday. This is because the neural model drew on its background knowledge, based on millions of pages of training text, when it summarised the report. In those texts, there were more examples of people storming buildings on Thursdays, so it concluded this should apply to the latest example too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilarly, neural models may insert dates or numbers into a summary. Computer scientists call this hallucinating.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"These neural network models, they're so powerful, they have memorised a lot of languages, they add words that were not in the source,\" says Mirella Lapata, a computer scientist at the University of Edinburgh who is developing a summarisation element for one of the teams.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELapata and her colleagues have avoided the problem by extracting keywords from each document, rather than telling the machine to sum it up in sentences. Keywords are less elegant than sentences, but they limit the models' tendencies to write robot poetry.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When this Covid-19 pandemic happened, there was a sudden need to translate basic health tips into many languages","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile the search engine is designed for living languages, the project includes a sub-group working on languages that have not been spoken in thousands of years. Such ancient languages are extremely low-resource, since many survive only as text fragments. They provide a useful testing ground for techniques that could then be applied to modern low-resource languages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBarzilay’s PhD student at MIT, Jiaming Luo, and their collaborators developed an algorithm that can work out if certain ancient languages have modern survivors. They gave it a head-start by feeding it basic information about these languages, and about general aspects of language change. With this knowledge, the model was able to make some discoveries on its own, using only a small amount of data. It correctly worked out that Ugaritic, an ancient language from the Near East, is related to Hebrew. It also concluded that Iberian, an ancient European language, is closer to Basque than to other European languages – though not close enough to be a near relative. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBarzilay hopes that such approaches could inspire broader change, and make neural models less data-hungry. \"Our dependence on huge parallel data – it's a weakness of the system,\" she says. \"So if you are really producing good technology, be it for decipherment, be it for small languages, it's going push the field forward.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe teams have all managed to produce basic versions of the multilingual search engine, refining it with each new language. Rubino, the IARPA programme manager, believes such technologies could change how intelligence is gathered. \"We will indeed have the opportunity to revolutionise the way our analysts learn from foreign language data, allowing monolingual English speaking analysts access to multilingual data they previously were not able to work with,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile intelligence analysts are trying to prise open low-resource languages from the outside, native speakers of those languages are also taking matters into their own hands. They, too, want access to urgent information in other languages – not for espionage, but to improve their everyday lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"When this Covid-19 pandemic happened, there was a sudden need to translate basic health tips into many languages. And we couldn't do this with machine translation models, because of the quality,\" says David Ifeoluwa Adelani, a doctoral student in computer science at Saarland University in Saarbrücken, Germany. \"I think this has really taught us that it's important that we have technology that works for low-resource languages, especially in time of need.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAdelani is originally from Nigeria and a native Yorùbá speaker, and has been building a Yorùbá-English database as part of a non-profit project called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.k4all.org\u002Fproject\u002Flanguage-dataset-fellowship\u002F\"\u003ECracking the Language Barrier for a Multilingual Africa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. He and his team created a new dataset by gathering translated movie scripts, news, literature and public talks. They then used this dataset to fine-tune a model already trained on religious texts, such as \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aclweb.org\u002Fanthology\u002FP19-1310\u002F\"\u003EJehovah's Witnesses publications\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F2103.08647\"\u003Eimproving its performance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Similar efforts are underway for other African languages like Ewe, Fongbe, Twi and Luganda, helped by grassroots communities such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.masakhane.io\u002F\"\u003EMasakhane\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a network of researchers from all over Africa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne day, all of us may be using multilingual search engines in our everyday lives, unlocking the world's knowledge at the click of a button. Until then, the best way to really understand a low-resource language is probably to learn it – and join the multilingual, online human chatter that trains the world's translation robots.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate-14"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-03-23T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The languages that defy auto-translate","headlineShort":"The languages that defy auto-translate","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"There are 7,000 languages in the world, 4,000 of which are written, but only 100 can be translated with automated tools such as Google Translate. Is it possible to crack the others?","summaryShort":"There are languages spoken by millions of people that defy auto-translate","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-03-23T01:00:29.157065Z","entity":"article","guid":"14dd6930-792f-42ef-8870-b01a88e4f04e","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:38:31.620269Z","project":"future","slug":"20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229121},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages","_id":"612fbc6e0e2e0c65e61df3ed","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002F20150417-william-park"],"bodyIntro":"Using hand gestures might feel like an intuitive way to communicate across language barriers, but their meaning can change, and there are few universal signs that everyone agrees on.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOur hands are a useful tool for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3642279\u002F\"\u003Eadding meaning to our speech\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They might help us to recall words and shape our thoughts – they can even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.2020.2419\"\u003Echange the sounds our audience hears\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven people who have been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F24300?free=2\"\u003Eblind from birth gesture as they speak\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, so you might be led to believe that there is something universally understood about the gestures we make – but that is not the case.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \"thumbs up\" might be a common way to show your appreciation on social media, but in some parts of Europe and the Middle East \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.huffpost.com\u002Fentry\u002Fcross-cultural-gestures_b_3437653\"\u003Ethe gesture can be offensive\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Just because a gesture is common, it is not necessarily universal, warns Lauren Gawne, a linguist at La Trobe University in Australia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd its meaning can change over time. News stories from 2003 reported that US troops travelling through Iraq were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fslate.com\u002Fnews-and-politics\u002F2003\u002F03\u002Fwhat-does-a-thumbs-up-mean-in-iraq.html\"\u003Egreeted by Iraqis with their thumbs up\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Were the locals offering their support to the foreign forces or being rude? According to the US Defense Language Institute, a body that provides foreign language training for US forces, Middle Easterners had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalreview.com\u002Fcorner\u002Fthumbs-explained-jonah-goldberg\u002F\"\u003Eadopted the Western use of the thumbs up after the first Gulf War\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as a symbol of their support.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps they weren't being as rude as some thought. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fnews\u002Fthe-fix\u002Fwp\u002F2017\u002F05\u002F20\u002Ftrump-gave-a-thumbs-up-in-saudi-arabia-which-the-u-s-embassy-says-is-rude-but-its-not-really\u002F\"\u003EMore recent diplomatic trips to the Middle East also suggest that the Western use is widespread\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But even in the West, a thumbs up does not universally mean the same thing. Scuba divers, for example, use thumbs up to mean \"\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fneptundiveresort.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fhandsignals.pdf\"\u003EI'm going up to the surface\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\"\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe origins of the thumbs up are contentious. Some attribute it to the climax of gladiatorial battles, in which the fate of the losing fighter was decided. Whether \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.academia.edu\u002F34143209\u002FNature_Embodied_Gesture_in_Ancient_Rome_Princeton_Princeton_UP_2004\"\u003Ea thumbs up or down meant life or death\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or whether any thumb at all was a good thing, is disputed. That the gesture of showing someone your thumb has survived longer than the spoken Latin language is mightily impressive, says Gawne. It shows the power of a gesture to cross cultures and time. But, the fact that its origins are mysterious and its use has changed from being an indication of life or death to \"everything is OK\" or something obscene, demonstrates that hand gestures might not have the same meaning forever.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In parts of the Americas, Africa, southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania, pointing with the head, nose or lips is common","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELike with the Iraqis greeting the Americans, it's possible for a gesture to mean two things at once, or two gestures to mean the same thing. \"In parts of the Mediterranean, Turkey, Greece and in southern Italy, you have alternative ways of saying 'no',\" says Kensy Cooperrider, a cognitive scientist at the University of Chicago. You could shake your head or you could withdraw your head, pulling it away from the other speaker. \"And so you might get both of those gestures in the community at once.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sjwsn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother example of a meaning that has various gestures is pointing. Nick Enfield, a professor of linguistic anthropology from the University of Sydney, suggests that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fbooks\u002Fanatomy-of-meaning\u002Fhandpointing\u002F2CC95D69C45E901853B1C59755AF7898\"\u003Epointing was a precursor to language itself\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, essential to early human communication. But \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002Fcogs.12585\"\u003Epointing is not the same in every culture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In parts of the Americas, Africa, southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fbooks\u002Fanatomy-of-meaning\u002Flippointing\u002F1FBE1CF180E625B33B7ADFABB00A636E\"\u003Epointing with the head, nose or lips is common\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Cooperrider suggests that those cultures might value discretion when, for example, hunting. It is important to be able to subtly communicate the direction of a target without raising attention.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, if something as universal as approval, disapproval and pointing can be different across cultures, is there anything that has the same meaning to everyone? And would those gestures stand the test of time?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"People everywhere seem to like to gesture about time, they like to locate tomorrow in one position and yesterday in another position, where exactly they locate them might vary by culture,\" says Cooperrider. For English speakers, time moves from left to right and we tend to gesture about things in the future in front of our bodies and things in the past over our shoulders, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBoth Gawne and Cooperrider say that the \"palm-up shrug\" appears to be very common, though its origins are not certain. Leonardo da Vinci wrote about and painted the gesture in the 15th Century (three of the attendees in The Last Supper appear to be shrugging). But Cooperrider has also studied \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffcomm.2018.00023\u002Ffull\"\u003Emodern cultures, from Arabic to Zulu, in which the gesture seems to translate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGestures that communicate a specific meaning, like \"I don't know\" or \"everything is OK\", are called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F21484956\u002F\"\u003Eemblematic gestures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"If you look across cultures, these emblematic gestures are used for interpersonal control,\" says Cooperrider. \"They're not used to describe objects. You might imagine that people will have a gesture for water, meat, for running and so on. But that's not the case. These gestures are primarily about trying to manipulate the social world, to get people to stop doing what they're doing or to respond to questions.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, while there might be subtle differences, there are some basic meanings that most cultures seem to communicate with their hands and bodies. Cornelia Müller, a professor of linguistics from European University Viadrina Frankfurt, suggests that the basic building blocks of gesture can be broken down further. She describes four types of hand gestures: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F274067278_Towards_a_grammar_of_gesture_A_form-based_view\"\u003Eones that mould, draw, act and represent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sjwnx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMoulding involves using the hands to shape an object in front of you. For example, a football referee might use both hands with flat palms to shape a ball (a gesture used to show a defender has made a fair tackle). Drawing is similar, though usually involves the use of fingertips to trace around an object (like a referee tracing a rectangle to represent asking for a video review).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EActing involves miming the action of an object, as though that object were in the mime's hands (like pretending to write with a pen), and representing involves using the hand as a replacement for an object (like using an open palm to represent paper). If you were to mime “asking for the bill” by holding an open palm up and pretending to write on it with the other hand you would be doing both of these last two actions. The open palm is representing a piece of paper, the other hand is acting using the pen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany younger readers might never have paid a bill with a signature with the rise of contactless and in-app payments (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-58230932\"\u003Ea trend hastened by the pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). But the gesture will still get the desired response, showing that signs can lose their literal meaning but still retain symbolic value.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimon Harrison, a gesture studies researcher from City University of Hong Kong, suggests that basic categories should be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fbooks\u002Fimpulse-to-gesture\u002F6EA0742F118A2F3DD544DEE4AEDBF3C6#fndtn-information\"\u003Euniversally understood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. People can tell when someone is trying to shape an object in front of them or when they are miming an action, even if what they are trying to communicate is not understood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith these building blocks of emblematic gestures, new signs can be created. Harrison has studied gestures in industrial environments, like loud food production plants in which workers have to wear face masks. In those environments, a gesture is the most useful way to communicate. Harrison says that people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.degruyter.com\u002Fdocument\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1515\u002F9783110302028.1413\u002Fpdf\"\u003Eintuitively create and understand simple actions like \"stop\", \"repeat\" and \"more\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and can code their own sign language.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhere gesture becomes more subjective is when we focus only on a hand displaying a symbolic shape like a thumbs up. These are arbitrary symbols of the concepts they represent – there is nothing literal about showing someone your thumb that means everything is going well. Because of their subjectivity, their meaning can come and go, says Gawne.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sjxs0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELike the thumbs up, the mano in fico or \"fig sign\" has had various meanings, from vulgar to harmless, around the world. The sign is one of about 20 that features in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=kpQ2AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false\"\u003E1832 book Gesture in Naples and Gesture in Classical Antiquity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Italy and some other European countries it is equivalent to showing someone a middle finger, though elsewhere, like in Croatia, it represents \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vecernji.ba\u002Fsto-znaci-figa-u-dzepu-485617\"\u003Enot having something that another person is looking for\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (all you have is a fig). To readers in the UK or US it might look much more like a gesture made towards children when an adult pretends to take their nose.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Harrison says the context should make the meaning clear. While the same hand gesture might have multiple meanings, we piece together the intention of the signer from the context as a whole – what they are saying and how they are acting. Studying drawings of hands from obervations made hundreds of years ago will only reveal a limited understanding of how that gesture was used.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I would argue that their ways of discussing gesture…is limited for approaching human relationships,\" he says. \"[They] seem so different to the ways bodies, movement, and minds are treated by thinkers.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENo hand gesture is ever read in isolation, with the exception of one kind: emoji.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The Internet has opened up this explosion of informal written communication and there's been this gap in what we can express in informal writing – Lauren Gawne","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf you have ever struggled to express sarcasm in text you might have resorted to using emoji to help you out. Gawne says that our written language is distinctly lacking in ways to express sentiments like sarcasm because informal writing is a relatively new idea. For millennia, she says, informality was restricted to speech.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The Internet has opened up this explosion of informal written communication and there's been this gap in what we can express in informal writing,\" she says, \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Femoji-arent-ruining-language-theyre-a-natural-substitute-for-gesture-118689\"\u003EAn emoji is one of the resources people have taken to fill that gap\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sjxc1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGawne has worked with linguist Gretchen McCulloch and Jennifer Daniel from Unicode to include a greater diversity of hand gestures in the official Unicode dictionary of emoji. What excites Gawne about encoding hand gestures in the Unicode dictionary is that they are so versatile. The fact that (like real hand gestures) their meanings can change is useful, she says. An image of a starfish is a starfish to everyone, but a hand shape can have whatever meaning the users want to ascribe to it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe earliest hand gesture emoji were a raised fist, a hand with two fingers making a \"V\" shape and an open raised palm. Initially these represented \"rock\", \"scissors\" and \"paper\", though a \"V\" shape can also represent \"peace\" or \"victory\" and a raised fist \"Black Lives Matter\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGawne is hoping that an emoji of a raised little finger will one day make the cut. This gesture might make English speakers think of \"pinky promises\" or even sipping tea, but in India it is a useful code for subtly asking for directions to the toilet. The proposal for the raised little finger put forward by Gawne and her colleagues suggests it can mean: \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.unicode.org\u002FL2\u002FL2019\u002F19326-raised-little-finger.pdf\"\u003Efancy, classy, etiquette, promise, effort, toilet and power move\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe subcommittee that approves new proposals takes their time – once a new emoji is included it is there forever. But for researchers like Gawne, that permanent record is useful. \"[Before there were digital records or video] we probably lost a whole range of specialist gestural communication, but we have no idea.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGawne's wait for the raised little finger goes on. Should it make the cut, a culturally-specific (and useful) way to ask for directions to the lavatory will forever be saved in our digital records. Perhaps the meaning of one more gesture would be saved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"normal1\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* William Park is a senior journalist for BBC Future and tweets at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fwilliamhpark\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E@williamhpark\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-08-18T13:36:08.365Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The hand gestures that last longer than spoken languages","headlineShort":"The hand gestures that never die","image":["p09sjxyf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["future\u002Farticle\u002F20190919-the-simple-words-that-save-lives","future\u002Farticle\u002F20200116-what-happens-when-you-have-no-word-for-dinosaur","future\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-the-alphabets-at-risk-of-extinction","future\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness","future\u002Farticle\u002F20210322-the-languages-that-defy-auto-translate"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Flanguage"],"summaryLong":"Using hand gestures might feel like an intuitive way to communicate across language barriers, but their meaning can change, and there are few universal signs that everyone agrees on.","summaryShort":"There are few universal signs that everyone agrees on.","tag":["tag\u002Flanguage"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-18T23:30:31.038151Z","entity":"article","guid":"563b23f3-593e-4f72-9ac8-2a657072b2ea","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:46:15.97153Z","project":"future","slug":"20210818-the-hand-gestures-that-last-longer-than-spoken-languages","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229119},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210819-what-will-todays-data-tell-future-historians":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210819-what-will-todays-data-tell-future-historians","_id":"612fbc760e2e0c65e61df3ef","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-baraniuk"],"bodyIntro":"Social media posts, algorithms and conspiracy theories might shape how future generations understand the world today.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen John Randolph wrote his first book, about the lives of the Bakunin family in 19th-Century Russia, he had mountains of source material to work from.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I read hundreds, probably thousands, of letters,\" he recalls. \"All of these messages were meticulously preserved and ordered in a family archive.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Bakunins narrated their lives and relationships in great depth in those letters, bequeathing fascinating details to future historians such as Randolph, director of the Russian, East European and Eurasian Center at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut what if he had had an archive of social media posts and photographs to work with instead?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInevitably, the form and content of surviving records shapes the perspective of anyone who seeks to explore the past. That raises an interesting question for our age: if digital media survive long enough to be studied by future historians (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210715-the-online-data-thats-being-deleted\"\u003Ethough there's no guarantee that they will\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), how will that influence their judgements about us as people?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECasual text messages, emails and social media posts offer glimpses of unfolding events and opinions shared. Future historians will also likely have a rich understanding of what life during our time was like, thanks to gazillions of photos and video records. They'll be able to understand the body language and vocal intonations of someone in the 1990s, whereas we have relatively little idea of what these things were actually like in, say, the 1390s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"One of the amazing things that's happening right now is we're getting a much fuller, rounder vision of the past that has much more material, it has more colour,\" says Randolph.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFilms and TV shows, as well as personal photos, videos and social media posts, record in exquisite detail how people carry out daily tasks. The pressures they face. How they travel, eat and socialise. Never before in human history have we documented so excessively the minutiae of living.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnyone who studies the history of food, sport, transport, leisure, or any other aspect of our lifestyles will have a field day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210715-the-online-data-thats-being-deleted\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe online data that's being deleted\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210505-how-cities-will-fossilise\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHow cities will fossilise\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-the-hinge-of-history-long-termism-and-existential-risk\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EAre we living at the 'hinge of history'?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut what about how we think? On one hand, many people tweet or post online updates about their thoughts and emotions all the time. On the other, the lengthy, detailed narratives that people sought to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Flifeandstyle\u002F2016\u002Fnov\u002F26\u002Ffrom-me-with-love-lost-art-letter-writing\"\u003Ewrite down in letters hundreds of years ago may be considered rarer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210819-what-will-todays-data-tell-future-historians-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sncrz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210819-what-will-todays-data-tell-future-historians-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EProlific letter writers didn't just preserve what happened, they also narrated events and their personal responses to them – from Mary Montagu, who introduced smallpox inoculation to Britain after witnessing it abroad, to Horace Walpole, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.historytoday.com\u002Farchive\u002Fhorace-walpole-gothick-man-letters\"\u003Ewhose letters captured all kinds of societal changes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including the Georgian craze for spa-bathing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBlogs, non-fiction books and some longform journalism have arguably taken the place of letters today, though they are by definition less private and potentially less intimate sources of information.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKatrin Weller, an information scientist and head of the social analytics and services team at the GESIS Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany, says that, given the nature of social media today, future historians may judge our era as a particularly narcissistic one – perhaps rightly. Social capital has always mattered in human society, and vanity is certainly nothing new. However, Weller suggests that the endless posting of selfies and self-promotion in status updates suggests that huge numbers of people today are highly conscious of how they're perceived by others. The fact that people care so much about this might bemuse researchers of the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210819-what-will-todays-data-tell-future-historians-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"This currently is the age where algorithms shape a lot of our lives – Katrin Weller","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210819-what-will-todays-data-tell-future-historians-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Imagine galleries or museum collections you wander through and see the most influential Instagrammers of today and what they were posting,\" says Weller.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile 17th-Century portraits tend to depict aristocrats and royals, since they were the ones wealthy enough to employ artists who could capture their likenesses, the visual media that survives us may be skewed in its own way – towards those who were most visible and vocal on the web. Class still matters but practically anyone can chronicle their own life on social media today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd future researchers won't just rely on digital records. Where it survives, they'll also pick through the physical artefacts we leave behind. One material in particular will probably endure more widely, and for longer, than any other – plastic. Packaging, for example, retains all kinds of details about the products we buy and also what food we eat, which ingredients are used, and how we store such items. (It's now relatively common to find \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonezero.medium.com\u002Fthe-future-of-archeology-is-plastic-80fc689161de\"\u003Edecades-old plastic littering the environment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. My sister \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fchrisbaraniuk\u002Fstatus\u002F1403366547201085443\"\u003Efound a 30-year-old crisp packet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E buried in her garden recently.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat's another thing that will be obvious to future generations – we produced copious volumes of waste and didn't really know what to do with it. Here's hoping that people have a better handle on things in the centuries to come.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210819-what-will-todays-data-tell-future-historians-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09snbz8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210819-what-will-todays-data-tell-future-historians-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKnowing what daily life was like in the 21st-Century may be relatively easy, then, in the distant future. But Weller notes that one of the other big questions any historian asks about whatever period they're studying is how and why significant historical events unfolded as they did.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor instance – why did a particular political movement catch on, and how did it spread? Social media might well record viral memes and messages but that alone won't necessarily explain the popularity of an idea across the wider population.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"This currently is the age where algorithms shape a lot of our lives,\" notes Weller. It's something researchers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Ftechnology-53806038\"\u003Estruggle to fully understand today\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Unless the inner workings of algorithmic systems are preserved for retrospective analysis, their impact on the course of history could end up becoming a bit of a mystery, a gigantic black box.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt might also be difficult or impossible to know what it was like to actually use a website like Facebook, even if Facebook content from our time is preserved and made accessible in years to come. Alexis Madrigal notes in The Atlantic that the functionality of social media websites \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Ftechnology\u002Farchive\u002F2017\u002F12\u002Fit-might-be-impossible-for-future-historians-to-understand-our-internet\u002F547463\u002F\"\u003Eis not usually stored\u003C\u002Fa\u003E every time such sites are updated or redesigned. These updates also tend to happen very frequently. (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20120927-the-decaying-web\"\u003Ehow social media is decaying our historical record\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost of all, the ebb and flow of ideologies and political passions could leave future historians scratching their heads. Given the disinformation that flies about on social media, they may well wonder: why did a small but vocal number of people in the early 21st Century turn to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002F41973119\"\u003Econspiracy theories about the Earth being flat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or vaccines being \"weaponised\"?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's arguably hard to fathom even now, let alone in the future when none of us will be around to provide testimony to any of this. Did algorithms of the 21st Century manipulate people to such an extent that a few were brainwashed? Some folk may have been more susceptible than others to the lure of manipulative media – but why, exactly, were they so easily taken in? The same questions that we ask ourselves today may linger for centuries to come.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne worrying possibility is that the digital disinformation of today will be taken at face value in the future. Imagine people 100 years from now scouring digital newspaper columns, blogs and tweets, and having the same disagreements over, say, the benefits of Brexit or the behaviour of former US President Donald Trump, because they have huge stores of polarised messaging to pore over.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"People will be able to reach into the box and pull out whatever they want and that is definitely going to be an amplified problem, just because of the scale of the material,\" says Randolph.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn other words, today's disinformation could end up distorting history.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210819-what-will-todays-data-tell-future-historians-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sndwl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210819-what-will-todays-data-tell-future-historians-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat possibility is made even greater thanks to digital media because the web functions as a giant \"decontextualisation machine\", adds Randolph. Pictures and video often appear without any information about where they came from, when they were made, or who made them. It's also not always clear whether they were edited, or if they were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-56278411\"\u003Egenerated as \"deep fakes\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by artificial intelligence systems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's a concern shared by Clare Miles, a history blogger \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhisdoryan.co.uk\u002Fmemes-as-historical-sources\"\u003Ewho has considered the informational value of memes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to future generations. Today's memes could be described as an evolved form of the political cartoon of the 18th Century. They're visually arresting and usually contain some snappy and sardonic observation or caption.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, as with some old cartoons, the creator's identity and motivations are usually unknown.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"When studying memes in the future, we might have to consider that they were created by someone who held a radically different interpretation of a certain event or topic based on information that they truly thought was real,\" writes Miles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd there is simply so much data flying about the web today that wading through it centuries from now in an attempt to find the bits that are genuinely illuminating might be a daunting task.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I think we're going to present future generations with the archival equivalent of a really rich hoarder's attic in which you have lots of random stuff,\" says Randolph.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHistorians will probably be forced to rely on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002F2020-is-a-year-for-the-history-books-but-not-without-digital-archives-140234\"\u003Edata science methods to search and organise archives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E automatically for the information they require.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is also the converse possibility that the sheer volume of information left behind could make the past seem quite bland. People may, rightly or wrongly, assume that they already have a good idea of what life was like the 2000s, for instance, and obsess about the 1800s instead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Weller doesn't think this will happen. Future generations might yet marvel at the career of Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, or spend decades attempting to understand the rapidly changing lives of people who grew up in developing countries during our age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne wonders whether the tweets and blog posts we leave behind will fully reveal how our society thought about and attempted to address huge challenges such as climate change. What did we do, and why – or why not?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs Weller says: \"Interesting stories will appear, no matter what.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210819-what-will-todays-data-tell-future-historians-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-08-19T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What will today's data tell future historians?","headlineShort":"How future historians will study us","image":["p09snb9j"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Ftechnology"],"summaryLong":"Social media posts, algorithms and conspiracy theories might shape how future generations understand the world today.","summaryShort":"Future generations might get to know us through algorithms and social media","tag":["tag\u002Fhistory"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-20T00:00:27.005239Z","entity":"article","guid":"d651020f-2faa-4bfb-bcec-3cdf5056c055","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210819-what-will-todays-data-tell-future-historians","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:46:23.627205Z","project":"future","slug":"20210819-what-will-todays-data-tell-future-historians","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229124},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome","_id":"612fbc6b0e2e0c65e61df3ec","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fisabella-kaminski"],"bodyIntro":"In parts of Europe, plans to replenish the \"necrobiome\" may benefit wildlife from golden eagles and wolverines, to copious plants, fungi and insects.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EI've walked extensively across the UK's national parks, marvelling at the rolling hills and panoramic views, occasionally surprised by a deer bounding out of the brush. What I have never seen is a large dead animal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe widespread eradication of top predators across Europe and the systematic removal of wild and domestic herbivores for food or sport, coupled with our fear of disease and squeamishness have gone a long way to sanitise the land of the spectacle of death.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in removing unsightly bodies from natural spaces, a key part of the ecosystem has also been scrubbed out. Animal carcasses and the species that depend on them are collectively known as the necrobiome. Scientists are still fully getting to grips with this complex system, including understanding its impact on animals, birds, invertebrates, fungi and microorganisms involved in decay and decomposition. And crucially, whether leaving more carcasses out in the open could help us to nourish ailing ecosystems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Decomposing vertebrate carcasses are just naturally repulsive to most people. Even for those of us who study it, it's not pleasant – Eric Benbow","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe many species of the necrobiome perform essential roles \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002Fecm.1331\"\u003Ereturning organic matter and nutrients to the food chain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F22443166\u002F\"\u003Eremoving potential sources of infectious disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some play other important roles in the ecosystem, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7349676\u002F\"\u003Efor example as pollinators\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sgj8l"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor Eric Benbow, a forensic entomologist and microbial ecologist who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F23540134\u002F\"\u003Ecoined the term necrobiome\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and edited a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.routledge.com\u002FCarrion-Ecology-Evolution-and-Their-Applications\u002FBenbow-Tomberlin-Tarone\u002Fp\u002Fbook\u002F9781138893849\"\u003Elandmark book on carrion ecology\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, studying decomposition is a challenge in more ways than one. In closely observing death and decay, there is the inevitable sense of confronting our own mortality. And then, of course, there's the smell. \"Decomposing vertebrate carcasses are just naturally repulsive to most people,\" says Benbow. \"Even for those of us who study it, it's not pleasant.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are also practical difficulties. The speed of the decomposition process is one problem, says Jennifer Pechal, an entomologist at Michigan State University and a colleague of Benbow's. Nature is very efficient at removing and breaking down dead bodies, which makes them tricky to study and puts them out of sight from the wider public. Scavengers also are naturally resourceful and can damage or remove bodies while they are being researched, and replicating experiments accurately can be tricky, says Pechal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor all these reasons, carrion has \"not historically been a hot topic for ecological studies\" and it can be difficult to get funding to research it. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0169534719301661\"\u003EA study she co-authored\u003C\u002Fa\u003E concluded that there is a lack of data on the volume of carrion biomass for most biomes and animal species with \"no clear pathway towards improved knowledge in this area\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sgjdw"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDespite such hurdles, in recent years the field has blossomed. Early studies in the 1950s and 60s found a general and predictable process of decomposition as a carcass moves from death to bones, and there are now researchers in every environment and biome – from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0967063720302107\"\u003Edeep sea abysses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00442-018-4315-z\"\u003Emountain ranges\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – studying how carrion decomposes, and the effects of that decomposition on ecosystems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPechal says technological advancements in biology, chemistry and computational sciences have helped. \"[These] have vastly improved our capabilities to answer specific questions with increased accuracy and precision.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom what we do know, there is reason to worry. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fepdf\u002F10.1111\u002Fgcb.14708\"\u003Epaper in Global Change Biology\u003C\u002Fa\u003E examining scavenger studies from around the world found that hunting and the loss and modification of habitats had a big impact on the number and diversity of vertebrates feeding on animal carcasses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe researchers warn that scavengers are unlikely to be performing their roles in the ecosystem as well as they could be, and make the case for management and conservation actions to preserve scavengers worldwide.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The motto of German national parks is 'let nature be nature', but we skipped out this natural process of what's happening with a dead animal – Peter Südbeck","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn national parks across Germany, from the mountainous Alps in the south to the mud flats in the north to the dense forests of Bavaria, a plan is being hatched to address this. By leaving animal carcasses decaying on the ground, researchers want to gather evidence about the impact of carrion on a variety of ecosystems to see how important they are as a food source for scavengers, for wider biodiversity and soil health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeter Südbeck, head of the Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer (Lower Saxony Wadden Sea) national park and a lead proponent of the project, says there have not been any systematic studies on the impact of carrion in Germany, but it is a clear gap in the ecosystem. \"There are no animals lying out in the field anywhere at the moment,\" says Südbeck. \"The motto of German national parks is 'let nature be nature', but we skipped out this natural process of what's happening with a dead animal.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom September 2022 – as long as full funding can be found – roe deer and other locally significant species will be left in chosen places in the parks and researchers will study what happens using camera traps for bigger scavengers and pitfall traps for invertebrates, as well as soil sampling and genetic tests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe project will build on research undertaken in the Bavarian national forest, led by ecologist Christian von Hoermann, into the best ways of supporting carrion species. Von Hoermann has found that deliberately leaving carcasses out \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1002\u002Fecs2.3063\"\u003Eattracts a wide range of scavengers and endangered species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – especially in the winter. The scavengers are not too picky about the species left out, or whether the carcass had been fresh or frozen – but size does matter. And leaving carcasses in regular fixed places instead of random ones \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2075-4450\u002F12\u002F5\u002F412\"\u003Eattracts a greater diversity of carrion insects\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVon Hoermann describes carcasses as \"biodiversity hotspots\" and hopes Germany's project will answer important questions about the necrobiome and how human activities are changing it. We do not know, for example, how sensitive carrion species are to changes in the volume or variety of carcasses. Nor has research explored how climate change will affect the composition and abundance of scavenger species or the rate of decomposition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sgjm0"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne accidental experiment in death ecology might hold lessons for the German project.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the Oostvaardersplassen nature reserve in the Netherlands – one of the oldest \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fearth\u002Fstory\u002F20160527-the-zoo-that-wants-to-release-wild-elephants-in-denmark\"\u003Erewilding sites in Europe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E – the sudden death of thousands of large herbivores during a cold snap several years ago \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0226946\"\u003Eshowed researchers that large carcasses can significantly increase the numbers of invertebrates\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. It benefits vegetation too; the research found a big increase in plant matter around the carcasses months after the animals had died. But the deaths also sparked public concerns about animal rights and the number of animals in the reserve has since been limited.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeparate r\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frsos.191644#d1e1448\"\u003Eesearch into a herd of reindeer killed by lightning\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Norway in 2016 found that the animal carcasses provided a hugely important temporary source of nutrients for a wide range of species including golden eagles, ravens and wolverines. The strategy of artificially supplying carrion \"is not without controversy\", the study noted.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"One of the problems is it's not fully understood how the food webs work, how nutrients are cycled and how important the carcasses are in linking all these things together,\" says Debbie Fielding, a research assistant in community ecology at the James Hutton Institute. \"There's quite a lot of perceived benefits, but there's not actually that much evidence for it. And that's not necessarily because there aren't the benefits [but] it's unlikely to be a win-win situation.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFielding was part of a research team that left red deer carcasses on a variety of upland estates in Scotland to study their impacts on local ecology. Although the project was curtailed due to lack of funds, it did find that carcasses on estates focused on conservation were quickly taken away by scavengers such as foxes while on more heavily managed estates with greater predator control the process of decomposition was slower and dominated by insects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe stresses that cultural factors make leaving carcasses out a complex decision. \"In Scotland the deer are traditionally hunted for trophy hunting and venison. If they're going to shoot it, they want to make sure that it's being used properly so they want to recover it; just to leave a carcass out on the hill rotting is seen to be very disrespectful.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProjects also need to be careful to avoid unintended consequences. Some \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fraptors-international.org\u002Fbook\u002Fraptors_worldwide_2004\u002FPiper_2004_341-349.pdf\"\u003Evulture \"restaurants\" in southern Africa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for example, led to complaints from tourists, attracted unwanted scavengers, caused problems for farmed animals and even resulted in illness as people ate food left out for birds that was unfit for human consumption.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sgjw3"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESüdbeck admits the German project, which is \"a little bit dirty\", will involve some public relations work and sensitive discussions with the hunting community. \"We have to talk about what does it mean in terms of nature conservation, in terms of the national park's overarching aims, and of course in terms of society,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince earlier attempts to deliberately leave carcasses out in projects across the world were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4165841\u002F\"\u003Ecriticised for ignoring the wider social and economic context\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Südbeck says the national parks will share details online and in information centres, and some will also install webcams. Live feeds from cameras on carrion spots \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalpark-bayerischer-wald.bayern.de\u002Fservice\u002Fwebcams\u002Fluderplatz.htm\"\u003Ein the Bavarian forest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have already shown animals such as lynx feeding and proved very popular with the public.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDecisions about where to leave carcasses also need to be handled sensitively. In Wattenmeer, carcasses will be left on uninhabited islands rather than busy beaches where holidaymakers are sunbathing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESüdbeck hopes the German carcass project will be the first step in demonstrating the value of moving towards a healthier ecosystem. Having studied ornithology\u003Cstrong\u003E, \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Ehe admits it is easier to justify making changes on behalf of charismatic species like sea eagles than it is for tiny beetles, \"but the responsibility of national parks is to look at the whole biodiversity\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVon Hoermann stresses that leaving carcasses out is a rather artificial way of dealing with the problem, and says that, once the benefits have been demonstrated, the job should be really done by natural predators like lynx and wolves. \"In the Yellowstone National Park, they produce carcasses all over the year in a natural way and support the diversity of other carrion-associated species from bacteria, fungi, insects up to vertebrate scavengers.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, he believes that people will come to terms with dead animals in national parks, just as they are increasingly with deadwood. Although it focuses on exploring the ecosystem benefits of leaving carcasses to support the necrobiome, Germany's experiment is perhaps as much about changing perceptions of the place of death in nature. As von Hoermann puts it, it is about getting the public used to \"the very natural situation of dying animals in the landscape\". \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-12"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-08-18T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Rewilding death: The plan to restore the necrobiome","headlineShort":"The controversial plan to rewild death","image":["p09sghx7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In parts of Europe, plans to replenish the \"necrobiome\" may benefit wildlife from golden eagles and wolverines, to copious plants, fungi and insects.","summaryShort":"Leaving dead bodies out in the wild helps to nourish the \"necrobiome\"","tag":["tag\u002Fecology","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-17T23:05:30.876174Z","entity":"article","guid":"7dfa4d57-a1cb-4b0f-a941-4653e205357a","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:46:12.257444Z","project":"future","slug":"20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229124},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat","_id":"612fb9e00e2e0c63ab2f994c","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The most populous city in Africa is also one of its most vulnerable to sea level rise and floods. To stay afloat, everything from its architecture to its transport may have to change.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENavigating the thronging streets of Lagos, Nigeria, is a challenge at the best of times. But during the rainy seasons, the city's streets can become almost impassable. Home to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flagosstate.gov.ng\u002Fabout-lagos\u002F\"\u003Emore than 24 million\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Lagos is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flagosstate.gov.ng\u002Fabout-lagos\u002F\"\u003ENigeria's economic powerhouse\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, making it a destination for people seeking new opportunities. But \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fresources\u002Fidt-sh\u002Flagos\"\u003Ethat rapid growth creates pressure on the streets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and the environment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe streets are often flooded, in part due to the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Farticle.sapub.org\u002F10.5923.j.arch.20180801.03.html\"\u003Edysfunctional disposal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the 6,000-10,000 tonnes of rubbish generated daily in the city. After a downpour, rubbish piles up in open gutters and makes moving around the streets difficult. “I worry when it rains, especially when it is heavy,” says Lagos resident Stephanie Erigha. \"It makes me anxious.\" On one occasion when taking a taxi through a waterlogging-prone part of the city, she recalls the water gushing right into the back seat next to her.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiwaponline.com\u002Fjwcc\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F11\u002F4\u002F1067\u002F69712\u002FChallenges-in-water-resources-of-Lagos-mega-city?redirectedFrom=fulltext\"\u003Ethe overall climate in Lagos is expected to see less rainfall overall\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with climate change, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Flagos-is-getting-less-rain-but-more-heavy-storms-what-it-can-do-to-prepare-134437\"\u003Eintensity of rain is expected to increase\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, bringing with it greater risk of flooding. Meanwhile, the low-lying city is also particularly vulnerable to water from another source: rising seas. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F113\u002F47\u002F13342.short\"\u003EIf global warming exceeds 2C, the city is predicted to see 90cm of sea level rise\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by 2100, according to research led by marine physicist Svetlana Jevrejeva, of the UK's National Oceanography Centre.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow, in the face of flooding, blocked streets and rising waters, is Africa's most populous city adapting?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFloating architecture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is one part of Lagos that has extensive experience of dealing with high water. Much of the Makoko neighbourhood is not built on land, but rather sits on stilts above the waterline. Makoko, known as the \"Venice of Africa\", is a labyrinthine slum built on stilts and navigated by canoe. The slum has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-africa-51677371\"\u003Elittle access to electricity or clean sanitation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but it has also been home to innovations like \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nleworks.com\u002Fcase\u002Fmakoko-floating-school\u002F\"\u003Ethe Makoko Floating School\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a structure resting on recycled empty plastic barrels for buoyancy. The school's pyramid shape helped lower its centre of gravity and so increase its stability, while also being an ideal roof shape for shedding heavy rains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis prototype, however, was short-lived after suffering lasting damage from a storm in 2016. But it set the precedent for floating system that its architect, Kunlé Adeyemi, would put to use in other coastal cities. Iterations of the floating structure have been built in Venice and Bruges.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210119-why-saving-whales-can-help-fight-climate-change\"\u003EHow whales help cool the Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery\"\u003EWhy batteries are the new power plants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210112-the-vast-bicycle-graveyards-of-china\"\u003EWhy some bike shares work and others don't\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost recently, a version of the design is being constructed in the city of Mindelo on the island of São Vicente, Cape Verde. “It is a floating music hub,\" says Adeyemi, the founder of NLÉ, an urban design and development consultancy. \"In this iteration, we are building it in a bay within the Atlantic Ocean.” The hub is made from timber and consists of three floating vessels housing a multipurpose live performance hall, a state-of-the-art recording studio and a platform for thirsty guests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWood, Adeyemi says, is an ideal sustainable material for building floating structures. “If you have a cost-benefit metrics of different solutions for building on water, wood will be very high in ratings,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe floating music hub is part of NLÉ’s African Water Cities project, which seeks to find new ways for waterfront communities to live with rising sea levels. Instead of fighting water, says Adeyemi, we want to learn to live with it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWater traffic\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt only took one ferry journey for Lagos resident Olajumoke Oyelese, to be \"hooked\". The speed of travel possible on a ferry far outstripped what she was used to idling in traffic on Lagos' roads.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOluwadamilola Emmanuel, general manager of the Lagos State Waterways Authority, says that water transport in the city has come a long way in terms of coverage. According to Emmanuel, now there are more than 42 ferry routes on the waterways with 30 commercial jetties and terminals spanning across three districts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBesides the city authorities, an increasing number of firms are setting up water transport businesses in the city. In 2019, Uber set sail with the pilot-run of its Uber Boat service. The goal was to ease the city's infamous road congestion. \"We are aware of the man-hours and productivity that are lost every day due to road traffic in Lagos state,\" says Lorraine Onduru, a spokesperson for the company. \"[We] are looking at ways to provide commuters with an easy and affordable way to get in and out of the city's business districts.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDuring the two-week course of the Uber Boat's pilot, travellers only had to book ahead to reserve a seat using an app. The boat accommodated at least 35 people per ride from weekdays to the weekend. They were conveyed to their destinations on designated routes – a maximum of four trips in a day. At the moment, Uber Boat is still evaluating whether the boat could become a long-term solution for Lagosian commuters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETransport by water might be one answer to Lagos' epic traffic jams, but is taking a boat or ferry more sustainable than travelling by road?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELittle data exists comparing the options in Lagos. But \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fpublications\u002Fgreenhouse-gas-reporting-conversion-factors-2020\"\u003Eaccording to estimates by the UK's Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-49349566\"\u003Efoot-passenger ferry has lower carbon emissions per passenger than a bus, coach or taxi\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough jetties are springing up all over the city, water transport has yet to make a dent into the huge numbers relying on the roads. In particular, numbers on ferries have been low during the pandemic. When a service is available, social distancing protocols mean the number of travellers per trip is halved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Lagosians like Oyelese are eager for the change and integration of the existing ferry services with the rest of the city's transport network. \"You need something like a ferry boat that could even take vehicles, goods as well as passengers,\" she says. \"And that's one thing I feel is missing.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECoastal siege\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne prominent defence against rising waters is the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fepdf\u002F10.1111\u002Fjfr3.12179\"\u003E\"Great Wall of Lagos\", a barrier made of 100,000 concrete blocks weighing five tonnes each\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.royalhaskoningdhv.com\u002Fen-gb\u002Fprojects\u002Feko-atlantic-nigeria\u002F561\"\u003E18m-high (60 ft) sea defence protects a stretch of shoreline by Lagos' Eko Atlantic, a development being built on reclaimed land, and will be 8.4km long when completed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe wall is intended to protect the new development from the unforgiving long swell waves that originate in storms in the southern Atlantic Ocean, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fphys.org\u002Fnews\u002F2019-07-nigeria-lagos-atlantic-erosion.html\"\u003Ethough critics have raised concerns that while protecting the shore in some regions, it is accelerating erosion in others\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOther structures to protect the sea include constructing 18 groynes on the shores of the Eko Atlantic. A groyne is a structure built to trap sand and prevent it from washing into the ocean. Those installed at Eko Atlantic are each spaced 400m (1,300ft) apart and span a distance of 7.2km (4.5 miles). Further groynes have been proposed to cover up to 60km (37.3 miles) of the state's coastline, with officials estimating this would \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nannews.ng\u002Ferosion-control-lagos-govt-seeks-n400-bn-from-fg\u002F\"\u003Ecost $1bn (£800m)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the News Agency of Nigeria reported.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFlood forecasting\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile structural coastal defences might be some of the most visible interventions to counter flooding, one of the least visible could be at least as important for the city's resilience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENigeria's federal authorities have designed the Flood Mobile App to make predictions that could buy coastal regions the time to make adequate preparations to protect besieged cities like Lagos. The app is \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002F134.122.126.115\u002Frealtime\u002F\"\u003Eavailable online\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and provides real-time flood forecasting information about a specific location, using data collected by the Nigeria Hydrological Service Agency (NIHSA).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe app covers a much broader region than an earlier service, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.voanews.com\u002Fafrica\u002Fpredicting-nigerias-floods-theres-now-app\"\u003EWetIn App\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which was designed by Nigeria’s agriculture ministry. The WetIn App only targets farmers in three flood-prone states of the federation, giving warnings four days before an expected disaster. Prior to this, the authorities had to rely on media such as magazines, radio and television to get the word out about an imminent flood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENIHSA is confident that the new Flood Mobile App will help people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnihsa.gov.ng\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F05\u002Funveiling-the-annual-flood-outlook-afo2020\u002F\"\u003Emonitor daily flooding risks anywhere\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Nigeria. Already, some early signals urging people to be on alert \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fenvironment.lagosstate.gov.ng\u002F2020\u002F07\u002F09\u002Flagos-urges-residents-of-four-lgas-with-high-flood-risk-to-remain-alert\u002F\"\u003Ehave started playing out\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as torrential rains flood the roads in business and residential districts. Though smart device penetration remains relatively low among all but the younger population in cities, leaving out prospective users in the rural areas and those without mobile phones.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWithout changes like these and many others, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-climate-nigeria\u002Fsea-surges-could-uproot-millions-in-nigeria-megacity-idUSTRE4AI74G20081119\"\u003Esea level rise this century would displace millions in Lagos\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F19463138.2013.878348?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=tjue20\"\u003Elow-lying districts like Makoko among the most vulnerable\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But by learning to live on the sea and its waterways, defending the city's coast and knowing when inundation is most likely, Africa's largest city is leveraging its ingenuity to stay afloat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-8"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-01-22T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How Africa's largest city is staying afloat","headlineShort":"The city that refuses to sink","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The most populous city in Africa is also one of its most vulnerable to inundation. To stay above water, everything from its architecture to its transport may have to change.","summaryShort":"Africa's largest city faces inundation by 2100","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-01-22T00:05:47.031797Z","entity":"article","guid":"8cc0d032-b52d-4253-bc98-b4f49bc44e2c","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:35:21.260595Z","project":"future","slug":"20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229125},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells","_id":"612fb8950e2e0c63ab2f990e","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"One of Asia’s fastest-growing cities has no major river and its deep groundwater is running out, but an age-old practice could help the city find water.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe school is housed in a nondescript two-storey building in a densely populated district of south-east Bangalore. Pillars painted in the orange, white and green of the Indian national flag add a dash of colour below the tall tower blocks that crowd around Renuka High School.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn many ways this district is very much a typical part of the modern megacity of Bangalore, India’s capital of tech. But in one important way it is still an island – this outlying region of the fast-developing city lacks crucial access to piped water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in the school’s grounds, an ancient practice of well-digging has been revived to quench the area’s growing thirst. The school’s cavernous, hand-crafted well is part of a grander plan to build one million such wells throughout Bangalore. It is an epic task, but this challenging, age-old practice of well-digging could help to protect the city from the stresses of climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EParched city\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBangalore’s status as \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fcgwb.gov.in\u002FDistrict_Profile\u002Fkarnataka\u002F2012\u002FBANGALORE_URBAN-2012.pdf\"\u003Eone of the fastest growing cities in Asia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has come at a steep price. The closest river is the Arkavathi, which Bangalore outgrew long ago. The Cauvery River is a lifeline to the city, supplying 1,450 million litres of water a day, but it flows 100km (63 miles) south of the city at its closest point.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbengaluru.urbanwaters.in\u002Fborewells-97\u002F\"\u003Ealternative water supply is groundwater\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The city has 400,000 authorised deep borewells, though many are bone-dry \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fcgwb.gov.in\u002FDistrict_Profile\u002Fkarnataka\u002F2012\u002FBANGALORE_URBAN-2012.pdf\"\u003Edue to over-exploitation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. These borewells draw water from \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbengaluru.urbanwaters.in\u002Faquifers-100\u002F\"\u003Edeep aquifers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that trap water between the fissured rocky layers of the earth below 60m (200ft). The percolation to such depths is slow and recharging these deep aquifers can take years – which, for a rapidly expanding city, is not feasible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Bangalore’s topography is not conducive to having abundant water supply,” says Hita Unnikrishnan, of the Sheffield Urban Institute, who studies the history of community water resources in Bangalore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet the problem is not a lack of rainfall. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bwssb.gov.in\u002Fcom_content_new?page=18&info_for=107\"\u003EBangalore receives a substantial 972mm (3.2ft) of average annual precipitation between April and November, with around 60 rainy days in a year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200730-sahara-desert-the-search-for-water-in-a-conflict-zone\"\u003EThe water wars of the Sahara Desert\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200910-the-remarkable-floating-gardens-of-bangladesh\"\u003EThe floating gardens of Bangladesh\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete\"\u003EThe world’s growing concrete coasts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhere does all this water go? The answer can be found in a study by researchers of the Centre for Ecological Sciences at the Indian Institute of Science, which points to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in\u002Fenergy\u002Fwater\u002Fpaper\u002FETR123\u002Fsec4.html\"\u003Ea more than tenfold increase in paved surfaces in Bangalore between 1973 and 2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. An estimated 93% of the city has been paved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Precious rainwater that could recharge the aquifers instead flows down the buildings and tarred roads of the city as surface run-off, choking sewers and inundating the low-lying areas","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“In a natural state, with normal rainfall, between 3% and 10% of the city’s rains percolate into underground aquifers,” says Vishwanath Srikantaiah, a water conservation expert who leads the not-for-profit Biome Environmental Trust, which leads the One Million Wells for Bangalore initiative. “Once you start building on the soil, you start to ‘crust’ the ground and kill that 10%, bringing percolation down to zero.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo the precious rainwater that could recharge the aquifers instead flows down the buildings and tarred roads of the city as surface run-off, choking sewers and inundating the low-lying areas. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0264837719316011\"\u003EIt is a problem that climate change is predicted to make worse in the coming decades\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStriking water\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUntil a few years ago, water tankers travelled from Bellandur or Iblur, about 4km (2.5 miles) away, along busy roads to supply Renuka High School with water. The tankers delivered a total of 1,000-litres of deep borewell-drawn water once or twice a week.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was a cumbersome process, and the school authorities questioned the quality of the tanker-supplied water. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fcgwb.gov.in\u002FDistrict_Profile\u002Fkarnataka\u002F2012\u002FBANGALORE_URBAN-2012.pdf\"\u003EGround water in many areas of the Bangalore Urban District is contaminated by sewage, industrial pollution and high nitrate levels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The local Kaikondrahalli Lake, too, was troubled by a history of sewage and rubbish dumping.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere was one realistic alternative left. In 2013, Renuka High School engaged the services of traditional well diggers called “mannu vaddars” to dig a 14ft (4.2m) deep open well.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWell-digging, repair and maintenance is a highly specialised occupation, and one fraught with danger. Mannu vaddars work alongside skilled elders, learning the technique passed down the generations. The elders of the mannu vaddars have practiced their craft without loss of life or limb as they dig deep into the earth, with little more than shovels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese wells are not like the narrow boreholes that drain the lower aquifers, but open, shallow “recharge” wells that access higher aquifers that fill up rapidly with the rains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If the mannu vaddars can help the city dig one million wells, we can achieve 50-60% percolation of rainwater and avoid urban flooding – Vishwanath Srikantaiah","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDigging such a well is easier said than done. Present-day landowners rely on the services of a hydrogeologist and the ancient Indian architectural practice of “vaastu shastra”, which seeks to align design principles with the elements of nature, to pick the well’s location. Once the right place has been identified, the mannu vaddars use a string to measure the radius of the cement ring used to line the earthen walls of the well. Before the ground can be broken, a prayer is offered to the water goddess Gangamma.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne mannu vaddar is assigned the task of digging, while the rest heave the soil out using plastic buckets. If the soil in the area is loose, a custom-fabricated metal mesh is placed on the inside of the pit to reduce the risk of the walls collapsing in as the digging progresses. The mesh is removed after the digging is done, to make way for the cement rings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen the soil lumps at the bottom of the well begin to show telltale pores made by tiny water rivulets, the mannu vaddars know they are nearly there. They are at the edge of a shallow \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbengaluru.urbanwaters.in\u002Faquifers-100\u002F\"\u003Eaquifer, which holds rainwater between 10 to 100ft (3 to 30m) beneath the Earth’s surface\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Water then begins to seep out of the earth into the pit. The well-digger continues to dig for another 2.5-3m (8-10ft). It is hard and tedious work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EApart from the lining materials used – cement instead of stone – the process is much the same as it has been for generations. One hundred years ago, the stone blocks lining the well were arranged without mortar so the water could percolate from the aquifer through the gaps. Now, pre-cast cement rings have taken their place, each with four one-inch holes to let the water in. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt takes around three days for a team of seven or eight mannu vaddars to dig a 9m to 12m (30-40ft) well. Fathers and sons, brothers, uncles and cousins come together to form teams of mannu vaddars, and their efforts and profits are shared equally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDigging a well fetches anywhere between 30,000 (£309\u002F$410) to 150,000 (£1,500\u002F$2,000) Indian rupees depending on the depth of the well. On an average, each well-digger makes 1,200 Indian rupees (£12.25\u002F$16.40) per day, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statista.com\u002Fstatistics\u002F1025976\u002Findia-average-daily-wages-regular-workers-by-gender\u002F\"\u003Emore than twice the average daily wage for a male urban worker in India\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I can guarantee the success of any well I dig. I charge for the well only if it hits water, and there never has been a situation when it hasn’t,” says Pedhanna from Yellammapalya, a village of 75 well-digging families on the outskirts of Bangalore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMillion wells\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEver since the mannu vaddars built the well at Renuka High School, an equivalent of the erstwhile 1,000-litre tanker load of water was pumped from the open well each day, in two 500-litre batches – enough to supply the school’s toilets, washroom and gardens. The well refills within two to three hours of pumping as water percolates through from the lake – which went through a thorough environmental clean-up in 2009 – and further topped up by a rainwater collection system from the school’s terrace. The water level in the well coincides with that of the lake according to the seasons, with the soil between lake and well acting as a natural filter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERenuka High School is among the many communities turning to sustainable water management practices through work with the Biome Environmental Trust. The trust’s Srikantaiah estimates that Bangalore already has around 10,000 open wells, the handiwork of the ancestors of today’s well-diggers. But there is a long way to go to the one-million-well target.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We estimate that if the mannu vaddars can help the city dig one million wells, we can achieve 50-60% percolation of rainwater and avoid urban flooding,” says Srikantaiah. That would bring 1,400 million litres of water a day from the city’s shallow aquifers, he calculates.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe skills of the mannu vaddars are crucial to this effort, not just in terms of labour but knowledge. “Traditional well-diggers who were part of\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbengaluru.urbanwaters.in\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002Fsites\u002F3\u002F2017\u002F08\u002FParticipatory-Aquifer-Mapping_final-report-version-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E a participatory aquifer mapping process\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in south-east Bangalore demonstrated a keen awareness of pre-existing wells, soil types, presence of rocky layers and other traits of the region’s aquifers,” says Shubha Ramachandran, a water sustainability consultant with Biome Environmental Trust, who works closely with the well-diggers. “This oral lore of the city’s open well history can be invaluable.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as being reliable, this water is much more affordable. In open wells, the water needs to be pumped up a mere 6m (20ft) to the surface. Water from the Cauvery river, on the other hand, has to be pumped up 300m (984ft) to reach Bangalore. As a result, the water from the open wells is around 1% of the price of bringing water from the Cauvery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe mannu vaddars are at the centre of this shift towards historic water practices in Bangalore, one well at a time. And demand for their services is growing – the\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bwssb.gov.in\u002Fcom_content_new?page=18&info_for=107\"\u003E Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board now mandates compulsory rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge structures in every house\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and community. It suggests there could be hope for more regular work for the mannu vaddars, as well as promising news for Srikantaiah’s dream of a million wells.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The unique well-digging tradition of the mannu vaddars can ease Bangalore’s water woes,” says Srikantaiah. “With their help, areas of the city with shallow aquifers can create a river beneath the ground, rather than pump a river up to the city.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 4.5kg CO2, travelling by car. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-10-07T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The Indian megacity digging a million wells","headlineShort":"The city digging a million wells","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"One of Asia’s fastest-growing cities has no major river and its deep groundwater is running out, but an age-old practice could help the city find water.","summaryShort":"One of Asia's fastest-growing megacities is digging down to fight climate change","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-10-06T23:05:14.722407Z","entity":"article","guid":"8b79b687-3974-4a25-ac5a-662685987dc0","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:29:49.621396Z","project":"future","slug":"20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229125},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals","_id":"612fb7f00e2e0c67e2223859","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Rare and valuable plants that naturally “mine” large quantities of nickel are thought to be hiding in Indonesia’s forests – but it is a race to discover them before they are wiped out.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESixteen years ago, Aiyen Tjoa was exploring a small mining town of Sorowako in the heart of the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. Sorowako once had been a home to immense diversity of plants, and most of them were found nowhere else. But then the small town became the hub of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcore.ac.uk\u002Fdownload\u002Fpdf\u002F77625923.pdf\"\u003Eone of the largest nickel mining areas in the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with one company alone extracting 5% of the global nickel supply.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen Tjoa, a soil biologist and lecturer in Tadulako University in Central Sulawesi, arrived in Sorowako in 2004, most of the lush vegetation had already been cleared for mining, leaving barren soil and dusty roads in its place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut some bushes and young trees survived. Back then, Tjoa was eager to find those rare plants that were adapting well to their new, nickel-rich surroundings. These, she reasoned, could be “super plants” capable of taking up high levels of nickel from the soil and storing it in surprisingly high quantities. As well as cleaning the soil, these nickel-rich plants could be “mined” to provide an alternative source of the metal, allowing nickel to be harvested without destroying the ecosystem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200818-the-canadian-sea-otter-rescue-plan-that-worked-too-well\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe otter rescue plan that worked too well\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200803-the-solar-canals-revolutionising-indias-renewable-energy\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe ingenious ‘solar canals’ of India\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200728-the-mythical-creatures-that-protect-the-philippines\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe folklore saving animals’ lives in the Philippines\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe plants Tjoa was looking for are known as nickel hyper-accumulators – a group of rare plants able to concentrate at least 1,000 micrograms of nickel per 1g of dried leaf.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Curiously, very few of these plants have been found in Indonesia, which is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world and also has the largest nickel deposit in the world – just where you might expect to find a nickel hyper-accumulator","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMost plants draw up tiny amounts of heavy metals to activate some important enzymes, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0254629914000283\"\u003Enickel is needed to activate one crucial to plants’ flowering process\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But even slightly too much nickel can poison and kill most plants. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FB9780128031582000151\"\u003ENickel hyper-accumulators, however, have evolved the ability to withstand this excess\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by binding the metal inside their cell walls or storing it in their vacuoles – a storage organelle inside the cell, says Tjoa. They mainly store the nickel \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11104-017-3539-8#:~:text=Nickel%20hyperaccumulator%20plants%3A%20Discovery%20and,Hogan%20et%20al.%201983).\"\u003Ein their shoots, leaves, roots or sap\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome nickel-loving species like\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpls.2016.00451\u002Ffull\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E Alyssum murale\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, native to Italy, can take up to 30,000 micrograms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of nickel per 1g dried leaf. Some, like \u003Cem\u003EPhyllantus balgoyii\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, found in Malaysia, have such a high nickel content that their sap is a remarkable bright blue-green colour. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsmi.uq.edu.au\u002Fproject\u002Fpathways-nickel-accumulation-tropical-hyperaccumulator-plant-species-new-caledonia\"\u003ESo far, around 450 species of nickel-loving plants have been documented worldwide.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Most of these plants grow in countries with less plant diversity and lower nickel deposits than Indonesia, such as Cuba (130 species), southern Europe (45), New Caledonia (65) and Malaysia (24).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECuriously, very few of these plants have been found in Indonesia, which is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statista.com\u002Fstatistics\u002F273634\u002Fnickel-reserves-worldwide-by-country\u002F\"\u003Ealso has the largest nickel deposit in the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – just where you might expect to find a nickel hyper-accumulator. Tjoa says that this is largely because very few people have spent the time looking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe long search \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen Tjoa secured a permit from the mining company that holds the concessions in Sorowako, she quickly packed up her gear to scan the area. She had to fund her own explorations, and for four years she came back to Sorowako time and again to look, without success. The work was painstaking and, at first, disappointing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPart of the reason her search was slow was that to the naked eye, such plants look rather ordinary. But, when a likely suspect is found, there is a simple on-the-spot test to identify whether it is a hyper-accumulator or not. Antony van der Ent, a plant ecophysiologist from the University of Queensland who studies nickel hyper-accumulators, describes using a white circle of detection paper to test for nickel. “The paper instantly turns pink when leaves are pressed against it. It’s foolproof, easy to do and fast,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut just because nickel is present doesn’t mean the plant is a hyper-accumulator. To analyse how high the nickel concentration is, a sample is brought back to the lab, dried and examined using X-rays. A hand-held device shoots an X-ray beam at the sample, which reacts by emitting a specific amount of energy that is characteristic of nickel atoms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The beauty of nickel hyper-accumulators is that they collect something that is both a toxic pollutant if left in the soil, and a valuable material – nickel is used in making products from kitchen taps to electric car batteries","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter four years of exploration, Tjoa at last spotted two species of indigenous nickel hyper-accumulators in 2008: \u003Cem\u003ESarcotheca celebica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem\u003EKnema matanensis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. In the lab, she found that both of these native plants could store between 1,000 and 5,000 micrograms of nickel per gram of dried leaf.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was a start, but Tjoa was still hoping for something more. Compared with nickel-loving plants found elsewhere, these two showed fairly modest powers of hyperaccumulation. “We’re looking for plants that could accumulate at least 10,000 micrograms [per gram],” she says. At that threshold, it becomes economically viable to cultivate the plant for mineral extraction – or “phytomining”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETjoa’s research on these plants drew the attention of Satria Bijaksana, a professor of rock magnetism from Bandung Institute of Technology. Bijaksana was looking for relevant research on the relationship between Sulawesi’s geology and ecology, when he became fascinated by the phytomining studies conducted by Tjoa and by van der Ent. He wondered if his own expertise in magnetism could help speed up the search.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs hyper-accumulators have very high quantities of metals, so do their ashes once they have been burned – and some of these metals are magnetic. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F321965161_Nickel_hyperaccumulation_mechanisms_a_review_on_the_current_state_of_knowledge\"\u003EA number of studies have shown that nickel uptake in hyper-accumulator plants happens at the same time with the uptake of iron – a highly magnetic metal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Together with Tjoa, Bijaksana designed an experiment to see if magnetic susceptibility increases when the plants accumulate more nickel. By comparing the ashes from two species of well-known hyper-accumulators (\u003Cem\u003EAlyssum murale \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eand\u003Cem\u003E Alyssum corsicum\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) with 10 indigenous plants in Sulawesi and Halmahera, they found another positive result – one of the native plants was high in both iron and nickel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"No other country has a greater potential for phytomining than Indonesia – van der Ent","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We think using magnetism could speed up the process because it only detects high concentrations of nickel,” says Bijaksana, leading to fewer false positives as a result. Their study\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F341665760_Use_and_validation_of_magnetic_properties_for_differentiating_nickel_hyperaccumulators_and_non-nickel_hyperaccumulators_in_ultramafic_regions\"\u003E, which was published in May 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, identified two further species of nickel-loving plants from Sulawesi: \u003Cem\u003ECasearia halmaherensis \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eand another that was a type of pepper. Both could accumulate 2,600-2,900 micrograms in 1g of dried leaf. While the research is still preliminary, Bijaksana hopes it could convince people to take phytomining seriously in Indonesia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA new way to mine\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe beauty of nickel hyper-accumulators is that they collect something that is both a toxic pollutant if left in the soil, and a valuable material – nickel is used in making products from kitchen taps to electric car batteries. Collecting the nickel from plants is a relatively easy process.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe University of Queensland’s van der Ent has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F257189082_Ultramafic_nickel_laterites_in_Indonesia_Sulawesi_Halmahera_Mining_nickel_hyperaccumulators_and_opportunities_for_phytomining\"\u003Ecalculated that a hyper-accumulator like \u003Cem\u003EPhyllantus balgoyii\u003C\u002Fem\u003E can produce an estimated 120kg of nickel per hectare every year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. That translates to a market value of around $1,754 (£1,300) per hectare. Extracting the nickel involves pruning the shoots – which hold the highest concentrations of the metal – and burning them, after which the nickel can be separated from the ash. This involves releasing carbon dioxide through burning, but the continuous cultivation of nickel hyper-accumulators can be considered carbon neutral, says van der Ent. “All carbon released from the burning will be ‘captured’ again by the newly growing crop in a few months,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPhytomining has considerable environmental advantages over traditional forms of mining. In Sorowako, nickel is extracted through open-pit mining, to access nickel embedded inside laterite rocks. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.mit.edu\u002F12.000\u002Fwww\u002Fm2016\u002Ffinalwebsite\u002Fproblems\u002Fmining.html\"\u003ETo get the nickel, the rocks need to be crushed, which can release radioactive elements, naturally occurring asbestos-like substances, and metallic dust.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Open-pit mining also produces waste materials in the form of a toxic semi-liquid waste known as tailings. If not properly managed, arsenic and mercury-laden tailings can leak into surrounding environment. More broadly, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41561-020-0531-3\"\u003Etraditional mining as a whole is a considerable carbon emitter, releasing at least 10% of greenhouse emissions in 2017.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as offering a more environmentally friendly way to mine nickel, these plants could help to rehabilitate land that has already been mined. Tjoa says most mining companies in Indonesia ignore a requirement to replant disused sites with vegetation. When they do, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1755-1315\u002F157\u002F1\u002F012022\"\u003Ethey often try using ordinary plants, rather than nickel-loving species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut that undiscerning revegetation process is flawed, says van der Ent. “Most of these plants are common weeds that are highly undesirable for rehabilitation,” he says. Nickel hyper-accumulators could do it better, he says, by improving soil health by removing the nickel and bringing back the major nutrients needed by normal plants. “Eventually, normal crop plants can be cultivated on these soils after phytomining has finished,” he says. It could also give an economic benefit for the mining company because the nickel residue that has been accumulated in their shoots could be harvested. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F257189082_Ultramafic_nickel_laterites_in_Indonesia_Sulawesi_Halmahera_Mining_nickel_hyperaccumulators_and_opportunities_for_phytomining\"\u003ECurrently, only soil that consists of at least 1% nickel can be mined in the traditional way.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E “But a hyper-accumulator can achieve high levels of nickel accumulation in a soil that consists of just 0.1% [nickel],” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F329579782_The_first_tropical_'metal_farm'_Some_perspectives_from_field_and_pot_experiments\"\u003EIn Sabah, Malaysia, van der Ent has been conducting phytomining field trials since 2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “We found out that phytomining really works,” he says. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1021\u002Fes506031u\"\u003EThis could also be applied in soils that have not been mined but have naturally high levels of nickel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But van der Ent underlines that the technology is not aimed at replacing open-pit mining. That would be hard, given that Indonesia is the largest nickel producer in the world, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheinsiderstories.com\u002Findonesian-nickel-export-swells-to-us97m-in-october\u002F\"\u003Ewith around 73 million tonnes of nickel exported last year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Instead, phytomining could be done in parallel. Most importantly, unlike traditional mining, which often clashes with indigenous communities, “we envisage that it will be implemented by smallholders in rural communities living on nickel-rich areas as an alternative form of agriculture”, says van der Ent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite the potential, Tjoa has been frustrated at the slow pace of development of phytomining in Indonesia. “No one seems to pay attention to this potential,” she says. She says she tried to communicate with the mining firm PT Aneka Tambang (Antam) in 2009, Indonesia’s state-owned mining company, but the response was very slow and uncertain. The firm PT Inco once supported her research on phytomining when she did a field trial on the adaptation of\u003Cem\u003E Alyssum murale\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in Sorowako. But the collaboration was terminated partly because the company was restructuring. “Unfortunately, no collaboration since then,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe situation is an irony, says van der Ent. “No other country has a greater potential for phytomining than Indonesia,” he says. Given the extraordinary plant diversity and geological history, he is convinced that the country has a huge potential for the discovery of nickel hyper-accumulators. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fas-botanicalstudies.springeropen.com\u002Ftrack\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1186\u002Fs40529-017-0167-9\"\u003ESulawesi and Halmahera, the neighbouring island, has the largest ultramafic bedrocks, which can be rich in nickel, in the world, at 23,400 hectares (234 sq km\u002F90 sq miles)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As well as having high nickel concentrations, soils that originate from this bedrock support a high level of plant endemism. “That brings the minerals industry capitalising on nickel resources in direct conflict with biodiversity,” says van der Ent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe researchers believe many potential hyper-accumulators could be vanishing in rapid land clearances before they can be discovered. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F1999-4907\u002F10\u002F2\u002F191\u002Fpdf-vor#:~:text=The%20decline%20in%20forest%20cover,be%20seen%20in%20Figure%201.\"\u003EBetween 1990 and 2018, Sulawesi lost nearly 19% of its forest cover\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “We have lost such a big chance to find these plants,” says Tjoa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EShoots of hope\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Tjoa has not given up her search for hyper-accumulators. In central Sulawesi, a pristine rainforest sits on nickel-rich soils that make up the mountainous region in Morowali natural reserve. This greyish soil, which forms above a bedrock called serpentinite, is thought to be the perfect place for nickel-loving plants to grow. “Our survey in [the Indonesian island of] Halmahera has shown that nickel hyper-accumulators are common in this category of soil, but people haven’t looked for it in Sulawesi yet,” says van der Ent. “It all comes down to concerted efforts to find them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the meantime, an overseas mining company has expressed interest to experiment with phytomining locally, says Tjoa. In 2017, she was contacted by US-based investor who intends to fund her 5,000-hectare (50sq km\u002F19.3 sq mile) trial in Sulawesi. For this project, she says, she would like to use\u003Cem\u003E Alyssum murale\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the nickel-hyperaccumulator plant from Italy. It might not be ideal to use foreign species in Sulawesi’s ecosystem, but it is at least a sure bet. “Maybe we have to use it first to convince Indonesian government that phytomining works,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETjoa hopes that phytomining could become a part of every mining zone, with firms required to reserve a portion of rainforests in their concession area. Using plants rather than heavy machinery to mine would create less waste, preserve the ecosystem and produce less toxic waste. “That,” says Tjoa, “is extraordinary.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-18"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-26T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The rare plants that ‘bleed’ nickel","headlineShort":"The rare plants that ‘bleed’ nickel","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Rare and valuable plants that naturally “mine” large quantities of nickel are thought to be hiding in Indonesia’s forests – but it is a race to discover them before they are wiped out.","summaryShort":"Ironically, these plants are being wiped out by traditional nickel mines","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-25T23:10:12.561835Z","entity":"article","guid":"b2ce9134-73ce-44d0-8f1c-80b593b60240","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:27:05.475969Z","project":"future","slug":"20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229125},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat","_id":"612fbaf80e2e0c63ab2f9968","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"video","assetVideo":[],"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Insects are a nutrition-dense source of protein embraced by much of the world. Why are some of us so squeamish about eating them?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe idea of biting into a burger made from crushed crickets or mixing mealworms into your fried rice may take a little getting used to. But even if the thought of eating insects turns your stomach now, bugs could – and some researchers say should – form an important part of our diet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the West might be unusually squeamish about insects, people have been eating them for thousands of years, and in many parts of the world the practice is commonplace. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs40066-015-0041-5\"\u003EAround 2,000 insect species are eaten worldwide\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in countries across Asia, South America and Africa. In Thailand, heaped trays of crisp deep-fried grasshoppers are sold at markets and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Fstory\u002F20200217-the-japanese-village-that-eats-wasps\"\u003Ein Japan wasp larvae – eaten live – are a delicacy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We're in the middle of a biodiversity mass extinction, we're in the middle of a climate crisis, and yet we somehow need to feed a growing population at the same time – Sarah Beynon","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet in Europe, just 10% of people would be willing to replace meat with insects, according to a survey by the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.beuc.eu\u002Fpublications\u002Fmost-eu-consumers-open-eat-more-sustainably-face-hurdles-new-survey-shows\u002Fhtml\"\u003EEuropean Consumer Organisation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. To some, this unwillingness to eat insects is a missed opportunity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Insects are a really important missing piece of the food system,\" says Virginia Emery, chief executive of Beta Hatch, a US start-up that creates livestock feed out of mealworms. \"[They] are definitely a superfood. Super nutrient dense, just a whole lot of nutrition in a really small package.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBecause of this, farmed insects could help tackle two of the world's biggest problems at once: food insecurity and the climate crisis. \u003Cem\u003E(\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002Fvideo\u002Fp09djzvl\u002Fwhy-insects-are-the-missing-link-in-our-food-system\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWatch our video on how insects are the missing link in our food chain above or on BBC Reel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAgriculture is the \u003Cspan\u003Ebiggest driver of global biodiversity loss\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Rearing livestock accounts for \u003Cspan\u003E14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We're in the middle of a biodiversity mass extinction, we're in the middle of a climate crisis, and yet we somehow need to feed a growing population at the same time,\" says entomologist Sarah Beynon, who develops insect-based food at the Bug Farm in Pembrokeshire, Wales. \"We have to make a change and we have to make a big change.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInsect cultivation uses a fraction of the land, energy and water required for traditional farming, and has a significantly lower carbon footprint. Crickets produce up to 80% less methane than cows and 8-12 times less ammonia than pigs, according to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0014445\"\u003Estudy by researchers at the University of Wageningen\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the Netherlands. Methane is a highly potent greenhouse gas which, although shorter-lived in the atmosphere, has a global warming impact \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Fsite\u002Fassets\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F02\u002FSYR_AR5_FINAL_full.pdf\"\u003E84 times higher than CO2 over a 20-year period\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Ammonia is a pungent gas and air pollutant that causes soil acidification, groundwater pollution and ecosystem damage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Looking at a yield of protein per area, insect farming uses around an eighth of the land compared to beef – Peter Alexander","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFarming insects worldwide would free up vast tracts of land that are currently used to farm animals as well as produce feed for livestock. Replacing half of the meat eaten worldwide with mealworms and crickets has the potential to cut farmland use by a third, freeing up \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ed.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F2017\u002Fedible-insects-could-cut-harmful-emissions\"\u003E1,680 million hectares of land\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, equivalent to around 70 times the area of the UK. This could slash global emissions, according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2211912417300056\"\u003Ea study from the University of Edinburgh\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Looking at a yield of protein per area, insect farming uses around an eighth of the land compared to beef,\" says lead author Peter Alexander, a senior researcher in food security at the University of Edinburgh. Despite these findings, Alexander says eating a bean burger is the more sustainable option, as less energy is used to grow the plants than raise insects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, Tilly Collins, a senior teaching fellow at the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial College in London, argues that insects can fulfil some needs that plant-based foods can't. \"Plant-based diets often come with substantial carbon mileage. A lot of plants that people are wanting to eat have disastrous environmental consequences,\" she says. \"Efficiently farming insects is preferable.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECollins says insects could provide an especially important source of nutrition in developing countries. \"We have a very good diet in the UK. We rarely lack nutrition. But in Africa that is not the case,\" she says, noting that many African countries are rapidly scaling up production of insects to feed both humans and animals. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn many ways, insect farming is an example of efficiency turned into a fine art. Firstly there is the speed at which insects grow, reaching maturity in days, rather than the months or years it takes livestock, and they can produce thousands of offspring.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-ento-120811-153704\"\u003EThen there's the fact that insects are 12 to 25 times more efficient\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at converting their food into protein than animals, says Beynon. Crickets need six times less feed than cattle, four times less than sheep and two times less than pigs, according to the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Fforestry\u002Fedibleinsects\u002Fen\u002F\"\u003EFAO\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E. \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EOne of the main reasons behind this efficiency is because insects are cold-blooded and therefore waste less energy maintaining their body heat, says Alexander, though some species need to be reared in a warm environment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInsect farming also produces much less waste. \"With animals a lot of the meat is wasted. With insects we would eat the whole thing,\" says Alexander.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd as well as producing less waste, insects can also live off food and biomass that would otherwise be thrown away, says Collins, contributing to the circular economy, where resources are recycled and reused. Insects can be fed agricultural waste, such as the stems and stalks from plants that people don't eat, or scraps of food waste. To complete the recycling chain, their excrement can be used as fertiliser for crops.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We associate insects with everything but food. I mean with dirt, danger, with something disgusting, with something that makes us feel sick – Giovanni Sagari","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDespite the strong sustainability credentials and nutritional value associated with eating insects, there is a long way to go before they feature in any big way in Western diets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We associate insects with everything but food,\" says Giovanni Sagari, a food consumer researcher. \"I mean with dirt, danger, with something disgusting, with something that makes us feel sick.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut attitudes are starting to change. By 2027, the edible insects market is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.prnewswire.com\u002Fnews-releases\u002Fglobal-edible-insects-market-2021-to-2027---environmental-benefits-is-driving-growth-301206304.html\"\u003Eprojected to reach $4.63bn (£3.36bn)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and European companies are investing in edible insects following \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.efsa.europa.eu\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002Fedible-insects-science-novel-food-evaluations\"\u003Eapproval from the European Food Safety Authority\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"People's perceptions of food do change, but slowly,\" says Alexander. He points to the example of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgizmodo.com\u002Flobsters-were-once-only-fed-to-poor-people-and-prisoner-1612356919\"\u003Elobster, which for many years was considered a highly undesirable food and often served in prisons, before it became a luxury good\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"It was so plentiful that there was a law forbidding people from feeding lobster to prisoners more than twice a week.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESagari says the best commercial proposition is to grind insects into powders and include them in processed food, rather than serving them whole as a snack. Chef Andy Holcroft who runs the UK's first edible insect restaurant at the Bug Farm agrees with this assessment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Rather than sprinkling whole insects on a salad... I thought if we're going to get it accepted into mainstream food culture, the best way is to incorporate it as a percentage of the overall whole product,\" says Holcroft.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"At the end of the day, you might have the healthiest, most nutritional, most sustainable product but unless it tastes nice and people are willing to accept it, it may be a lot more difficult to get that across.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"gmail-p1\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-14"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-04-21T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"A neglected protein-rich 'superfood'","headlineShort":"A neglected protein-rich 'superfood'","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Insects are a nutrition-dense source of protein embraced by much of the world. Why are some of us so squeamish about eating them?","summaryShort":"In many cultures, insects have long been neglected as an abundant protein source","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-04-20T23:05:16.178309Z","entity":"article","guid":"39fa5f88-4d78-4f60-936c-22ebd0321b66","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:40:01.692913Z","project":"future","slug":"20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229125},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","_id":"612fb4be0e2e0c65e61df2ff","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe know that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181102-what-can-i-do-about-climate-change\"\u003Ewe are living through a climate crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20171022-the-hidden-crisis-shaping-life-on-earth\"\u003Ea mass extinction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and an era of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191113-the-toxic-killers-in-our-air-too-small-to-see\"\u003Enormalised pollution that harms our health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The urgent question is now: what do we do about it? What are the solutions to these problems?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFuture Planet is a home for in-depth, evidence-based stories on potential solutions. You will be hearing from the writers who are best placed to tell these stories: local reporters on the ground in the communities who have witnessed the challenge first hand. Meanwhile, in our global stories that span borders, our writers unravel how institutions, industries, laws and societal norms are changing – and how they need to change further.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECarbon footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe way we find and tell these stories is as important as the stories themselves. That is why we are bringing the carbon footprint of our journalism to the fore, so we can be accountable for and transparent about what we do.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou’ll see a figure on all our stories estimating the carbon it took to produce them, and you can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eread more about how we calculate that figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step. We will use this as a starting point for wider plans to monitor and reduce the carbon it takes to bring global stories to a global audience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe hope you enjoy Future Planet, which in its first week will take you to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-the-divers-trying-to-save-indias-vaan-island-from-sinking\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethe people saving tiny islands from erosion off the southern coast of India\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200203-the-south-african-plant-fighting-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethickets of a hardy succulent in South Africa that can sequester as much carbon as a rainforest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to the chilly streets of Belgium where sustainable heat is coming from an unlikely source.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe also want to know what you think are the solutions we need to create a sustainable world. From the people who are changing social norms, to the cities and industries that are being reimagined, and the sustainable technologies that can help us get there. Let us know via the social buttons below.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter here: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\"\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet-0"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What is Future Planet?","headlineShort":"What is Future Planet?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.","summaryShort":"Carbon-conscious reporting on environment solutions from around the world.","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-02-03T01:00:53.156342Z","entity":"article","guid":"9466c6e9-b688-4823-ac9c-c94347a0b884","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:13:26.834305Z","project":"future","slug":"20200131-what-is-future-planet","cacheLastUpdated":1631010229125},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","_id":"612fb4c10e2e0c65e61df300","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. How do we get that figure and why do we calculate it?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELike almost every human activity in the world, journalism releases carbon dioxide. Reporters often need to travel to reach a story, whether across a city or further afield. They need to switch on the lights, power up laptops and make phone calls. As in other industries, journalism’s carbon impact will lessen over time as (and if) more of the world’s power grids and transit systems are powered by sustainable energy. But for now, this is the reality we face.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is our new section devoted to covering the climate crisis, pollution and the environment, we felt it was important for it, as much as possible, to be part of the solution. As a result, we wanted to minimise our carbon footprint.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe do this, first, by keeping journalists’ travel to a minimum and prioritising local voices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut that doesn’t eliminate our carbon emissions from transport entirely. Sometimes local or regional travel is essential when there is no lower-carbon way to tell the story. And, in what may come as a surprise to some, digital publishing releases carbon emissions too: as a whole, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sustainablewebmanifesto.com\u002F\"\u003Ethe internet would be the sixth greatest emitter of greenhouse gases if it were a country\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet\"\u003EWhat is Future Planet?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190117-how-bbc-future-is-tackling-gender-imbalance\"\u003EHow we’re tackling our gender imbalance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181115-why-climate-change-photography-needs-a-new-look\"\u003EWhy climate change photography needs a new look\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt Future Planet, we want to be accountable for the impact we have – and be transparent with our readers. That’s why each Future Planet story carries a figure estimating the carbon emissions associated with creating it. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow do we get these figures?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe start by breaking each story’s carbon footprint down into two parts: carbon emissions from reporters’ transport for the story, and the emissions from the digital infrastructure needed to publish it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETransport emissions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen deciding whether to even assign a story, how much travel is required is a key factor for us. If a reporter needs to take a flight to reach their story, we are highly unlikely to commission it, and so far Future Planet has remained a flight-free publication. We would encourage them to look for stories closer to home or discuss whether it’s possible to do the story justice with reporting by phone and video calls. Cutting out flights is a major way we’ve reduced the carbon footprint of Future Planet – a single flight from London to, say, Cape Town, for example, emits 1.6 tonnes of carbon – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fenergy\u002Fgreenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator\"\u003Eequivalent of running an average home’s electricity for nearly 100 days\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOur focus on working with local reporters around the world also keeps long-distance travel to a minimum. If a longer-distance story is commissioned, we might ask the reporter to look around for other strong stories in the area, to make the most of our transport emissions. And once a story has been commissioned, our reporters keep note of what travel they do to report the story, including how far they go and the method of transport they use, and use an independently audited carbon calculator for travel to estimate emissions. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDigital footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis part of the calculation involves estimating the energy used to transfer data over the internet and the carbon intensity of electricity (the amount of CO2 emitted per unit of electricity consumed). We worked with the agency Wholegrain Digital to get a bespoke carbon estimate for Future Planet stories. (The BBC does not endorse particular products or services; rather, it was the only agency we could find offering a service to calculate carbon for a website’s emissions.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor a digital story, one of the big things we need to think about is the number of people who read it. As we can’t predict exactly how many readers will click on the story before we publish it, we use a per-pageview emissions estimate, which is the same for all stories. We got this figure using a test story, calculating emissions as above and then dividing that by the pageviews that the test story actually had over six months. That gives us a better estimate than just plugging in the URL from a story to the agency’s standard carbon calculator, because for a story where the number of pageviews is a weighty factor in the equation, using data on actual pageviews makes it more accurate. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe story we used as a test to get this figure was a BBC Future story, and we used the actual number of pageviews it had over a six-month period. Factors such as how many images a page has and the length of the story can make a big difference in the energy required to load the page, and how long the reader spends on the page. Our stories vary in length and number of images, so it’s important to stress that this figure is an estimate, not a precise measurement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHere are some other inherent unknowns we had to contend with:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe device that a reader accesses the story on can make a big difference to the energy used. A phone uses much less energy than a laptop, for example. We don’t have this data in real-time, so our calculation has to make an assumption based on typical reader behaviour. The calculation \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2078-1547\u002F6\u002F1\u002F117#abstract\"\u003Eassumes an average spread of devices based on how web users access pages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and also takes an average for other equipment used such as broadband routers.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EOur readers are based all around the world. The carbon intensity of the energy grid varies between countries. The calculation assumed the average intensity as reported by the International Energy Agency (475g CO2-equivalent per kWh). But in reality, this will vary based on where readers are in the world.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EFuture Planet does not reside on any single server, and the BBC has servers in multiple datacentres. The BBC also uses Content Delivery Networks, third-party networks of servers that reduce the load on our own. The calculation doesn’t take account of this, which slightly inflates the estimate as CDNs are more efficient.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe cumulative uncertainty from these factors is the reason we show the digital component of emissions as a range, rather than a single figure. It is a first-order approximation that, in time, we hope to make more precise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELimitations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause of the complexity of both travel and the internet, we can’t directly measure the exact carbon emissions from any specific story. Everyday trains and buses aren’t fitted with emissions measuring devices, for example, so we can’t be sure \u003Cem\u003Eexactly \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ehow much our journalist-passenger emitted on his or her journey. Similarly, we can’t yet measure for a given click exactly how much carbon is released from the transfer of that exact data over the internet, the energy to run those specific servers at any instant, or which type of device a reader is using when they make that click.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are other factors that some might argue should be counted in a story’s carbon emissions, too. What about the BBC staff who work on Future Planet, some full-time but many sporadically among other obligations – do we count, for example, the energy used to heat and power the office? If we do, should we count the carbon emissions from the large number of energy-hungry servers housed in the building, or is that irrelevant as they don’t host Future Planet? Or you could take it even further: if a journalist ate a sandwich while on location reporting for us, do we count the carbon footprint of the food – or not, since they’d likely have to eat regardless of whether they were on assignment? What about the energy used to power their laptop as they did their research and wrote?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELooking ahead\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s easy to get lost in the weeds remarkably quickly. But we don’t see these complexities as an excuse not to make most accurate estimate we can, based on the most recent and relevant research – and to be open with you about not only these figures, but their limitations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe currently use the best tools available to monitor our emissions from transport and digital publishing. As new ways to estimate carbon emissions in the complex connected digital and analogue worlds improve, we will refine our carbon-counting strategy to match. You’ll be able to read updates on that here.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe calculations involved are complex, the assumptions made are many and varied, but at the heart of Future Planet is a simple ethos: we want to be open about our carbon footprint and we want to make it smaller, using whatever tools currently available. These tools may not yet be perfect. Our efforts may not be, either. But we believe that heading in the right direction is better than taking no steps at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per pageview.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-4"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why and how does Future Planet count carbon?","headlineShort":"Why does Future Planet count carbon?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. 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