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.mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right { position: absolute; pointer-events: none; z-index: 2; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left { top: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right { top: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left { bottom: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right { right: 0; bottom: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl { clear: both; pointer-events: auto; -webkit-transform: translate(0); transform: translate(0); } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 10px 0 0 10px; float: left; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 10px 10px 0 0; float: right; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 0 0 10px 10px; float: left; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 0 10px 10px 0; float: right; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group { border-radius: 4px; background: #fff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty) { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty) { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px ButtonText; box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px ButtonText; } } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button { width: 29px; height: 29px; display: block; padding: 0; outline: none; border: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button + button { border-top: 1px solid #ddd; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50%; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-color: transparent; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button + button { border-top: 1px solid ButtonText; } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button::-moz-focus-inner { border: 0; padding: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled { cursor: not-allowed; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { opacity: .25; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:not(:disabled):hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:focus-visible { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:not(:focus-visible) { -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:first-child { border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:last-child { border-radius: 0 0 4px 4px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:only-child { border-radius: inherit; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23999'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23aaa'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-waiting .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { -webkit-animation: mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite; animation: mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23999'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23666'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); } to { -webkit-transform: rotate(1turn); } } @keyframes mapboxgl-spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } to { -webkit-transform: rotate(1turn); transform: rotate(1turn); } } a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { width: 88px; height: 23px; margin: 0 0 -4px -4px; display: block; background-repeat: no-repeat; cursor: pointer; overflow: hidden; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 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height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg opacity='.3' stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20210905102456im_/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg opacity='.9' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo.mapboxgl-compact { width: 23px; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { background-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 0-2.32-1.9-4.17-4.27-4.17zM60.63 5c.13 0 .23.1.23.23v3.76c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 1.88 0 3.45 1.4 3.84 3.28.13.59.13 1.2 0 1.8-.39 1.88-1.96 3.29-3.84 3.29-1.03 0-2.02-.43-2.73-1.18v.77c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V5.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-34 11h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23V8.22c.01-.13.1-.22.23-.22h1.4c.13 0 .22.11.23.22v.68c.5-.68 1.3-1.09 2.16-1.1h.03c1.09 0 2.09.6 2.6 1.55.45-.95 1.4-1.55 2.44-1.56 1.62 0 2.93 1.25 2.9 2.78l.03 5.2c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.8 0-1.46.7-1.59 1.62l.01 4.68c0 .13-.11.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20210905102456im_/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 0-2.32-1.9-4.17-4.27-4.17zM60.63 5c.13 0 .23.1.23.23v3.76c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 1.88 0 3.45 1.4 3.84 3.28.13.59.13 1.2 0 1.8-.39 1.88-1.96 3.29-3.84 3.29-1.03 0-2.02-.43-2.73-1.18v.77c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V5.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-34 11h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23V8.22c.01-.13.1-.22.23-.22h1.4c.13 0 .22.11.23.22v.68c.5-.68 1.3-1.09 2.16-1.1h.03c1.09 0 2.09.6 2.6 1.55.45-.95 1.4-1.55 2.44-1.56 1.62 0 2.93 1.25 2.9 2.78l.03 5.2c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.8 0-1.46.7-1.59 1.62l.01 4.68c0 .13-.11.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='3' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20210905102456im_/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib { padding: 0 5px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); margin: 0; } @media screen { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact { min-height: 20px; padding: 0; margin: 10px; position: relative; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 3px 12px 12px 3px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover { padding: 2px 24px 2px 4px; visibility: visible; margin-top: 6px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover { padding: 2px 4px 2px 24px; border-radius: 12px 3px 3px 12px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib-inner { display: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib-inner { display: block; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { content: ""; cursor: pointer; position: absolute; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); width: 24px; height: 24px; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 12px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { bottom: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { top: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { top: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { bottom: 0; left: 0; } } @media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib a { color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); text-decoration: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib a:hover { color: inherit; text-decoration: underline; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib .mapbox-improve-map { font-weight: 700; margin-left: 2px; } .mapboxgl-attrib-empty { display: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-scale { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75); font-size: 10px; border: 2px solid #333; border-top: #333; padding: 0 5px; color: #333; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .mapboxgl-popup { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; will-change: transform; pointer-events: none; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right { -ms-flex-direction: column-reverse; flex-direction: column-reverse; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right { -ms-flex-direction: row-reverse; flex-direction: row-reverse; } .mapboxgl-popup-tip { width: 0; height: 0; border: 10px solid transparent; z-index: 1; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-top: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: start; align-self: flex-start; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-bottom: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: start; align-self: flex-start; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-left: none; border-right-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-right: none; border-left-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-close-button { position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; border: 0; border-radius: 0 3px 0 0; cursor: pointer; background-color: transparent; } .mapboxgl-popup-close-button:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .mapboxgl-popup-content { position: relative; background: #fff; border-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: 10px 10px 15px; pointer-events: auto; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-top-left-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-top-right-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-bottom-left-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-bottom-right-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: none; } .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer * { pointer-events: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .mapboxgl-map:hover .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .mapboxgl-map:active .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: none; } .mapboxgl-marker { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; will-change: transform; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot, .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before { background-color: #1da1f2; width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 50%; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before { content: ""; position: absolute; -webkit-animation: mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite; animation: mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:after { border-radius: 50%; border: 2px solid #fff; content: ""; height: 19px; left: -2px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 19px; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); } @-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 70% { -webkit-transform: scale(3); opacity: 0; } to { -webkit-transform: scale(1); opacity: 0; } } @keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 70% { -webkit-transform: scale(3); transform: scale(3); opacity: 0; } to { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 0; } } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale { background-color: #aaa; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale:after { display: none; } .mapboxgl-user-location-accuracy-circle { background-color: rgba(29, 161, 242, 0.2); width: 1px; height: 1px; border-radius: 100%; } .mapboxgl-crosshair, .mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive, .mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive:active { cursor: crosshair; } .mapboxgl-boxzoom { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 0; height: 0; background: #fff; border: 2px dotted #202020; opacity: .5; } @media print { .mapbox-improve-map { display: none; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .partner-module { border-bottom: 1px solid #472479; border-top: 0; } .partner-module__link, .partner-module__link:visited { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; padding: 0; text-decoration: none; } .partner-module__link:hover { background-color: #f5f5f5; } .partner-module__heading { display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: 16px 0; } .partner-module__partner-name { font-weight: bold; } .partner-module__partner-logo { display: block; height: 31px; margin: 12px 0; margin-left: 17px; width: 88px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .uppercase-label { color: #8f8d8d; font-size: 12px; font-style: condensed; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .uppercase-label--small { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 14px; margin: 0; } .uppercase-label--medium { font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--reith-condensed { font-weight: 400; } .uppercase-label--white { color: #ebebeb; } .uppercase-label--light-grey { color: #999; } .uppercase-label--dark-grey { color: #444; } .uppercase-label--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--true-white { color: #fff; text-shadow: 0 1px 1px #193e6d; } .uppercase-label--arial { font-family: Arial; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .author-unit { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; } .author-unit--small-mobile { line-height: 30px; } .author-unit .author-unit__container { color: #4a4a4a; margin: 0 auto; } .author-unit .author-unit__container--desktop { margin: 0; } .author-unit__container { -ms-flex-align: baseline; align-items: baseline; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 10px 0; } .author-unit__text { font-style: italic; font-weight: 600; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none; } .author-unit__icon { color: #6a6a6a; padding-right: 14px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: 1px; } .author-unit__icon:hover { color: #00bbf2; } .label-with-line { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .label-with-line__label { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .body-text-card-inline-video { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-video { height: 100%; } .inline-video__container { position: relative; } .inline-video__border-line { padding: 0 10px; } .inline-video .play-button__inline-video { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; z-index: 1000; } .inline-video__smp { background-color: #000; padding-bottom: 56.25%; } .inline-video__smp--loaded { background-color: unset; padding-bottom: unset; } .inline-video__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin: 0 10px 0 3%; padding: 20px 0 12px; } .inline-video__description--desktop { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); margin: 0 18px; padding: 28px 0 18px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } .spinner { fill: #444; } .spinner__image { -webkit-animation: spin 1s linear infinite; animation: spin 1s linear infinite; } .spinner--worklife { fill: #8beed9; } .spinner--future { fill: #ffc857; } .spinner--culture { fill: #472479; } .spinner--travel { fill: #002856; } .spinner--earth { fill: #002856; } .spinner--white { fill: #fff; } .spinner--audio { height: 32px; width: 32px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-image__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); font-style: italic; margin: 0 10px; padding: 20px 0 12px; } .inline-image__description--desktop { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); margin: 0 18px; padding: 20px 0 18px; } .inline-image img { border-radius: 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-quote { border-left: 3px solid #575757; color: #575757; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0; padding-left: 22px; } .inline-quote--worklife { border-left: 3px solid #8beed9; } .inline-quote--future { border-left: 3px solid #ffc857; } .inline-quote--culture { border-left: 3px solid #472479; } .inline-quote--earth { border-left: 3px solid #002856; } .inline-quote h2 { font-weight: 300; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-audio-player { background: none; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div { /* CreateSMPAudio */ display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div { height: 50px; position: relative; /* stylelint-disable-next-line selector-max-compound-selectors */ } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div > div { padding: 0 !important; } .inline-audio-player__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-holder { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #ededed; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-right: 8px; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising * { cursor: initial; pointer-events: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising button { opacity: 0.6; } .inline-audio-player__text { background: none; border: 0; color: #222; cursor: pointer; font-size: 18px; height: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; outline: inherit; padding: 0; } .inline-audio-player__text--offline { cursor: default; pointer-events: none; } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player__inner-arrow { color: #4d4d49; font-size: 10px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button { background-color: transparent; border: 0; margin-left: auto; outline: none; -webkit-transition: all 0.5s ease; transition: all 0.5s ease; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button__open { -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg); transform: rotate(180deg); } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player__hidden { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container { background-color: #ededed; color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 1rem; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container__hide { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .inline-audio-player__line { margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player .previous-media-button { height: 50px; margin-right: 1px; width: 50px; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .copyright__text { color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .copyright__text { margin-top: 12px; } } .content-embed { width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-video { height: 100%; position: relative; } .article-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-video__overlay { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; left: 50%; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 1500; } .article-video__label { margin-bottom: 16px; } .article-video__image { bottom: 0; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__image--hide { opacity: 0; } .article-video__playercore { display: block; } .article-video__playercore--mobile { display: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__playercore--show { display: block; } .article-video--bordered { border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; } .infographic-embed__frame { width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 180px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .hero-video__video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 80%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; width: 80%; z-index: 2; } .hero-video__video--desktop { left: 0; top: 65px; width: 71.5% !important; } .hero-video__video--mobile { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .hero-video__video--small-desktop { height: 70%; left: 0; top: 78px; width: 67%; } .hero-video--small-desktop, .hero-video--desktop { display: block; height: 720px; } .hero-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; -webkit-filter: brightness(40%); filter: brightness(40%); } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .hero-video img { opacity: 0.5; } } .hero-video--mobile { height: 280px; } .hero-video--medium-mobile { height: 430px; } .hero-video--tablet { height: 574px; } .hero-video--tablet .hero-video__video { margin-bottom: 10px; } .hero-video__play-button { position: absolute; z-index: 100; } .hero-video__video div div { position: inherit !important; position: unset !important; } .share-tools-popout { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 30px 0 20px; position: relative; width: 300px; } .share-tools-popout__text { color: #444; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 18px 18px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .share-tools-popout__url-container { padding: 0 18px; width: 100%; } .share-tools-popout__articleurl { border: 1px solid #979797; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a39f9f; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding: 12px 10px; text-align: center; width: 262px; } .share-tools-popout__close { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; right: 8px; top: 20px; } .share-tools-popout__close:hover .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #888; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #000; font-size: 16px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 40px; position: absolute; top: -7px; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 12px; } .share-tools-popout__tools { margin-bottom: 13px; } .share-tools-popout__details { -ms-flex-item-align: normal; -ms-grid-row-align: normal; align-self: normal; color: #444; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; max-width: 180px; padding-left: 14px; } .share-tools-popout__copied, .share-tools-popout__copy { background-color: #000; border: unset; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 12px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; width: 110px; } .share-tools-popout__copy:hover { background-color: #555; } .share-tools-popout__copied .gelicon--yes { color: #ff9700; margin-left: 8px; } .share-button-with-popout { position: relative; z-index: 9999; } .share-button-with-popout__popout { max-width: 330px; padding-right: 8px; position: absolute; top: 53px; width: 100%; } .share-button-with-popout__popout--desktop { width: auto; } .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-end__share-tools { margin-bottom: 0; } .article-end--tablet .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 36px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 44px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-bottom: 50px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share { margin-top: 0; } .article-end__share { margin-top: 5px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-share-tools a, .article-share-tools button { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 52px; margin-right: 2px; width: 52px; } .article-share-tools--dark a, .article-share-tools--dark button { color: #444; height: 54px; width: 54px; } .article-share-tools--dark a svg, .article-share-tools--dark button svg { stroke: #444; } .article-share-tools a:hover, .article-share-tools button:hover { background-color: #fff; } .article-share-tools .facebook-icon:hover { color: #3b5898; } .article-share-tools .email-icon:hover { color: #615f5d; } .article-share-tools .twitter-icon:hover { color: #47c7fa; } .article-share-tools .linkedin-icon:hover { color: #0077b5; } .article-share-tools .whatsapp-icon:hover { color: #25d366; } .article-share-tools .facebook-messenger { color: #0184ff; } .article-share-tools .ticked-icon { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; font-size: 11px; margin-right: 2px; padding: 3px; } .article-share-tools--popout > *, .article-share-tools--popout a { color: #020203; margin-bottom: 3px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .domestic-disclaimer { background-color: #333; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__content { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 990px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop-small { max-width: 976px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop { max-width: 1248px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; margin: auto; padding: 8px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--tablet { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 16px 54px 16px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--desktop { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 0; max-width: 890px; padding: 14px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 16px 0 0; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button--desktop { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon--desktop { font-size: 22px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-text__text { background-color: #fff; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); margin: 0 8px; opacity: 0.95; padding: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 3; } .section-header-text__text--no-margin { margin: 0; } .section-header-text__ad { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0 8px 8px; position: relative; top: unset; } .section-header-text__ad--desktop { margin: 0 0 8px; } .section-header-text__title { display: inline-block; } .section-header-text__title--large-margin { margin: 0 40px 16px 0; } .section-header-text__title--premium { border: 1.78px solid; padding: 8px; } .section-header-text__title-content { color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; } .section-header-text__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; } .section-header-text__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .section-header-text__description { color: #555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; } .section-header-text__description--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-unit { max-width: 1280px; position: relative; } .section-header-unit--tablet { height: 320px; } .section-header-unit--desktop { border-radius: 4px; height: 320px; overflow: hidden; } .section-header-unit__image { height: 320px; max-height: 320px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .section-header-unit__image img { left: 50%; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .section-header-unit__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__content { position: relative; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .section-header-unit__content--desktop { bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; max-width: 420px; position: absolute; right: 32px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .section-header-unit__content--advert { -webkit-transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); /* - half the height of the advert so the text is still centered. */ } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .label-list { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; position: relative; } .label-list__line { width: 100%; } .label-list__content { margin: 30px 0 0 16px; width: 100%; } .label-list__content--tablet { margin: 34px 0 0 38px; } .label-list__content--desktop { margin: 42px 0 0 32px; } .label-list__list-item { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .label-list__link { color: #444; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-decoration: none; } .label-list__link:hover { color: #adadad; } .label-list__link--large { font-size: 22px; line-height: 29px; } .label-list__link:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 8px; } .label-list__link--large:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 12px; } .label-list__list-items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 36px; } .label-list__list-items--tablet { margin-top: 52px; } .label-list__list-items--desktop { margin-top: 46px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .offline-reading { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .offline-reading__header { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 16px; max-width: 220px; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__header--desktop { font-size: 18px; max-width: 460px; } .offline-reading__buttons { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__buttons--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .offline-reading__top-stories { margin-bottom: 24px; } .offline-reading__top-stories--desktop { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .offline-reading__icon { display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 24px; width: 120px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-image { background-size: cover; height: 74px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 132px; } .rectangle-image img { height: 100%; left: 50%; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: auto; } .rectangle-image--small { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 32px; width: 56px; } .rectangle-image--large { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 162px; width: 288px; } .rectangle-image--medium { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 126px; width: 222px; } .rectangle-image--full-screen { padding-top: 56.25%; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image img { -webkit-transition: all 0.4s ease; transition: all 0.4s ease; } .rectangle-image__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .rectangle-image:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-image:hover img { height: 108%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 288px; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image img { height: 108%; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container { position: relative; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item--tablet { width: 222px; } .rectangle-story-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1 auto; flex: 1 1 auto; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 3px; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__line { display: block; margin: 16px 0; } .rectangle-story-item__author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; bottom: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; height: 44px; line-height: 44px; position: absolute; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.4s ease; transition: 0.4s ease; width: 44px; } .rectangle-story-item__title--white, .rectangle-story-item__author--white, .rectangle-story-item__label--white { color: #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white:hover { border-bottom: 0; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; } .rectangle-article-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-article-group--tablet, .rectangle-article-group--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .rectangle-article-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-top: 12px; } .rectangle-article-group__article--tablet { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .rectangle-article-group__article--desktop { padding: 0 24px 0 0; } .fake-ad { -ms-flex-line-pack: center; align-content: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #f6f6f6; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding: 8px; } .fake-ad__body { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #5ae9cb; color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .fake-ad__text { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; color: #444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__body { height: 320px; width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__text { width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 50px; width: 300px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 300px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 90px; width: 728px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 728px; } .body-text-card-inline-image { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .body-text-card { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; } .body-text-card__image, .body-text-card__video { margin: 24px 0; } .body-text-card__text { display: block; } .body-text-card__advert { margin: 20px 0; } .body-text-card__text div a { cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .body-text-card__text a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .body-text-card__text > div > p { margin: 0 20px 16px; } .body-text-card__text > div > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } .body-text-card__drop-capped { float: left; margin: 0 8px 0 20px; padding-top: 6px; } .body-text-card__text--drop-capped p:first-of-type::first-letter { color: transparent; font-size: 0; } .body-text-card__text--flush-text > div > p { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } .body-text-card__text--future div a:visited { color: #666; } .body-text-card__text--future div a { color: #002856; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #002856; text-decoration-color: #002856; } .body-text-card__text--travel div a { color: #589e50; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #589e50; text-decoration-color: #589e50; } .body-text-card__text--worklife div a { color: #0052a1; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0052a1; text-decoration-color: #0052a1; } .body-text-card__text--earth div a { color: #0fbb56; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; } .body-text-card__text--culture div a { color: #472479; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #472479; text-decoration-color: #472479; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .branding { -webkit-box-sizing: content-box !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; display: inline-block; height: 24px; padding: 12px 16px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon { display: inline-block; height: 24px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon g { fill: #fff; } .branding--medium { padding: 16px; } .branding--large { padding: 16px 24px; } .branding--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .branding--future { background-color: #002856; } .branding--culture { background-color: #472479; } .branding--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .branding--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .branding--travel svg, .branding--earth svg, .branding--culture svg, .branding--future svg, .branding--worklife svg { height: 24px; } .branding--small, .branding--small svg { height: 17px; } .branding__icon--medium, .branding--medium, .branding--medium svg { height: 22px; } .branding__icon--large, .branding--large, .branding--large svg { height: 24px; } .branding__icon--largest, .branding--largest, .branding--largest svg { height: 32px; } .branding__icon--small, .branding--travel .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--earth .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--culture .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--future .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--worklife .branding__icon--small svg { height: 17px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .swimlane-inner { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 100%; display: block; padding: 24px 16px; } .swimlane-inner--small { padding: 24px 8px; } .swimlane-inner--tablet { padding: 28px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--small-desktop { padding: 30px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--desktop { padding: 38px 16px 42px; } .swimlane { overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 0; } .swimlane__black { background-color: #0e0e0e; } .swimlane__background-image { height: 500px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 915px; z-index: -1; } .swimlane__background-image--mobile { height: 181px; width: 320px; } .swimlane__background-image--tablet { height: 421px; width: 752px; } .swimlane__background-image--desktop { height: 500px; width: 915px; } .swimlane__background-image--atb { background-color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8); background-size: cover; height: 100%; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item { margin: 0 0 25px; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item--desktop { margin: 0; } .swimlane__item--tablet { margin: 0 16px 25px 0; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 3); } .swimlane__item--tablet:nth-of-type(3n + 3) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__item--two-columns { margin-right: 0 !important; max-width: 572px; width: 50%; } .swimlane__item--four-columns { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-right: 16px; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 4); } .swimlane__item--four-columns:nth-of-type(4n + 4) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 24px; text-align: left; } .swimlane__items--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-top: 42px; } .swimlane__items--small-desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--tablet { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--no-title { margin-top: 0; } .swimlane__content { margin: auto; max-width: 942px; text-align: center; } .swimlane__content--desktop { max-width: 1216px; } .swimlane__title { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .swimlane__title--black { color: #010101; font-weight: 400; } .see-more-button-container-alt { color: #0e0e0e; } .follow-us-on { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .follow-us-on__text { color: #fff; font-size: 16px; font-style: condensed; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .follow-us-on__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .follow-us-on__link:first-child { margin-right: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-bar { background-color: #fff; } .nav-bar__hidden-menu { display: none; } .nav-bar__visible-menu { display: block; } .nav-bar__no-scroll { max-height: 100vh; overflow: hidden; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .dot-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .dot-with-label__text { padding-left: 8px; } .dot-with-label__text a { text-decoration: none; } .dot-with-label__text:hover h2 { color: #adadad; } .sponsor-section { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; max-width: 530px; } .sponsor-section--menu { padding: 20px 0 16px 24px; } .sponsor-section__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; } .sponsor-section__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .sponsor-section__sponsor { color: #fff; padding-right: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0; white-space: nowrap; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--mobile { padding-bottom: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu { color: #fff; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu-desktop { font-size: 32px; } .sponsor-section__summary { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-top: 16px; } .sponsor-section__advert { display: inline-block; } .icon-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .icon-with-label__icon { padding-right: 10px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .more-articles-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles-item__link { text-decoration: none; } .more-articles-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; } .more-articles-item__label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 8px; } .more-articles-item__type { margin-right: 16px; position: relative; } .more-articles-item__icon { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 8px; } .more-articles-item__text { color: #fff; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; padding: 0; position: relative; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .more-articles-item__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .more-articles-item__text--large { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 30px; line-height: 37px; } .more-articles-item__container--column { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .more-articles-item__image-container { position: relative; } .more-articles-item--two-columns { margin-right: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--desktop { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--tablet { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__link:hover .more-articles-item__text { color: #adadad; } .full-width-image-article { width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__container { min-height: 325px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .full-width-image-article__container--desktop { min-height: 400px; } .full-width-image-article__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #fff; left: 50%; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__label { display: inline-block; font-size: 14.4px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header--desktop { font-size: 33.6px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author { font-size: 16.6px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.13px; line-height: 42px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 28px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author--desktop { margin-top: 32px; } .full-width-image-article__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__link { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .more-articles { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-transition: background-image 0.4s; transition: background-image 0.4s; } .more-articles__heading { display: inline-block; margin: auto; max-width: 1272px; padding: 20px 0 0 16px; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__stories { margin: 10px 16px 42px; max-width: 1232px; padding: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 4; } .more-articles__stories--small { padding: 0; } .more-articles__stories--tablet { margin: 24px 16px 72px; max-width: 1216px; } .more-articles__stories--desktop { margin: 56px 48px 92px; max-width: 1152px; } .more-articles__story-container:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 16px; } .more-articles__line { opacity: 0.3; padding-top: 16px; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__image-overlay { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.3); bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } .more-articles__image { opacity: 0; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .more-articles__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .more-articles__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--visible { opacity: 1; } .more-articles__story--two-columns, .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 16px; width: 310px; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(even) .more-articles__story--two-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(3n + 3) .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns, .more-articles__stories--three-columns { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 16px; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns .more-articles-item__link, .more-articles__stories--three-columns .more-articles-item__link { pointer-events: all; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50%; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns:nth-child(2) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 33%; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns:nth-child(-n + 3) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__heading--small { padding: 20px 0 0 8px; } .more-articles__heading--desktop { max-width: 1264px; padding: 38px 0 0 16px; } .more-articles__heading--tablet { max-width: 1264px; padding: 24px 0 0 16px; } .most-popular { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .most-popular__inner { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 894px; padding: 45px 24px 21px; } .most-popular__inner--desktop { padding: 47px 0 86px; } .most-popular__header { color: #010101; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular__items { display: block; } .most-popular__items--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 57px; } .most-popular-item { box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 33px; } .most-popular-item:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 42px; } .most-popular-item--desktop { padding: 0 20px; width: calc(33.333%); } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 2) { -ms-flex-order: 2; order: 2; padding: 38px 20px; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 3) { -ms-flex-order: 3; order: 3; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(n+4) { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; } .most-popular-item--desktop:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .most-popular-item a { text-decoration: none; } .most-popular-item__content { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 5px; } .most-popular-item__number { color: #cbcbcb; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 32px; margin: 0 20px 0 0; width: 25px; } .most-popular-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 0 45px; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular-item__title { color: #2e2e2ecc; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.17px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; } .most-popular-item__title--desktop { font-size: 16px; } .StickyElementContent { -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s, -webkit-transform 0.5s; } .StickyElementContent--is-undocked { left: 0; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100%; } .StickyElementContent--is-hidden { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-page-header { position: relative; } .error-page-header__headers { margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .error-page-header__headers--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page-header__description { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; } .error-page-header__play-icon { margin-right: 16px; } .error-page-header__play-icon button { color: #adadad; } .error-page-header__dot-label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .styled-list__item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .styled-list__item:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 8px; } .styled-list__item a { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .styled-list__item--worklife a { color: #8beed9; } .styled-list__item--future a { color: #ffc857; } .styled-list__item--culture a { color: #472479; } .styled-list__item--earth a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__item--travel a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__text { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-left: 20px; } .styled-list__dot { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 8px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .image-gallery-item { margin: 26px 0; } .image-gallery-item img { height: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -42%; width: 142%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -55%; width: 155%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin: 20px 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { max-height: 507px; min-height: 463px; } @media (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 768px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { min-height: 818px; } } .error-page { position: relative; } .error-page__container { margin-bottom: 16px; } .error-page__container--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page__title { margin-bottom: 12px; } .error-page__title--desktop { margin-bottom: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-labels { font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-labels a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none; } .article-labels__text:first-child { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin: auto; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--small-tablet { -ms-flex-pack: unset; justify-content: unset; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen { display: block; } .rectangle-story-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-left: 18px; padding-top: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--tablet { padding-left: 20px; padding-top: 22px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop { padding-left: 22px; padding-top: 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop:first-of-type { padding-left: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-tablet { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; width: 50%; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen { display: block; padding: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen:first-of-type { padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop { padding-left: 10px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop:last-of-type { padding-right: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__articles-container { margin: auto; max-width: 950px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 16px 16px 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--desktop { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; display: block; padding: 0 0 0 16px; padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--small-desktop { display: block; padding: 0 0 0 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-title-card-rectangle { width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image:hover .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { opacity: 1; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease, -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; width: 100%; will-change: transform; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .article-title-card-rectangle__image { margin-right: 40px; max-height: 390px; max-width: 620px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: auto; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image img { display: block; min-height: 194px; min-width: 344px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop { margin-right: 0; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet img, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop img { width: 110%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--preview-article { margin-right: 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--index { margin-right: 0; max-width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--preview-article { margin-right: 8px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--index { -ms-flex-align: initial; align-items: initial; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box { background-color: #fff; margin-left: 40px; padding: 16px 22px 0; position: relative; top: -22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife:hover, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index { color: #000; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: -0.53px; line-height: 30px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--tablet { font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.74px; line-height: 44px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--desktop { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 44px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header { color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 12px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--tablet { font-size: 26px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--index { color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.12px; line-height: 31px; margin-top: 4px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 8px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet { margin: 14px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { left: -40px; margin: 0; padding: 40px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet { padding: 35px 22px 22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index { left: 0; margin-right: 40px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--tablet { margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px; padding: 30px 36px 0; top: -80px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--desktop { margin-left: 50px; max-width: 560px; top: -88px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__link { color: #000; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container { display: block; max-width: 252px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop { max-width: 320px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-container { color: #4d4d4d; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-text { display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 27px; max-width: 396px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__read-more { display: inline-block; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 4px; margin: 25px 16px 0 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-title-card-rectangle__arrow { color: #bababa; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(-90deg); transform: rotate(-90deg); } .article-headline { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 43px 0; } .article-headline .article-labels { text-align: center; } .article-headline__line--short { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline--largeTablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--tablet { padding: 31px 0; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; margin: 0 15px 23px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile { padding: 20px 0; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__text { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.63px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline__collection a { color: #242424; } .article-headline__text { font-size: 45px; letter-spacing: -1.26px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 44px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .loading-spinner { margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } .loading-spinner__message { color: #002756; display: block; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: bold; margin: 12px 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .loading-spinner__image { display: block; margin: 0 auto; width: 48px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 900px; position: relative; } .hero-image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; } .hero-image img { height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-hero { height: 672px; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 100%; } .article-hero--small-mobile { height: 373px; } .article-hero--mobile { height: 486px; } .article-hero--small-tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 15px 0; } .article-hero__content { margin: auto; max-width: 1004px; pointer-events: none; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .article-hero--desktop { height: 573px; } .article-hero--desktop .article-hero__content { padding: 50px 30px 0; } .article-hero--large-desktop .article-hero__content { max-width: 1276px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 10px 0; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-title { font-size: 24px; line-height: 30px; max-width: 220px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-line { margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-labels { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta { line-height: 22px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta a { letter-spacing: 3px; } .article-hero__ambient-hidden { display: none; } .article-hero__background-ambient { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; z-index: -1; } .article-hero__background::after { background-image: linear-gradient(-63deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06) 24%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 51%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32) 67%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.51) 100%); content: ''; height: 100%; left: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background--parallax img { -webkit-transform: scale(1.1); transform: scale(1.1); } .article-hero a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .article-hero__content-cta { clear: both; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 4px; line-height: 20px; max-width: 170px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); text-transform: uppercase; } .article-hero__content-cta a { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; letter-spacing: 4px; } .article-hero__content-labels { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px; pointer-events: all; } .article-hero__content-line { background-color: #fff; border: 0; display: block; float: left; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 300px; margin-top: 25px; width: 120px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow { position: relative; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::before { background: #fff; content: ''; height: 2px; left: 5px; margin-top: -1px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease; width: 20px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::after { border-right: 2px solid #fff; border-top: 2px solid #fff; content: ''; display: inline-block; height: 10px; left: 16px; margin-top: 5px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 10px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::before { opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::after { margin-top: 6px; opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow img { height: 11px; margin-left: 10px; width: 19px; } .article-hero__content-title { color: #fff; font-size: 50px; line-height: 54px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 450px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.7); } .article-hero__content-title a { letter-spacing: -1.32px; } .article-hero__title-text { display: inline; } .article-hero__content-title > a:hover > div, .article-hero__content-subtitle > a:hover { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(100%, currentColor), color-stop(0%, transparent)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, currentColor 100%, transparent 0%); background-position: 0 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 100% 2px; } .article-hero__content-subtitle { clear: both; color: #fff; font-size: 23px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 440px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.5); } .article-hero__content-subtitle a { letter-spacing: -1px; } .article-hero__content-title--small { font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px; } .article-hero__content-title--tablet { clear: both; font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 42px; max-width: 264px; } .article-hero__content-title--small a { letter-spacing: -0.63px; } .article-hero__down-arrow { background-color: transparent; border: 0; bottom: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; left: calc(50% - 29px); margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: scale(0.5); transform: scale(0.5); } .see-more-button-container { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable */ @media screen and (min-width: 1000px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 900px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 601px) and (max-width: 999px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 600px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 600px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 300px; } } .related-articles { position: relative; } .related-articles__header { text-align: center; background-color: #000; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 8px; text-transform: uppercase; } .related-articles__header--bright { margin: 20px 0 1.15ex; font-size: 13px; background-color: #d8d8d8; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 3; } .related-articles__list { list-style: none; padding: 0 0 1.5ex 0; margin: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; /* .with-numbers */ } .related-articles__list li { -ms-flex-preferred-size: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row nowrap; flex-flow: row nowrap; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; -ms-flex-line-pack: stretch; align-content: stretch; } .related-articles__list li > div { -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers { counter-reset: related-numbers; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); margin: 0 35px; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers li::before { counter-increment: related-numbers; content: counter(related-numbers); font-weight: bold; font-size: 40px; -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; line-height: 1.85; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18); -ms-flex: 0.1 0.1; flex: 0.1 0.1; -ms-flex-preferred-size: 1ex; flex-basis: 1ex; padding-right: 1ex; text-align: center; display: block; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers li { margin-bottom: 10px; } .related-articles--wide-layout { background-color: initial; margin-top: 20px; } ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide) li { max-width: 100%; } ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide).with-borders li:not(:last-of-type) { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } ul.related-articles__list.list-wide li { max-width: 49.8%; } ul.related-articles__list.list-wide.with-borders li { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } .related-article { -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row nowrap; flex-flow: row nowrap; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; min-height: 90px; } .related-article__image { width: calc(90px + 0.5ex); -ms-flex: 0.3 0.3; flex: 0.3 0.3; min-width: 90px; max-width: calc(90px + 0.5ex); margin: 0; display: block; line-height: 0; -ms-flex-order: -1; order: -1; } .related-article__image img { width: 100%; border: 0; margin: 0 12px 0 0; } .related-article__text { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: column nowrap; flex-flow: column nowrap; width: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-line-pack: start; align-content: flex-start; position: relative; padding: 12px 6px 12px 0; line-height: 1.5; } .related-article__text a { width: 100%; padding-left: 12px; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; text-decoration: none; } .related-article__text a + a { margin-top: 1ex; } .related-article__text br { display: none; } .related-article__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); letter-spacing: -0.01em; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; } .related-article__title:hover { color: #2e2e2e; } .related-article__collection { display: block; color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.5px; line-height: 1.2; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .related-article__collection span { display: none; } .related-articles__list.square-images .related-article { margin: 0.75ex 0; } .related-articles__list.square-images .related-article:hover { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .related-articles__list.square-images.list-wide .related-article { margin: 1.25ex 1.75ex; } .related-articles__list.round-images a:hover { color: #000; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article { margin: 1.25ex 1.75ex; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__title { padding-left: 10px; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image { width: calc(90px + 15px); max-width: calc(90px + 15px); margin: 0; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image img { border-radius: 50%; } .related-articles__list.round-images.list-wide .related-article { margin: 1.75ex 1.75ex; } .vertical-story-card-item { cursor: pointer; font-family: 'ReithSans'; height: 456px; margin: 20px 10px; position: relative; width: 297px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-story-card-item { width: 276px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .vertical-story-card-item { width: 276px; } } .vertical-story-card-item img { width: 100%; } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box { background-color: #fff; bottom: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 5px #d8d8d8; box-shadow: 0 0 5px #d8d8d8; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 111px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: absolute; right: 0; width: 275px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-story-card-item__content-box { width: 261px; } } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box h1 { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px; text-transform: uppercase; } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box h2 { color: #3d3d3d; font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.06px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button__inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: linear 0.6s; transition: linear 0.6s; } .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; -webkit-transition: linear 0.3s; transition: linear 0.3s; } .see-more-button__inner-text { margin-right: 24px; } .see-more-button__inner:hover { color: #4a4a4a; } .see-more-button__inner:hover .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #4a4a4a; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .vertical-story-group { font-family: 'ReithSans'; position: relative; } .vertical-story-group img { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-container { height: 370px; position: relative; width: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-container img { height: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-mask { background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))); background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)); bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container { color: #fff; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 80px; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container { top: 120px; } } .vertical-story-group__heading-container button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container h1 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; margin-bottom: 20px; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container h2 { font-size: 2.1rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 65px; width: 70%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape h1 { color: #fff; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.95px; margin: 0; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; height: 60px; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 260px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button { margin-top: 50px; } } .vertical-story-group__container { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; grid-auto-rows: minmax(auto, auto); grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(290px, 310px)); height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; justify-items: center; margin-top: -210px; width: 100%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__container { margin-top: -120px; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .mapContainer .mapTitle { background: transparent; color: #fff; display: block; font-family: 'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 1.1875em; margin-top: 2%; min-width: 25%; padding: 2%; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 0.375em; position: relative; text-align: center; z-index: 100; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .mapTitle { font-size: 2.4em; } } .mapContainer .styled-line { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } .mapContainer button { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); border: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 60px; outline: none; padding: 2px; width: 60px; } .mapContainer button .gelicon { color: #589e50; font-size: 2.5em; vertical-align: middle; } .mapContainer button:hover { background-color: #f2f2f2; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer button { height: 50px; width: 50px; } .mapContainer button .gelicon { font-size: 2em; } } .mapContainer .navigationPanel { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 50%; max-width: 1200px; padding: 10px; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, 0); transform: translate(-50%, 0); width: 100%; } .mapContainer .zoomControls { background-color: #fff; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 3px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; box-shadow: 0 3px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; cursor: default; font-family: 'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 300px; padding: 0 !important; text-align: left; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img { width: 300px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content { max-width: 190px; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img { width: 190px; } } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { display: none !important; } .mapContainer .map-marker svg { -webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-out; transition: all 0.1s ease-out; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .map-marker svg { height: 52px; -webkit-transform: scale(0.75); transform: scale(0.75); } } .mapContainer .map-marker-active svg { -webkit-transform: scale(1.3); transform: scale(1.3); } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .map-marker-active svg { height: 52px; -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); } } .mapContainer__articleInfo { padding: 0 18px; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-vertical a { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title { font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0.725em 0; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title a { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); text-decoration: none; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title { font-size: 1.7em; } } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 1.45em 0; text-decoration: none; } .location-header { font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .temperature-switcher { background: transparent; border: 0; cursor: pointer; } .temperature-switcher__degrees { font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; } .temperature-switcher__degrees--active { font-weight: bold; } .day { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #959595; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .day__current-day { color: #4b4b4b; } .day__name { font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .day__symbol { display: block; height: 50px; margin: 7px 0 5px; width: 70px; } .day__symbol--desktop { height: 80px; width: 80px; } .day__temp { font-size: 20px; line-height: 32px; } .day__temp--desktop { font-size: 24px; } .day__degree::after { content: '\00B0'; } .weather__day-break { border-right: 1px solid #dcdcdc; display: block; height: 50px; } .weather__day-break--desktop { height: 80px; } .weather__days { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .weather__degrees { display: block; margin: auto; width: 141px; } .weather__degrees--desktop { margin: 0; } .weather__header-wrapper { margin-bottom: 16px; } .weather__header-wrapper--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-bottom: 28px; } .weather__header { display: block; margin: auto; width: 252px; } .weather__header--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin: auto; margin-right: calc(50% - 292px); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .beta-btn { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; line-height: 12px; padding: 0 7px; width: 66px; } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow { cursor: pointer; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(-35deg); transform: rotate(-35deg); } .beta-btn__copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin: 16px auto; max-width: 50%; } .beta-btn__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .image-card { position: relative; } .image-card img { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-card__heading-container { color: #fff; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 80px; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .image-card__heading-container button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .image-card__heading-container h1 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container h2 { font-size: 2.1rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 90%; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape__mobile { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape h1 { color: #fff; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.95px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; height: 60px; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 260px; } .destination-header { width: 100%; } .destination-header__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-height: 380px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 16px; position: relative; } .destination-header__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .destination-header__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .destination-header__text { color: #fff; font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.95px; line-height: 37.4px; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 100%; } .destination-header__text a { color: #fff; font-weight: 300; text-decoration: none; } .destination-header__text--desktop { font-size: 36px; } .destination-header__text-container { border-bottom: solid 1px #fff; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3; padding-bottom: 17px; } .destination-header__text-container--desktop { padding-bottom: 0.75ex; } .destination-header__link-page, .destination-header__advert { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; margin-top: 20px; position: relative; text-align: center; } .destination-header__link-page span, .destination-header__advert span { display: block; width: 100%; } .destination-header__link-page--desktop, .destination-header__advert--desktop { margin-top: 40px; } .destination-header__link-page { left: 14px; margin: 0; position: absolute; text-transform: uppercase; top: 20px; } .destination-header__link-page--desktop { left: 25px; top: 36px; } .destination-header__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .destination-header a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .filter { display: inline-block; max-width: 160px; position: relative; } .filter__button { background-color: #000; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 16px; padding: 16px; width: 160px; } .filter__content { background-color: #000; display: none; position: absolute; width: 160px; z-index: 1; } .filter:focus .filter__content, .filter:hover .filter__content { display: block; } .filter__content--open { display: block; } .filter__content button { background-color: #000; border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-style: italic; padding: 12px 16px; text-decoration: none; width: 100%; } .filter__content button:hover { background-color: #494848; } .callout-box-card { background-color: #eaeaea; color: #4a4a4a; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; } .callout-box-card img { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .callout-box-card__container { padding: 0.2rem 1.5rem; } .callout-box-card__container h3 { font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin: 1rem 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .callout-box-card__container h4 { font-size: 28px; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 35px; } .callout-box-card__container .body { font-size: 16px; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.12px; line-height: 31px; } .callout-box-card__container .body a { color: #4a4a4a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button-inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; } .see-more-button-inner--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__text { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .load-more-button { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { margin-right: 16px; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .load-more-button__downarrow { color: #adadad; font-size: 22px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .load-more-button__loading .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { -webkit-animation: spin 2s linear infinite; animation: spin 2s linear infinite; } .load-more-button__downarrow:first-of-type { padding-right: 16px; } .load-more-button__downarrow:not(:first-of-type) { padding-left: 16px; } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .basic-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #adadad; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); color: #193e6d; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; height: 54px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-width: 222px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button__text { color: #444; font-family: 'BBC Reith Sans Cd'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button__text--white { color: #fff; } .basic-button__text--curious { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .basic-button__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button__text--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button::before { padding-right: 16px; } .basic-button:hover { background-color: #dedede; } .basic-button--background-light-blue:hover { background-color: #dfe8ff; } .basic-button--background-worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--background-future { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-culture { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--background-travel { background-color: #589e50; } .basic-button--background-worklife:hover { background-color: #4494e4; } .basic-button--background-future:hover { background-color: #ffc857; } .basic-button--background-culture:hover { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-travel:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--bold { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .read-more-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-weight: bold; position: relative; width: 224px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .AdFrame { display: -ms-inline-flexbox; display: inline-flex; } .AdFrame--default { background-color: #f6f6f6; } .AdFrame--dark-grey { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); } .AdFrame--centre-aligned { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-with-styled-background { height: inherit; position: relative; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background--collection { display: inline-block; width: unset; } .text-with-styled-background--center-align { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .text-with-styled-background__text { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; padding: 0 0 0 10px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__text--large { font-size: 26px; line-height: 30px; padding: 0 0 0 24px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--remove-padding { padding: 0; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__text--largest { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--future { color: #002856; } .text-with-styled-background__text--culture { color: #472479; } .text-with-styled-background__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .text-with-styled-background__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .text-with-styled-background__text--blue { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; padding: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--medium { font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--large { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container { bottom: 0; margin-left: 13px; position: absolute; width: calc(100% - 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.05); height: 26px; max-width: 240px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__line--large { bottom: -10px; height: 42px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--narrow { height: 26px; max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line--medium { bottom: -10px; height: 36px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--largest { max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--collection { width: calc(100% + 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin { margin: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__line--collection { height: 26px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .previous-media-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .previous-media-button__icon--white svg { fill: #fff; } .previous-media-button span { height: 18px; width: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-header { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-header--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--simple { font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; } .simple-header--small { font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--smallest { font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; } .simple-header--medium { font-size: 24px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--regular { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold { font-stretch: condensed; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--large { line-height: 37px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--regular { line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--white { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .play-button__inline-audio, .play-button__inline-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 49px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 49px; } .play-button__inline-audio .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video .gelicon--play { color: #ececec; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; } .play-button__inline-audio--worklife .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--worklife .gelicon--play { color: #8beed9; } .play-button__inline-audio--travel .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--travel .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio--future .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--future .gelicon--play { color: #ffc857; } .play-button__inline-audio--culture .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--culture .gelicon--play { color: #472479; } .play-button__inline-audio--earth .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--earth .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-video:hover { background-color: #ececec; } .play-button__inline-video:hover .gelicon--play { color: #000; } .play-button__inline-audio { color: #fff; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; padding: 0; width: 50px; } .play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border: 2px solid #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 80px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 80px; } .play-button:hover { color: #5ae9cb; } .play-button--white { border: 4px solid #fff; } .play-button--white:hover { color: #fff; } .play-button--white .gelicon--play { color: inherit; } .play-button--worklife { border: 2px solid #8beed9; } .play-button--worklife:hover { color: #8beed9; } .play-button--travel { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--travel:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--future { border: 2px solid #ffc857; } .play-button--future:hover { color: #ffc857; } .play-button--culture { border: 2px solid #472479; } .play-button--culture:hover { color: #472479; } .play-button--earth { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--earth:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--desktop { font-size: 30px; height: 76px; width: 76px; } .play-button--background-hover:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .error-button .gelicon--alert { color: #ececec; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-p-tag { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-p-tag--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-p-tag--medium { font-size: 27px; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; } .simple-p-tag--quote { color: #575757; } .simple-header--serif-light-italic { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-summary__text { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--blue { color: #193e6d; } .text-summary__text--black { color: #000; } .text-summary__text--grey { color: #6a6a6a; } .text-summary__text--dark-grey { color: #444; } .text-summary__text--left { text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--right { text-align: right; } .screen-reader-only { border: 0; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } .inline-html { display: block; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .drop-capped { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid #444; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; float: left; font-size: 58px; font-weight: bold; height: 84px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin: 8px 10px 4px 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: 84px; } .drop-capped--worklife { border-color: #8beed9; } .drop-capped--future { border-color: #ffc857; } .drop-capped--culture { border-color: #444; } .drop-capped--earth { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--travel { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--desktop { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-label { color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .nav-label:hover { color: #8e8e8e; } .nav-label--menu { color: #ebebeb; } .nav-label--menu:hover { color: #cecece; } .nav-label--white { color: #fff; } .nav-label--curiousSans { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav__icon { color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav:hover .close-nav__icon { color: #cecece; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .close-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-links__link { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding-right: 24px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-links__link--active p { border-bottom: 2px solid #002856; font-weight: bold; } .nav-links__link--active--menu p { border-bottom: unset; } .nav-links__link--active--worklife p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0052a1; } .nav-links__link--active--culture p { border-bottom: 2px solid #472479; } .nav-links__link--active--earth p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0fbb56; } .nav-links__link--active--travel p { border-bottom: 2px solid #589e50; } .nav-links__icon { background-color: #0052a1; bottom: 10px; height: 2px; position: absolute; width: 80px; } .nav-links__link--menu { display: block; padding-right: unset; } .nav-links__icon--menu { display: none; } .nav-links__icon--menu-tablet { width: 60px; } .nav-links__icon--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-links__icon--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-links__icon--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-links__icon--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-links__icon--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-links__link--menu p { font-size: 26px; padding: 0 0 32px 24px; } .nav-links__link--menu-desktop p { font-size: 32px; line-height: 42px; padding: 0 0 44px 100px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .burger-nav { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #0052a1; cursor: pointer; font-size: 20px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .burger-nav--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .burger-nav--future { color: #002856; } .burger-nav--culture { color: #472479; } .burger-nav--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .burger-nav--travel { color: #589e50; } .burger-nav--medium { font-size: 16px; } .burger-nav--small { font-size: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-menu { background-color: #0052a1; display: block; height: 100%; left: 0; min-height: 100vh; opacity: 0.98; overflow: auto; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100vw; } .nav-menu--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-menu--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-menu--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-menu--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-menu--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-menu__close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; padding: 16px 8px 60px; } .nav-menu__close-nav--desktop { padding: 20px 16px 70px; } .nav-menu__sponsored { background-color: rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.5); height: 100%; margin-bottom: 32px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop { margin-bottom: 44px; } .nav-menu__sponsored-container { padding: 20px 16px 16px 24px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop-container { margin: auto; max-width: 1264px; padding: 20px 16px 20px 100px; } .nav-menu__follow-us { padding: 52px 0 34px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .ad-slot { display: inline-block; } .ad-slot__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .ad-slot__label { max-width: 120px; min-width: 112px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: right; } .ad-slot--leaderboard { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .ad-slot__label--mpu, .ad-slot__label--leaderboard { margin-bottom: 8px; max-width: unset; padding-right: unset; text-align: right; } .ad-slot__container--mpu, .ad-slot__container--leaderboard { display: inline-block; -ms-flex-wrap: unset; flex-wrap: unset; } .ad-slot__fake--sponsor { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 31px; min-width: 88px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 250px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 600px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 90px; min-width: 728px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-medium { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 320px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-small { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__label--dark { color: #dcdcdc; } .ad-slot--dark { background-color: #f6f6f6; padding: 8px; } .ad-slot--black { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); padding: 8px; } .open-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; padding: 0; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .open-nav__icon { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .open-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .play-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .play-icon--red { color: #f00; } .play-icon--grey { color: #999; } .play-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .play-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .camera-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .camera-icon--red { color: #f00; } .camera-icon--grey { color: #999; } .camera-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .camera-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-build-bar { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: auto; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; width: 100%; } .nav-build-bar--mobile { height: auto; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .nav-build-bar--mobile .nav-build-bar__title-content { white-space: pre-wrap; } .nav-build-bar--tablet { height: 58px; } .nav-build-bar--desktop { height: 60px; } .nav-build-bar__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-left: auto; overflow: hidden; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: 8px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand--no-brand { margin-left: 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 8px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--tablet { padding: 0 30px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--desktop { padding: 0 80px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__title-content { border: 1.78px solid; color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; padding: 8px; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 48px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav-button { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-left: 8px; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored { background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid #d3d3d3; height: 48px; padding: 0 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--desktop { padding-right: 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile { -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; max-width: 100px; width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-dot { background-color: #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 6px; width: 6px; } .styled-dot--no-cursor { cursor: unset; } .styled-dot--medium { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 10px; width: 10px; } .styled-dot--dark-blue { background-color: #193e6d; } .styled-dot--purple { background-color: #362e67; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--black { background-color: #000; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--grey-green { background-color: #008e9b; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--dark-green { background-color: #589e50; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-dot--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-dot--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--worklife-prime { background-color: #0052a1; } .styled-dot--future-prime { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--culture-prime { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth-prime { background-color: #0fbb56; } .styled-dot--travel-prime { background-color: #589e50; } .styled-dot--large { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); height: 16px; width: 16px; } .styled-dot--small { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 8px; width: 8px; } .styled-dot--grey { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); } .info-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .info-icon--red { color: #f00; } .info-icon--grey { color: #999; } .info-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .info-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .email-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 11px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .email-icon:hover { background-color: #000; } .email-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .facebook-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 15px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .facebook-icon:hover { background-color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #3b5998; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue:hover { background-color: #3b5998; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--small { font-size: 20px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .hero-header__header { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #fff; font-size: 38px; line-height: 40px; margin: 0; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); } .hero-header__header--large { font-size: 44px; line-height: 48px; } .hero-header__header--medium { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .hero-header__header--small { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .hero-header__header--black { color: #000; text-shadow: unset; } .hero-header__header--grey { color: #adadad; text-shadow: unset; } .ticked-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #13de99; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .ticked-icon--small { font-size: 12px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .linkedin-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .linkedin-icon:hover { background-color: #0077b5; } .linkedin-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .google-plus-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .google-plus-icon:hover { background-color: #d34836; } .google-plus-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .reddit-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .reddit-icon:hover { background-color: #ff4500; } .reddit-icon__hide { display: none; } .reddit-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .share-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; color: #444; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 3px; padding: 18px 16px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; width: 110px; z-index: 55; } .share-button .gelicon--share { margin-right: 10px; -webkit-transition: 0.3s ease-in; transition: 0.3s ease-in; } .share-button:hover .gelicon--share, .share-button .gelicon--share-sharing { -webkit-transform: rotate(-180deg); transform: rotate(-180deg); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .twitter-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .twitter-icon:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #1da1f2; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--small { font-size: 18px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .whatsapp-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .whatsapp-icon:hover { background-color: #25d366; } .whatsapp-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; }/* stylelint-disable */ html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; } #root *, #root *::before, #root *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } #root article, #root aside, #root figure, #root footer, #root header, #root nav, #root section { display: block; } body { background: #fff; } .app__body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-height: 100vh; overflow: visible; position: relative; } .app__domestic-disclaimer { bottom: 0; position: fixed; width: 100%; z-index: 5000; } .main { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .navigation { background-color: #fff; display: none; margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 4px 16px 0; position: relative; z-index: 1000; } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .navigation { max-width: 976px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .navigation { padding: 0 16px 1px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .navigation { max-width: 990px; } } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .navigation { padding: 4px 8px; } } .navigation--display { display: block; } .navigation-sticky--undocked { background-color: #fff; width: 100%; z-index: 10000; } .StickyElement { position: relative; z-index: 1501; } .loader { display: none; height: 100%; left: -99999px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; transition: 0.2s opacity; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } .loader--is-active { background: white; display: block; left: 0; opacity: 1; } .loader__body { display: none; left: 50%; position: fixed; top: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%); } .loader__body--show-loader { display: block; } .no-js .loader { display: none; } .article__main { display: flex; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 768px) { .article__main { width: 80%; } } .article__subcontainer { display: flex; justify-content: flex-end; position: relative; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } @media (max-width: 1667px) and (min-width: 1194px) { .article__subcontainer { width: 97%; } } @media (min-width: 1680px) { .article__subcontainer { justify-content: center; width: 80% !important; } } @media (min-width: 1900px) { .article__subcontainer { margin: auto; width: 71% !important; } } .article__side-mpu { min-height: 810px; } .article__side-mpu > div { background: #f1f1f1; display: inline-block; padding: 0 8px 8px; } .bbccom_standard_slot { background: transparent !important; } .article__body { background-color: #fff; flex: 1 1 auto; margin-top: -56px; max-width: 700px; width: 100%; /* stylelint-disable-next-line order/order */ } .article__body-content { overflow-wrap: break-word; } @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .article__body { margin: 0 auto; position: relative; top: -56px; width: 82%; z-index: 100; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { .article__body { margin-top: 0; } } @media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1180px) { .article__body { margin-left: 3%; width: 97%; } } @media (max-width: 1007px) { .article__body { margin-top: 0; } } .article__mpu { flex-basis: 333px; flex-grow: 0; height: auto; } .article__body-content, .article__body .article__partner, .article__author-unit { padding: 0 10px; margin-bottom: 0; } @media (min-width: 650px) { .article__body-content, .article__body .article__partner, .article__author-unit { padding: 0 18px; } } @media (min-width: 1023px) { .article__body-content, .article__body .article__partner, .article__author-unit { padding: 0 6% 0 18px; } } .article__container { display: flex; justify-content: center; width: 100%; } .article__container + .related-articles { margin-top: 30px; margin-bottom: 20px; } .article__intro { color: #4d4d49; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 14px 0 0; } @media (min-width: 650px) { .article__intro { font-size: 26px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -1.63px; line-height: 37px; } } .article__end { clear: both; padding-top: 36px; } .article__fade-story { background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0%, #fff 100%); bottom: 0; height: 210px; position: absolute; width: 100%; z-index: 1501; } .article__fade-story--show { display: block !important; } .article__body--short { height: 700px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } @media (min-width: 768px) { .article__body--short { height: 800px; } } .article__load-more { bottom: 24px; display: block !important; -ms-grid-column: 1; -ms-grid-column-span: 1; grid-column: 1 / span 1; left: 50%; position: absolute; transform: translateX(-50%); z-index: 1502; } .article--hidden { display: none !important; } .article__similar-articles { flex: 1 0 333px; max-width: 333px; } .article__similar-articles--hidden { display: none; } .article__similar-articles--show { display: block; } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .hero-video__video { max-height: 534px; width: 73.5% !important; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .hero-video__video { left: 5.5%; max-height: 534px; max-width: 949px; width: 70% !important; } } @media (min-width: 1668px) { .hero-video__video { left: 14%; } } @media (min-width: 1900px) { .hero-video__video { left: 18.5%; } } .inline-audio { display: block; padding-top: 8px; } .article__audio-ad { display: flex; position: relative; margin: 17px 0 14px; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .article__audio-ad { margin: 2px 0 6px; } } .article__audio-ad .bbccom_slot { padding: 0; } .article__audio-ad .bbccom_advert { display: flex !important; max-width: 100%; } .article__audio-ad .bbccom_slot .bbccom_text { color: #000 !important; font-size: 9px !important; font-family: ArialMT !important; font-weight: normal !important; line-height: 15px !important; letter-spacing: 0 !important; text-transform: uppercase !important; text-align: left !important; margin: auto 12px 0 0 !important; width: 144px; } @media (min-width: 1280px) { .article-header .article-headline__text { font-size: 48px !important; } } .article-header__leaderboard { background: #f1f1f1 !important; } .article-header__leaderboard > div > div.bbccom_visible { background: #f1f1f1 !important; min-height: 100px; } .article-header__hero-ad { display: flex; flex-direction: row-reverse; } .article-header__hero-ad > div > div.bbccom_visible > div { background: #f1f1f1 !important; } .article-header__video .article-video__video { height: 100%; margin: auto; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 1179px) and (min-width: 768px) { .article-header__video .article-video__video { height: 80%; width: 64%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .article-header__video .article-video__video { height: 80%; margin-left: 0; width: 90%; } } @media (min-width: 1181px) { .article-header__video .article-video__video { height: 80%; width: 64%; } } @media (min-width: 1024px) { .article-header__video--ads .article-video__video { margin-left: 0; width: calc(100% - 333px); } } /* this delimiter is used in infinite scroll */ .WaypointsList > div + div .article { /* stylelint-disable-next-line selector-max-compound-selectors */ } .WaypointsList > div + div .article .article-headline::before { content: ' '; font-size: 0; display: block; width: 25px; height: 3px; background: var(--brand-active-colour, currentColor); margin: 0 auto 40px; } .article-body-native-ad { margin-bottom: 41px; } .article-body-native-ad > div > div > div { background: #f1f1f1; clear: both; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px !important; } .article-body-native-ad a { padding-right: 15px; } @media screen and (max-width: 320px) { .article-body-native-ad { margin-left: -10px; width: 320px; } } .article-body__iframe { padding-top: 20px; } .article-body__pull-quote { clear: both; margin: 20px 0; padding-top: 0; } .article-body__video-text { clear: both; margin: 0; padding: 20px 0 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .article-body__video-text { margin-left: -10px; width: 107%; } } .article-body__callout-box { float: left; clear: both; margin: 1rem 1rem 1rem -8rem; } .article-body__callout-box-mobile { float: left; clear: both; margin: 3rem 0; width: 100%; } .article-body__image-text { padding: 0; } .article-body__mpu-title { color: #444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: center; } .article-body__image-text--square { margin: 20px 0; } .article-body__image-text--portrait { margin: 20px 0; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .article-body__image-text--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .article-body__image-text img { width: 100%; } .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -39%; width: 139%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -52%; width: 152%; } } .article-body__image-gallery .swipe-items__container, 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id="futurearticle20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather"><div id="headline-futurearticle20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather"><div class="article-headline article-headline--mobile article-headline--tablet article-headline--largeTablet"><div class="article-headline__collection"><div class="article-labels b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300"><a class="article-labels__text b-reith-sans-font" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20210905102456/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/climate">Climate</a></div></div><div class="article-headline__text b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">The subtle influence of the Moon on Earth's weather</div><div class="article-share-tools"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/mailto:/?subject=Shared from 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class="copyright__text b-reith-sans-font">(Image credit: <!-- -->Getty Images<!-- -->)</div><div class="hero-image"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ssvfz.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ssvfz.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ssvfz.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ssvfz.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ssvfz.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ssvfz.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ssvfz.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ssvfz.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="The Moon has some surprising influences on the weather and climate of the Earth (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ssvfz.jpg" alt="The Moon has some surprising influences on the weather and climate of the Earth (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture></div></div><div class="article__container"><div class="article__main"><div class="article__subcontainer"><article class="article__body"><div class="article__author-unit"><div class="author-unit author-unit--smal-mobile"><div class="author-unit__container author-unit__container--desktop"><a class="author-unit__text b-font-family-serif" target="" rel="" id="">By Katherine Latham</a><span class="b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300">24th August 2021</span></div><div class="author-unit__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--large"></div></div></div></div><div class="article__body-content"><div class="article__intro b-font-family-serif">"Pale Moon rains. Red Moon blows. White Moon neither rains nor snows." For generations, people have watched the Moon for signs of changes in the weather. The Moon does, in fact, affect the Earth's climate and weather patterns in several subtle ways.</div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="drop-capped b-reith-sans-font drop-capped--future">F</div><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--drop-capped body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p class="Body">Four and a half billion years ago, two ancient planets collided and merged into one to become the Earth. During the colossal meeting of these two planets – proto-Earth and Theia – a small rocky mass spun off to become our moon. This, our closest companion in the vastness of space, is intrinsically linked to our very existence, with lunar rhythms embedded in the cycles of life on Earth.</p> <p class="Body">The effects of the Moon's actions upon Earth are still not fully understood. The challenge is to disentangle what is myth and when our lunar companion really does have an influence.</p> <p class="Body"><strong>Wobbly orbit</strong></p> <p class="Body">The most obvious effect the Moon has on the Earth can be seen in the ocean tides. As the Earth rotates each day, the Moon's gravity pulls the water on the nearest side of Earth towards it, creating a bulge. The sea bulges on the opposite side too due to centrifugal force caused by the Earth's rotation. The Earth rotates beneath these watery bulges, resulting in the two high tides and two low tides we see each day.</p> <p class="Body">Every 18.6 years the Moon's orbit "wobbles" between a maximum and minimum of plus or minus 5 degrees relative to the Earth's equator. This cycle, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1727.0064">first documented in 1728</a>, is called the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006645">lunar nodal cycle</a>. When the lunar plane tilts away from the equatorial plane, the tides on Earth grow smaller. When the Moon's orbit is more in line with the Earth's equator, the tides are exaggerated.</p> <p class="Body">Now, Nasa says that rising sea levels due to climate change, combined with the influence of the lunar nodal cycle will cause a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/study-projects-a-surge-in-coastal-flooding-starting-in-2030s/">dramatic increase in the number of high</a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/study-projects-a-surge-in-coastal-flooding-starting-in-2030s/">-</a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/study-projects-a-surge-in-coastal-flooding-starting-in-2030s/">tide floods</a> during the 2030s.</p> <p class="Body">Benjamin Hamlington, a research scientist and lead of Nasa's sea level change science team, is interested in how sea levels respond to both natural and human actions, and what that will mean for coastal populations. Before moving to California, Hamlington lived in coastal Virginia where flooding was already a big problem.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__pull-quote"><blockquote class="inline-quote b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 inline-quote--future"><h2 class="simple-header b-reith-sans-font b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 simple-header--serif-light-italic simple-p-tag--medium simple-p-tag--quote">We may see four times the amount of flooding one decade to the next – Benjamin Hamlington</h2></blockquote></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p class="Body">"High-tide flooding affects life very broadly in coastal communities. It impacts your ability to get to your job, makes it difficult for businesses to stay open," he says. "Now it's an inconvenience – but it's going to become hard to ignore, hard to live with."</p> <p class="Body">These floods, exacerbated by the Moon, are set to damage infrastructure and change coastlines, Hamlington says. "We may see four times the amount of flooding one decade to the next. The lunar nodal cycle affects all locations on Earth and sea levels are going up everywhere. So we'll see these rapid increases in high-tide floods across the globe."</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-p09ssvky"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ssvky.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ssvky.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ssvky.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ssvky.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ssvky.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ssvky.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ssvky.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ssvky.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="In the 2030s, a "wobble" in the Moon's orbit coupled and rising sea levels due to climate change are predicted to increase the risk of coastal flooding (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ssvky.jpg" alt="In the 2030s, a "wobble" in the Moon's orbit coupled and rising sea levels due to climate change are predicted to increase the risk of coastal flooding (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">In the 2030s, a "wobble" in the Moon's orbit coupled and rising sea levels due to climate change are predicted to increase the risk of coastal flooding (Credit: Getty Images)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p class="Body">The lunar nodal cycle might be set to raise many challenges for humans, but for wildlife in coastal ecosystems it could be an existential threat.</p> <p class="Body">Ilia Rochlin, visiting professor at Rutgers University studies the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28418218/">link between the lunar nodal cycle and salt marsh mosquito populations</a>.</p> <p class="Body">"When the nodal cycle is at its peak, the high tides flood mosquito habitat further landward," Rochlin says. The tidal flooding occurs more often at this time, and brings with it killifish – a group of a few hundred species of minnow-like fish found in salt, brackish and fresh waters. These predators will eliminate or reduce mosquito populations that are in the egg, larva or pupa stages of development, before the insects are able to fly out of the water where they are born.</p> <p class="Body">"Typically, there are fewer mosquitoes at the peak of the cycle," says Rochlin. "At the trough of the nodal cycle, the tides may flood mosquito habitat very infrequently, giving them enough time to emerge thus increasing their populations."</p> <p class="Body">And it's not just mosquitos that are affected – their abundance is a proxy for the welfare of numerous other species. Salt marshes lack large mammalian herbivores, but in their place are invertebrates such as shrimp, crabs, snails, grasshoppers and other insects. These in turn are a major food source for shorebirds and fish.</p> <p class="Body">"Peak lunar nodal cycle when combined with increased sea level rise creates the real possibility of drowning salt marshes," says Rochlin.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-p09sswl4"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09sswl4.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09sswl4.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09sswl4.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09sswl4.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09sswl4.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09sswl4.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09sswl4.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09sswl4.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Salt marshes are richly biodiverse habitats and they can hold significant stores of carbon (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09sswl4.jpg" alt="Salt marshes are richly biodiverse habitats and they can hold significant stores of carbon (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Salt marshes are richly biodiverse habitats and they can hold significant stores of carbon (Credit: Getty Images)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p class="Body">And when the invertebrates of a salt marsh are drowned, the shorebird, fish and other species that depend on them suffer profoundly too. That includes people, as salt marshes are integral to the global economy, serving as <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/saltmarsh.html">nursery for a plethora of marine life</a> that includes more than 75% of all fishery species.</p> <p class="Body">Salt marshes are also of significant environmental importance, able to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.14726">store carbon at much greater rates</a> than many land-based ecosystems. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13835">Freshwater wetlands, meanwhile, hold nearly 10 times more carbon than tidal saltwater sites, in part because of their very large extent</a>. With increased flooding due to the Moon wobble and sea level rise, freshwater wetlands may also face a profound change.</p> <p class="Body"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://kristinehopfensperger.weebly.com/">Kristine Hopfensperger</a> is an environmental scientist at Northern Kentucky University who studies<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/ES14-00534.1"> the salinisation of freshwater wetlands</a>. "Freshwater coastal wetlands experience great tidal fluctuations throughout a day, and are much more biodiverse than their salt marsh counterparts," she says.</p> <p class="Body">"Many species are specialists so, as soon as the plants or first level of the food web begin to change composition from a diverse community of freshwater plant species to a less diverse community of salt-tolerating plants, the animals that rely on these plants may begin to change – the birds, terrestrial insects and so on. Freshwater aquatic species are also greatly impacted by increasing salinity and pushed upstream to remain in freshwater.</p> <p class="Body">"Salinisation of freshwater coastal wetlands will continue to increase with rising sea levels – and the more frequent flooding is, the more the wetlands will be impacted by the salinity."</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-p09sswt6"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09sswt6.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09sswt6.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09sswt6.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09sswt6.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09sswt6.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09sswt6.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09sswt6.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09sswt6.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="The Moon may have a role to play in one of the world's greatest weather-generating systems – the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (Credit: Alamy)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09sswt6.jpg" alt="The Moon may have a role to play in one of the world's greatest weather-generating systems – the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (Credit: Alamy)" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">The Moon may have a role to play in one of the world's greatest weather-generating systems – the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (Credit: Alamy)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p class="Body">A world without tides would have very different weather systems. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/climate.html">Tides are one factor that influences the movement of ocean currents, which move warm or cool water about the Earth.</a> Warm ocean currents bring warmer wetter weather, while cold ocean currents bring colder drier weather.</p> <p class="Body">One of the most <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/ElNino">important weather-producing phenomena on Earth</a> may be affected by the lunar nodal cycle too. Usually, strong winds along the equator blow the warm surface water westward from South America towards Indonesia and cooler deep water rises up in its place.</p> <p class="Body">During an El Niño event, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/ElNino">these trade winds are weakened or even reversed</a>, affecting weather all over the world. Warm surface water piles up near the west coast of South America and cold water remains deep in the ocean. Usually wet regions may be <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590061719300225">plunged into drought while dry regions may be deluged in rain</a>, even causing <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/gallery/2015/oct/30/flowers-bloom-in-the-atacama-desert-in-pictures">deserts to burst into bloom</a>.</p> <p class="Body">A La Niña event, on the other hand, has the opposite effect of El Niño. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html">Trade winds are stronger than usual</a>, pushing more warm water toward Asia. Cold waters that well up off the coast of the Americas then push the jet stream northward. The result is warmer than usual winter temperatures in the south and cooler than normal in the north.</p> <p class="Body">Together, the El Niño and La Niña phenomena are part of a cycle called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (Enso). (The "Southern Oscillation" part refers to the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/enso/enso-tech.php">change in air pressure at sea level over the equatorial Pacific Ocean</a>.)</p> <p class="Body">Scientists from Ohio State University have suggested the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-49678-w">switch between El Niño and La Niña</a> may be influenced by a subsurface ocean wave driven by lunar tidal gravitational force. Researchers at the University of Tokyo report that <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-33526-4">Enso may be predicted by looking at the Moon’s 18.6-year nodal cycle</a>.</p> <p class="Body">"There certainly is a known lunar nodal effect on sea surface temperatures," says Phil Woodworth, a sea-level scientist and emeritus fellow of the UK's National Oceanography Centre. The Moon’s gravitational pull influences tidal currents and so the movement and mixing of the upper layers of the ocean water, says Woodworth. “This especially applies to the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2005GL025237">North Pacific</a>."</p> <p class="Body"><strong>Ice, land and air</strong></p> <p class="Body">While the lunar nodal cycle is set to bring marked change over the coming decades, on a shorter timescale the Moon affects the Earth in a few other lesser-known ways.</p> <p class="Body">The Moon is also thought to affect <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.gi.alaska.edu/alaska-science-forum/basking-warmth-full-moon">polar temperatures</a> and contribute to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/63/3/401/718604">fluctuations in the extent of Arctic ice</a>. Though here, the influence of the Moon is not its 18.6-year nodal cycle, but its more familiar monthly variation in the amount of light reflected from it as it waxes and wanes. Satellite measurements have shown that <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.gi.alaska.edu/alaska-science-forum/basking-warmth-full-moon">the poles are 0.55C warmer during a full Moon</a>.</p> <p class="Body">In addition, tidal forces act to break up ice sheets and change ocean heat flows, altering the amount of ice in the Arctic Ocean.</p> <p class="Body">The Moon generates <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JC010310">tidal currents and waves both at the surface and deeper in the ocean</a>, says Chris Wilson, expert in marine physics and ocean climate at the National Oceanography Centre. "These currents and waves may either melt or break up sea ice, due to either the transport and mixing of warmer waters or due to straining motions acting to tear apart the ice into smaller pieces, which are then more susceptible to melting."</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--portrait"><div id="future/article/20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-p09ssth0"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:624px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1024x1280/p09ssth0.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:624px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1024x1280/p09ssth0.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:485px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/885x1280/p09ssth0.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:485px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/885x1280/p09ssth0.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/720x900/p09ssth0.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/720x900/p09ssth0.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="The moon has a subtle effect on ice in the Arctic through both the tides and its light (Credit: Alamy)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/720x900/p09ssth0.jpg" alt="The moon has a subtle effect on ice in the Arctic through both the tides and its light (Credit: Alamy)" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">The moon has a subtle effect on ice in the Arctic through both the tides and its light (Credit: Alamy)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p class="Body">The water and ice of the ocean are not the only parts of the planet to experience tides. The Moon also has a tidal effect on both solid land and on the atmosphere.</p> <p class="Body">Earth tides are similar to ocean tides. The land deforms and bulges just as the sea does and is thought to trigger <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-19307-z">volcanic activity</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262563634_EARTH_TIDES_AND_EARTHQUAKES">earthquakes</a>.</p> <p class="Body"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/atmospheric-tides">Atmospheric</a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/atmospheric-tides"> tides</a> cause energy flows from the upper to lower atmosphere and changes in atmospheric pressure. Air pressure changes linked to the position of the Moon were <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/516229/1/cartwright_etal_manueljohnson_hgss_2017.pdf">first detected in 1847</a>. The Moon's gravitational forces cause bulges and oscillations in the Earth's atmosphere, similar to those seen in water.</p> <p class="Body">"Changes in atmospheric pressure are linked with higher air temperatures, which in turn means that the air molecules can hold more moisture in the form of water vapour, lowering the humidity and therefore the chance of rainfall," says Liz Bentley, chief executive of the Royal Meteorological Society. As a result, lower pressure is known to result in cold wet weather, and higher pressure in calmer, more pleasant weather.</p> <p class="Body">But the Moon's influence on precipitation via atmospheric tides is small, as other factors like heat from the Sun have a much greater effect. Researchers at the University of Washington <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.washington.edu/news/2016/01/29/phases-of-the-moon-affect-amount-of-rainfall/">reported</a> that lunar forces do affect the amount of rainfall – but only by around 1%.</p> <p class="Body">John Wallace, professor of atmospheric sciences at the University of Washington, says: "At times when the Sun and Moon are pulling together, it rains a tiny bit more than it does six hours earlier or later. So, the Moon's pull doesn't affect how much it rains, only when it rains."</p> <p class="Body">The Moon's influence, sometimes subtle and sometimes profound, has had a formative impact on life on Earth. Some scientists argue that <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/moon-life-tides/">it is the Moon that made life</a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/moon-life-tides/"> possible</a> in the first place. The Moon steadies the Earth as it spins on its axis, helping to give us a stable climate. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.iop.org/explore-physics/moon/how-does-moon-affect-earth">Without it, the Earth would wobble more erratically</a>. The poles would move markedly in relation to the Earth's orbit. Seasons, days and nights would all look very different.</p> <p class="Body">But the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4786-no-moon-no-life-on-earth-suggests-theory/">tides that may have kick started life on Earth</a> are also <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12311119">pushing our moon away from us</a>. Every year, the Moon moves further from the Earth by almost 4cm <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/PSJ/abe53f">because of the tides it causes on Earth</a>. The Earth rotates more quickly than the Moon orbits, so the gravitational tug of the tidal bulge pulls the Moon along faster. As the Moon accelerates it is flung a little outwards and its orbit becomes bigger. It’s a bit like when you stand on a playground roundabout – the faster it spins, the more you feel as though you are being thrown outwards from the centre.</p> <p class="Body">The Moon is our closest ally in the vastness of the Universe, without which the Earth would be a very lonely place.</p> <p><em>--</em></p> <p><em>Join one million Future fans by liking us on </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.facebook.com/BBCFuture/"><strong><em>Facebook</em></strong></a><em>, or follow us on </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://twitter.com/BBC_Future"><strong><em>Twitter</em></strong></a><em> or </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/https://www.instagram.com/bbcfuture_official/"><strong><em>Instagram</em></strong></a><em>.</em></p> <p><em>If you liked this story, </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102456/http://pages.emails.bbc.com/subscribe/?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup"><strong><em>sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter</em></strong></a><em>, called "The Essential List". 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Ruggeri","fileSizeBytes":1425877,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20210905102456\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F4y\u002Fyg\u002Fp04yygjp.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Some property owners have taken matters into their own hands: this house was built on a raised pad, as you can see from the four steps up to the door (Credit: Amanda Ruggeri)","synopsisShort":"Some property owners have taken matters into their own hands","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20210905102456\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp04yygjp.jpg","title":"hollywood-lakes-high-house.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p04yygjp","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20210905102456\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp04yygjp.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454286},"p04yygcl":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p04yygcl","_id":"612fa69f0e2e0c67e222367f","copyright":"Amanda Ruggeri","fileSizeBytes":966168,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20210905102456\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F4y\u002Fyg\u002Fp04yygcl.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Adaptation strategies like those being undertaken in Miami Beach are just one part of the solution (Credit: Amanda Ruggeri)","synopsisShort":"Adaptation strategies like those being undertaken in Miami Beach are just one part","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20210905102456\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp04yygcl.jpg","title":"miami-beach-roadworks.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p04yygcl","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20210905102456\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp04yygcl.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454286}},"articles":{"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather","_id":"612fbc790e2e0c65e61df3f0","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkatherine-latham"],"bodyIntro":"\"Pale Moon rains. Red Moon blows. White Moon neither rains nor snows.\" For generations, people have watched the Moon for signs of changes in the weather. The Moon does, in fact, affect the Earth's climate and weather patterns in several subtle ways.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFour and a half billion years ago, two ancient planets collided and merged into one to become the Earth. During the colossal meeting of these two planets – proto-Earth and Theia – a small rocky mass spun off to become our moon. This, our closest companion in the vastness of space, is intrinsically linked to our very existence, with lunar rhythms embedded in the cycles of life on Earth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe effects of the Moon's actions upon Earth are still not fully understood. The challenge is to disentangle what is myth and when our lunar companion really does have an influence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWobbly orbit\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe most obvious effect the Moon has on the Earth can be seen in the ocean tides. As the Earth rotates each day, the Moon's gravity pulls the water on the nearest side of Earth towards it, creating a bulge. The sea bulges on the opposite side too due to centrifugal force caused by the Earth's rotation. The Earth rotates beneath these watery bulges, resulting in the two high tides and two low tides we see each day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EEvery 18.6 years the Moon's orbit \"wobbles\" between a maximum and minimum of plus or minus 5 degrees relative to the Earth's equator. This cycle, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frstl.1727.0064\"\u003Efirst documented in 1728\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, is called the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F2010JC006645\"\u003Elunar nodal cycle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. When the lunar plane tilts away from the equatorial plane, the tides on Earth grow smaller. When the Moon's orbit is more in line with the Earth's equator, the tides are exaggerated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ENow, Nasa says that rising sea levels due to climate change, combined with the influence of the lunar nodal cycle will cause a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Ffeature\u002Fjpl\u002Fstudy-projects-a-surge-in-coastal-flooding-starting-in-2030s\u002F\"\u003Edramatic increase in the number of high\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Ffeature\u002Fjpl\u002Fstudy-projects-a-surge-in-coastal-flooding-starting-in-2030s\u002F\"\u003E-\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Ffeature\u002Fjpl\u002Fstudy-projects-a-surge-in-coastal-flooding-starting-in-2030s\u002F\"\u003Etide floods\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during the 2030s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBenjamin Hamlington, a research scientist and lead of Nasa's sea level change science team, is interested in how sea levels respond to both natural and human actions, and what that will mean for coastal populations. Before moving to California, Hamlington lived in coastal Virginia where flooding was already a big problem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We may see four times the amount of flooding one decade to the next – Benjamin Hamlington","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"High-tide flooding affects life very broadly in coastal communities. It impacts your ability to get to your job, makes it difficult for businesses to stay open,\" he says. \"Now it's an inconvenience – but it's going to become hard to ignore, hard to live with.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThese floods, exacerbated by the Moon, are set to damage infrastructure and change coastlines, Hamlington says. \"We may see four times the amount of flooding one decade to the next. The lunar nodal cycle affects all locations on Earth and sea levels are going up everywhere. So we'll see these rapid increases in high-tide floods across the globe.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ssvky"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe lunar nodal cycle might be set to raise many challenges for humans, but for wildlife in coastal ecosystems it could be an existential threat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIlia Rochlin, visiting professor at Rutgers University studies the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F28418218\u002F\"\u003Elink between the lunar nodal cycle and salt marsh mosquito populations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"When the nodal cycle is at its peak, the high tides flood mosquito habitat further landward,\" Rochlin says. The tidal flooding occurs more often at this time, and brings with it killifish – a group of a few hundred species of minnow-like fish found in salt, brackish and fresh waters. These predators will eliminate or reduce mosquito populations that are in the egg, larva or pupa stages of development, before the insects are able to fly out of the water where they are born.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"Typically, there are fewer mosquitoes at the peak of the cycle,\" says Rochlin. \"At the trough of the nodal cycle, the tides may flood mosquito habitat very infrequently, giving them enough time to emerge thus increasing their populations.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAnd it's not just mosquitos that are affected – their abundance is a proxy for the welfare of numerous other species. Salt marshes lack large mammalian herbivores, but in their place are invertebrates such as shrimp, crabs, snails, grasshoppers and other insects. These in turn are a major food source for shorebirds and fish.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"Peak lunar nodal cycle when combined with increased sea level rise creates the real possibility of drowning salt marshes,\" says Rochlin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sswl4"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAnd when the invertebrates of a salt marsh are drowned, the shorebird, fish and other species that depend on them suffer profoundly too. That includes people, as salt marshes are integral to the global economy, serving as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foceanservice.noaa.gov\u002Ffacts\u002Fsaltmarsh.html\"\u003Enursery for a plethora of marine life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that includes more than 75% of all fishery species.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESalt marshes are also of significant environmental importance, able to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fgcb.14726\"\u003Estore carbon at much greater rates\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than many land-based ecosystems. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fncomms13835\"\u003EFreshwater wetlands, meanwhile, hold nearly 10 times more carbon than tidal saltwater sites, in part because of their very large extent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. With increased flooding due to the Moon wobble and sea level rise, freshwater wetlands may also face a profound change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkristinehopfensperger.weebly.com\"\u003EKristine Hopfensperger\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is an environmental scientist at Northern Kentucky University who studies\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1890\u002FES14-00534.1\"\u003E the salinisation of freshwater wetlands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"Freshwater coastal wetlands experience great tidal fluctuations throughout a day, and are much more biodiverse than their salt marsh counterparts,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"Many species are specialists so, as soon as the plants or first level of the food web begin to change composition from a diverse community of freshwater plant species to a less diverse community of salt-tolerating plants, the animals that rely on these plants may begin to change – the birds, terrestrial insects and so on. Freshwater aquatic species are also greatly impacted by increasing salinity and pushed upstream to remain in freshwater.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"Salinisation of freshwater coastal wetlands will continue to increase with rising sea levels – and the more frequent flooding is, the more the wetlands will be impacted by the salinity.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sswt6"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA world without tides would have very different weather systems. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov\u002Ffacts\u002Fclimate.html\"\u003ETides are one factor that influences the movement of ocean currents, which move warm or cool water about the Earth.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Warm ocean currents bring warmer wetter weather, while cold ocean currents bring colder drier weather.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOne of the most \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov\u002Ffeatures\u002FElNino\"\u003Eimportant weather-producing phenomena on Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E may be affected by the lunar nodal cycle too. Usually, strong winds along the equator blow the warm surface water westward from South America towards Indonesia and cooler deep water rises up in its place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EDuring an El Niño event, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov\u002Ffeatures\u002FElNino\"\u003Ethese trade winds are weakened or even reversed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, affecting weather all over the world. Warm surface water piles up near the west coast of South America and cold water remains deep in the ocean. Usually wet regions may be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2590061719300225\"\u003Eplunged into drought while dry regions may be deluged in rain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, even causing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fenvironment\u002Fgallery\u002F2015\u002Foct\u002F30\u002Fflowers-bloom-in-the-atacama-desert-in-pictures\"\u003Edeserts to burst into bloom\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA La Niña event, on the other hand, has the opposite effect of El Niño. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foceanservice.noaa.gov\u002Ffacts\u002Fninonina.html\"\u003ETrade winds are stronger than usual\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, pushing more warm water toward Asia. Cold waters that well up off the coast of the Americas then push the jet stream northward. The result is warmer than usual winter temperatures in the south and cooler than normal in the north.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ETogether, the El Niño and La Niña phenomena are part of a cycle called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (Enso). (The \"Southern Oscillation\" part refers to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncdc.noaa.gov\u002Fteleconnections\u002Fenso\u002Fenso-tech.php\"\u003Echange in air pressure at sea level over the equatorial Pacific Ocean\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EScientists from Ohio State University have suggested the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-019-49678-w\"\u003Eswitch between El Niño and La Niña\u003C\u002Fa\u003E may be influenced by a subsurface ocean wave driven by lunar tidal gravitational force. Researchers at the University of Tokyo report that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-018-33526-4\"\u003EEnso may be predicted by looking at the Moon\u003Cspan\u003E’\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Es 18.6-year nodal cycle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"There certainly is a known lunar nodal effect on sea surface temperatures,\" says Phil Woodworth, a sea-level scientist and emeritus fellow of the UK's National Oceanography Centre. The Moon’s gravitational pull influences tidal currents and so the movement and mixing of the upper layers of the ocean water, says Woodworth. “This especially applies to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1029\u002F2005GL025237\"\u003ENorth Pacific\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIce, land and air\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EWhile the lunar nodal cycle is set to bring marked change over the coming decades, on a shorter timescale the Moon affects the Earth in a few other lesser-known ways.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe Moon is also thought to affect \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gi.alaska.edu\u002Falaska-science-forum\u002Fbasking-warmth-full-moon\"\u003Epolar temperatures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and contribute to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Ficesjms\u002Farticle\u002F63\u002F3\u002F401\u002F718604\"\u003Efluctuations in the extent of Arctic ice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Though here, the influence of the Moon is not its 18.6-year nodal cycle, but its more familiar monthly variation in the amount of light reflected from it as it waxes and wanes. Satellite measurements have shown that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gi.alaska.edu\u002Falaska-science-forum\u002Fbasking-warmth-full-moon\"\u003Ethe poles are 0.55C warmer during a full Moon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn addition, tidal forces act to break up ice sheets and change ocean heat flows, altering the amount of ice in the Arctic Ocean.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe Moon generates \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002F2014JC010310\"\u003Etidal currents and waves both at the surface and deeper in the ocean\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, says Chris Wilson, expert in marine physics and ocean climate at the National Oceanography Centre. \"These currents and waves may either melt or break up sea ice, due to either the transport and mixing of warmer waters or due to straining motions acting to tear apart the ice into smaller pieces, which are then more susceptible to melting.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ssth0"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe water and ice of the ocean are not the only parts of the planet to experience tides. The Moon also has a tidal effect on both solid land and on the atmosphere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EEarth tides are similar to ocean tides. The land deforms and bulges just as the sea does and is thought to trigger \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-018-19307-z\"\u003Evolcanic activity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F262563634_EARTH_TIDES_AND_EARTHQUAKES\"\u003Eearthquakes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Ftopics\u002Fearth-and-planetary-sciences\u002Fatmospheric-tides\"\u003EAtmospheric\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Ftopics\u002Fearth-and-planetary-sciences\u002Fatmospheric-tides\"\u003E tides\u003C\u002Fa\u003E cause energy flows from the upper to lower atmosphere and changes in atmospheric pressure. Air pressure changes linked to the position of the Moon were \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fnora.nerc.ac.uk\u002Fid\u002Feprint\u002F516229\u002F1\u002Fcartwright_etal_manueljohnson_hgss_2017.pdf\"\u003Efirst detected in 1847\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The Moon's gravitational forces cause bulges and oscillations in the Earth's atmosphere, similar to those seen in water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"Changes in atmospheric pressure are linked with higher air temperatures, which in turn means that the air molecules can hold more moisture in the form of water vapour, lowering the humidity and therefore the chance of rainfall,\" says Liz Bentley, chief executive of the Royal Meteorological Society. As a result, lower pressure is known to result in cold wet weather, and higher pressure in calmer, more pleasant weather.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBut the Moon's influence on precipitation via atmospheric tides is small, as other factors like heat from the Sun have a much greater effect. Researchers at the University of Washington \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washington.edu\u002Fnews\u002F2016\u002F01\u002F29\u002Fphases-of-the-moon-affect-amount-of-rainfall\u002F\"\u003Ereported\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that lunar forces do affect the amount of rainfall – but only by around 1%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EJohn Wallace, professor of atmospheric sciences at the University of Washington, says: \"At times when the Sun and Moon are pulling together, it rains a tiny bit more than it does six hours earlier or later. So, the Moon's pull doesn't affect how much it rains, only when it rains.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe Moon's influence, sometimes subtle and sometimes profound, has had a formative impact on life on Earth. Some scientists argue that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Fmoon-life-tides\u002F\"\u003Eit is the Moon that made life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Fmoon-life-tides\u002F\"\u003E possible\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the first place. The Moon steadies the Earth as it spins on its axis, helping to give us a stable climate. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iop.org\u002Fexplore-physics\u002Fmoon\u002Fhow-does-moon-affect-earth\"\u003EWithout it, the Earth would wobble more erratically\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The poles would move markedly in relation to the Earth's orbit. Seasons, days and nights would all look very different.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBut the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newscientist.com\u002Farticle\u002Fdn4786-no-moon-no-life-on-earth-suggests-theory\u002F\"\u003Etides that may have kick started life on Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-12311119\"\u003Epushing our moon away from us\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Every year, the Moon moves further from the Earth by almost 4cm \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.3847\u002FPSJ\u002Fabe53f\"\u003Ebecause of the tides it causes on Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The Earth rotates more quickly than the Moon orbits, so the gravitational tug of the tidal bulge pulls the Moon along faster. As the Moon accelerates it is flung a little outwards and its orbit becomes bigger. It’s a bit like when you stand on a playground roundabout – the faster it spins, the more you feel as though you are being thrown outwards from the centre.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe Moon is our closest ally in the vastness of the Universe, without which the Earth would be a very lonely place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-08-24T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The subtle influence of the Moon on Earth's weather","headlineShort":"How the Moon alters the weather","image":["p09ssvfz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"For generations, people have watched the Moon for signs of changes in the weather. The Moon does, in fact, affect the Earth's weather patterns in subtle ways.","summaryShort":"The Earth's closest companion affects our planet in subtle and surprising ways","tag":["tag\u002Fclimate"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-24T00:00:19.715564Z","entity":"article","guid":"740a6fb5-707d-472f-8081-9a126e7e7ab1","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:46:27.105721Z","project":"future","slug":"20210820-the-subtle-influence-of-the-moon-on-earths-weather","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454275},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world","_id":"60bdf36c0e2e0c5dc64725a9","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjez-fredenburgh"],"bodyIntro":"When a wildfire reaches epic proportions, it changes everything around it – even creating its own weather. Scientists around the world are racing against time to understand them.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EOne afternoon in June 2017, villagers in Pedrógão Grande, a small municipality in central Portugal, saw a column of smoke about 1m (3ft) wide approaching from several miles away to the north. Firefighters were on the scene within minutes, but by that point the wind speed around the fire had accelerated and the smoke plume had expanded to nearly a kilometre (0.6 miles) wide.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAs the afternoon went on, the fire gained speed and heat rapidly, and the plume of smoke grew wider and taller until a dark, thunderous cloud started to form, high up in the atmosphere. Far from being a welcome sign of rain, this was a highly unusual kind of thundercloud.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EOver in Washington DC, Mike Fromm, a meteorologist at the US Naval Research Laboratory who collaborates with Nasa, was tipped off by an Australian scientist about the news emerging from Portugal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EUsing global satellite imagery and data, Fromm suspected the large cloud – now appearing over the middle of the country – was a pyrocumulonimbus, or \"pyroCb\". It was a first for Western Europe since records began, although it would take months longer to confirm it with the help of Portuguese meteorologists. A pyroCb is a thunderstorm generated by fire that creates its own positive feedback loops, including winds, lightning and sometimes deadly downdrafts that spread the fire outwards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Wildfires were a common and normal event in Portugal – but not like this","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"It's a symptom of something extremely dangerous happening on the ground,\" says Fromm. \"Because to get a cloud like this, you need some crazy intense fire behaviour. A pyroCb is at the very limit of how high, cold and opaque a cloud can get, and means that the fire which is causing it is at the extreme limit of intensity too. And that means the fire itself is more intense, more unpredictable, and more hazardous than fires in a more lazy state.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09hgp4l"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBack across the Atlantic in Pedrógão Grande, as early evening approached, thick smoke blocked the sun and made it difficult for the villagers to see or breathe. The fire sucked air towards it, generating wind speeds of up to 117km\u002Fh (73mph) and rocking cars in a nearby municipality. Still the flames charged on, now devouring 4,460 hectares (17sq miles) of forest an hour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBut the most dramatic, dangerous moment was still to come.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAt about 8pm, the dark cloud of smoke – now 13km (8 miles) high – \"collapsed\" through its plume, sending cold air whooshing down to the base of the fire and fanning it with oxygen. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.portugalwildfires.com\u002Fpedrogao-grande-fire-timeline\u002F\"\u003EAccording to the investigation later commissioned by the Portuguese government\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, villagers described the moment the air touched down as \"a sudden 'bomb' of fire spreading tongues of flames and sparks in all directions\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe rapid outward surge of the fire resulted in most of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feconews.pt\u002F2017\u002F06\u002F22\u002Ftragedy-in-pedrogao-grande-62-confirmed-deaths-and-135-injured\u002F\"\u003E64 deaths that occurred in the Pedrógão Grande incident\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with the majority of victims overwhelmed or overtaken by flames as they tried to escape on the roads.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EPortugal would suffer three more pyroCbs that June, and a further one in October, with total wildfire fatalities reaching more than 120 for the year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09hgpdv"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EMarc Castellnou, a Spanish wildfire investigator, was called to Portugal after the first incident to help the government investigation unearth what had happened. A trained firefighter and fire engineer, Castellnou had roved between large wildfires in Europe, the Americas, Africa and Australia since the mid-1990s, trying to understand their behaviour better. He knew that wildfires were a common and normal event in Portugal – but not like this. It did, however, look worryingly familiar.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EFive months earlier, Castellnou had headed up an EU team to investigate \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F327122079_Human-environmental_drivers_and_impacts_of_the_globally_extreme_2017_Chilean_fires\"\u003Ehuge wildfires in Chile's Maule municipality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, about 270km (168 miles) south of Santiago. Like in Portugal, the fires in Maule went through a sudden huge acceleration, says Castellnou. \"By 25 January, the fire had been burning for 10 days, but that night it suddenly grew four times larger, fanning out 110,000 hectares [425 sq miles] in one night,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAfterwards, Castellnou walked the path of the fire and flew a helicopter over to look for clues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EHe found a distinct pattern – \"streets\" of trees that had all fallen in one direction, and also trees that showed no sign of flames having reached their tops, as they normally would in an intense fire. This meant the fire had stayed largely on the ground but had also created its own air circulation system – a wind strong enough to batter down trees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"We realised that this was not classical wildfire behaviour and the energy had to come from somewhere else,\" says Castellnou. \"It meant the fire was getting cold air, and the only way to get that was vertically. Somehow the fire was sucking in air from the higher part of the atmosphere and that must have been battering down flames to the ground. Those flames could then burn a lot more fully, creating more energy that helped lift the smoke plume higher to touch cold air.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"Every time the plume doubled its height, the wind multiplied by six on the surface. That meant that the wind could [rapidly] go from 5-10km\u002Fh (3-6mph) to 150km\u002Fh (93mph),\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIn addition to these ferocious winds, Maule had experienced the same \"collapsing\" pyroCb cloud that Portuguese villages had described. But in the Maule fire, the unusual weather wasn't confined to Chile. Smoke from the fires travelled 1,000km (620 miles) north to just off the coast to the Juan Fernández Islands, where it caused humidity to fall from 90% to 20% and temperatures to lower by 3-4C, says Castellnou.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"Fires [like this] are not behaving according to the weather that we can predict in our models – they do not depend on topography, meteorology or fuels anymore,\" says Castellnou. \"Instead, the fire behaves according to the weather it is creating, which means we can also no longer predict the weather when such a fire is occurring. It's what we call wildfire dynamic behaviour.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIn the three years after these fires in Chile and Portugal, Castellnou was called to investigate pyroCbs and other extreme wildfire behaviours in South Africa, Bolivia, Australia – and three times in California. Currently, he has 83 open investigations into this type of wildfire behaviour involving meteorological phenomena. In the 1990s, he had two or three.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EUnderstanding pyroCbs better is now his main preoccupation. \"Analysis is crucial. If we can predict then we can protect… but otherwise we can lose everything.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09hgq4q"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ECastellnou warns that as the climate warms, and land management practices change, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fefi.int\u002Fnews\u002Fwhy-and-how-forest-fires-are-becoming-european-problem-2018-08-09\"\u003Enorthern Europe could soon see this type of extreme wildfire meteorological events.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E He is now putting his hopes in Mark Finney at the Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory in Montana, the only laboratory in the US devoted to experimental work on wildfires.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWorking with a team of meteorologists and fire behaviour experts from around the world, including Castellnou, Finney has been building a model to more accurately predict how extreme wildfires behave meteorologically. But it's a huge challenge, he explains, as fires respond to the smallest changes at the particulate level.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"We've been going back to basics in the lab to understand things and essentially decompose the fire into its pieces, in the hope that we can understand these better independently and then put them back together in a very simple model,\" says Finney.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAt the most basic level though, every fire changes the airflow and weather around it, even a candle, he says. The flame heats the air, causing it to expand and rise, and colder air to be sucked in to replace it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"As you get bigger and bigger fires, they involve a taller and taller volume, and larger and larger area of the atmosphere. And when these fires get big enough, there are lots of different atmospheric feedbacks,\" says Finney. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EOne of these is to create clouds. The moisture from combustion of the fuels rises until it reaches cold air, cooling and condensing to create puffy (and harmless) white cumulus clouds. But if the fire is very intense, the heat and energy push the moisture higher and higher, until the water turns to ice up in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscied.ucar.edu\u002Fshortcontent\u002Fstratosphere-overview\"\u003Ethe stratosphere, between 10-50km (6-31 miles) high, spanning the region where the ozone layer sits.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09hgpm1"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EEvery time the moisture changes phase – from gas to water and then ice – it releases more energy, pushing the cloud higher still and creating a positive feedback.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"At some point, it rises high enough that it runs out of energy to continue upwards,\" says Finney. \"You end up with a lot of the particulates from the smoke, which become a nucleus for condensation. And whether it's liquid droplets or solid ice, it starts to aggregate around those nuclei, which become bigger droplets, whether frozen or liquid.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EOnce they become too big to be suspended in the air, they start to fall. The water goes through the phase changes in the other direction, from ice to water to gas, each time taking up more energy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"And so it begins to flow faster and faster – and that's what leads to these downdrafts that crash down into the fire and start splattering it everywhere,\" says Finney. \"It's the reversal of the process, it's all due to water. If you didn't have water in the plume, none of this would happen.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThis may be one reason why the most recent pyroCbs have been in countries with a coastline, Castellnou believes. Portugal has an Atlantic coastline, California and Chile the Pacific, South Africa the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Australia is of course surrounded entirely by ocean, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-australia-50951043\"\u003Emany (though not all) of its worst fires in 2020 were near the coasts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe strong downdrafts also create \"spotting\", says Finney, where burning material is lofted off, sometimes travelling many kilometres before falling to start new fires.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EPyroCbs can also start new fires through lightning, he says. \"With lightning, a stroke comes from the cloud and is met with one coming from the ground. For some reason, fire-generated thunderstorms tend to have more \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1029\u002F2012JD017545\"\u003Epositive return strokes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than negative ones – and the positive strokes are the ones that tend to light fires,\" says Finney.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EA further contributor – or at least not a negative feedback that could help quell a fire – is the fact that unlike most thunderstorms, pyroCbs don't tend to produce rain, since particulates in the air result in small water droplets which then evaporate before reaching the ground.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EFinney's aim now is to build a model that will help predict some of these behaviours faster than real time, so that land managers and fire chiefs can act quickly when a large fire breaks out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09hgqdx"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EExtreme wildfires also have the potential to affect the climate, at least regionally, says Canadian climatologist Mike Flannigan, at the University of Alberta. Flannigan has been warning that climate change is causing more extreme wildfires for 20 years now – through drying out fuels, extending the fire season and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1002\u002F2017JD026577\"\u003Epossibly the creation of more lightning\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBut less is known about wildfire contributions to climatic changes, says Flannigan. \"There's lots of checks and balances in our climate system, and some of the things that fire brings cause warming and some cause cooling,\" he says. Some say the cooling processes outweigh the warming, while some say the reverse is true. \"But it's got many moving parts, and that's why it's still hasn't been completely resolved.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBurning fuels obviously releases a lot of greenhouse gases, says Flannigan, which contribute to warming, particularly if carbon-rich peat is involved. But other mechanisms then become less clear. The soot, or black carbon, created in the fire is one of the unknown factors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"Black carbon is very effective at warming the atmosphere, either directly [by absorbing] sunlight or by falling on snow and ice, [since] black surfaces absorb solar radiation and white surfaces reflect it,\" says Flannigan. \"But on the other hand, smoke blocks solar radiation and can cover a large portion of the globe, causing regional cooling.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThis happens when pyroCbs inject material into the stratosphere, which is normally a very stable part of the atmosphere, therefore allowing particles to stay there a longer time. The more smoke in the stratosphere, the more severe the cooling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EFor example, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs43247-020-00022-5\"\u003Eone study found that the smoke from the Australian fires at the beginning of 2020 blocked more solar radiation than any previously documented wildfire\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to the same extent as a moderate volcanic eruption, says Flannigan. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ECooling could last \"from a month to a year, and from a continent to a hemisphere. These are all possibilities,\" says Flannigan. With climate change causing more extreme wildfires, could he see a future of planetary cooling?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"If you'd asked me that a couple years ago, I would have said probably not. Now, I'd say, yes, my mind's changed.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09hgpw0"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBack in Washington DC, Fromm also observed the stratospheric smoke over Australia in 2020 using satellites, and helped detect another first for fire meteorology.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EA \"blob\" of smoke stretching 1,000km (620 miles) gradually made its way around the Earth as an egg-like shape. It was created by a plume of smoke that was so hot it was generating its own atmospheric circulation, says Fromm. He suspects this was created by one to three PyroCbs, although he says scientists are still not sure.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"The blob started to circulate in an anti-cyclonic motion, and while it was rotating it was also moving through the atmosphere and up in altitude, and it was able to be tracked around the world,\" says Fromm. \"We don't have a theory yet [about the impact], but we are speculating that it could actually alter the chemistry of the stratosphere.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EPyroCbs have always occurred, says Fromm, and the science is still out on whether the number of them is increasing. \"[But since Portugal in 2017] we have seen, not trends, but events that we've never seen before or in locations we've never seen a pyroCb before. With the Australian fires of 2019-20, we saw a cluster of pyroCbs that was more dramatic in terms of the size, number, and intensity than we're aware of happening previously, at least in the satellite era.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIt's one of the many to-be-explored aspects of fire meteorology, says Fromm, but the key area of research now has to be to link these meteorological phenomena and behaviours with what is happening on the ground, before they get more extreme.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-05-14T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The most intense firestorms in the world","headlineShort":"The storm that dropped a 'bomb' of fire","image":["p09hgp8m"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"When a wildfire reaches epic proportions, it changes everything around it – even creating its own weather. Scientists around the world are racing against time to understand them.","summaryShort":"The storms operate at the boundary of what is physically possible","tag":["tag\u002Fclimate","tag\u002Fweather"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-05-13T23:05:31.771949Z","entity":"article","guid":"ed07b0d4-dbb7-4e7f-abea-c36ed2f842c9","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:41:19.805175Z","project":"future","slug":"20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454275},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating","_id":"60cd7ba50e2e0c61c32300ff","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Flaura-cole"],"bodyIntro":"With many people spending more time than usual in their homes this year, how can the environmental cost of heating them be reduced?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fsmart-guide-to-climate-change\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp084214h.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"“The\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen it comes to heating, retiree Lucy Craig’s bungalow in north London is high tech. A self-professed gadget lover, when she refurbished eight years ago, she was keen to find the most carbon friendly methods for keeping her home warm. She settled on heat pumps.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside her house, all that can be seen of the pump is an innocuous metal box. Inside the machine is a closed circuit of liquid that cycles in a pipe running from the box outdoors to a water tank indoors. This liquid is a refrigerant with a very low boiling temperature, so even winter air has enough energy to vaporise it. At the outdoor box, the heat pump fans air over the refrigerant, helping it to absorb heat, which it then transfers to the water tank inside the house.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECraig has one of these pumps to generate hot water for an underfloor heating system and another that generates hot water that runs from the taps. On her countertop, an owl-shaped monitor on the tells her how much she is using. It’s usually good news. Heat pumps use only around a quarter of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gshp.org.uk\u002FHVR_Awards_CO2_Calculator_Heat_Pumps.html\"\u003Eenergy needed for a traditional gas boiler\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and Craig is able to get the electricity needed to keep the system running from solar panels she has had installed on her roof.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat makes heat pumps so efficient is the refrigerant gas inside the network of pipes. It flows through a cycle of evaporation and condensation as it absorbs heat from the air, turns to vapour and is then compressed with an electric-powered pump. This compression step helps to concentrate the energy stored in the refrigerant. When it gets inside, the refrigerant cools and condenses as it transfers its heat to the water in the inside tank.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08ymk9w"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven in low outside temperatures, it can generate enough heat to keep Craig’s home warm and produce enough hot water for her needs. It is a highly efficient process, and is leading many to see heat pumps as the future of home heating.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe energy used to heat the spaces we live and work in is one of the highest contributors to our individual carbon footprints. Globally, heat accounts for nearly half of all energy consumption and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fuploads\u002Fsystem\u002Fuploads\u002Fattachment_data\u002Ffile\u002F699674\u002F050218_International_Comparisons_Study_MainReport_CLEAN.pdf\"\u003E40% of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Of course, exactly how much of your own emissions come from heating your home will depend on where you live. In cooler and temperate climates, that tends to be a far bigger proportion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.c2es.org\u002Fsite\u002Fassets\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002Finnovation-buildings-background-brief-07-18.pdf\"\u003E38% of greenhouse gas emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from residential housing are produced from heating and cooling rooms, while a further 15% are produced heating water. It is estimated that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theccc.org.uk\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F06\u002FCCC-2018-Progress-Report-to-Parliament.pdf\"\u003E19% of the UK’s greenhouse gas emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E come from warming up the places we live and work, with more than three-quarters of this coming from domestic buildings. The vast majority of houses in the UK rely on gas boilers, but the British Government \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-47559920\"\u003Ehas moved to phase these out in the next five years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200224-how-cutting-your-food-waste-can-help-the-climate\"\u003EWhy eating your leftovers helps the planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200326-the-hidden-impact-of-your-daily-water-use\"\u003EThe hidden cost of your daily water use\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-urban-mining-how-your-home-may-be-a-gold-mine\"\u003EWhy your house could be a gold mine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are plenty of less carbon intensive alternatives for householders to switch to, such as using electric heating, heat pumps, or even district heat networks, where a central source is used to heat water, which is then shared among nearby houses through networks of pipes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe carbon footprint of heating, however, is only one half of the story. In order to cut down on emissions quickly, as well as prepare for low energy alternatives, “our houses need to be warmer”, says Hannah Jones, a mechanical engineer at a UK-based green design consultancy called Greengauge. “If we all just add heat pumps to most houses as they are we’ll need more energy than they can provide.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis means we need to be able to trap what heat we get into our homes inside rather than allowing it to leak out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis challenge motivated Craig to participate in Muswell Hill Sustainability group, a network of carbon-friendly homeowners in north London who are trying to demonstrate how carbon savings can be made. Through the network’s thermal imaging group – “the TIGgers” – homeowners can have their property photographed using heat-sensitive cameras to reveal where they are wasting the most energy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08ymkp6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“People are often surprised to see their roofs are bright red with heat loss,” says Craig. “It’s one way to motivate communities to decarbonise the country’s housing stock en-masse.“\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnce you have found where the heat is leaking out, it is then possible to do something about it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhere to start\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENew builds are easier to tackle. Installing cavity insulation and new double-glazing during the construction stage saves replacement costs in the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the majority of the people, however, the challenge is how to adapting their existing properties. Much of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Feurostat\u002Fstatistics-explained\u002Findex.php?title=People_in_the_EU_%E2%80%93_statistics_on_housing_conditions&oldid=266849#Housing_characteristics:_the_age_of_dwellings\"\u003Ehousing in Europe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and North America is more than 40 years old. In the US \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.governing.com\u002Fgov-data\u002Ftransportation-infrastructure\u002Fage-year-built-for-homes-in-cities.html\"\u003E13.5% of homes were built before 1940\u003C\u002Fa\u003E while a third of the housing in the UK, Denmark and Belgium were constructed prior to 1946. In Germany, Hungary and Sweden 45-50% of the houses were built between 1946 and 1980 while in Italy, Slovakia and Romania the share of housing of that age rises to 50-60%. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite this, huge carbon savings can still be made by retrofitting the existing housing stock, according to Jones. Making sure doors shut properly is a good first step, and that they are draught proofed, with no gaps. “Door brushes, beading and rubber seals alldo their bit,” she says. “Not everyone can afford new cavity wall insulation, but everyone can drought-proof their letterbox.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to a report from the University of Sussex, new double-glazing (manufactured after 2002) provides \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsro.sussex.ac.uk\u002Fid\u002Feprint\u002F80304\u002F3\u002FRosenowetal.2018TheremainingpotentialforenergysavingsinUKhouseholds2.pdf\"\u003Eone of the most significant carbon savings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. If all houses got new double-glazing it could save the UK 20.3 TWh of fuel per year. Assuming the heat saved is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.carbonindependent.org\u002F15.html#:~:text=The%20CO2%20generated%20by%20burning,%5B4%5D%20Table%204.1\"\u003Egenerated from natural gas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the savings would amount to 3.76 million tonnes of CO2 per year – around 1.2% of the nation’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fuploads\u002Fsystem\u002Fuploads\u002Fattachment_data\u002Ffile\u002F862887\u002F2018_Final_greenhouse_gas_emissions_statistical_release.pdf\"\u003Etotal annual carbon emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In a house with five radiators, reflectors could save £20 ($26) a year from energy bills","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor households that can’t afford to refit windows, there are also magnetised versions available, where a second pane can be stuck over the top superficially. They fit different size and types of window, and come at about one-fifth of the cost.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMaking the best of a boiler\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the energy you use to heat your home makes a big difference to the carbon footprint, there are other ways of reducing emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETerence Jeffrey is a green energy consultant, based in Islington, London, where he advises residents how to get more heat out of their existing boiler systems. He recommends people pay attention to their radiators.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We always recommend radiator reflectors” he says. “Much of radiator heat is lost through the mounting wall, a reflector it bounces back 95% of it.” In a house with five radiators, reflectors could save £20 ($26) a year from energy bills, he estimates.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore efficient still is to turn off radiators that aren’t being used. Thermostatic radiator valves can be added and used to control the heat in individual rooms. “Letting the other rooms be a little cooler is going to save carbon,” Jeffrey says. Internet connected “smart” valves allow even greater control.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08ymk1q"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETurning down room temperature down by 1C can have a big cumulative effect. According to Element Energy, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theccc.org.uk\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2013\u002F12\u002FReview-of-potential-for-carbon-savings-from-residential-energy-efficiency-Final-report-A-160114.pdf\"\u003EUK would save 1.18 million tonnes of CO2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E if everyone carried out such a decrease. Jeffrey is quick to add, however, that many of his clients are in fuel poverty, so dropping the temperature further is not always an option for those already scrimping by on the barely any heat anyway. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe does recommend lowering the running boiler temperature to 60C. “A lower temperature over a longer period is better than firing it up to higher temperatures in short bursts” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInsulation and passive designs \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter draught proofing, insulation is the most important way to cut back on carbon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt its most extreme is a rigorous sustainability energy certification called “passive house”. The movement has its roots in 1970s American architecture, when the energy crisis meant homes were designed to maximise as much as possible on insulation and “solar gains” – the free heat that comes from the sun.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It was a case of necessity becoming the mother of invention,” says Julie Torres Moskovitz, who completed the first certified passive house in New York. Growing up in the 70s, she remembers colouring-in exercises about how to save energy during the crisis at school. “Energy has always been a theme for me,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo achieve passive house level of energy efficiency, a home must use below 15 kilowatt hours per square meter for heat for the whole year annually – about a 10% of that used by the average home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"A dog might give off 50 watts while an oven, a refrigerator and electric lights also add to the warmth inside the building","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Virtually airtight” is how Moskovitz describes the requirements of a passive house. “If the standard for insulation are met, a passive house can reduce heating energy consumption of its occupants by up to 90%,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA passive house needs a high level of insulation, and to eke as much use as possible from the heat available inside. External insulation on the outside of the building is one of the most effective at creating a sealed envelope and avoid “thermal bridges”, which wick heat from warm indoors to cold outdoors. But it can also be the most expensive and, thanks to its change of appearance, runs up against planning permission problems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are easier and cheaper options – 10mm-thick insulation can be rolled on like wallpaper to internal walls. “Adding a layer roof insulation is also very easy to do,” says Jones. “A roll of mineral wool to the floor of cold loft space could make a noticeable difference.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInsulation doesn’t just trap heat from radiators – it also keeps in warmth produced by other sources too. “Each person in the house is going to be giving off 100 watts,” says Justin Bere, a sustainable architect in London. In a 100sq m (1,076 sq ft) three bedroom passive house, it should only require 1kW to heat the building even in the coldest months, he estimates. “So in a family of five you’ve already got half the warmth you need for the house.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA dog might give off another 50 watts while appliances such as an oven, a refrigerator and electric lights also add to the warmth inside the building.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08ymkxb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBere’s point is that if the house can be fitted to hold onto the warmth inside, there is less need for more from carbon-emitting sources.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile many new builds are being fitted to passive house standards, existing buildings can also be retrofitted with insulation. Bere often uses insulation panels that are as thick as a mattress and are attached to wooden board. These can be drilled on the interior of existing walls. “It means the rooms come in by 10cm (4in) on every side,” he says. “However, most people barely notice the difference in the end, and the added comfort is far more valuable than a few centimetres of wall.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJones cautions that making a building too airtight can cause problems when it comes to ventilation. “You really don’t want to encourage mould growth, or create poor air quality,” she says. Installing a mechanical vent that circulates fresh air, while recovering the heat can help here.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAccidental emissions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile adding insulation and other measures to make your home more energy efficient might seem to make sense, there is a risk that the carbon footprint of the construction materials themselves could cancel out any savings made.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It can sometimes be a zero sum game,” says Ahmed Khan, a professor of sustainable architecture in Belgium.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThrough research at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, he found some of the most energy-efficient products, such as brand new insulation materials and triple glazing, can be more carbon heavy over their lifetime due to the energy needed to manufacture and transport the materials. This is called embodied energy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Rather than fibreglass insulation, cellulose fibres, mineral wool from mineral waste, cork and even wasted blue jean fabric can be used","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere is a sweet spot though. “It’s possible to achieve a very high energy efficiency and low embodied energy, so long as you pay attention to the sources of materials,” says André Stephan, expert in energy efficiency at the Univerité Catholique de Louvain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFavouring materials that come from natural sources, repurposed waste or reused materials can help. “It truly depends on the location of your home, but as a general rule materials which are bio-based and not fired at very high temperatures are typically less energy intensive,” says Stephan. Less energy intensive means less greenhouse gas emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERather than fibreglass insulation, cellulose fibres, mineral wool from mineral waste, cork and even wasted blue jean fabric can be used. “Reaching passive house standards or equivalent with these materials is ideal for a low carbon footprint across the life cycle of the property,” says Stephan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESmart heating\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the remains of a coal mine in east Belgium is a laboratory which is experimenting on another potential solution for keeping carbon emissions down. This is the EnergyVille complex where Chris Caerts researches “smart” fixes to improve energy efficiency. He’s often asked, is intelligent technology the answer to emitting less carbon? \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Compared to having a boiler switched on all the time, a remote app which turns it off when it is not needed will appear revolutionary,” he says. “But a well-programmed ‘dumb’ thermostat could achieve near the same savings.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08yn65w"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We need systems that work automatically and learn how to make the most of changeable energy such as wind and solar.” That might mean a hot water system that activates when it receives a strong signal from the solar panels, or even knows when to expect one.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn theory, an intelligent heating system should be able to make similar decisions on a daily basis, with information from regional wind and solar farms. Consumption could be timed when there is the greenest energy mix forecast.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor those with gas boilers, a smart thermostat which learns which rooms you use and when could also help to reduce your carbon footprint some, says Caerts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile truly intelligent, flexible systems that adapt to the energy mix might still be some years away, a change in mentality can start now. The National Grid, for example, launched an app earlier this year which allows users to work out when the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalgrid.com\u002Fstories\u002Fjourney-to-net-zero-stories\u002Feso-app-helps-you-work-out-how-green-your-power\"\u003Egreenest time to use electricity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is. One website even offered those taking up baking during the pandemic lockdown to decide \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fshouldibake.com\u002F\"\u003Ethe best time to crank up their ovens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in order to have the least environmental impact.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We need to be thinking about how we can steer consumption to maximally coincide with times in the day when the carbon intensity is the lowest,” adds Caerts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith many of us likely to be spending more time in our homes this winter, it could make a big difference.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESmart Guide to Climate Change\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor most BBC Future readers, the question of whether climate change is happening is no longer something that needs to be asked. Instead, there is now growing concern about what each of us as individuals can do about it. This new series, our “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fsmart-guide-to-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESmart Guide to Climate Change\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”, uses scientific research and data to break down the most effective strategies each of us can take to shrink our carbon footprint.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E--\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating-16"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fsmart-guide-to-climate-change"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-11-17T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How to cut carbon out of your heating","headlineShort":"The smart way to stay warm this winter","image":["p08ymjvd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p08yn62s"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"With many people spending more time than usual in their homes this year, how can the environmental cost of heating them be reduced?","summaryShort":"Heating your home releases a surprising amount of carbon into the atmosphere","tag":["tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Fclimate"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-11-17T01:00:37.168785Z","entity":"article","guid":"c764aa0f-1b25-4ee7-a812-0d675514ec62","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:32:11.258381Z","project":"future","slug":"20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454276},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201007-can-driverless-cars-tackle-climate-change":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201007-can-driverless-cars-tackle-climate-change","_id":"60cd7adb0e2e0c65ea7bca27","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fashley-nunes"],"bodyIntro":"Emissions from motor vehicles are some of the biggest contributors to climate change around the world – but is the cold efficiency of self-driving cars a solution?","businessUnit":"public service","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EWithout the heavy footedness and over-exuberant steering of human motorists, self-driving cars might seem to be the answer to all of our woes on the road.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAlgorithms can’t get drunk, drowsy, or distracted, which are the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcrashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\u002FApi\u002FPublic\u002FViewPublication\u002F811059\"\u003Eleading\u003C\u002Fa\u003E causes of road fatalities and are largely responsible for killing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Froad-traffic-injuries\"\u003E1.3 million people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in traffic accidents every year. They are not prone to road rage, eating while driving, or fiddling with the entertainment system. And they can move faster, yet more safely, through traffic, which decreases congestion. (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20141023-robot-cars-lifesaving-invention\"\u003Ehow self-driving cars can save live\u003C\u002Fa\u003Es.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EComputerised systems are also better than their human counterparts at choosing the most fuel-efficient route. They accelerate and brake more smoothly. These eco-friendly driving practices collectively save fuel, which ultimately reduces exhaust pipe emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis all sounds great. After all, cars, trucks and buses currently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fgreenvehicles\u002Ffast-facts-transportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions\"\u003Eaccount\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for nearly 30% of the US’s global warming pollution. Motor vehicles are also a major source of air pollution in cities around the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201007-can-driverless-cars-tackle-climate-change-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08tm2j9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201007-can-driverless-cars-tackle-climate-change-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt is easy to see why some see the precision and predictability that comes from handing control of vehicles to algorithms as a solution to not only the safety issues, but environmental problems that road transport faces.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut realising this reality means overcoming numerous challenges. Here are three of them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPower\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps counter-intuitively, a University of Michigan study in 2018 found the shift towards autonomy could \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1021\u002Facs.est.7b04576\"\u003Eraise (rather than reduce) a vehicle’s energy demands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The increased thirst for power comes – in part – from all the extra hardware self-driving cars need. To navigate their way around our messy, complex world, they bristle with advanced cameras, lasers and other sensors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile this technology helps keep passengers safe, it also means added weight, which increases the amount of energy needed to move the car. Adding hardware to the car’s exterior (rather than moulding it into the frame) also means it cuts through the air less efficiently.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA related problem is computational capacity. Modern vehicles monitor everything from oil temperature to engine timing to braking action. This entails churning through \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.telekom.com\u002Fen\u002Fcompany\u002Fmanagement-unplugged\u002Ffrancois-fleutiaux\u002Fdetails\u002Fvehicle-data-is-more-profitable-than-the-car-itself-516208#:~:text=Today's%20cars%20are%20already%20data,gigabytes%20of%20data%20every%20hour!\"\u003Egigabytes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of data every hour. That figure is poised to rise dramatically in driverless cars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200904-covid-19-how-to-travel-safely-on-the-bus-train-and-subway\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHow to travel safely during the pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-are-we-witnessing-the-death-of-the-car\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EAre we witnessing the death of the car?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200317-climate-change-cut-carbon-emissions-from-your-commute\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHow your daily travel harms the planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe reason? All these extra sensors produce far greater volumes of data, which self-driving algorithms must comb through, combine and act upon. And they must do it quickly and correctly. That requires computing power, but how much is anyone’s guess. Manufacturers have said little about how much extra power driverless vehicles will need to perform all these computational tasks. Nor have they definitively shared how they plan to address that need.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201007-can-driverless-cars-tackle-climate-change-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"While this technology helps keep passengers safe, it also means added weight, which increases the amount of energy needed to move the car","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201007-can-driverless-cars-tackle-climate-change-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne solution is to outfit cars with bigger batteries. But that adds weight, which reduces efficiency. Switching from a gasoline-powered engine to one powered by electricity is another solution. The latter is far more efficient at converting energy stored to power at the wheels. But some of the raw minerals for electric cars come from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.economist.com\u002Fbusiness\u002F2018\u002F12\u002F01\u002Fcan-the-world-produce-enough-cobalt-for-electric-vehicles\"\u003EDemocratic Republic of Congo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a country long dogged by allegations of child labour. Although minerals can be extracted from the sea, this poses political challenges as countries have long bickered over mining rights on the sea floor.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECost\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike many other new technologies, affordability might be one of the biggest roadblocks standing in the way of driverless cars. These vehicles may be good for the planet but winning over consumers won’t be easy if the price isn’t right. Research \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fimage-src.bcg.com\u002FImages\u002FMEMA-BCG-A-Roadmap-to-Safer-Driving-Sep-2015_tcm9-63787.pdf\"\u003Eshows\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that when it comes to car sales, cost is king. That’s one big reason why electric vehicles – despite being environmentally friendlier – remain less popular than their gasoline powered counterparts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere still isn’t really a clear picture of how much a fully driverless car will cost consumers, but one thing is certain: they won’t be cheap. Current \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-autos-delphi\u002Fself-driving-costs-could-drop-90-percent-by-2025-delphi-ceo-says-idUSKBN1DY2AC\"\u003Eestimates\u003C\u002Fa\u003E place the cost of driverless technology – excluding the car itself – at between $70,000 (£54,260) to $150,000 (£116,270). That’s already three to four times \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.prnewswire.com\u002Fnews-releases\u002Faverage-new-vehicle-prices-up-3-5-year-over-year-in-january-2020-on-sales-mix-according-to-kelley-blue-book-301007102.html\"\u003Ethe average cost of a new car\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201007-can-driverless-cars-tackle-climate-change-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08tm0kl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201007-can-driverless-cars-tackle-climate-change-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAdmittedly, prices will drop. German engineering firm Robert Bosch recently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-autos-bosch-lidar\u002Fgermanys-bosch-to-offer-lower-cost-sensors-for-self-driving-cars-idUSKBN1Z10EK\"\u003Eannounced\u003C\u002Fa\u003E plans to develop “affordable mass market” driverless technology. But how this will be achieved remains unclear. Driverless sensors alone currently cost upwards of $10,000 (£7,750). That figure must – according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tu-auto.com\u002Fsetting-the-right-price-for-lidar-mass-adoption\u002F\"\u003Eauto industry experts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – fall to as little as $200 (£155) for driverless technology to be commercially viable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsequently, driverless vehicles aren’t poised – anytime soon at least – to be individually owned. Instead, expect fleets of roving “robocabs” – automated taxis that ferry passengers around on demand. The robocab concept has another environmental benefit: namely reducing the number of cars needed to serve a population, which ultimately reduces emissions. It’s an idea that some companies are pouring billions into. Ride-hailing giant Uber for example, has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2019-04-11\u002Fuber-has-spent-more-than-1-billion-on-driverless-cars\"\u003Espent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E more than $1 billion on developing driverless cabs and has tested the technology in San Francisco and Pittsburgh. Similar tests have been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Fgoogle-self-driving-car-investment-exceeds-1-billion-2017-9?r=US&IR=T\"\u003Econducted by Waymo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the Alphabet backed driverless technology startup that was born from Google’s experimental self-driving car project.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, how much will hailing a robocab cost you? Some \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frmi.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F03\u002FMobility_PeakCarOwnership_Report2017.pdf\"\u003Estudies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E say mere cents per mile – well below the cost of owning a conventional car. At that price, large swaths of society will – the reasoning goes – abandon their cars altogether.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201007-can-driverless-cars-tackle-climate-change-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Without adopting “ride-pooling” vehicle use, and consequently emissions, could dramatically rise by 2050","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201007-can-driverless-cars-tackle-climate-change-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOther studies are less optimistic, and suggest that hailing a robocab could cost at least \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0965856420305930\"\u003Etwice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as much as owning a conventional car. One thing is certain: if the price isn’t right, curbing emissions won’t be easy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPooling\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen it comes to driverless vehicles and the environment, the old adage – sharing is caring – is particularly true. It turns out that the most crucial part of paring down emissions entails not just opting for robocabs over personal cars, but also sharing rides. A University of California Davis \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsteps.ucdavis.edu\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F05\u002FSTEPS_ITDP-3R-Report-5-10-2017-2.pdf\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that without adopting “ride-pooling” – the practice of cramming more passengers into a car – vehicle use, and consequently emissions, could dramatically rise by 2050.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo why not pool? For one thing, people are – owing to safety and privacy concerns – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmobility.mit.edu\u002Fpublications\u002F2017\u002Fmorales-sarriera-share-or-not-share-investigating-social-aspects-dynamic\"\u003Eunenthusiastic about sharing cars with strangers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It also creates inconvenience by lengthening journeys.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201007-can-driverless-cars-tackle-climate-change-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08tm2qd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201007-can-driverless-cars-tackle-climate-change-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor these reasons, ride-pooling has struggled to gain traction. Just look at Uber – the company launched a pooling option (appropriately called UberPool) in 2014, which aims to win over price savvy customers. Those who opt in are offered low fares in exchange for shared rides. But the concept \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftechcrunch.com\u002F2016\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fuber-says-that-20-of-its-rides-globally-are-now-on-uber-pool\u002F\"\u003Eremains\u003C\u002Fa\u003E deeply unpopular among riders – so unpopular in fact that Uber \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theverge.com\u002F2016\u002F5\u002F28\u002F11799584\u002Fuber-uberpool-carpool-uberx-app\"\u003Eresorted\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to reprogramming its app to “push” riders towards the pooling option.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERide-pooling is, for all its benefits, a practice that consumers often (and understandably) avoid. The concept may lower emissions but that prospect is unlikely unless consumers can be convinced that its virtues outweigh its vices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor those developing self-driving vehicles, the technological and economic barriers may be easier to overcome than those related to human behaviour. While computers might make humans redundant behind the wheel, how we choose to use them will ultimately determine what impact this technology has.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* Ashley Nunes is a research fellow at Harvard Law School. His work explores how innovation affects markets. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201007-can-driverless-cars-tackle-climate-change-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-10-08T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why driverless cars have an emissions problem","headlineShort":"The flaw with driverless cars","image":["p08tlyx9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p08tm2j9"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Emissions from motor vehicles are some of the biggest contributors to climate change around the world – but is the cold efficiency of self-driving cars a solution?","summaryShort":"Is the cold efficiency of self-driving vehicles better for the environment?","tag":["tag\u002Ftransport","tag\u002Fclimate","tag\u002Fartificialintelligence"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-10-08T00:00:59.899745Z","entity":"article","guid":"c35c1525-411b-4e5c-ba9f-145011167d0a","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201007-can-driverless-cars-tackle-climate-change","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:29:57.605291Z","project":"future","slug":"20201007-can-driverless-cars-tackle-climate-change","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454276},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat","_id":"612fb9e00e2e0c63ab2f994c","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The most populous city in Africa is also one of its most vulnerable to sea level rise and floods. To stay afloat, everything from its architecture to its transport may have to change.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENavigating the thronging streets of Lagos, Nigeria, is a challenge at the best of times. But during the rainy seasons, the city's streets can become almost impassable. Home to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flagosstate.gov.ng\u002Fabout-lagos\u002F\"\u003Emore than 24 million\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Lagos is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flagosstate.gov.ng\u002Fabout-lagos\u002F\"\u003ENigeria's economic powerhouse\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, making it a destination for people seeking new opportunities. But \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fresources\u002Fidt-sh\u002Flagos\"\u003Ethat rapid growth creates pressure on the streets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and the environment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe streets are often flooded, in part due to the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Farticle.sapub.org\u002F10.5923.j.arch.20180801.03.html\"\u003Edysfunctional disposal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the 6,000-10,000 tonnes of rubbish generated daily in the city. After a downpour, rubbish piles up in open gutters and makes moving around the streets difficult. “I worry when it rains, especially when it is heavy,” says Lagos resident Stephanie Erigha. \"It makes me anxious.\" On one occasion when taking a taxi through a waterlogging-prone part of the city, she recalls the water gushing right into the back seat next to her.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiwaponline.com\u002Fjwcc\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F11\u002F4\u002F1067\u002F69712\u002FChallenges-in-water-resources-of-Lagos-mega-city?redirectedFrom=fulltext\"\u003Ethe overall climate in Lagos is expected to see less rainfall overall\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with climate change, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Flagos-is-getting-less-rain-but-more-heavy-storms-what-it-can-do-to-prepare-134437\"\u003Eintensity of rain is expected to increase\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, bringing with it greater risk of flooding. Meanwhile, the low-lying city is also particularly vulnerable to water from another source: rising seas. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F113\u002F47\u002F13342.short\"\u003EIf global warming exceeds 2C, the city is predicted to see 90cm of sea level rise\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by 2100, according to research led by marine physicist Svetlana Jevrejeva, of the UK's National Oceanography Centre.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow, in the face of flooding, blocked streets and rising waters, is Africa's most populous city adapting?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFloating architecture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is one part of Lagos that has extensive experience of dealing with high water. Much of the Makoko neighbourhood is not built on land, but rather sits on stilts above the waterline. Makoko, known as the \"Venice of Africa\", is a labyrinthine slum built on stilts and navigated by canoe. The slum has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-africa-51677371\"\u003Elittle access to electricity or clean sanitation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but it has also been home to innovations like \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nleworks.com\u002Fcase\u002Fmakoko-floating-school\u002F\"\u003Ethe Makoko Floating School\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a structure resting on recycled empty plastic barrels for buoyancy. The school's pyramid shape helped lower its centre of gravity and so increase its stability, while also being an ideal roof shape for shedding heavy rains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis prototype, however, was short-lived after suffering lasting damage from a storm in 2016. But it set the precedent for floating system that its architect, Kunlé Adeyemi, would put to use in other coastal cities. Iterations of the floating structure have been built in Venice and Bruges.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210119-why-saving-whales-can-help-fight-climate-change\"\u003EHow whales help cool the Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery\"\u003EWhy batteries are the new power plants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210112-the-vast-bicycle-graveyards-of-china\"\u003EWhy some bike shares work and others don't\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost recently, a version of the design is being constructed in the city of Mindelo on the island of São Vicente, Cape Verde. “It is a floating music hub,\" says Adeyemi, the founder of NLÉ, an urban design and development consultancy. \"In this iteration, we are building it in a bay within the Atlantic Ocean.” The hub is made from timber and consists of three floating vessels housing a multipurpose live performance hall, a state-of-the-art recording studio and a platform for thirsty guests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWood, Adeyemi says, is an ideal sustainable material for building floating structures. “If you have a cost-benefit metrics of different solutions for building on water, wood will be very high in ratings,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe floating music hub is part of NLÉ’s African Water Cities project, which seeks to find new ways for waterfront communities to live with rising sea levels. Instead of fighting water, says Adeyemi, we want to learn to live with it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWater traffic\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt only took one ferry journey for Lagos resident Olajumoke Oyelese, to be \"hooked\". The speed of travel possible on a ferry far outstripped what she was used to idling in traffic on Lagos' roads.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOluwadamilola Emmanuel, general manager of the Lagos State Waterways Authority, says that water transport in the city has come a long way in terms of coverage. According to Emmanuel, now there are more than 42 ferry routes on the waterways with 30 commercial jetties and terminals spanning across three districts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBesides the city authorities, an increasing number of firms are setting up water transport businesses in the city. In 2019, Uber set sail with the pilot-run of its Uber Boat service. The goal was to ease the city's infamous road congestion. \"We are aware of the man-hours and productivity that are lost every day due to road traffic in Lagos state,\" says Lorraine Onduru, a spokesperson for the company. \"[We] are looking at ways to provide commuters with an easy and affordable way to get in and out of the city's business districts.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDuring the two-week course of the Uber Boat's pilot, travellers only had to book ahead to reserve a seat using an app. The boat accommodated at least 35 people per ride from weekdays to the weekend. They were conveyed to their destinations on designated routes – a maximum of four trips in a day. At the moment, Uber Boat is still evaluating whether the boat could become a long-term solution for Lagosian commuters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETransport by water might be one answer to Lagos' epic traffic jams, but is taking a boat or ferry more sustainable than travelling by road?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELittle data exists comparing the options in Lagos. But \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fpublications\u002Fgreenhouse-gas-reporting-conversion-factors-2020\"\u003Eaccording to estimates by the UK's Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-49349566\"\u003Efoot-passenger ferry has lower carbon emissions per passenger than a bus, coach or taxi\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough jetties are springing up all over the city, water transport has yet to make a dent into the huge numbers relying on the roads. In particular, numbers on ferries have been low during the pandemic. When a service is available, social distancing protocols mean the number of travellers per trip is halved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Lagosians like Oyelese are eager for the change and integration of the existing ferry services with the rest of the city's transport network. \"You need something like a ferry boat that could even take vehicles, goods as well as passengers,\" she says. \"And that's one thing I feel is missing.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECoastal siege\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne prominent defence against rising waters is the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fepdf\u002F10.1111\u002Fjfr3.12179\"\u003E\"Great Wall of Lagos\", a barrier made of 100,000 concrete blocks weighing five tonnes each\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.royalhaskoningdhv.com\u002Fen-gb\u002Fprojects\u002Feko-atlantic-nigeria\u002F561\"\u003E18m-high (60 ft) sea defence protects a stretch of shoreline by Lagos' Eko Atlantic, a development being built on reclaimed land, and will be 8.4km long when completed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe wall is intended to protect the new development from the unforgiving long swell waves that originate in storms in the southern Atlantic Ocean, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fphys.org\u002Fnews\u002F2019-07-nigeria-lagos-atlantic-erosion.html\"\u003Ethough critics have raised concerns that while protecting the shore in some regions, it is accelerating erosion in others\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOther structures to protect the sea include constructing 18 groynes on the shores of the Eko Atlantic. A groyne is a structure built to trap sand and prevent it from washing into the ocean. Those installed at Eko Atlantic are each spaced 400m (1,300ft) apart and span a distance of 7.2km (4.5 miles). Further groynes have been proposed to cover up to 60km (37.3 miles) of the state's coastline, with officials estimating this would \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nannews.ng\u002Ferosion-control-lagos-govt-seeks-n400-bn-from-fg\u002F\"\u003Ecost $1bn (£800m)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the News Agency of Nigeria reported.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFlood forecasting\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile structural coastal defences might be some of the most visible interventions to counter flooding, one of the least visible could be at least as important for the city's resilience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENigeria's federal authorities have designed the Flood Mobile App to make predictions that could buy coastal regions the time to make adequate preparations to protect besieged cities like Lagos. The app is \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002F134.122.126.115\u002Frealtime\u002F\"\u003Eavailable online\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and provides real-time flood forecasting information about a specific location, using data collected by the Nigeria Hydrological Service Agency (NIHSA).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe app covers a much broader region than an earlier service, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.voanews.com\u002Fafrica\u002Fpredicting-nigerias-floods-theres-now-app\"\u003EWetIn App\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which was designed by Nigeria’s agriculture ministry. The WetIn App only targets farmers in three flood-prone states of the federation, giving warnings four days before an expected disaster. Prior to this, the authorities had to rely on media such as magazines, radio and television to get the word out about an imminent flood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENIHSA is confident that the new Flood Mobile App will help people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnihsa.gov.ng\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F05\u002Funveiling-the-annual-flood-outlook-afo2020\u002F\"\u003Emonitor daily flooding risks anywhere\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Nigeria. Already, some early signals urging people to be on alert \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fenvironment.lagosstate.gov.ng\u002F2020\u002F07\u002F09\u002Flagos-urges-residents-of-four-lgas-with-high-flood-risk-to-remain-alert\u002F\"\u003Ehave started playing out\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as torrential rains flood the roads in business and residential districts. Though smart device penetration remains relatively low among all but the younger population in cities, leaving out prospective users in the rural areas and those without mobile phones.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWithout changes like these and many others, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-climate-nigeria\u002Fsea-surges-could-uproot-millions-in-nigeria-megacity-idUSTRE4AI74G20081119\"\u003Esea level rise this century would displace millions in Lagos\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F19463138.2013.878348?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=tjue20\"\u003Elow-lying districts like Makoko among the most vulnerable\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But by learning to live on the sea and its waterways, defending the city's coast and knowing when inundation is most likely, Africa's largest city is leveraging its ingenuity to stay afloat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat-8"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-01-22T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How Africa's largest city is staying afloat","headlineShort":"The city that refuses to sink","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The most populous city in Africa is also one of its most vulnerable to inundation. To stay above water, everything from its architecture to its transport may have to change.","summaryShort":"Africa's largest city faces inundation by 2100","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-01-22T00:05:47.031797Z","entity":"article","guid":"8cc0d032-b52d-4253-bc98-b4f49bc44e2c","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:35:21.260595Z","project":"future","slug":"20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454277},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells","_id":"612fb8950e2e0c63ab2f990e","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"One of Asia’s fastest-growing cities has no major river and its deep groundwater is running out, but an age-old practice could help the city find water.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe school is housed in a nondescript two-storey building in a densely populated district of south-east Bangalore. Pillars painted in the orange, white and green of the Indian national flag add a dash of colour below the tall tower blocks that crowd around Renuka High School.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn many ways this district is very much a typical part of the modern megacity of Bangalore, India’s capital of tech. But in one important way it is still an island – this outlying region of the fast-developing city lacks crucial access to piped water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in the school’s grounds, an ancient practice of well-digging has been revived to quench the area’s growing thirst. The school’s cavernous, hand-crafted well is part of a grander plan to build one million such wells throughout Bangalore. It is an epic task, but this challenging, age-old practice of well-digging could help to protect the city from the stresses of climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EParched city\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBangalore’s status as \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fcgwb.gov.in\u002FDistrict_Profile\u002Fkarnataka\u002F2012\u002FBANGALORE_URBAN-2012.pdf\"\u003Eone of the fastest growing cities in Asia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has come at a steep price. The closest river is the Arkavathi, which Bangalore outgrew long ago. The Cauvery River is a lifeline to the city, supplying 1,450 million litres of water a day, but it flows 100km (63 miles) south of the city at its closest point.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbengaluru.urbanwaters.in\u002Fborewells-97\u002F\"\u003Ealternative water supply is groundwater\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The city has 400,000 authorised deep borewells, though many are bone-dry \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fcgwb.gov.in\u002FDistrict_Profile\u002Fkarnataka\u002F2012\u002FBANGALORE_URBAN-2012.pdf\"\u003Edue to over-exploitation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. These borewells draw water from \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbengaluru.urbanwaters.in\u002Faquifers-100\u002F\"\u003Edeep aquifers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that trap water between the fissured rocky layers of the earth below 60m (200ft). The percolation to such depths is slow and recharging these deep aquifers can take years – which, for a rapidly expanding city, is not feasible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Bangalore’s topography is not conducive to having abundant water supply,” says Hita Unnikrishnan, of the Sheffield Urban Institute, who studies the history of community water resources in Bangalore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet the problem is not a lack of rainfall. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bwssb.gov.in\u002Fcom_content_new?page=18&info_for=107\"\u003EBangalore receives a substantial 972mm (3.2ft) of average annual precipitation between April and November, with around 60 rainy days in a year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200730-sahara-desert-the-search-for-water-in-a-conflict-zone\"\u003EThe water wars of the Sahara Desert\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200910-the-remarkable-floating-gardens-of-bangladesh\"\u003EThe floating gardens of Bangladesh\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete\"\u003EThe world’s growing concrete coasts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhere does all this water go? The answer can be found in a study by researchers of the Centre for Ecological Sciences at the Indian Institute of Science, which points to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in\u002Fenergy\u002Fwater\u002Fpaper\u002FETR123\u002Fsec4.html\"\u003Ea more than tenfold increase in paved surfaces in Bangalore between 1973 and 2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. An estimated 93% of the city has been paved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Precious rainwater that could recharge the aquifers instead flows down the buildings and tarred roads of the city as surface run-off, choking sewers and inundating the low-lying areas","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“In a natural state, with normal rainfall, between 3% and 10% of the city’s rains percolate into underground aquifers,” says Vishwanath Srikantaiah, a water conservation expert who leads the not-for-profit Biome Environmental Trust, which leads the One Million Wells for Bangalore initiative. “Once you start building on the soil, you start to ‘crust’ the ground and kill that 10%, bringing percolation down to zero.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo the precious rainwater that could recharge the aquifers instead flows down the buildings and tarred roads of the city as surface run-off, choking sewers and inundating the low-lying areas. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0264837719316011\"\u003EIt is a problem that climate change is predicted to make worse in the coming decades\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStriking water\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUntil a few years ago, water tankers travelled from Bellandur or Iblur, about 4km (2.5 miles) away, along busy roads to supply Renuka High School with water. The tankers delivered a total of 1,000-litres of deep borewell-drawn water once or twice a week.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was a cumbersome process, and the school authorities questioned the quality of the tanker-supplied water. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fcgwb.gov.in\u002FDistrict_Profile\u002Fkarnataka\u002F2012\u002FBANGALORE_URBAN-2012.pdf\"\u003EGround water in many areas of the Bangalore Urban District is contaminated by sewage, industrial pollution and high nitrate levels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The local Kaikondrahalli Lake, too, was troubled by a history of sewage and rubbish dumping.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere was one realistic alternative left. In 2013, Renuka High School engaged the services of traditional well diggers called “mannu vaddars” to dig a 14ft (4.2m) deep open well.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWell-digging, repair and maintenance is a highly specialised occupation, and one fraught with danger. Mannu vaddars work alongside skilled elders, learning the technique passed down the generations. The elders of the mannu vaddars have practiced their craft without loss of life or limb as they dig deep into the earth, with little more than shovels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese wells are not like the narrow boreholes that drain the lower aquifers, but open, shallow “recharge” wells that access higher aquifers that fill up rapidly with the rains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If the mannu vaddars can help the city dig one million wells, we can achieve 50-60% percolation of rainwater and avoid urban flooding – Vishwanath Srikantaiah","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDigging such a well is easier said than done. Present-day landowners rely on the services of a hydrogeologist and the ancient Indian architectural practice of “vaastu shastra”, which seeks to align design principles with the elements of nature, to pick the well’s location. Once the right place has been identified, the mannu vaddars use a string to measure the radius of the cement ring used to line the earthen walls of the well. Before the ground can be broken, a prayer is offered to the water goddess Gangamma.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne mannu vaddar is assigned the task of digging, while the rest heave the soil out using plastic buckets. If the soil in the area is loose, a custom-fabricated metal mesh is placed on the inside of the pit to reduce the risk of the walls collapsing in as the digging progresses. The mesh is removed after the digging is done, to make way for the cement rings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen the soil lumps at the bottom of the well begin to show telltale pores made by tiny water rivulets, the mannu vaddars know they are nearly there. They are at the edge of a shallow \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbengaluru.urbanwaters.in\u002Faquifers-100\u002F\"\u003Eaquifer, which holds rainwater between 10 to 100ft (3 to 30m) beneath the Earth’s surface\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Water then begins to seep out of the earth into the pit. The well-digger continues to dig for another 2.5-3m (8-10ft). It is hard and tedious work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EApart from the lining materials used – cement instead of stone – the process is much the same as it has been for generations. One hundred years ago, the stone blocks lining the well were arranged without mortar so the water could percolate from the aquifer through the gaps. Now, pre-cast cement rings have taken their place, each with four one-inch holes to let the water in. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt takes around three days for a team of seven or eight mannu vaddars to dig a 9m to 12m (30-40ft) well. Fathers and sons, brothers, uncles and cousins come together to form teams of mannu vaddars, and their efforts and profits are shared equally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDigging a well fetches anywhere between 30,000 (£309\u002F$410) to 150,000 (£1,500\u002F$2,000) Indian rupees depending on the depth of the well. On an average, each well-digger makes 1,200 Indian rupees (£12.25\u002F$16.40) per day, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statista.com\u002Fstatistics\u002F1025976\u002Findia-average-daily-wages-regular-workers-by-gender\u002F\"\u003Emore than twice the average daily wage for a male urban worker in India\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I can guarantee the success of any well I dig. I charge for the well only if it hits water, and there never has been a situation when it hasn’t,” says Pedhanna from Yellammapalya, a village of 75 well-digging families on the outskirts of Bangalore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMillion wells\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEver since the mannu vaddars built the well at Renuka High School, an equivalent of the erstwhile 1,000-litre tanker load of water was pumped from the open well each day, in two 500-litre batches – enough to supply the school’s toilets, washroom and gardens. The well refills within two to three hours of pumping as water percolates through from the lake – which went through a thorough environmental clean-up in 2009 – and further topped up by a rainwater collection system from the school’s terrace. The water level in the well coincides with that of the lake according to the seasons, with the soil between lake and well acting as a natural filter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERenuka High School is among the many communities turning to sustainable water management practices through work with the Biome Environmental Trust. The trust’s Srikantaiah estimates that Bangalore already has around 10,000 open wells, the handiwork of the ancestors of today’s well-diggers. But there is a long way to go to the one-million-well target.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We estimate that if the mannu vaddars can help the city dig one million wells, we can achieve 50-60% percolation of rainwater and avoid urban flooding,” says Srikantaiah. That would bring 1,400 million litres of water a day from the city’s shallow aquifers, he calculates.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe skills of the mannu vaddars are crucial to this effort, not just in terms of labour but knowledge. “Traditional well-diggers who were part of\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbengaluru.urbanwaters.in\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002Fsites\u002F3\u002F2017\u002F08\u002FParticipatory-Aquifer-Mapping_final-report-version-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E a participatory aquifer mapping process\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in south-east Bangalore demonstrated a keen awareness of pre-existing wells, soil types, presence of rocky layers and other traits of the region’s aquifers,” says Shubha Ramachandran, a water sustainability consultant with Biome Environmental Trust, who works closely with the well-diggers. “This oral lore of the city’s open well history can be invaluable.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as being reliable, this water is much more affordable. In open wells, the water needs to be pumped up a mere 6m (20ft) to the surface. Water from the Cauvery river, on the other hand, has to be pumped up 300m (984ft) to reach Bangalore. As a result, the water from the open wells is around 1% of the price of bringing water from the Cauvery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe mannu vaddars are at the centre of this shift towards historic water practices in Bangalore, one well at a time. And demand for their services is growing – the\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bwssb.gov.in\u002Fcom_content_new?page=18&info_for=107\"\u003E Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board now mandates compulsory rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge structures in every house\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and community. It suggests there could be hope for more regular work for the mannu vaddars, as well as promising news for Srikantaiah’s dream of a million wells.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The unique well-digging tradition of the mannu vaddars can ease Bangalore’s water woes,” says Srikantaiah. “With their help, areas of the city with shallow aquifers can create a river beneath the ground, rather than pump a river up to the city.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 4.5kg CO2, travelling by car. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-10-07T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The Indian megacity digging a million wells","headlineShort":"The city digging a million wells","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"One of Asia’s fastest-growing cities has no major river and its deep groundwater is running out, but an age-old practice could help the city find water.","summaryShort":"One of Asia's fastest-growing megacities is digging down to fight climate change","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-10-06T23:05:14.722407Z","entity":"article","guid":"8b79b687-3974-4a25-ac5a-662685987dc0","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:29:49.621396Z","project":"future","slug":"20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454277},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals","_id":"612fb7f00e2e0c67e2223859","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Rare and valuable plants that naturally “mine” large quantities of nickel are thought to be hiding in Indonesia’s forests – but it is a race to discover them before they are wiped out.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESixteen years ago, Aiyen Tjoa was exploring a small mining town of Sorowako in the heart of the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. Sorowako once had been a home to immense diversity of plants, and most of them were found nowhere else. But then the small town became the hub of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcore.ac.uk\u002Fdownload\u002Fpdf\u002F77625923.pdf\"\u003Eone of the largest nickel mining areas in the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with one company alone extracting 5% of the global nickel supply.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen Tjoa, a soil biologist and lecturer in Tadulako University in Central Sulawesi, arrived in Sorowako in 2004, most of the lush vegetation had already been cleared for mining, leaving barren soil and dusty roads in its place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut some bushes and young trees survived. Back then, Tjoa was eager to find those rare plants that were adapting well to their new, nickel-rich surroundings. These, she reasoned, could be “super plants” capable of taking up high levels of nickel from the soil and storing it in surprisingly high quantities. As well as cleaning the soil, these nickel-rich plants could be “mined” to provide an alternative source of the metal, allowing nickel to be harvested without destroying the ecosystem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200818-the-canadian-sea-otter-rescue-plan-that-worked-too-well\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe otter rescue plan that worked too well\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200803-the-solar-canals-revolutionising-indias-renewable-energy\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe ingenious ‘solar canals’ of India\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200728-the-mythical-creatures-that-protect-the-philippines\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe folklore saving animals’ lives in the Philippines\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe plants Tjoa was looking for are known as nickel hyper-accumulators – a group of rare plants able to concentrate at least 1,000 micrograms of nickel per 1g of dried leaf.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Curiously, very few of these plants have been found in Indonesia, which is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world and also has the largest nickel deposit in the world – just where you might expect to find a nickel hyper-accumulator","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMost plants draw up tiny amounts of heavy metals to activate some important enzymes, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0254629914000283\"\u003Enickel is needed to activate one crucial to plants’ flowering process\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But even slightly too much nickel can poison and kill most plants. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FB9780128031582000151\"\u003ENickel hyper-accumulators, however, have evolved the ability to withstand this excess\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by binding the metal inside their cell walls or storing it in their vacuoles – a storage organelle inside the cell, says Tjoa. They mainly store the nickel \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11104-017-3539-8#:~:text=Nickel%20hyperaccumulator%20plants%3A%20Discovery%20and,Hogan%20et%20al.%201983).\"\u003Ein their shoots, leaves, roots or sap\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome nickel-loving species like\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpls.2016.00451\u002Ffull\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E Alyssum murale\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, native to Italy, can take up to 30,000 micrograms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of nickel per 1g dried leaf. Some, like \u003Cem\u003EPhyllantus balgoyii\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, found in Malaysia, have such a high nickel content that their sap is a remarkable bright blue-green colour. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsmi.uq.edu.au\u002Fproject\u002Fpathways-nickel-accumulation-tropical-hyperaccumulator-plant-species-new-caledonia\"\u003ESo far, around 450 species of nickel-loving plants have been documented worldwide.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Most of these plants grow in countries with less plant diversity and lower nickel deposits than Indonesia, such as Cuba (130 species), southern Europe (45), New Caledonia (65) and Malaysia (24).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECuriously, very few of these plants have been found in Indonesia, which is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statista.com\u002Fstatistics\u002F273634\u002Fnickel-reserves-worldwide-by-country\u002F\"\u003Ealso has the largest nickel deposit in the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – just where you might expect to find a nickel hyper-accumulator. Tjoa says that this is largely because very few people have spent the time looking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe long search \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen Tjoa secured a permit from the mining company that holds the concessions in Sorowako, she quickly packed up her gear to scan the area. She had to fund her own explorations, and for four years she came back to Sorowako time and again to look, without success. The work was painstaking and, at first, disappointing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPart of the reason her search was slow was that to the naked eye, such plants look rather ordinary. But, when a likely suspect is found, there is a simple on-the-spot test to identify whether it is a hyper-accumulator or not. Antony van der Ent, a plant ecophysiologist from the University of Queensland who studies nickel hyper-accumulators, describes using a white circle of detection paper to test for nickel. “The paper instantly turns pink when leaves are pressed against it. It’s foolproof, easy to do and fast,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut just because nickel is present doesn’t mean the plant is a hyper-accumulator. To analyse how high the nickel concentration is, a sample is brought back to the lab, dried and examined using X-rays. A hand-held device shoots an X-ray beam at the sample, which reacts by emitting a specific amount of energy that is characteristic of nickel atoms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The beauty of nickel hyper-accumulators is that they collect something that is both a toxic pollutant if left in the soil, and a valuable material – nickel is used in making products from kitchen taps to electric car batteries","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter four years of exploration, Tjoa at last spotted two species of indigenous nickel hyper-accumulators in 2008: \u003Cem\u003ESarcotheca celebica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem\u003EKnema matanensis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. In the lab, she found that both of these native plants could store between 1,000 and 5,000 micrograms of nickel per gram of dried leaf.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was a start, but Tjoa was still hoping for something more. Compared with nickel-loving plants found elsewhere, these two showed fairly modest powers of hyperaccumulation. “We’re looking for plants that could accumulate at least 10,000 micrograms [per gram],” she says. At that threshold, it becomes economically viable to cultivate the plant for mineral extraction – or “phytomining”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETjoa’s research on these plants drew the attention of Satria Bijaksana, a professor of rock magnetism from Bandung Institute of Technology. Bijaksana was looking for relevant research on the relationship between Sulawesi’s geology and ecology, when he became fascinated by the phytomining studies conducted by Tjoa and by van der Ent. He wondered if his own expertise in magnetism could help speed up the search.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs hyper-accumulators have very high quantities of metals, so do their ashes once they have been burned – and some of these metals are magnetic. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F321965161_Nickel_hyperaccumulation_mechanisms_a_review_on_the_current_state_of_knowledge\"\u003EA number of studies have shown that nickel uptake in hyper-accumulator plants happens at the same time with the uptake of iron – a highly magnetic metal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Together with Tjoa, Bijaksana designed an experiment to see if magnetic susceptibility increases when the plants accumulate more nickel. By comparing the ashes from two species of well-known hyper-accumulators (\u003Cem\u003EAlyssum murale \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eand\u003Cem\u003E Alyssum corsicum\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) with 10 indigenous plants in Sulawesi and Halmahera, they found another positive result – one of the native plants was high in both iron and nickel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"No other country has a greater potential for phytomining than Indonesia – van der Ent","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We think using magnetism could speed up the process because it only detects high concentrations of nickel,” says Bijaksana, leading to fewer false positives as a result. Their study\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F341665760_Use_and_validation_of_magnetic_properties_for_differentiating_nickel_hyperaccumulators_and_non-nickel_hyperaccumulators_in_ultramafic_regions\"\u003E, which was published in May 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, identified two further species of nickel-loving plants from Sulawesi: \u003Cem\u003ECasearia halmaherensis \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eand another that was a type of pepper. Both could accumulate 2,600-2,900 micrograms in 1g of dried leaf. While the research is still preliminary, Bijaksana hopes it could convince people to take phytomining seriously in Indonesia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA new way to mine\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe beauty of nickel hyper-accumulators is that they collect something that is both a toxic pollutant if left in the soil, and a valuable material – nickel is used in making products from kitchen taps to electric car batteries. Collecting the nickel from plants is a relatively easy process.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe University of Queensland’s van der Ent has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F257189082_Ultramafic_nickel_laterites_in_Indonesia_Sulawesi_Halmahera_Mining_nickel_hyperaccumulators_and_opportunities_for_phytomining\"\u003Ecalculated that a hyper-accumulator like \u003Cem\u003EPhyllantus balgoyii\u003C\u002Fem\u003E can produce an estimated 120kg of nickel per hectare every year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. That translates to a market value of around $1,754 (£1,300) per hectare. Extracting the nickel involves pruning the shoots – which hold the highest concentrations of the metal – and burning them, after which the nickel can be separated from the ash. This involves releasing carbon dioxide through burning, but the continuous cultivation of nickel hyper-accumulators can be considered carbon neutral, says van der Ent. “All carbon released from the burning will be ‘captured’ again by the newly growing crop in a few months,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPhytomining has considerable environmental advantages over traditional forms of mining. In Sorowako, nickel is extracted through open-pit mining, to access nickel embedded inside laterite rocks. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.mit.edu\u002F12.000\u002Fwww\u002Fm2016\u002Ffinalwebsite\u002Fproblems\u002Fmining.html\"\u003ETo get the nickel, the rocks need to be crushed, which can release radioactive elements, naturally occurring asbestos-like substances, and metallic dust.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Open-pit mining also produces waste materials in the form of a toxic semi-liquid waste known as tailings. If not properly managed, arsenic and mercury-laden tailings can leak into surrounding environment. More broadly, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41561-020-0531-3\"\u003Etraditional mining as a whole is a considerable carbon emitter, releasing at least 10% of greenhouse emissions in 2017.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as offering a more environmentally friendly way to mine nickel, these plants could help to rehabilitate land that has already been mined. Tjoa says most mining companies in Indonesia ignore a requirement to replant disused sites with vegetation. When they do, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1755-1315\u002F157\u002F1\u002F012022\"\u003Ethey often try using ordinary plants, rather than nickel-loving species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut that undiscerning revegetation process is flawed, says van der Ent. “Most of these plants are common weeds that are highly undesirable for rehabilitation,” he says. Nickel hyper-accumulators could do it better, he says, by improving soil health by removing the nickel and bringing back the major nutrients needed by normal plants. “Eventually, normal crop plants can be cultivated on these soils after phytomining has finished,” he says. It could also give an economic benefit for the mining company because the nickel residue that has been accumulated in their shoots could be harvested. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F257189082_Ultramafic_nickel_laterites_in_Indonesia_Sulawesi_Halmahera_Mining_nickel_hyperaccumulators_and_opportunities_for_phytomining\"\u003ECurrently, only soil that consists of at least 1% nickel can be mined in the traditional way.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E “But a hyper-accumulator can achieve high levels of nickel accumulation in a soil that consists of just 0.1% [nickel],” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F329579782_The_first_tropical_'metal_farm'_Some_perspectives_from_field_and_pot_experiments\"\u003EIn Sabah, Malaysia, van der Ent has been conducting phytomining field trials since 2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “We found out that phytomining really works,” he says. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1021\u002Fes506031u\"\u003EThis could also be applied in soils that have not been mined but have naturally high levels of nickel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But van der Ent underlines that the technology is not aimed at replacing open-pit mining. That would be hard, given that Indonesia is the largest nickel producer in the world, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheinsiderstories.com\u002Findonesian-nickel-export-swells-to-us97m-in-october\u002F\"\u003Ewith around 73 million tonnes of nickel exported last year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Instead, phytomining could be done in parallel. Most importantly, unlike traditional mining, which often clashes with indigenous communities, “we envisage that it will be implemented by smallholders in rural communities living on nickel-rich areas as an alternative form of agriculture”, says van der Ent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite the potential, Tjoa has been frustrated at the slow pace of development of phytomining in Indonesia. “No one seems to pay attention to this potential,” she says. She says she tried to communicate with the mining firm PT Aneka Tambang (Antam) in 2009, Indonesia’s state-owned mining company, but the response was very slow and uncertain. The firm PT Inco once supported her research on phytomining when she did a field trial on the adaptation of\u003Cem\u003E Alyssum murale\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in Sorowako. But the collaboration was terminated partly because the company was restructuring. “Unfortunately, no collaboration since then,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe situation is an irony, says van der Ent. “No other country has a greater potential for phytomining than Indonesia,” he says. Given the extraordinary plant diversity and geological history, he is convinced that the country has a huge potential for the discovery of nickel hyper-accumulators. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fas-botanicalstudies.springeropen.com\u002Ftrack\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1186\u002Fs40529-017-0167-9\"\u003ESulawesi and Halmahera, the neighbouring island, has the largest ultramafic bedrocks, which can be rich in nickel, in the world, at 23,400 hectares (234 sq km\u002F90 sq miles)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As well as having high nickel concentrations, soils that originate from this bedrock support a high level of plant endemism. “That brings the minerals industry capitalising on nickel resources in direct conflict with biodiversity,” says van der Ent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe researchers believe many potential hyper-accumulators could be vanishing in rapid land clearances before they can be discovered. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F1999-4907\u002F10\u002F2\u002F191\u002Fpdf-vor#:~:text=The%20decline%20in%20forest%20cover,be%20seen%20in%20Figure%201.\"\u003EBetween 1990 and 2018, Sulawesi lost nearly 19% of its forest cover\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “We have lost such a big chance to find these plants,” says Tjoa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EShoots of hope\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Tjoa has not given up her search for hyper-accumulators. In central Sulawesi, a pristine rainforest sits on nickel-rich soils that make up the mountainous region in Morowali natural reserve. This greyish soil, which forms above a bedrock called serpentinite, is thought to be the perfect place for nickel-loving plants to grow. “Our survey in [the Indonesian island of] Halmahera has shown that nickel hyper-accumulators are common in this category of soil, but people haven’t looked for it in Sulawesi yet,” says van der Ent. “It all comes down to concerted efforts to find them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the meantime, an overseas mining company has expressed interest to experiment with phytomining locally, says Tjoa. In 2017, she was contacted by US-based investor who intends to fund her 5,000-hectare (50sq km\u002F19.3 sq mile) trial in Sulawesi. For this project, she says, she would like to use\u003Cem\u003E Alyssum murale\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the nickel-hyperaccumulator plant from Italy. It might not be ideal to use foreign species in Sulawesi’s ecosystem, but it is at least a sure bet. “Maybe we have to use it first to convince Indonesian government that phytomining works,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETjoa hopes that phytomining could become a part of every mining zone, with firms required to reserve a portion of rainforests in their concession area. Using plants rather than heavy machinery to mine would create less waste, preserve the ecosystem and produce less toxic waste. “That,” says Tjoa, “is extraordinary.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals-18"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-26T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The rare plants that ‘bleed’ nickel","headlineShort":"The rare plants that ‘bleed’ nickel","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Rare and valuable plants that naturally “mine” large quantities of nickel are thought to be hiding in Indonesia’s forests – but it is a race to discover them before they are wiped out.","summaryShort":"Ironically, these plants are being wiped out by traditional nickel mines","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-25T23:10:12.561835Z","entity":"article","guid":"b2ce9134-73ce-44d0-8f1c-80b593b60240","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:27:05.475969Z","project":"future","slug":"20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454277},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat","_id":"612fbaf80e2e0c63ab2f9968","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"video","assetVideo":[],"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Insects are a nutrition-dense source of protein embraced by much of the world. Why are some of us so squeamish about eating them?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe idea of biting into a burger made from crushed crickets or mixing mealworms into your fried rice may take a little getting used to. But even if the thought of eating insects turns your stomach now, bugs could – and some researchers say should – form an important part of our diet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the West might be unusually squeamish about insects, people have been eating them for thousands of years, and in many parts of the world the practice is commonplace. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs40066-015-0041-5\"\u003EAround 2,000 insect species are eaten worldwide\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in countries across Asia, South America and Africa. In Thailand, heaped trays of crisp deep-fried grasshoppers are sold at markets and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Fstory\u002F20200217-the-japanese-village-that-eats-wasps\"\u003Ein Japan wasp larvae – eaten live – are a delicacy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We're in the middle of a biodiversity mass extinction, we're in the middle of a climate crisis, and yet we somehow need to feed a growing population at the same time – Sarah Beynon","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet in Europe, just 10% of people would be willing to replace meat with insects, according to a survey by the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.beuc.eu\u002Fpublications\u002Fmost-eu-consumers-open-eat-more-sustainably-face-hurdles-new-survey-shows\u002Fhtml\"\u003EEuropean Consumer Organisation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. To some, this unwillingness to eat insects is a missed opportunity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Insects are a really important missing piece of the food system,\" says Virginia Emery, chief executive of Beta Hatch, a US start-up that creates livestock feed out of mealworms. \"[They] are definitely a superfood. Super nutrient dense, just a whole lot of nutrition in a really small package.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBecause of this, farmed insects could help tackle two of the world's biggest problems at once: food insecurity and the climate crisis. \u003Cem\u003E(\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002Fvideo\u002Fp09djzvl\u002Fwhy-insects-are-the-missing-link-in-our-food-system\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWatch our video on how insects are the missing link in our food chain above or on BBC Reel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAgriculture is the \u003Cspan\u003Ebiggest driver of global biodiversity loss\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Rearing livestock accounts for \u003Cspan\u003E14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We're in the middle of a biodiversity mass extinction, we're in the middle of a climate crisis, and yet we somehow need to feed a growing population at the same time,\" says entomologist Sarah Beynon, who develops insect-based food at the Bug Farm in Pembrokeshire, Wales. \"We have to make a change and we have to make a big change.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInsect cultivation uses a fraction of the land, energy and water required for traditional farming, and has a significantly lower carbon footprint. Crickets produce up to 80% less methane than cows and 8-12 times less ammonia than pigs, according to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0014445\"\u003Estudy by researchers at the University of Wageningen\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the Netherlands. Methane is a highly potent greenhouse gas which, although shorter-lived in the atmosphere, has a global warming impact \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Fsite\u002Fassets\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F02\u002FSYR_AR5_FINAL_full.pdf\"\u003E84 times higher than CO2 over a 20-year period\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Ammonia is a pungent gas and air pollutant that causes soil acidification, groundwater pollution and ecosystem damage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Looking at a yield of protein per area, insect farming uses around an eighth of the land compared to beef – Peter Alexander","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFarming insects worldwide would free up vast tracts of land that are currently used to farm animals as well as produce feed for livestock. Replacing half of the meat eaten worldwide with mealworms and crickets has the potential to cut farmland use by a third, freeing up \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ed.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F2017\u002Fedible-insects-could-cut-harmful-emissions\"\u003E1,680 million hectares of land\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, equivalent to around 70 times the area of the UK. This could slash global emissions, according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2211912417300056\"\u003Ea study from the University of Edinburgh\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Looking at a yield of protein per area, insect farming uses around an eighth of the land compared to beef,\" says lead author Peter Alexander, a senior researcher in food security at the University of Edinburgh. Despite these findings, Alexander says eating a bean burger is the more sustainable option, as less energy is used to grow the plants than raise insects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, Tilly Collins, a senior teaching fellow at the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial College in London, argues that insects can fulfil some needs that plant-based foods can't. \"Plant-based diets often come with substantial carbon mileage. A lot of plants that people are wanting to eat have disastrous environmental consequences,\" she says. \"Efficiently farming insects is preferable.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECollins says insects could provide an especially important source of nutrition in developing countries. \"We have a very good diet in the UK. We rarely lack nutrition. But in Africa that is not the case,\" she says, noting that many African countries are rapidly scaling up production of insects to feed both humans and animals. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn many ways, insect farming is an example of efficiency turned into a fine art. Firstly there is the speed at which insects grow, reaching maturity in days, rather than the months or years it takes livestock, and they can produce thousands of offspring.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-ento-120811-153704\"\u003EThen there's the fact that insects are 12 to 25 times more efficient\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at converting their food into protein than animals, says Beynon. Crickets need six times less feed than cattle, four times less than sheep and two times less than pigs, according to the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Fforestry\u002Fedibleinsects\u002Fen\u002F\"\u003EFAO\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E. \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EOne of the main reasons behind this efficiency is because insects are cold-blooded and therefore waste less energy maintaining their body heat, says Alexander, though some species need to be reared in a warm environment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInsect farming also produces much less waste. \"With animals a lot of the meat is wasted. With insects we would eat the whole thing,\" says Alexander.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd as well as producing less waste, insects can also live off food and biomass that would otherwise be thrown away, says Collins, contributing to the circular economy, where resources are recycled and reused. Insects can be fed agricultural waste, such as the stems and stalks from plants that people don't eat, or scraps of food waste. To complete the recycling chain, their excrement can be used as fertiliser for crops.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We associate insects with everything but food. I mean with dirt, danger, with something disgusting, with something that makes us feel sick – Giovanni Sagari","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDespite the strong sustainability credentials and nutritional value associated with eating insects, there is a long way to go before they feature in any big way in Western diets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We associate insects with everything but food,\" says Giovanni Sagari, a food consumer researcher. \"I mean with dirt, danger, with something disgusting, with something that makes us feel sick.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut attitudes are starting to change. By 2027, the edible insects market is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.prnewswire.com\u002Fnews-releases\u002Fglobal-edible-insects-market-2021-to-2027---environmental-benefits-is-driving-growth-301206304.html\"\u003Eprojected to reach $4.63bn (£3.36bn)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and European companies are investing in edible insects following \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.efsa.europa.eu\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002Fedible-insects-science-novel-food-evaluations\"\u003Eapproval from the European Food Safety Authority\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"People's perceptions of food do change, but slowly,\" says Alexander. He points to the example of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgizmodo.com\u002Flobsters-were-once-only-fed-to-poor-people-and-prisoner-1612356919\"\u003Elobster, which for many years was considered a highly undesirable food and often served in prisons, before it became a luxury good\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"It was so plentiful that there was a law forbidding people from feeding lobster to prisoners more than twice a week.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESagari says the best commercial proposition is to grind insects into powders and include them in processed food, rather than serving them whole as a snack. Chef Andy Holcroft who runs the UK's first edible insect restaurant at the Bug Farm agrees with this assessment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Rather than sprinkling whole insects on a salad... I thought if we're going to get it accepted into mainstream food culture, the best way is to incorporate it as a percentage of the overall whole product,\" says Holcroft.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"At the end of the day, you might have the healthiest, most nutritional, most sustainable product but unless it tastes nice and people are willing to accept it, it may be a lot more difficult to get that across.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"gmail-p1\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat-14"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-04-21T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"A neglected protein-rich 'superfood'","headlineShort":"A neglected protein-rich 'superfood'","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Insects are a nutrition-dense source of protein embraced by much of the world. Why are some of us so squeamish about eating them?","summaryShort":"In many cultures, insects have long been neglected as an abundant protein source","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-04-20T23:05:16.178309Z","entity":"article","guid":"39fa5f88-4d78-4f60-936c-22ebd0321b66","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:40:01.692913Z","project":"future","slug":"20210420-the-protein-rich-superfood-most-europeans-wont-eat","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454277},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","_id":"612fb4be0e2e0c65e61df2ff","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe know that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181102-what-can-i-do-about-climate-change\"\u003Ewe are living through a climate crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20171022-the-hidden-crisis-shaping-life-on-earth\"\u003Ea mass extinction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and an era of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191113-the-toxic-killers-in-our-air-too-small-to-see\"\u003Enormalised pollution that harms our health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The urgent question is now: what do we do about it? What are the solutions to these problems?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFuture Planet is a home for in-depth, evidence-based stories on potential solutions. You will be hearing from the writers who are best placed to tell these stories: local reporters on the ground in the communities who have witnessed the challenge first hand. Meanwhile, in our global stories that span borders, our writers unravel how institutions, industries, laws and societal norms are changing – and how they need to change further.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECarbon footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe way we find and tell these stories is as important as the stories themselves. That is why we are bringing the carbon footprint of our journalism to the fore, so we can be accountable for and transparent about what we do.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou’ll see a figure on all our stories estimating the carbon it took to produce them, and you can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eread more about how we calculate that figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step. We will use this as a starting point for wider plans to monitor and reduce the carbon it takes to bring global stories to a global audience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe hope you enjoy Future Planet, which in its first week will take you to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-the-divers-trying-to-save-indias-vaan-island-from-sinking\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethe people saving tiny islands from erosion off the southern coast of India\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200203-the-south-african-plant-fighting-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethickets of a hardy succulent in South Africa that can sequester as much carbon as a rainforest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to the chilly streets of Belgium where sustainable heat is coming from an unlikely source.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe also want to know what you think are the solutions we need to create a sustainable world. From the people who are changing social norms, to the cities and industries that are being reimagined, and the sustainable technologies that can help us get there. Let us know via the social buttons below.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter here: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\"\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet-0"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What is Future Planet?","headlineShort":"What is Future Planet?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.","summaryShort":"Carbon-conscious reporting on environment solutions from around the world.","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-02-03T01:00:53.156342Z","entity":"article","guid":"9466c6e9-b688-4823-ac9c-c94347a0b884","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:13:26.834305Z","project":"future","slug":"20200131-what-is-future-planet","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454277},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","_id":"612fb4c10e2e0c65e61df300","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. How do we get that figure and why do we calculate it?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELike almost every human activity in the world, journalism releases carbon dioxide. Reporters often need to travel to reach a story, whether across a city or further afield. They need to switch on the lights, power up laptops and make phone calls. As in other industries, journalism’s carbon impact will lessen over time as (and if) more of the world’s power grids and transit systems are powered by sustainable energy. But for now, this is the reality we face.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is our new section devoted to covering the climate crisis, pollution and the environment, we felt it was important for it, as much as possible, to be part of the solution. As a result, we wanted to minimise our carbon footprint.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe do this, first, by keeping journalists’ travel to a minimum and prioritising local voices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut that doesn’t eliminate our carbon emissions from transport entirely. Sometimes local or regional travel is essential when there is no lower-carbon way to tell the story. And, in what may come as a surprise to some, digital publishing releases carbon emissions too: as a whole, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sustainablewebmanifesto.com\u002F\"\u003Ethe internet would be the sixth greatest emitter of greenhouse gases if it were a country\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet\"\u003EWhat is Future Planet?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190117-how-bbc-future-is-tackling-gender-imbalance\"\u003EHow we’re tackling our gender imbalance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181115-why-climate-change-photography-needs-a-new-look\"\u003EWhy climate change photography needs a new look\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt Future Planet, we want to be accountable for the impact we have – and be transparent with our readers. That’s why each Future Planet story carries a figure estimating the carbon emissions associated with creating it. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow do we get these figures?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe start by breaking each story’s carbon footprint down into two parts: carbon emissions from reporters’ transport for the story, and the emissions from the digital infrastructure needed to publish it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETransport emissions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen deciding whether to even assign a story, how much travel is required is a key factor for us. If a reporter needs to take a flight to reach their story, we are highly unlikely to commission it, and so far Future Planet has remained a flight-free publication. We would encourage them to look for stories closer to home or discuss whether it’s possible to do the story justice with reporting by phone and video calls. Cutting out flights is a major way we’ve reduced the carbon footprint of Future Planet – a single flight from London to, say, Cape Town, for example, emits 1.6 tonnes of carbon – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fenergy\u002Fgreenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator\"\u003Eequivalent of running an average home’s electricity for nearly 100 days\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOur focus on working with local reporters around the world also keeps long-distance travel to a minimum. If a longer-distance story is commissioned, we might ask the reporter to look around for other strong stories in the area, to make the most of our transport emissions. And once a story has been commissioned, our reporters keep note of what travel they do to report the story, including how far they go and the method of transport they use, and use an independently audited carbon calculator for travel to estimate emissions. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDigital footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis part of the calculation involves estimating the energy used to transfer data over the internet and the carbon intensity of electricity (the amount of CO2 emitted per unit of electricity consumed). We worked with the agency Wholegrain Digital to get a bespoke carbon estimate for Future Planet stories. (The BBC does not endorse particular products or services; rather, it was the only agency we could find offering a service to calculate carbon for a website’s emissions.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor a digital story, one of the big things we need to think about is the number of people who read it. As we can’t predict exactly how many readers will click on the story before we publish it, we use a per-pageview emissions estimate, which is the same for all stories. We got this figure using a test story, calculating emissions as above and then dividing that by the pageviews that the test story actually had over six months. That gives us a better estimate than just plugging in the URL from a story to the agency’s standard carbon calculator, because for a story where the number of pageviews is a weighty factor in the equation, using data on actual pageviews makes it more accurate. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe story we used as a test to get this figure was a BBC Future story, and we used the actual number of pageviews it had over a six-month period. Factors such as how many images a page has and the length of the story can make a big difference in the energy required to load the page, and how long the reader spends on the page. Our stories vary in length and number of images, so it’s important to stress that this figure is an estimate, not a precise measurement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHere are some other inherent unknowns we had to contend with:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe device that a reader accesses the story on can make a big difference to the energy used. A phone uses much less energy than a laptop, for example. We don’t have this data in real-time, so our calculation has to make an assumption based on typical reader behaviour. The calculation \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2078-1547\u002F6\u002F1\u002F117#abstract\"\u003Eassumes an average spread of devices based on how web users access pages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and also takes an average for other equipment used such as broadband routers.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EOur readers are based all around the world. The carbon intensity of the energy grid varies between countries. The calculation assumed the average intensity as reported by the International Energy Agency (475g CO2-equivalent per kWh). But in reality, this will vary based on where readers are in the world.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EFuture Planet does not reside on any single server, and the BBC has servers in multiple datacentres. The BBC also uses Content Delivery Networks, third-party networks of servers that reduce the load on our own. The calculation doesn’t take account of this, which slightly inflates the estimate as CDNs are more efficient.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe cumulative uncertainty from these factors is the reason we show the digital component of emissions as a range, rather than a single figure. It is a first-order approximation that, in time, we hope to make more precise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELimitations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause of the complexity of both travel and the internet, we can’t directly measure the exact carbon emissions from any specific story. Everyday trains and buses aren’t fitted with emissions measuring devices, for example, so we can’t be sure \u003Cem\u003Eexactly \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ehow much our journalist-passenger emitted on his or her journey. Similarly, we can’t yet measure for a given click exactly how much carbon is released from the transfer of that exact data over the internet, the energy to run those specific servers at any instant, or which type of device a reader is using when they make that click.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are other factors that some might argue should be counted in a story’s carbon emissions, too. What about the BBC staff who work on Future Planet, some full-time but many sporadically among other obligations – do we count, for example, the energy used to heat and power the office? If we do, should we count the carbon emissions from the large number of energy-hungry servers housed in the building, or is that irrelevant as they don’t host Future Planet? Or you could take it even further: if a journalist ate a sandwich while on location reporting for us, do we count the carbon footprint of the food – or not, since they’d likely have to eat regardless of whether they were on assignment? What about the energy used to power their laptop as they did their research and wrote?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELooking ahead\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s easy to get lost in the weeds remarkably quickly. But we don’t see these complexities as an excuse not to make most accurate estimate we can, based on the most recent and relevant research – and to be open with you about not only these figures, but their limitations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe currently use the best tools available to monitor our emissions from transport and digital publishing. As new ways to estimate carbon emissions in the complex connected digital and analogue worlds improve, we will refine our carbon-counting strategy to match. You’ll be able to read updates on that here.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe calculations involved are complex, the assumptions made are many and varied, but at the heart of Future Planet is a simple ethos: we want to be open about our carbon footprint and we want to make it smaller, using whatever tools currently available. These tools may not yet be perfect. Our efforts may not be, either. But we believe that heading in the right direction is better than taking no steps at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per pageview.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-4"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why and how does Future Planet count carbon?","headlineShort":"Why does Future Planet count carbon?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. How do we get that figure and why do we calculate it?","summaryShort":"Future Planet brings you global environment stories with a low carbon footprint","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-02-03T01:01:10.368421Z","entity":"article","guid":"61546195-4ce9-4fad-b9dc-067354747490","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:13:30.363554Z","project":"future","slug":"20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454277},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change","_id":"60cd76ba0e2e0c65ea7bc979","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fsunny-fitzgerald"],"bodyIntro":"As seas warm and acidify with climate change, corals worldwide are bleaching – but in the north of the Red Sea there is a ray, or rather reef, of hope.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EImages of white, skeletal coral reefs are becoming an increasingly bleak, if familiar sight. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature21707\"\u003EMassive \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature21707\"\u003Ecoral bleaching events are becoming more common around the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E,\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E as a result of the rapid pace of climate change. In the period from 2014 to 2017, about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.ametsoc.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1175\u002F2018BAMSStateoftheClimate.1\"\u003E75% of the planet’s tropical coral reefs suffered heat-induced bleaching during a global ocean heatwave\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA “bleached” coral is a stressed-out coral that, when triggered by environmental changes such as pollution and warming waters, has evicted its beneficial, energy-producing algae. Without these symbiotic algae, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foceanservice.noaa.gov\u002Ffacts\u002Fcoral_bleach.html\"\u003Ethe coral loses its colour and appears \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foceanservice.noaa.gov\u002Ffacts\u002Fcoral_bleach.html\"\u003Ewhite\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Recovery from bleaching can be possible, but it’s not guaranteed. More frequent bleaching events mean less time for the corals to bounce back. Those that don’t recover, die – and their ecosystem can collapse with them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“As we see the frequency and intensity of mass bleaching events increasing, the situation is becoming more dire,” says Andréa Grottoli, a professor in the School of Earth Sciences at Ohio State University. Grottoli’s research is focused primarily on the effects of climate change on coral reefs and what it is that makes some corals more resilient than others. “The models are projecting catastrophic losses in reefs by the end of this century.” Indeed, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagu.confex.com\u002Fagu\u002Fosm20\u002Fmeetingapp.cgi\u002FPaper\u002F649436\u002F\"\u003Ethe majority of the world’s coral reefs are predicted to die by the end of this century, if not sooner\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Despite sea temperatures rising faster than the global average rate, no mass bleaching events have occurred in the northern Red Sea – Jessica Bellworthy","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet, at the northern end of the Red Sea in the Gulf of Aqaba there is a ray – or, rather, reef – of hope.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200316-cleaning-up-the-oil-spills-of-the-amazon-rainforest\"\u003EHow to clear the oil spills of the Amazon rainforest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181102-what-can-i-do-about-climate-change\"\u003ETen simple ways to act on climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EWhy and how does Future Planet count carbon?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECoral reefs in the Gulf of Aqaba appear to be “content” with the increasing temperatures, says Anders Meibom, a geochemist running the Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and the University of Lausanne's Institute of Earth Sciences in Switzerland.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Despite sea temperatures rising faster [in this region] than the global average rate, no mass bleaching events have occurred in the northern Red Sea,” says Jessica Bellworthy, a dive guide and tropical coral doctoral student at Bar-Ilan University, who works in the coral research lab at the Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences on the Gulf of Aqaba in Eilat, Israel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMaoz Fine, a Bar-Ilan University professor who leads this lab, first noticed that there was something distinctly different about the Red Sea reefs when he returned home to Israel in 2005 after researching reefs in Australia. Fine expected to see more degrading reefs of the kind he was used to there. But what he found in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fgcb.12356\"\u003EGulf of Aqaba were corals apparently unaffected by ocean acidification and the steadily warming waters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We have a small window of opportunity remaining to apply science to rescue the world's degrading reefs – Karine Kleinhaus","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2010, Fine designed a prototype of what would become the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=GBoDP_7TDa4\"\u003ERed Sea Simulator\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (RSS), a large-scale, multiple aquarium system with the ability to simulate future ocean conditions and run experiments that might shed light on what it is that makes the corals here so resilient.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0890mjz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWith this system at the Gulf of Aqaba, the team is able to study corals and water from the Gulf, and adjust the acidity and temperature in the tanks according to their experiments. Multiple aquariums mean that more researchers can run experiments simultaneously, in the hope to better understand the physiology and genetics of the reef ecosystems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Coral reefs are biodiversity reservoirs and significant sources of food, income, and pharmaceuticals. We have a small window of opportunity remaining to apply science to rescue the world's degrading reefs,” says Karine Kleinhaus, a professor in the School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences at Stony Brook University. “But unless we uncover what exactly happens biologically in the corals of the Gulf of Aqaba that allows them to withstand warming temperatures, we don't know how or if this knowledge can be applied elsewhere.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf particular interest, Kleinhaus says, are any important ecological factors in the reefs that “amplify any innate coral resilience or potential to recover from bleaching”. These could be particular phases of reduced pollution in the water, or periods of relief from overfishing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday, the RSS is 88 aquariums strong. All can be controlled remotely, allowing researchers to monitor them and make adjustments from wherever they are in the world – particularly important given that obtaining a visa to work in Israel is not always easy for some researchers. So far, the team has tested about 20 different species of Red Sea corals in the Gulf of Aqaba and found them much more tolerant of increased temperature.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Not only are these corals proving resilient, but actually appear to do better in warmer waters","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETypically, a 1-2C increase beyond the summer maximum temperature would cause corals to dispel their algae and, often, die. Meibom and Fine’s unpublished research suggests that, while resilience varied between the corals they tested, overall, the corals easily withstood 4-5C above the current summer maximum. Some have even survived as much as 7C above the summer maximum. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENot only are these corals proving resilient, but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1098\u002Frsos.170038\"\u003Eactually appear to do better in warmer waters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In some cases, their symbiotic algae doubled the amount of oxygen they produced and showed a 51% increase in primary productivity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0890hsg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe secret to the Red Sea corals’ strength is thought to be a product of their past.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“This population of corals [in the northern part of the Gulf of Aqaba] migrated into the Red Sea system from the south where the temperature of the water is – and always was – high,” Meibom says. As you move north, the water temperature drops. Over thousands of years, some of these corals migrated north to where they now live at lower temperatures – today the Gulf of Aqaba is 27-28C.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut, it seems these corals retained their capacity to live at higher temperatures. “They still remember \u003Cem\u003Ein their biology\u003C\u002Fem\u003E how to live at 33C,” says Meibom. “So if you increase the temperature to 31C, for example, they’re still happy.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It could serve as a model for restoration once climate change stress is mitigated and we start being able to actually reintroduce coral – Andréa Grottoli","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOther corals around the world don’t typically possess the same biological ability to persist. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2019-12-10\u002Fclimate-on-track-to-warm-at-least-3-degrees-without-action\"\u003EGiven the global climate warming trajectory we are on\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – headed for a 2-3C increase or more by the end of the century, only corals that are now living well below their maximum temperature will be able to tolerate that change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt this rate, the Red Sea reefs could be one of the last standing by the year 2100. “We know of corals in other regions that live in very hot water and survive,” Fine says, “but none that have such a large gap between the summer maxima and their bleaching threshold.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd as one of the last coral reefs to survive, the Red Sea reefs could potentially “form a refuge where it becomes one of the few remaining reefs with full ecosystem function”, says Grottoli. “It could serve as a model for restoration once climate change stress is mitigated and we start being able to actually reintroduce coral… it could serve as a model for what a normal reef might look like.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in order for it to serve as a refuge and possible model in the future, it will need to survive more than the rising temperatures; nutrients and heavy metals from human activity such as unchecked coastal development, agricultural and wastewater runoffs, boats and fish farming could be the super-corals’ kryptonite. When Fine and the team introduce nutrients such as nitrate, ammonium and phosphate into the experiments, the corals’ physiology is compromised and they’re no longer as resilient. “It’s not enough to be resilient to temperature,” Fine says. “If we are to secure the Gulf of Aqaba and the northern Red Sea as a coral reef refuge, we have to remove the local stress.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlong with Fine, Meibom, and several other scientists and diplomats, Kleinhaus is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2020.00090\u002Ffull\"\u003Ecalling on Unesco to declare the Red Sea reef as a Marine World Heritage Site\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to help ensure that the reef persists and will be protected from local threats that could otherwise compromise the coral’s resilience. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0890hy1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Red Sea project faces challenges that stretch beyond the borders of science and into diplomacy. Fine, Meibom and their team are planning an ambitious expedition to sail on a research boat called Fleur de Passion from the north to the south of the Red Sea. The expedition may inevitably be delayed by the coronavirus pandemic for now.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut it’s a mission that, if it comes off, could offer insight into the reasons behind the corals’ resilience and a glimpse into their future. “When you move south in the Red Sea, you’re essentially sailing into the future in terms of coral resilience to climate change,” Meibom says, “everything gets warmer and warmer.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeibom believes that intelligent sampling and genetic analysis of key coral species in the Red Sea, alongside understanding the environmental conditions they live under, could lead to a new way of thinking about how reefs work – including how they are connected. One key question is how corals act as “source” and “sink” regions in terms of creating and receiving coral offspring.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIdentifying source regions can help guide reef management or remediation efforts in the region. And, as Grottoli says about her own coral reef and climate research, it’s important to try to understand the underlying traits that drive resilience in corals to make better-informed decisions on management, conservation and restoration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe expedition would require funding, in addition to research permits from the majority of countries that border the Red Sea: Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Yemen. The region doesn’t exactly have a strong record of collaboration, and some of the Red Sea countries do not have diplomatic relations with one another. What they do have is a common interest in corals, whether or not they all realise it yet; if the reef is harmed, so too are the ecosystems and economies that depend on it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Looking into the future, this is really the livelihood of people of the Red Sea. I consider myself as one,” says Fine, a native of Israel. “Here there’s an amazing opportunity to prepare reefs for climate change, to allow them to persist and flourish. This is something that doesn’t exist in other regions.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0890lsc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsaraecannon.com\u002F\"\u003ESara Cannon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a doctoral candidate at the University of British Columbia’s Department of Geography and the Institute for Oceans and Fisheries, believes the Red Sea corals could indeed have the potential to help other corals. “By understanding what makes these corals more resilient, scientists could possibly help corals in other places adapt, using a process called assisted evolution,” she says. Cannon’s research is focused on attempting to understand ways that local and global human impacts interact to influence coral reef health and resilience in the central Pacific Islands. The Red Sea could provide information to help scientists to save reefs in other parts of the world that have not had the same opportunity to adapt, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“And, the sad truth is that even if we could magically stop all greenhouse gas emissions immediately, global temperatures and carbon dioxide will remain high for centuries,” says Cannon. “To save reefs, we need to stop climate change, but we also need to consider how we can help corals adapt given that some effects of climate change have already become unavoidable. Corals in the Red Sea could be invaluable in that research.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBringing the planned expedition to fruition will require some skilled scientific diplomacy. So, together with the Swiss foreign ministry, Meibom and Fine helped create The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Factu.epfl.ch\u002Fnews\u002Fa-research-center-to-protect-the-red-sea-ecosyst-5\u002F\"\u003ETransnational Red Sea Centre\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (TRSC) in 2019. There has already been global interest in the organisation. “At the diplomacy level, we have ambassadors worldwide visiting and expressing support,” Fine says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsaraecannon.com\u002F\"\u003ECannon\u003C\u002Fa\u003Efeels the TRSC is on the right track. “There is a lot we don't understand about how climate change interacts with local stressors to impact coral reefs, and we're still learning how best to measure different responses to stress on coral reefs,” she says. “A group like the researchers who come together at the TRSC – especially one that prioritises diverse local voices – is integral to solving complex problems like threats to coral reefs, and to finding novel ways to save them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0890kq7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs soon as the TRSC can secure sufficient funding and permits, Meibom and Fine plan to set sail. Originally slated for this summer, the expedition is likely to be delayed by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. When the yacht does set sail, it will begin the first leg of the expedition in Jordanian waters at the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECoronavirus aside, it’s too soon to predict whether it will be smooth sailing or rough waters ahead. Fine and Meibom are optimistic that people across the region can put their politics aside and band together to protect the Red Sea reefs. “Reefs recognise no political borders,” Fine says. “What happens in one reef will affect the rest of the reef on the other side of the border.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPolitically and scientifically, there is a lot riding on this expedition. “This is probably our last chance [globally] at saving a major reef ecosystem that could be well-functioning 50, 60, 100 years from now,” Meibom says. “It’s a treasure. And it has enormous impacts on the region. So everybody has a common interest in preserving it – not only in the Red Sea, but for humanity.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2: the writer interviewed sources remotely. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change-18"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":true,"displayDate":"2020-04-09T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The super-corals of the Red Sea","headlineShort":"The super-corals of the Red Sea","image":["p0890hgs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"61263c330e2e0c65c752aa91"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Foceans"],"summaryLong":"As seas warm and acidify with climate change, corals worldwide are bleaching – but in the north of the Red Sea there is a ray, or rather reef, of hope.","summaryShort":"Reefs in the Red Sea are bringing hope","tag":["tag\u002Fclimate","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-04-09T00:10:10.629118Z","entity":"article","guid":"6562bd76-ee81-4b84-8e11-f670e5cf9d55","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:18:18.273166Z","project":"future","slug":"20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454276},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future","_id":"6130cff80e2e0c61730cda21","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"gallery","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"From crowdturfing to brainjacking, BBC Future Now explores the unusual and intriguing vocabulary emerging from technology advances this year.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EAUTONOMOUS ARCHITECTURE: Robots that print entire buildings, like this technology developed at MIT, promise to change the construction industry's reliance on human labour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImage":"urn:external:nitro:image:p06gh305","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoTitle":"The era of 'printed buildings'","videoUrn":[],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELike an ink-jet printer, machines can build walls in layers in just a few hours.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EMost flyers will be familiar with the need to put their devices into “airplane mode”. But light-based technology on aircraft could allow people to remain online even during take-off and landing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EOverhead LED bulbs that turn off and on millions of times every second – so fast it is undetectable to the human eye – can send data 100 times faster than traditional wi-fi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.airbus.com\u002Fnewsroom\u002Fnews\u002Fen\u002F2017\u002F03\u002FLi-Fi.html\"\u003EAirbus has been working\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on installing this li-fi technology on its aircraft as it avoids interference with electronic equipment that has led to restrictions on wi-fi and also offers enchanced security.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EFor now, connecting to li-fi requires a special dongle that attaches to laptops. But li-fi capability appears in the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.newsweek.com\u002Fapple-tests-ultra-fast-lifi-technology-future-iphones-417710\"\u003Ecode of Apple’s latest iOS operating system\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, suggesting the technology could become hardwired into devices in the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EMedical implants with wireless functionality are becoming increasingly common. They can be programmed, controlled and recharged without the need for surgery or wires.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EWhile more convenient, these wireless medical devices are also far more vulnerable to hacking. Former US Vice President Dick Cheney, for example, had the wireless function on his pacemaker turned off in case foreign powers tried to use it to assassinate him.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003ENow cybersecurity experts have warned that medical device hacking could take an even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fbrainjacking-a-new-cyber-security-threat-64315\"\u003Emore disturbing twist\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as patients begin to receive implants in their brains. Known as Deep Brain Stimulation, these devices deliver electrical pulses to neurons in the brain on or off. They are already being used to treat conditions such as Parkinson's Disease, but are being trialed in patients suffering from Tourettes Syndrome, chronic pain, depression, anorexia, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Fnews\u002Fai-controlled-brain-implants-for-mood-disorders-tested-in-people-1.23031\"\u003Emood disorders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and obsessive compulsive disorder.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EResearchers at the University of Oxford warn wireless programming used to control these brain implants could be hijacked by hackers to induce pain, tremors or even alter their behaviour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPLATOONING:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Semi-autonomous trucks are now appearing on roads. Sensors enable tight-knit convoys, led by a human driver, which reduce congestion and save fuel by 10%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EMachine learning algorithms \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Flending-times.com\u002F2017\u002F07\u002F19\u002Fai-credit-scoring-fad-or-the-future\u002F\"\u003Ecalculate our credit scores\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, assess\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Finsurtech-vc\u002Fhow-artificial-intelligence-is-changing-the-insurance-business-2bc371547db8\"\u003E insurance claims and policy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E applications, make music recommendations, offer investment advice and help to\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdeepmind.com\u002Fblog\u002Fapplying-machine-learning-mammography\u002F\"\u003E diagnose cancer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Artificial intelligence is also being used to spot\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ibm.com\u002Findustries\u002Fbanking-financial-markets\u002Frisk-compliance\u002Ffraud\"\u003E financial fraud\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003E,\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and in the United States, it is applied in courts to help inform\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002F2017\u002F04\u002Fcourts-using-ai-sentence-criminals-must-stop-now\u002F\"\u003E sentencing and bail decisions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EBut while these systems can appear to give accurate results during testing, they can be flawed – they are only as good as the data they are trained on and can pick up bias, while the code itself can also carry the unintentional prejudices of those who wrote it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003E\"If there is a little bit of bias introduced at the early stage due to the data being used, that can be amplified with each generation of the code being improved,” explains Katherine Fletcher, coordinator of cyber-security research at the University of Oxford.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EWhen buying a product or making a booking, most of us turn to online reviews written by other customers to help us make a decision. But some unscrupulous firms \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Ftechnology-43907695\"\u003Epay people to write positive reviews\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to tip the scales in their favour. Others seek to tarnish the reputation of competitors by paying for scores of negative comments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EThis is known as “crowdturfing” – a portmanteau of “crowdsourcing”, where large numbers of people are recruited to support an effort, and “astroturfing”, a term used to indicate fake grassroots support.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EThe cost of hiring people has largely limited the spread of fake reviews. But researchers warn artificial intelligence will change that.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EScientists at University of Chicago have shown it is possible to train an AI neural network \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fpdf\u002F1708.08151.pdf\"\u003Eto generate and post convincing reviews\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on sites like Yelp and Tripadvisor. Automated crowdturfing algorithms could produce so many fake reviews it would quickly become impossible to know what to trust, warns computer scientist Ben Zhao, one of the researchers behind the study.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003E\"We've already seen the ability of using fake news as a way of influencing public opinion and elections,\" says Zhao. “If attackers can make use of AI to generate large-scale reviews that look identical to real content, it will be very difficult to distinguish reality.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EA number of major companies have seen sensitive customer information and commercial data leak into public following attacks by hackers. The WannaCry cyber-attack also crippled many systems within the UK's NHS last year, leading hospitals to cancel elective operations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EBut as the battle between hackers and those defending sensitive computer networks escalates, experts predict machine learning will be used to find new vulnerabilities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.information-age.com\u002Fcyber-security-ai-predictions-2018-123470333\u002F\"\u003EAttackers are also expected to make use of sophisticated AI chatbots\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in attempts to extract sensitive information, such as bank details, from internet users.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EBut artificial intelligence will also help improve cyber-security too by helping them identify problems before they can be exploited, leading to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businesswire.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhome\u002F20171129005305\u002Fen\u002FMcAfee-Labs-Previews-Cybersecurity-Trends-2018\"\u003Emachine learning “arms race”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to anti-virus firm McAfee.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EComputer vision is already creeping into vehicles on our roads – many use cameras and object recognition software to control self-parking technology. As cars become more autonomous, they will rely more and more on computer vision to navigate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EWhile computers have proven to be adept at recognising objects, recent research has shown they can also be tricked in some quite worrying ways. One study by the University of Washington showed that strategically placing a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fspectrum.ieee.org\u002Fcars-that-think\u002Ftransportation\u002Fsensors\u002Fslight-street-sign-modifications-can-fool-machine-learning-algorithms\"\u003Ecouple of stickers or graffiti on stop signs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can confuse driverless car algorithms so they no longer recognise it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EAnother recent study showed that it is even possible to induce \"hallucinations\" in computer vision systems by changing the texture of an object. To human eyes, the shape and colour might look completely normal, but to the machine it could look like something totally different.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EResearchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology fooled a common AI computer vision system created by Google into thinking a 3D-printed model of a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newscientist.com\u002Farticle\u002F2152331-visual-trick-fools-ai-into-thinking-a-turtle-is-really-a-rifle\u002F\"\u003Eturtle was a rifle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EAndrew Ilyas, who led the research, warns an attacker could use a similar approach to change the texture of a solid object so a self-driving car sees it as a section of ordinary road. \"There's certainly a risk,\" he says. \"We haven't tried attacking self driving cars ourselves, yet.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETHE ‘INTERNET OF EARS’: \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003ELike Alexa or Google Home, our mirrors, cars, showers, microwave ovens and even toilets could also soon be controlled by voice command, according to tech analysts J Walter Thompson.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EWearable technology like FitBits and the Apple Watch collect large amounts of data about your wellbeing and activity. But they promise more than simply aiding fitness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EThe information that wearables collect can also start to feed more and more into patient records for doctors, known as ‘mobile health’. Trips to your doctor will no longer require vague descriptions of symptoms which have mysteriously disappeared in the 24 hours since you booked your appointment – he or she could soon access your data from wearable devices to aid diagnosis and improve monitoring of illnesses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPLASTIC OCEAN BARRIERS: \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EThe Ocean Cleanup Foundation is extracting plastic pollution in the Pacific this year using a floating barrier to drag it towards the shore for recycling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-24"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EAlthough wireless charging has been around for years in electric toothbrushes, the number of devices able to recharge their batteries untethered is going to explode this year (although hopefully not literally).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EApple is due to release its much delayed AirPower charging pad for use with its latest iPhone and Watch models. Like many other manufactures including Samsung, Apple has adopted the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.qiwireless.com\u002F\"\u003EQi wireless charging\u003C\u002Fa\u003E standard, which uses an electromagnetic field to induce a current in a coil on the receiving device’s battery. When placed on top of the transmitter, the charging starts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EExpect to see more wireless Qi charging pads springing up all over the place, from airports and coffee shops to cars. McDonald’s, for example, is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fiphone-wireless-charging-qi\u002F\"\u003Einstalling wireless Qi charging stations in 1,000 locations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E around the UK in 2018 while car manufacturers including BMW, Ford, Toyota and Volkswagen have said they will include wireless charging pads in their new cars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future-25"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-08-06T00:57:54Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"12 new tech terms you need to understand the future","headlineShort":"12 new words shaping the future","image":[],"imageAlignment":"center","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"center","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From crowdturfing to brainjacking, BBC Future Now explores the unusual and intriguing vocabulary emerging from technology advances this year.","summaryShort":"From brainjacking to crowdturfing","tag":null,"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-02T13:21:53.590282Z","entity":"article","guid":"81aaa060-b6cb-46cf-a353-3434caf052bd","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T15:44:54.315174Z","project":"future","slug":"20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454279},"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada","_id":"6130d09b0e2e0c67032b493a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"gallery","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Almost 1,000 years after Leif Erikson first stepped foot at L'Anse Aux Meadows, Icelanders returned to North America. Today, their traditions live on in a Canadian prairie town.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShe sees a hall standing, fairer than the sun,\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EThatched with gold, at Gimlé;\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EThere shall trustworthy people dwell\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EAnd throughout all ages enjoy bliss.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E– from the Völuspá, a Nordic epic myth\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s bright and early on a Saturday morning and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fshipandplough.ca\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EShip and Plough Tavern\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Gimli, Manitoba, is already packed with football fans watching Iceland take on Argentina in the World Cup. Wearing Viking horns and blue jerseys, there’s no doubt who the home team is.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGimli, a tiny town of just more than 2,000, is the heart of ‘New Iceland’ in Canada, a region that boasts the most Icelanders outside of Iceland. Located about an hour north of Winnipeg, the town was founded by Icelandic immigrants in the late 19th Century.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a legacy the descendants of these first pioneers are still proud of.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Living in this community, it’s around us all the time,” said Lorna Tergesen, who along with her son Stefan runs Tergesen’s General Store in Gimli centre. The store was founded in 1899 by Stefan’s great-grandfather, an Icelandic merchant.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImage":"urn:external:nitro:image:p06g4cps","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoUrn":[],"id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the Norse mythological text the Völuspá, Gimlé is a pagan heaven, a golden-roofed hall where the survivors of Ragnarök – or Armageddon – spend their afterlife. And heaven is what the land now known as Gimli must have seemed like to the first Icelandic settlers when they arrived at Willow Point, a peninsula jutting out from what is now Gimli harbour, on 21 October 1875.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELocated along the south-eastern shores of Lake Winnipeg, the area around Gimli was rich with timber and the lake promised ample fish. The land had been given to the settlers by the Government of Canada, and since it was not yet part of the province of Manitoba, they were allowed to govern themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis unique political experiment offered Icelanders – who for centuries had lived under Danish rule – an opportunity to build the society they wanted. Just nine days after arriving, before they had even built shelter, the townspeople wrote of their intention to open a school, and within two years they had established their own newspaper and constitution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Icelanders in the colony are desirous of having a school for their children as soon as they can put up a school house. – Icelandic Agent John Taylor to the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, 30 October 1875\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow did these people from an island in the middle of the North Atlantic come to settle in the heart of the Canadian prairie?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFrequent volcanic activity had covered large parts of Iceland in ash, making the land difficult to farm. Famine and plagues were common, as was political unrest. The situation was dire enough that between 1870 and the early 1900s, about 15,000 Icelanders – or about 20% of the total population – would emigrate to North America.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn 1874, about 350 Icelanders arrived in Kinmount, Ontario, with hopes of working on the railroad. There were not enough jobs to go around, so after two years, many voted to travel to the north of Manitoba, where they heard the fishing was good and land was free.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThey took a train to Sarnia, Ontario, and then a steamship across the Great Lakes to Duluth, Minnesota. From there, they travelled to Grand Forks, North Dakota, and up the Red River to the city of Winnipeg, where some decided to permanently settle. From there, the remaining 200 or so continued along the Red River to the south-eastern shores of Lake Winnipeg, where they began to build their new colony.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe land given to them was not empty. About 60 indigenous people lived in a nearby community called Sandy Bar, a fact the Canadian government had not thought to investigate. Among them was John Ramsay, who helped the first settlers learn to fish through the lake’s frozen waters and hunt local animals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBy summer 1876, the remote pioneer outpost had ballooned from just a couple of hundred settlers to nearly 2,000, as more and more Icelanders decided to emigrate for a better life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut tragedy would cut this New Iceland experiment short. In 1876, a smallpox epidemic ripped through the community, claiming the lives of hundreds of Icelandic and indigenous people – including members of Ramsay’s family. The provincial government put them under quarantine, which cut the Icelanders off from trade with the rest of Canada and strangled their fledgling economy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBy 1881, the population had shrunk back to just more than 100, as a great exodus of Icelanders moved south to Winnipeg and the US for more job opportunities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere’s a lot of… I would use the word ‘love’, between the people here and Iceland,” said Margrét Hallgrímsdóttir, director of the National Museum of Iceland in Reykjavík.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlthough the political experiment of New Iceland ultimately failed (New Iceland became part of the province of Manitoba in 1881), Icelandic culture continued to thrive in the town, thanks to the descendants of those early settlers who carried many of the traditions along.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESince 1932, Gimli has hosted an annual Icelandic Festival – or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icelandicfestival.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EIslendingadagurinn\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – on the first weekend of August. It’s a celebration of Icelandic culture, with traditional foods, music and games, culminating with the crowning of the Fjallkona, or maid of the mountain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut day-to-day life in Gimli is also a reminder of the community’s Icelandic roots. In the morning, the descendants of Icelandic fisherman still sail their boats from Gimli Harbour to fish the stocks of Lake Winnipeg.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou can’t go to a community event without being offered at least one slice of somebody's \u003Cem\u003Eamma’s\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Icelandic for grandmother) \u003Cem\u003Evinarterta\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. The prune torte is a traditional Icelandic Christmas cake, but in Gimli it can be eaten all year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHowever, perhaps no tradition is stronger than the pull of the mother tongue. Margrét Hallgrímsdóttir, director of the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.thjodminjasafn.is\u002Fenglish\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ENational Museum of Iceland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Reykjavík, says that the early settlers’ values of education and reading helped keep the Icelandic language alive in Canada despite the strong influence of French- and English-speaking neighbours.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“What was the most important thing for them to hold onto?” she asked. “You see that it’s the language.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIcelandic is everywhere in the community today – on the names of boats in the harbour, on street signs and in the storefronts in the centre of town.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnna Stevens remembers that when she was a girl, she used to take notes in Icelandic for her father’s business so that he could read them. As an adult, she taught her children the old Icelandic songs. Now, at 95 years old, she still sings them at every family reunion, she said.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor her, the language is the thread that connects her to her heritage, and it’s something she is determined to keep going.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It is very important to me,” she said.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut as Gimli’s population ages and the younger generation leaves for cities like Winnipeg and Vancouver, the number of native Icelandic speakers is beginning to dwindle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat leaves Stevens and others like her as the keepers of the language in Canada. Every week, Stevens meets with other Icelandic speakers to practice the language and keep it alive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“If you don’t use it, you lose it,” said 78-year-old Baldine Bjornsson.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I remember when they first started coming, they really couldn't speak much Icelandic but it’s surprising how good they’re getting.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMy grandchildren and children have all gone to Iceland... they still have very close contact with their heritage and we want to keep it that way – it’s close their heart,” said Anna Stevens, the 95-year-old daughter of Icelandic immigrants.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-24"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-25"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile the language may fade, the growing ease of travel have allowed many Icelandic-Canadians to reconnect with their homeland.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMore than 80,000 Canadians visited Iceland in 2016, nearly double the number from the year before. The growth of online genealogy searches and social media have also made it easier for Icelandic-Canadians to reconnect with relatives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We love to drag up our lineage from way back,” said Lorna Tergesen, who on her next trip to Iceland this summer plans on having supper with several distant cousins.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I have of course contacted every relative known there… so I am going to be very tired!”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E(Video credit: John Woods)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada-26"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-08-01T14:01:01Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"An Icelandic legacy in the heart of Canada","headlineShort":"The Icelandic town outside of Iceland","image":[],"imageAlignment":"center","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"travel","promoAlignment":"center","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Almost 1,000 years after Leif Erikson first stepped foot at L'Anse Aux Meadows, Icelanders returned to North America. Today, their traditions live on in a Canadian prairie town.","summaryShort":"It’s a legacy the descendants of these first pioneers are still proud of","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-02T13:24:35.957323Z","entity":"article","guid":"ee475932-556b-4d13-bb81-2bc0c36f7d44","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T16:21:31.053912Z","project":"travel","slug":"20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454279},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20180809-the-city-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20180809-the-city-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise","_id":"6130d0950e2e0c67032b4938","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"gallery","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Russian photographer Elena Chernyshova explores what it’s like to live in a city 400km north of the Arctic Circle.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20180809-the-city-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Norilsk, winter lasts nine months, and during the polar night the sun doesn’t rise for two months.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20180809-the-city-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImage":"urn:external:nitro:image:p06h0md0","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoUrn":[],"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20180809-the-city-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“After two months I even started to have this feeling, kind of a panic, that the sun would never come back.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20180809-the-city-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImage":"urn:external:nitro:image:p06h0n3c","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoTitle":"Life 400km north of the Arctic Circle","videoUrn":[],"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20180809-the-city-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImage":"urn:external:nitro:image:p06h0sb0","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoTitle":"Norilsk's ghost buildings","videoUrn":[],"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20180809-the-city-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Siberian city contains many empty buildings filled with ice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20180809-the-city-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImage":"urn:external:nitro:image:p06h13dg","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoTitle":"The tiny apartments never meant to last","videoUrn":[],"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20180809-the-city-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESmall pre-fabricated apartments were built as temporary housing for new arrivals - but after the collapse of the Soviet Union, they weren't torn down, and families still live in them today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20180809-the-city-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImage":"urn:external:nitro:image:p06h151m","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoUrn":[],"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20180809-the-city-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise-9"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-08-09T12:26:29.412Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"The city where the sun doesn’t rise","headlineShort":"The city where the sun doesn’t rise","image":[],"imageAlignment":"center","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"center","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Russian photographer Elena Chernyshova explores what it’s like to live in a city 400km north of the Arctic Circle.","summaryShort":"What it's like to live 400km north of the Arctic Circle","tag":null,"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-02T13:24:30.436804Z","entity":"article","guid":"0062f1c8-939f-4b80-8050-3a699e98f22d","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20180809-the-city-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T15:23:14.489855Z","project":"culture","slug":"20180809-the-city-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454279},"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering","_id":"6130d0560e2e0c67032b48fe","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"gallery","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"To understand life at the top of the world, you only need to meet the Norwegians who live along the E69, the world’s northernmost highway.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ENot long after Ingunn Utsi had created a fresh set of footprints to her cabin, snow began to fall across the top of the world. It covered her car in a downy layer of white and erased the faint track connecting her oceanfront cabin outside Repvåg, in northern Finnmark, to the E69, a ribbon of ice-covered tarmac at the ends of the Earth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAs the light faded to a bleak glimmer, the 69-year-old \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nordnorge.com\u002Fen\u002Fsapmi\u002F?News=57\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ESami\u003C\u002Fa\u003E artist peered out the window, seeing her connection to the outside world vanish.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThere was a time when I was growing up when there were no roads here. Only boats. Life moved much slower then,\" Utsi said.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ERunning 129km north from Olderfjord to Nordkapp on a finger of land at the top of Arctic Norway, the E69 is the world’s most northerly highway, a marvel of engineering along the coast of Western Europe’s northernmost peninsula. First proposed as early as 1908 by Landslaget for Reiselivet i Norge (the country’s fledgling national tourist association), yet only completed in 1999, the road is a brilliant contradiction, connecting a handful of remote and fragile fishing communities that have long proven they are capable of living without the outside world. For many, wooden boats continue to satisfy their needs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ETo drive the road today is to glimpse Norway’s wilderness at its rawest. Obsidian-black bluffs rise up over narrow sea inlets; mountains lurch into the windshield before giving way to vast plateaus pockmarked by dwarf birch; and violent storms frequently roll in from the intimidating Barents Sea. Come winter, the last stretch to Nordkapp and the abrupt cliffs of Knivskjellodden, Europe’s fabled northernmost point, becomes nearly impassable, only open for convoy driving. Without the highway, it’s easy for a first-time visitor to think that the villages along the route would be on the verge of disappearing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe creation of the E69 came about in the 1930s to counter a downturn in the fishing industry, which brooded on the horizon after Nordkapp fishermen lost control of exclusive concession rights. New sources of income for the fishermen had to be found and a mass meeting was held in 1934 in Honningsvåg, Nordkapp’s most populous village, with harbour bosses demanding the municipal council prioritise a national highway to solve the problem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe theory was that locals could earn more netting tourists than from the Barents Sea. An almost-impossible road was the answer to their problems. Or so they hoped. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EIn Utsi’s garden, on the long summer days when the sun never sets, the artist sometimes gets a split-second flashback to when she was young and the prospect of such a road was but a dream.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E“Was it an isolated community back then? It depends on what you think a community should be,” she said. “Nordkapp is isolated compared to big cities, but human beings are great adapters and can get used to anything. For me this is completely normal.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ELiving this far north has many benefits, Utsi explained, particularly for a visual artist. In 1982, she returned from Oslo to her birth house in Repvåg and ever since has been working as a sculptor, inspired by Nordkapp’s extreme realms of weather and light. She has worked with dwarf birch and turned driftwood into celebrated Sami art, but her current project is more ambitious. Using plexiglass, she is trying to recreate the wind. “You cannot touch it, but you can feel it in all aspects of life here,” she said. “Along with the water, it pervades everything we do.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ESuch elemental forces of ice, wind and ocean haven’t always made for an easy life – and visitors can forget just how recently modernity arrived in this frozen wilderness. The final 14km section of road to Nordkapp, for example, was built in 1956. Though it was conceived as a summer excursion road for tourists arriving by cruise ship, it now remains in use year round, despite the whims of the weather and days when the outpost sees but a solitary visitor. One of the very last stretches, a deep sea tunnel that connects the island of Magerøya to the Porsanger Peninsula, meanwhile, only opened in 1999.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EWhile the road’s evolution brought with it opportunity, the dyed-in-the-wool fishing industry on which so many depend has taken a different path. Over the past decade, according to locals, the international fleet has gradually disappeared, in part a reaction to a government mandate to let fish stocks rejuvenate. In tandem, automation has increased, crews have whittled in size and the fish processing industry has moved to China. Nowadays, the just-landed catch is iced and shipped fresh to Asia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EStill, the fishing industry continues apace – the annual king crab harvest is among northern Europe’s largest, according to local fishermen – and today the harbour is crowded with bumper-to-bumper tugs and trawlers. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs long as your line is baited, there is always hope,\" says a local proverb.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EDespite fishing continuing to shape life along the seaboard, art unexpectedly flourishes on the peninsula. In the compact fishing village of Kamøyvær (population 58 people, six dogs, five cats), 63km further north from Repvåg, German artist Eva Schmutterer runs \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.evart.no\u002Flocations_EN.html#msg-box5-3z\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe Gallery East of the Sun\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And like Utsi, she sources her materials in a rather unusual way.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E“It’s impossible to get supplies here,” she said, while finishing her latest Northern Lights collage. “I use old magazines and unwanted brochures, which the entire community collects and donates. It helps the recycling effort, plus the winter is long so I have plenty of time to search for the right colour or shade.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAlthough the availability of art goods is limited – as well as food, drink and almost everything else, for that matter – Schmutterer believes the lack of choice engenders self-reliance. People live day to day as they did more than century ago, she explained, and learn to cope with what they have. “The road is our lifeline, our portal to another world,” she said. “But if you depend on it you won’t survive. This isn’t a limitation. It’s a freedom.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWeather dictates life along the E69. You can only do things here when nature lets you,\" Schmutterer said.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ENature is often in the thoughts of those who live in Honningsvåg, the E69’s main fishing port, often referred to (though readily debated) as the northernmost town in the world. Standing in the centre, all the usual Norwegian props are in place: red, yellow and blue clapboard cabins; giant king crab fishing boats; a steel-grey harbour with trawlers. Posses of restless gulls and guillemots wheel overhead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut this offers only one window onto life here. For Honningsvåg is equally concerned not with just cod in winter, wild salmon in spring, coalfish (as known as pollock) in summer and haddock in autumn, but with the artistic and the cinematic. If there’s a reason for coming this far north, for many it’s to seek inspiration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENorwegian feature film director Knut Erik Jensen’s imagination was sparked as a child seeing the trawlers anchor in Honningsvåg.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I used to say I was the only idiot in Norway who has stayed this far north their entire career,” he said. “All my films have been shot in Nordkapp and I’ve always taken inspiration from the sailors who have come and gone, whether they’re from Portugal, Spain or farther afield. If you come from Honningsvåg, you’ve seen quite a lot of the world without ever leaving.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESometimes I think people who live in a big town are far more isolated than I am,\" Knut Erik Jensen said.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-24"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBeyond the pines, beyond the trawlers, beyond even the reindeer that congregate each summer, lies Nordkapp and the end of the E69. Where the road finally gives way to ocean, the long winter mixes all shades of darkness like watercolour, while in summer the sun lingers for months. At its tip lies Nordkapphallen, located at 71°10’ 21, with a visitor centre, an underground chapel and a museum dedicated to King Rama V, then sovereign ruler of Siam, who curiously visited by boat in 1907.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOutside, the windblown plateau might seem nerve-prickling for some, situated 307m above the swirling black waters of the Barents Sea, but it’s the very thing that has drawn people here for centuries. In times past, the massive cliffs marked the end of the world for explorers. But today Nordkapp teaches its visitors the value of something most can no longer grasp: the unpredictability of nature – especially in winter, when the land lies barren and the fall of white on white embodies the ideal of this far northern road that inspires so many.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering-25"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-01-22T21:52:41Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"Route E69: Norway’s icy marvel of engineering","headlineShort":"Norway’s icy marvel of engineering","image":[],"imageAlignment":"center","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"travel","promoAlignment":"center","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"To understand life at the top of the world, you only need to meet the Norwegians who live along the E69, the world’s northernmost highway.","summaryShort":"Especially in winter, this far northern road inspires so many","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-02T13:23:26.768098Z","entity":"article","guid":"d0de97ec-976f-4223-b5d4-7ea61d4f4818","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T16:23:56.373413Z","project":"travel","slug":"20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454279},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery","_id":"6130d21d0e2e0c61730cdb95","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"gallery","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Frichard-fisher"],"bodyIntro":"There’s a settlement in Antarctica with a school, a post office and a huddle of homes. It’s like other sub-zero villages, except for one thing: families must have surgery to move in.","businessUnit":"public service","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3mt0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis story is featured in BBC Future's \"Best of 2018\" collection. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future\"\u003EDiscover more of our picks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EImagine that you had to remove your appendix to live in your hometown – and your family had to do the same.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat’s the only option for long-term residents – even the children – of Villas Las Estrellas, one of the few settlements in Antarctica where some people live for years rather than weeks or months.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAppendix removal is a necessary precaution for the handful of people who stay longer-term because the nearest major hospital is more than 1,000km (625 miles) away, past the tip of King George Island and on the other side of the Southern Ocean’s icy swell. There are only a few doctors on base, and none are specialist surgeons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile the settlement of around 100 people is mostly populated by a rotation of scientists and personnel from Chile's air force or navy, those on longer-term stints with the military often bring their families.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat means there’s a post office, a small school, a bank and other basic facilities. What’s life like there for residents? Earlier this year, BBC Future visited to find out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3kzl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn arrival, a welcome sign and pillar of arrows pointing to distant cities remind you how far civilisation lies: “Beijing: 17,501km”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA gravel landing strip nearby is the primary route in and out, seated on converted stretchers inside a Lockheed C-130 Hercules, a huge military transport plane. On the flight over from the far south of Chile, the only sight visible from the scratched, tiny windows is hundreds of miles of dark, cold ocean, where death would come within minutes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen BBC Future visited in January, the horizontal hailstones of an Antarctic summer day struck the face straight out of the plane door. Nearby, basic buildings cling to the rock, with pipework running between them. It’s hard to escape the smell in some places: a mixture of exhaust and chemical toilets. This is industrial living.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EInside the structures, however, it is cosy and welcoming. The walls feature memorials and photos to past expeditions and visitors – there’s even one plaque marking Stephen Hawking’s visit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3pnv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe yearly mean temperature is -2.3C (27.8F) , which is actually warmer than the Antarctic mainland\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3psr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESergio Cubillos (pictured) is the Chilean commander of President Eduardo Frei Montalva, the air force base. Cubillos has lived there with his wife, and his son, for more than two years. While his family occasionally fly back to Chile, he has remained there the whole time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe weather, obviously, can be tough. “This winter we could not leave our home for weeks,” says Cubillos. “It was -47C (-52F).”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHowever, Cubillos says his family adapts, and enjoys the adventure of being there. One of his son’s favourite movies is Happy Feet, the story of an Antarctic penguin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDoes he himself enjoy life in Villas Las Estrellas? “Yes, but that’s because I am the commander!” he laughs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOthers work here with their partners, such as the Chilean base doctor. Getting pregnant is discouraged – at least in the military – because it’d be too risky.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3ptr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe base commander’s son after a heavy snowfall\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3q16"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChildren attend a small school, but often the snow gets in the way\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3q1q"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECelebrating Halloween\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3qnk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA small sliver of green, in an environment dominated by jagged black rock and white ice\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3lks"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EVilla Las Estrellas might be the closest you can get on Earth to experiencing life on another planet\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3qzm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPenguins that have never been hunted by humans wander up without fear\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3pkt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIce sloshes against the stony beaches amid white seaweed and penguin carcasses\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3rm0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the distance, a Russian church looks down over the Chilean base\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3rrf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-24"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETrinity Church is manned by Russian Orthodox priests\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-25"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3s1x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-26"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe old post office, now replaced\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-27"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3s6n"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-28"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECubillos (front), a lieutenant colonel, leads a Chilean air force team\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-29"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3sdg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-30"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMedical facilities are basic, and any serious complications require evacuation\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-31"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3w7b"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-32"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGetting around requires tracked vehicles, or 4WD trucks…\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-33"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3wcw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-34"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E…or boats\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-35"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3wf0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-36"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEarplugs are necessary for the two-hour+ journey, due to the C-130’s powerful propellers\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-37"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06h3wm9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-38"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBack on the Chilean mainland, the Sun shines as the C-130 Hercules powers down.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs the coach travels back to Punta Arenas, Chile’s southernmost city, the colour that leaps out most is the green. Flowers, grass and trees are such a familiar sight to most of the world – yet for the residents of Villas Las Estrellas, the mainland's vibrant hues are forgotten beneath the landscape’s palette of black, grey and white.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYet while conditions may be hard, the long-term Antarctica residents experience a one-of-a-kind life at the extreme end of the world that few people will ever share – albeit without their appendix, of course.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EPhotos: Peter Wan, Sergio Cubillos, Richard Fisher, Yadvinder Malhi\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EVideo: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003ESimón Vargas, Pablo Arias (\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.trestercios.cl\u002F\"\u003ETres Tercios\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThanks to the organisers of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.congresofuturo.cl\u002F\"\u003EFutures Congress\u003C\u002Fa\u003E 2018 in Santiago for facilitating this trip. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery-39"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ffrozen-continent","future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-09-03T00:39:23Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"The icy village where you must remove your appendix","headlineShort":"The town where you need surgery to live","image":["p06h3lks"],"imageAlignment":"center","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"center","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p06h3lks"],"relatedStories":["future\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-the-new-tech-vocabulary-you-need-to-understand-the-future","travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180731-an-icelandic-legacy-in-the-heart-of-canada","culture\u002Farticle\u002F20180809-the-city-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise","travel\u002Farticle\u002F20180121-route-e69-norways-icy-marvel-of-engineering"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"There’s a settlement in Antarctica with a school, a post office and a huddle of homes. It’s like other sub-zero villages, except for one thing: families must have surgery to move in.","summaryShort":"Long-term residents must have their appendix removed","tag":["tag\u002Fantarctica"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-02T13:31:01.952691Z","entity":"article","guid":"55c43211-ddb0-437f-bfbc-c66920be296d","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T15:37:38.37607Z","project":"future","slug":"20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454278},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water","_id":"6130d0310e2e0c66396c2c9c","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"gallery","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Mexico City is running out of water – and that crisis is exacerbating everything from sewage spills to subsidence to earthquakes.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne of the world’s largest cities, Mexico City is home to about 21 million people – rising to 27 million if you include the surrounding areas. About 20% of Mexico’s population lives there. By the year 2030, the authorities estimate that the population will grow to 30 million people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAmong other challenges, such a large population puts a costly strain on Mexico City’s water supplies. In fact, the parts of Mexico City’s infrastructure that supply water are crumbling. Its natural water reserves are also at risk; if trends continue, they are expected to dry out as soon as in 30 years. With so many people affected, this means one of the world’s largest water crises is in the making on the doorstep of the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(Photo credit: Carlos Cazalis\u002FINSTITUTE)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELocated more than 2,000m above sea level, the city is subject to heavy rainfall. The wet season between June and September, in particular, brings frequent flash floods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFlooding events are predicted to intensify as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpublic.wmo.int\u002Fen\u002Fbulletin\u002Fair-quality-weather-and-climate-mexico-city\"\u003Eclimate change has been linked to increasingly erratic weather patterns\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This influx of water brings many problems. Traffic stops as the water floods roads. Inadequate infrastructure and flash floods can cause the sewage system to overflow. And sewage pipes can burst, filling houses – like this one – with dirty water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(Photo credit: Carlos Cazalis\u002FINSTITUTE)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBurst pipes aren’t the only reason that Mexico City’s sewage overflows. Rubbish disposed of on the streets often clogs pipe drains, backing up the system. That can have serious consequences quickly, since Mexico City produces about 40,000 litres of sewage every second.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis means that workers frequently have to fix the water drainage system, (Emisor Central, pictured here). This 6m-wide tunnel has been overworked and corroded, reducing its capacity to drain sewage water efficiently.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(Photo credit: Carlos Cazalis\u002FINSTITUTE)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDespite flooding events and heavy rainfall, the city is facing a water shortage. Much of this is because of the inefficient and ageing infrastructure of Mexico City’s water networks: some 40% of the water is lost.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe poorest residents are the worst affected. Some are not connected to the city’s water network and must rely on buying it per litre. This is the most expensive way to access water, explains Arnoldo Matus Kramer, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.100resilientcities.org\u002F\"\u003Ethe city’s chief resilience officer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Therefore, we need to revise [how people get water] and understand that access to water is a human right.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(Photo credit: Carlos Cazalis\u002FINSTITUTE)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a result, many of the city’s inhabitants have an interrupted water supply, perhaps only being able to turn on the tap and get water twice a week, says Kramer. While many houses store water tanks to overcome this lack of supply, these are expensive. And they add another burden: pollution, as lorries are needed to transport water across the city.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor instance, the Xochimilco community in the city’s southernmost district gets new water twice a week on a lorry. Donkeys then carry it the rest of the way to their homes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(Photo credit: Carlos Cazalis\u002FINSTITUTE)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven farmers no longer have adequate access to the water they need to grow and wash crops. Intense droughts have dried up the water holes and wells they once used. Farmers like those shown here wash their vegetables in treated water canals, that once flowed with natural spring water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(Photo credit: Carlos Cazalis\u002FINSTITUTE)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGiven Mexico City’s original geography, its lack of water may seem strange. The city was built on an island surrounded by a large natural lake basin. But when the Spanish colonised Mexico in the 1500s, they dried out the lake to build a bigger city.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis means that deep underground, Mexico City has fresh water reservoirs – which the city still depends on for about 40% of its water. In theory these natural aquifers should be replenished by rainfall. It can seep through water containment holes like these pictured here in this deforested patch of land.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut the shortage of water in the city means these natural water reserves are being emptied at a rate faster than they can be filled, especially during months of prolonged drought in the dry season.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We are exploiting our local aquifers at a very high rate,” says Kramer. “At the same time, we haven’t invested enough resources to have a robust monitoring system. So there’s a lot of uncertainty how the local aquifers work.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHis team suggests that the aquifers could be depleted in 30 to 50 years, if current exploitation trends continue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(Photo credit: Carlos Cazalis\u002FINSTITUTE)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe over-exploitation of its water reserve also risks increasing seismic activity and is causing subsidence within the city. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20171130-the-ambitious-plan-to-stop-the-ground-from-sinking\"\u003ESome parts of Mexico City are sinking by about 30cm (12inches) per year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the result of the aquifer not being ‘pumped up’ by water enough to support the ground above. This type of sinking has been linked to the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-latin-america-41327593\"\u003Eearthquake in September 2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that killed more than 200 people and caused many buildings to collapse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe subsidence also affects infrastructure above and below ground – damaging the very pipes that bring water to people, as well as removing their waste.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIllegal buildings, such as these floating houses (chinampas) which can be found south of Mexico City, also worsen the water quality of the canals they occupy. The city’s water commission now has to frequently refill the canals with treated water or even recycled sewage water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(Photo credit: Carlos Cazalis\u002FINSTITUTE)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFrom flooding to droughts and rising temperatures, much of Mexico’s extreme weather \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpublic.wmo.int\u002Fen\u002Fbulletin\u002Fair-quality-weather-and-climate-mexico-city\"\u003Ehas been linked to climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But while more people are becoming aware of this connection, says Kramer, they are less aware of the diminishing water reserves in the aquifers and how this is causing the city to sink.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIf the remaining water in the lake basin is lost, it will have another ripple effect. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fepdf\u002F10.1002\u002F2015JD024102\"\u003EResearch shows it will reduce humidity within the city\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E Higher temperatures also will cause more water to disappear – while at the same time making the parched city ever thirstier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a vicious cycle with no easy solution in sight. As a first step, Kramer and his department are developing a “robust monitoring system” and identifying the key goals they need to overcome the city’s many problems. Better maintenance of water pipes for instance, is but one of many solutions that would ease the burden of Mexico City’s dwindling water supply.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(Photo credit: Carlos Cazalis\u002FINSTITUTE)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother solution is being built in the form of a new underground waste-water tunnel, the Emission Oriente, one of the world's largest drainage tunnels. Although originally forecast to be completed in 2012, it is finally expected to be in use at some point in 2018. It spans almost 38 miles (62km) and is 200m deep below the ground.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOnce it is in use, it will go some way towards easing the pressure from the decrepit Emisor Central (pictured in slide 3) – while also significantly increasing the amount of waste water the city can discharge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(Photo credit: Carlos Cazalis\u002FINSTITUTE)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water-19"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-05-14T14:15:17Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"How a city that floods is running out of water","headlineShort":"The city where a water crisis can kill","image":[],"imageAlignment":"center","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"center","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Mexico City is running out of water – and that crisis is exacerbating everything from sewage spills to subsidence to earthquakes.","summaryShort":"Rationing showers is the least of it","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-02T13:22:51.283917Z","entity":"article","guid":"dbd1de1d-3097-4bc2-893d-44eb672f97bc","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T15:44:23.021148Z","project":"future","slug":"20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454280},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant","_id":"6130d0f70e2e0c61730cdabe","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"gallery","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Kamuthi, in India’s Tamil Nadu, is one of the world’s largest solar power plants. BBC Click's David Reid discovers its stunning scale – as well as some unusual cleaning robots.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor a plant as big as Kamuthi, occasional cloud cover is less of a problem \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImage":"urn:external:nitro:image:p056ck4s","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoTitle":"Huge facility","videoUrn":[],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESee the scale of Kamuthi – covering 10 sq km or 2,500 acres – as well as the design of the panels up close.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERotating cleaning robots roam over the panels in hypnotic movements\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImage":"urn:external:nitro:image:p056jtym","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoTitle":"Spotless cleaning","videoUrn":[],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELearn why the rotating robots were installed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKamuthi’s 2.5 million photovoltaic panels produce 648 megawatts (MW) of power, supplying an estimated 750,000 people\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Indian government aims to build eight times the country’s current solar capacity in five years – it may be India’s fastest growing business\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant-11"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-06-20T13:33:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"Inside India’s humongous solar plant","headlineShort":"Inside India’s humongous solar plant","image":[],"imageAlignment":"center","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"center","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Kamuthi, in India’s Tamil Nadu, is one of the world’s largest solar power plants. BBC Click's David Reid discovers its stunning scale – as well as some unusual cleaning robots.","summaryShort":"It’s one of the world’s largest solar facilities in a single location","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-02T13:26:08.879748Z","entity":"article","guid":"6faab05e-4d7e-4a20-aebc-56809428e2a7","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T15:40:20.885172Z","project":"future","slug":"20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454280},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives","_id":"6130d2960e2e0c67032b49ab","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"gallery","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Vast cities in China's new industrial zones sit waiting for a workforce yet to arrive. Photographers like Raphael Olivier and Kai Caemmerer have documented them in haunting images.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the last few decades, built-up areas in China have increased nearly fivefold – from 3,413 square miles (8,842 sq km) in 1984 to 16,126 square miles (41,768 sq km) in 2010. To construct these new urban zones, China used more concrete in the three years between 2011 and 2013 than the whole of the United States used in the 20th Century.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYet even in the world’s second largest economy, the rate of development has overtaken demand. Take China's largest ghost town, Kangbashi in Ordos, Inner Mongolia. The province is rich in natural resources and the government built a futuristic city quickly to house an expected influx of workers. But they never came. Apart from a few local officials and a handful of migrant workers enticed by a special \"relocation bonus\" the city's towerblocks, plazas and sports stadium stand empty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere are dozens of uninhabited urban developments across China. Despite a new push to move 100 million rural workers to cities, they remain a haunting reminder of China's sky-high economic ambitions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECredit: \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fraphaelolivier.com\u002F\"\u003ERaphael Olivier\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (photos 1-6) \u002F \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fkaimichael.com\u002F\"\u003EKai Caemmerer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (photos 7-9) \u002F Getty Images (photos 10-12).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELocations: Kangbashi (photos 1-7) \u002F Changsha, Hunan province (8) \u002F Binhai New Area, Tianjin (9) \u002F Caofeidian Industrial Zone near Tangshan, Hebei province (photos 10-12)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKangbashi, Ordos\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChangsha, Hunan province\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBinhai New Area, Tianjin\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETen years and $100bn in the making, Caofeidian Industrial Zone near Tangshan, Hebei province, was built to house a million people. But only a few thousand live there today. Construction has been put on hold as costs of raw materials have risen and bank loans have dried up. The government is reportedly moving part of Tangshan University to the city to give the local economy a boost, however.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives-16"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-02-24T11:30:30.739Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"The eerie cities where nobody lives","headlineShort":"The eerie cities where nobody lives","image":[],"imageAlignment":"center","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"center","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Vast cities in China's new industrial zones sit waiting for a workforce yet to arrive. Photographers like Raphael Olivier and Kai Caemmerer have documented them in haunting images.","summaryShort":"Haunting photographs of China's empty industrial zones","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-02T13:33:03.402332Z","entity":"article","guid":"b7bdd887-2b17-4177-bdf3-b5fa4b5a8be3","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T15:34:39.800921Z","project":"future","slug":"20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454280},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change","_id":"6130d0f40e2e0c61730cdaba","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"gallery","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fanna-filipova"],"bodyIntro":"As the Arctic loses ice at dramatic rates, people in Qaanaaq, the northernmost town in Greenland, are finding their homes, livelihoods, customs and very survival at risk.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06r935s"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGreenland’s Qaanaaq, one of the world’s northernmost towns, is among the world’s first casualties in the battle against climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06r93km"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMany of the town’s 650 inhabitants live on permafrost – ground that remains at sub-zero degrees Celsius for two or more consecutive years. Historically, permafrost has provided a solid foundation for buildings and infrastructure in the Arctic. But as the temperature has warmed, the ground has become less capable of supporting Qaanaaq’s homes, which can become dangerous to inhabit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOther Arctic towns are built in permafrost areas, too. But they’re built on rock. Established in the 1950s before climate change was a consideration, Qaanaaq, meanwhile, is the only town in Greenland built on finer material: clay, silt and sand. \"Unlike rock, these sediments contain water, which poses a major challenge,\" says the University of Copenhagen's Sebastian Zastruzny, who has been studying permafrost in the region for several years. \"When the ground freezes and then thaws, it moves up and down – causing houses and infrastructure to sink, slide and collapse.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06r93lz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"p1\"\u003EChanges in the permafrost have damaged the home of local resident Orla Kleist. His living room and bathroom have developed cracks in the wall. In the bathroom, the floor has become so uneven from the house sinking that the tiles are breaking; in his kitchen, shown here, the walls have cracked so much that air flows in. Many residents have resorted to taping the cracks in their homes to try to keep out the cold and damp.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p1\"\u003EThe freezing and thawing cycles are likely to only get more frequent. So far in 2018, Greenland experienced days when \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fenvironment\u002F2018\u002Ffeb\u002F27\u002Farctic-warming-scientists-alarmed-by-crazy-temperature-rises\"\u003Ethe temperature was up to 23C (41F) higher than the 1958-2002 average\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an event that the data shows is \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Focean.dmi.dk\u002Farctic\u002Fmeant80n.uk.php\"\u003Ebecoming more common across the northernmost part of the Arctic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p1\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06r93nr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile average temperatures globally have increased by about 1C (1.8F), near the North Pole, the warming has been closer to 3C (5.4F).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06r93vb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EImports arrive only twice a year, and Qaanaaq is one of the last towns in Greenland where people survive by hunting on sea ice – which is rapidly disappearing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06r94s1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESince 1979, when satellite records began, the 12 worst years in terms of Arctic sea ice cover have all occurred since 2007.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06r93xt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"m-3005244285616959176m4962666614725974097m-8038777008224014112m-1435114518735850046m7666189038081702848m-6777996473431552330m-4446329510920761374m2698754734514407640gmail-m-2008506424348361673gmail-p2\"\u003EIn September 2018, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnsidc.org\u002Fcryosphere\u002Fsotc\u002Fsea_ice.html\"\u003Ethere was 26.6% less ice coverage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the Arctic, referring to the area of ice measured by square kilometres, than the 1981-2010 average. This is a trend: 2017 was 24.8% below average, 2016 was 29.4% below average and 2015 28% below average.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"m-3005244285616959176m4962666614725974097m-8038777008224014112m-1435114518735850046m7666189038081702848m-6777996473431552330m-4446329510920761374m2698754734514407640gmail-m-2008506424348361673gmail-p2\"\u003EIce thickness has been declining too. From 1980 to 2008 alone, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F2009GL039035\"\u003Ethe Arctic’s sea ice lost nearly half its thickness\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on average, falling from 3.64m to 1.89m. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"m-3005244285616959176m4962666614725974097m-8038777008224014112m-1435114518735850046m7666189038081702848m-6777996473431552330m-4446329510920761374m2698754734514407640gmail-m-2008506424348361673gmail-p2\"\u003E“Each year, the conditions on the sea ice are different,” says Jorgen Umaq, a local hunter. Because warming temperatures mean the sea ice is no longer as thick as it used to be, he says, hunters have had to change their long-held hunting routes and can’t travel as far as they could before. The hunting season in Qaanaaq also has got shorter each year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06r93z8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPeople have lost their lives on the sea ice. But despite its increasing dangers, some hunters still camp there during the hunting season.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06r940n"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs well as for hunting, Qaanaaq’s residents must brave the sea ice to get potable water. During the summer months, they get their water from a nearby river. But during winter it is simply too cold for the river to flow. Instead, they collect icebergs, bringing them to a special facility where the ice is melted and distributed to all of Qaanaaq’s houses by a water tanker.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis means that even the simple task of collecting fresh water has become more dangerous.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06r9427"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The situation here isn’t new and surely can’t get any worse,” say Inukitsorsuaq and Genovira Sadorana, a local couple who rely on hunting for their livelihoods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut the science shows that, unfortunately, this may be optimistic. And as the climate changes, it isn’t just their homes and landscape that are at risk – it is their customs, cultural identity and very survival.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis story was reported with support from the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EPhotographs by Anna Filipova. Words by Anna Filipova and Amanda Ruggeri.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change-19"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-11-12T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"The remote Arctic town that is melting away","headlineShort":"The town that’s melting away","image":["p06r93km"],"imageAlignment":"center","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"center","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p06r93km"],"relatedStories":["future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery","future\u002Farticle\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water","future\u002Farticle\u002F20170619-inside-indias-humungous-solar-plant","future\u002Farticle\u002F20170224-the-eerie-cities-where-nobody-lives"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"As the Arctic loses ice at dramatic rates, people in Qaanaaq, the northernmost town in Greenland, are finding their homes, livelihoods, customs and very survival at risk.","summaryShort":"Climate change is transforming this remote Arctic village","tag":["tag\u002Fclimatechange"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-02T13:26:05.969063Z","entity":"article","guid":"1d9a4a97-1286-47ec-935d-4dcacaff7b60","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T15:46:02.598555Z","project":"future","slug":"20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454279},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are--":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are--","_id":"6130d1040e2e0c67e2223a5f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"gallery","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Thousands of airliners take off and land every day. Photographer Mike Kelley’s composite photographs show just how busy some of our biggest airports are.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt any moment of the day, nearly a million people around the world share one thing in common – they are in the air, in hundreds and thousands of airliners which have helped transform travel and trade. Our desire to visit new places, and the realities of international business, mean many thousands of aircraft take off and land each day. Los Angeles-based photographer Mike Kelley has captured just a tiny fragment of this aerial armada in an ambitious project called Airportraits, taking photographs of plane after plane to create composite images of a day in life of the world’s busiest airports.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I've always been fascinated by aviation and one day while out at LAX [Los Angeles Airport] plane spotting, decided that I wanted to try capturing multiple takeoffs and putting them together into a single image to show their flight paths and the sheer volume of traffic departing LAX,” says Kelley.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The inspiration behind the entire set of images was somewhat simple given the success of the original,” says Kelley. “I didn’t want to be a one-hit-wonder, and I knew the idea had potential, so it was something that had to be done. There are a ton of amazing airports, airlines, and airplanes out there I wanted to photograph, so the plan was set in motion to try and capture as many as possible.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKelley’s pictures include some of the most recognisable airports in the world, including London’s Heathrow and Tokyo’s Haneda, complete with Mt Fuji looming over it. “I mostly chose airports based on their setting or how iconic they are on a global scale,” Kelley says. “Heathrow is obviously one of the most well-known, for better or worse, airports in the world, set on the edge of what is probably the most famous city on earth. Haneda is the busiest airport in the world, and you can see the iconic Mt Fuji on a perfect day – I wanted to tie these amazing locations together with their air traffic in a way that hadn’t been seen before.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s worth bearing in mind that the photos don’t show the entire traffic – the planes shown here, at London’s Heathrow, are just a tiny fraction of the more than 1,400 which take off and land each day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter Kelley’s Los Angeles photo, which was taken in March 2014, “the next location after that was Dubai, which was pretty tricky as I had to make special arrangements to photograph the airport. After that, I came back to LA for a while before setting off on an around the world trip which started at Amsterdam Schiphol.” For each shot, Kelley would often spend at least eight-to-12 hours a day shooting the aircraft.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe pictures require Kelley to spend several hours in one spot, taking shot after shot on his digital SLR of each plane as it lands or takes off. “It really depends on a number of factors, mostly the weather and position of the Sun. Sometimes it can take a day of shooting and a day in Photoshop, and in some cases it took weeks of waiting and then months of tweaking in Photoshop to get everything just perfect.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKelley had to make sure the light was as even as possible during the entire day’s shooting. “After I found a spot, I had to wait for a day where the winds, weather, and light all cooperated. Since planes usually take off into the wind, this meant waiting for a day that had steady winds in the direction that worked best with my chosen spot. If the winds switched halfway through the day, the entire day would be a wash. “Similarly, if the weather changed dramatically throughout the day, it also made it exponentially harder to composite the images together as the color, lighting, and exposure on all parts of the scene changed with cloud cover and sun.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe shoots required enormous patience. “The ideal situation was a great spot showing the planes, some local flavor, the sun behind me (or consistent cloud cover) and solid, steady wind for an entire day. Easy in a place like LA where it’s always sunny. In a place like London? It actually took three trips to London to get images I was happy with because the constantly shifting weather and winds. Same with Tokyo: turns out they’re not lying when they say Mt Fuji is a fickle, fickle beast. It’s only visible on the clearest of days, so I had to take 2 trips to Japan to get the image I wanted.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAfter the shooting, the editing and compositing would begin, with Kelley painstakingly layering the image of each aircraft onto the backdrop of the airport. “I actually had 10-15 shots of each as it passed through the frame, and I selected the best image of each plane… but it was very tedious! After I had all my planes in place, it was a matter of matching the brightness, colour, and contrast.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt helped that Kelley is an ardent aviation fan. The project has taught him “mostly that I have more patience and focus than I ever knew about. I can operate on far less sleep than I thought I could. And that I can eat all sorts of strange airplane food… I always knew that people were generally willing to help, but the amount of selfless giving that was directed at me from so many people – pilots, air traffic controllers, airports, land owners, everything – was truly awesome. It was great to reinforce that.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I've learned a ton about how aviation works,” he adds. “When you sit and watch aircraft for an entire day at airports all over the world you suddenly get a much better feel for how schedules, timing, turnarounds, and all that operate. I used to be sort of into it, but now I can basically look up in the sky at any given moment and tell you what kind of plane it is, where it’s coming from, and where it’s heading.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are---17"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2016-10-28T10:18:43Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"Stunning composite images show an armada of airliners","headlineShort":"The busyness of airports - in one frame","image":[],"imageAlignment":"center","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"center","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Thousands of airliners take off and land every day. Photographer Mike Kelley’s composite photographs show just how busy some of our biggest airports are.","summaryShort":"One photographer’s ambitious project","tag":null,"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-02T13:26:21.281834Z","entity":"article","guid":"d5af17dd-a9c5-45bc-9ac3-ecf9b0498117","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are--","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T15:40:06.642934Z","project":"future","slug":"20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are--","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454281},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet","_id":"6130d0360e2e0c66396c2c9e","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"gallery","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"When an ill-judged Soviet decision caused the Aral Sea to dry up, a fleet of fishing boats was left abandoned and rusting in the middle of the desert.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, in the vast Central Asian steppes formerly part of the Soviet Union, a vast fishing fleet rusts on what was once the shore. The fish have gone. So has the water. The fishing boats now lie dozens of kilometres from what was once the fourth-largest inland sea in the world – the Aral Sea. Much of it is now a salty, poisoned wasteland called the Aralkum Desert.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe waters of the Aral Sea once supported a fishing industry that supported thousands. The town of Moynaq became the home of a huge fishing fleet and a canning industry which processed the fishermens’ catch.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut the controversial Soviet decision to divert the rivers feeding the Aral – in order to irrigate Uzbekistan’s cotton fields – starved the Aral Sea of water. The lake began to evaporate and recede in the 1960s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs the waters shrank, the sea became saltier, and the fish began to die due to the rising concentration of fertilisers and pesticides.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2015, former fisherman Khojabay was \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fresources\u002Fidt-a0c4856e-1019-4937-96fd-8714d70a48f7\"\u003Einterviewed by the BBC\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and talked of Moynaq’s past, back in its bustling heyday. “There were fishermen, chefs, sailors and engineers. These big ships could not reach shallow docks when the sea started shrinking. One by one they stranded in the soft mud, and the mud became the sand in the wind you see now.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETowns like Moynaq and Aralsk suffered tremendously. The sea’s fleets had caught up to one-sixth of the Soviet Union’s fishing catch; unemployment rose, and many locals moved elsewhere .\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe trawlers – some of which, Kjojabay said, could carry 40 men – now lie rusting on the edge of what was Moynaq’s harbour, a ghost fleet in a place where the sea is now a memory. In places where vegetation still grows – the shrinking of the sea has also had a catastrophic effect on the area’s climate – the rusting hulks are visited by local cattle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe seaside towns boasted ports and canning centres to deal with the catch. Now these buildings lie empty and derelict.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe towns that were once supported these beached fleets are plagued by health problems, many of them thought to be caused by the toxic dust that is whipped up from the bed of the Aralkum.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut in years to come, a growing will to reverse this man-made disaster may see these ghostly ships submerged where they lie. Allowing the rivers to flow back into the North Aral Sea in Kazakhstan has lowered the salinity, and fish have returned. In the decades to come – and after enormous effort – the waters may swallow the Aral’s lost fleet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ERead more: \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fresources\u002Fidt-a0c4856e-1019-4937-96fd-8714d70a48f7\"\u003EWaiting for the sea\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a multimedia feature from BBC News about the Aral Sea’s disappearance.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 700,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fcompany\u002Fbbc-com\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELinkedIn\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Finstagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet-13"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2016-09-15T14:03:55.231Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"The ghostly fishing fleet stranded in a desert","headlineShort":"The ghostly boats stranded in a desert","image":[],"imageAlignment":"center","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"center","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"When an ill-judged Soviet decision caused the Aral Sea to dry up, a fleet of fishing boats was left abandoned and rusting in the middle of the desert.","summaryShort":"How an ill-judged decision left a fishing fleet miles from shore","tag":null,"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-02T13:22:56.247926Z","entity":"article","guid":"9633b585-5c87-470d-b70f-c0673071d766","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T15:44:01.196475Z","project":"future","slug":"20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454281},"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills","_id":"6130d23d0e2e0c66396c2d5d","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"gallery","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"In the hills near Los Angeles, a handful of prospectors are hunting for gold. But what they are doing is against the law and could be harming the environment","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf you travel 40 minutes east of Los Angeles, above a canyon town and up a winding mountain road, on a river that leads to nowhere, you can go back in time to the 1849 Gold Rush.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBeyond the sage and yucca lining the San Gabriel River, there are men in waders and cut-off shorts. Bent over, with beards long and caps low, they are searching for gold. Some squint into 14-inch pans. Others swing pick axes until they strike bedrock. They heave shovels of dirt into sluice boxes, then use the river's current to sift silt from stone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"We're prospectors,\" one old-timer mutters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome proudly flaunt their discoveries. Others are secretive, and for good reason. What they are doing is against the law.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELaws like the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Flegisworks.org\u002Fsal\u002F17\u002Fstats\u002FSTATUTE-17-Pg91.pdf\"\u003EGeneral Mining Act of 1872\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are clear that removing minerals from this river is illegal. Dredging, a practice similar to taking a vacuum cleaner to the earth, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wildlife.ca.gov\u002FLicensing\u002FSuction-Dredge-Permits\"\u003Eis banned\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It is loud and expensive, and requires heavy machinery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Bureau of Land Management does list a few \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.blm.gov\u002Fca\u002Fst\u002Fen\u002Ffo\u002Ffolsom\u002Frecreational_gold.html\"\u003Elocations in Northern California\u003C\u002Fa\u003E where \"casual panning\" is allowed. But using tools is a no-no, and the San Gabriel River, in the eponymous range outside L.A., \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fs.usda.gov\u002Fdetail\u002Fangeles\u002Fhome\u002F?cid=stelprdb5356908\"\u003Eis not on the approved list\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn May 2016, I spent two days in these mountains. I saw no rangers, and no government presence beyond plaques. But I did see around a dozen miners working in and around the river. There is gold in these hills and they are determined to get to it. But it is not clear what that will cost.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThousands of years before Europeans set foot in the Americas, the Inca had mastered metallurgy. For them, gold represented the Sun.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThey did not bother mining; there was no need. Gold was abundant in rivers and rocks. The Andes and the Pacific \"ring of fire\" ensured there was plenty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGradually the Inca's practices spread north, and so did gold. Then the Conquistadors arrived and took the Inca's gold from them, savagely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBy 1848, the US had bought Louisiana from France and collected other lands from a bloody Mexican war. It had achieved \"manifest destiny\". But these lands were filled with hostile tribes, so few dared venture in.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEverything changed when a chance dig turned up gold at Sutter's Mill in California. Then gold was found on the Feather River, the Sacramento and throughout the Sierra Nevadas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe result was the Gold Rush of 1849, which lured tens of thousands to the golden state. In rocks, pools and eddies, men made fortunes scooping nuggets with spoons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe gold is there because, 400 million years ago, California was at the bottom of the sea. Underwater volcanoes spewed out minerals rich in gold, which were later carried into rivers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERivers like this one, where there was once a town: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kcet.org\u002Fshows\u002Fdepartures\u002Feldoradoville-the-forgotten-boom-town-of-the-san-gabriels\"\u003EEldoradoville\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Farticles.latimes.com\u002F1998\u002Fapr\u002F26\u002Frealestate\u002Fre-43099\"\u003Efounded in 1854\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. More than $12 million (in 19th Century money) in gold was discovered: enough to support six saloons, a bank and, of course, a brothel. But floods washed the town away three times. After the last wash in 1936, what was left was abandoned – including, supposedly, safety deposit boxes full of gold.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAfter Eldoradoville was lost, mining carried on in a small way. It was finally \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flaw.resource.org\u002Fpub\u002Fus\u002Fcase\u002Freporter\u002FUS\u002F357\u002F357.US.155.29.html\"\u003Eshut down in 1942\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by the government, which was worried about a shortage of metals during World War Two. The restrictions were lifted again in 1975, but by then the gold miners were well into old age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECommercial mining never did come to these mountains. Instead, they became a protected area.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn October 2014, President Barack Obama declared 350,000 acres of the San Bernardino National Forest and the Angeles National Forest a national monument. This area provides about 30% of L.A.'s drinking water, and supports endangered species.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile that designation sounds major on paper, the land remains underfunded and understaffed by the U.S. Forest Service, which manages a staggering 193 million acres in 44 states on a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fs.fed.us\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2015-Fire-Budget-Report.pdf\"\u003Eshoestring\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. That is because the service is busy battling bigger problems than illegal gold mining.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWildfires swallow more than \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fs.fed.us\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2015-Fire-Budget-Report.pdf\"\u003E50% of its budge\u003C\u002Fa\u003Et. In adjacent areas, armed \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.modernhiker.com\u002F2014\u002F03\u002F19\u002Fever-wonder-what-an-illegal-marijuana-farm-looks-like\u002F\"\u003Efarmers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from cartel-funded \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fabc7.com\u002Fnews\u002Fexclusive-marijuana-grow-raid-caught-on-video-in-angeles-national-forest\u002F951728\u002F\"\u003Emarijuana grow sites\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Farticles.latimes.com\u002F2007\u002Fsep\u002F11\u002Flocal\u002Fme-pot11\"\u003Eshot it out\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with law enforcement, sometimes dying steps away from trails. Strapped resources have forced authorities to look the other way.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOn 12 April 2016, I submitted a media request to accompany the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fs.fed.us\u002F\"\u003EUS Forest Service\u003C\u002Fa\u003E upriver. Press approval is a slow process, and agents told me off-the-record that mining \"isn't a high priority,\" and \"not well-enforced.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA month later, the official statement repeated what I already knew: all claims, prospecting, panning, sluicing and dredging are prohibited.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"With our current workload we do not have the staff to [accommodate] a trip out into the field,\" says public affairs officer Nathan Judy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI tried state legislators and two sitting congresswomen from mountain districts. All refused to comment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELocal police told me there were no reported crimes committed by miners, or hiker run-ins. \"We haven't received any calls,\" Azusa police dispatcher Lauren Santamaria confirmed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFair enough. But what are the miners doing to rivers and the species that live in them?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwatershed.ucdavis.edu\u002Fcws-wfcb-fish-conservation-group\"\u003EPeter Moyle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the University of California Davis has been studying California's fish since 1969. He says the simple act of dumping rocks damages the environment and reduces the prey available to fish.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"All these fish feed on aquatic insects, and they live on the rocks,\" says Moyle. \"The more you turn over rocks, you lose habitat for insects, which is essentially fish food. You're changing the ecosystem and anything that disrupts the stream bank is harmful.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe miners claim dredging creates habitat, which prompts a laugh from Moyle. \"I've heard that before,\" he says. \"We actually \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcaliforniawaterblog.com\u002F2011\u002F06\u002F17\u002Fsuction-dredging-is-bad-for-fish\u002F\"\u003Estudied that\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the American River with salmon, and found that the effects are neutral at best.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEven the most conscientious miners will impact something's habitat, he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis watershed is one of 20 river systems that feed Los Angeles. That means the people working in it could affect the purity of drinking water, even if they do not use heavy chemicals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"It's not ideal, obviously,\" admits Wen Huang, manager for engineering at the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sbvmwd.com\u002Fabout-us\u002Fcontact-us\"\u003ESan Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"There could be increased turbidity of source water.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe more people in rivers, the more impurities may be introduced into source water. That means more work for treatment systems \"to get rid of that,\" Huang says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe trouble is, it is not clear whose job it is to police and monitor this river.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt took months of reporting to unpack the federal tape. It turns out the Forest Service is responsible for the land itself, but there are also regional water boards in L.A. and Santa Ana that deal with rivers. And when it comes to species protection, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wildlife.ca.gov\u002F\"\u003ECalifornia Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002F\"\u003EEnvironmental Protection Agency\u003C\u002Fa\u003E get involved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMining is \"a complicated issue,\" says Jane Hendron, a public affairs division chief for Fish and Wildlife. That means her department has been powerless to take action, even though they know it is bad for the species they are tasked with protecting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFish and Wildlife works with the law enforcement arm of the Forest Service, which is responsible for patrolling, to make the case for action. But this is a slow process.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"Every agency has limited funds,\" says Hendron. \"We can't do everything we want to, and there are priorities.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESince 2007, her office has confirmed that a small fish called the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fecos.fws.gov\u002Fecp0\u002Fprofile\u002FspeciesProfile?spcode=E07W\"\u003ESanta Ana sucker\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the endangered \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fecos.fws.gov\u002FspeciesProfile\u002Fprofile\u002FspeciesProfile.action?spcode=D020\"\u003EArroyo toad\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have both lost habitat as a result of gold mining. They have been urging the state to disallow a kind of mechanised mining called suction dredging. The matter remains \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.envirolaw.org\u002Fcurrent\"\u003Ein litigation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with over 20,000 cases pending, but an August 2016 ruling \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.foxbusiness.com\u002Fmarkets\u002F2016\u002F08\u002F22\u002Fcalifornia-court-upholds-ban-on-dredges-to-extract-gold.html\"\u003Edid uphold the ban\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo who are these gold diggers?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA 2014 documentary titled \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvimeo.com\u002F95057028\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EL.A. Miner\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E depicted them as extreme hobbyists seeking a respite from city life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe film's director, Thomas R. Wood, is clearly taken by this romantic element. \"I like a world where there are gold miners,\" he says, before comically declaring he is not an advocate. He is clearly invested, and calls these miners his friends.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"There's a community up there,\" says Wood, stroking his unkempt beard. \"Most of the time you work really hard, not to get rich, but to find treasure. And that treasure is being outdoors, being off the grid, which is beautiful. It seems super-American to be frontiers-y. That's just as precious as the weekend hiker who wants to go along a manicured trail.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMost prospectors are retirees who come to escape staid lives. They are a community with Facebook \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fgroups\u002F381768351890776\u002F\"\u003Egroups \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eand \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.publiclandsforthepeople.org\"\u003Emultiple\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.goldprospectors.org\"\u003Eadvocacy organisations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWood says mining is about people's sense of the West, the intrinsic value of nature, personal freedoms, and (what can appear to be) arbitrary regulations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere have been \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Flaist.com\u002F2015\u002F08\u002F29\u002Fla_miner_illegal.php\"\u003Eclaims that some of the miners are homeless\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but Wood rejects this. \"One or two go up for long stints,\" he says. \"[But] no one's hunting elk, living in furs. Are you gonna run into a bearded guy without a shirt? Heck yeah… Sometimes, nature is dudes who aren't pretty and clean, and they swear and like guns. If they were indigenous, they'd be in \u003Cem\u003ENatGeo\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cem\u003ENational Geographic\u003C\u002Fem\u003E] and people would be talking about the beauty of prospecting.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe has a point. Unkempt and often unwashed, these are mountain goats of men. They represent a very rugged kind of masculinity, especially compared to hikers in designer shorts and fluorescent sneakers, blasting music from iPhone speakers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt is easy to understand why Wood respects them. While most people could not make it home without smartphone assistance, this group thrives with the same basics as the forty-niners that built California.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EStill, the other accusation stands: that the miners are polluting the land with trash, diverting rivers and threatening species.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETo show me what the miners are really like, Wood agrees to hike in with me and his film's lead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA Pall Mall dangling from his chapped lips and a black hoodie pulled over his head, Pat (on the right) extends a hand marked by scars and tattoo ink. The star of \u003Cem\u003EL.A. Miner\u003C\u002Fem\u003E wears Wrangler jeans and Wolverine boots. There is an octopus tattoo on his right bicep, in homage to a former pet, and Lo Pan from \u003Cem\u003EBig Trouble in Little China\u003C\u002Fem\u003E on his forearm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWith his slow Oklahoma drawl and Cheshire cat grin, Pat has a calm confidence. I have never met him before, but somehow, in a parking lot on the side of a mountain, he seems the safest person to head into the unknown with.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs we gear up, streams of twentysomethings pass. I ask where they are going.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"Bungee jumpers,\" Pat answers. \"Hikers are the real problem. They come for the day, throw out their trash, never pick it up. Some even leave plastic bags filled with their dog's [faeces]. Can you believe that?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOn cue, minutes later, we walk past those plastic doggie bags. Pat scoops them up and dumped them in a trash bin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"No one picks that up, but miners do,\" says Pat. \"Miners are environmentalists first. We eat out of cans. After we eat out of cans, they're coffee cups. There's not a miner that trashes the canyon. We carry trash out.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPat has been coming here for six years. It is a kind of self-imposed therapy to battle depression. A mix of science, DIY gumption and internet savvy first gave him the confidence to start.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe 36-year-old calls himself a hick, but he is far more complicated, even if at times wrong. He has a degree in microbiology, with a minor in chemistry. He spent three years as a lab technician, \"testing cancerous tumours for various types of proteins.\" Then he did a stint in lockup on a fireworks charge. Nowadays he works as a race car mechanic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAfter \u003Cem\u003EL.A. Miner\u003C\u002Fem\u003E ended production, he threw himself into mining so religiously that he ended up with a severe back injury. Surgery and a year of rehab followed. Now he has nerve damage running down his left leg and is in constant pain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut you would not know it by the way he scrambles over loose rock. He says he is 60% recovered, but he easily navigates slick logs and moving water while I slosh in soaked boots.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"This is nugget alley, where most of the lazier guys prospect,\" Pat says. Most of the gold here is \"flower gold\": fine, sand-like flakes in the riverbed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe bigger stuff is further up. Getting it requires slave-like labour: placer mining, separating gravel from gold with hand tools.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"It's very solitary.\" Pat says. \"Then you build a rapport and find locals, which is handy because they'll tell you what's already been dug, what's not. Then you get crude gold.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGetting serious gold requires destroying rocks and sometimes altering rivers. Many miners build shelters and fires, and stay in the wilderness over 21 days. This is all against the law.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"It looks bad when you see a big hole in a river that two dudes just made,\" admits Pat. \"Granted, if everybody lined up shovel-to-shovel, that's bad. But half a dozen dudes every 200 yards?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPat says the harms of mining are overstated. \"\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.enr.gov.nt.ca\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fturbidity.pdf\"\u003ETurbidity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E looks bad to the human eye,\" he says. \"It's cloudiness in the water. That's what river fish thrive on… The entire ecology of a river is predicated on nutrients picked up and dropped back into the water.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe also says his actions have environmental benefits. \"It looks like ecological terrorism, but we're making fish habitat,\" he says. \"The Sierra Club dredges rivers to revitalise [them].\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, the Club's director \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sierraclub.org\u002Fcalifornia\u002Fmeet-staff\"\u003EKathryn Phillips\u003C\u002Fa\u003E told me she is \"deeply worried\" about what is going on in these waters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"Digging a hole in a river is not bad for a river,\" continues Pat. \"It creates fish breeding ground, and in one rain storm it's gone, like it never happened. There is no permanent damage.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI am reminded of Moyle's comments to the contrary, but I do not get a chance to say so.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPat shows off the canyon like a proud parent, but he gets serious further up. When rains hit, flash floods are a real danger. He has lost friends.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-24"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fglendoracitynews.com\u002F2015\u002F09\u002F19\u002Fbreaking-news-hiker-discovers-dead-body-near-bridge-to-nowhere\u002F\"\u003EIn 2015\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in the narrows, a section of river hemmed in by sheer rock walls, a miner in his 60s was crushed by a boulder. His body was not found for 10 days.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnother old-timer, Papa Bear – a Vietnam veteran who was a fixture along with his common-law wife, Mama Bear – also passed in 2015, from a heart attack.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENot many miners are left. \"You could probably count them on fingers and toes,\" Pat lamented.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI ask about the tales of prospectors fighting Old-West-style to keep rivals away, even shooting each other. Pat shrugs. It is possible, he says, but these are not outlaws. They are more a breed of ultra-libertarians.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-25"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-26"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHours later, when we make camp four miles upriver, we encounter a short, furry man far stranger than any fiction. His name is Daniel, but everyone calls him \"Savage.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne look explains it. A coarse beard, and long hair starting to dreadlock, obscures everything but a sharp nose and glinty eyes. Shirtless, his belly sucked in, he looks underfed. On his chest are tattoos of a skull and bones, and a shovel and pickaxe. They look like gang colours.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESavage staggers into camp like a wounded creature, fresh from battle. \"My feet hurt, my hands hurt, oh it's great to be a gold miner,\" he laughs. The men pass around a bottle of Knob Creek whiskey, light cigarettes and bowls of marijuana, and trade tales of cougars, bears and bighorn sheep.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHikers splash in the water a hundred yards off, but they could hardly be farther away. The \"us vs them\" mentality sharpens upon Savage's arrival.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-27"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-28"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Dude, I was born 130 years too late,\" Savage moans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESomething tragic happened to Savage a few years ago: something he does not want to discuss. The Bronx native quit culinary school, came west, and landed here. He has lived here for three years, only returning to \"the flatlands\" to restock.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThree years is a long time to be so far off the grid, and you can see the wear on his face, his body, his mind. His skin is leathery, his hands gnarled and cracked. He is bordering on feral. When he swings a tool he looks like he stepped out of prehistory, a Neanderthal reborn.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"I'm a nugget hunter,\" Savage declares. He shows me gold, some silver and a garnet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-29"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-30"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELater that night, under cover of darkness because he is wary of unexpected guests, Savage showed us where he lives. It is a few feet from a trail, sandwiched against manzanitas and an overhanging oak. You could be leaning on his front door and not know it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"Pretty cool, huh?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe has made a yurt, with a wooden door that – once peeled back like an upturned can of tuna – reveals an early man lair. Inside, a tent offers protection from elements and animals. There is a cot and supplies, but little room for much else. Savage built the yurt after repeated raids from a cinnamon-coloured bear, which he swears he got rid of by kicking it in the snout.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"I'm a caveman,\" he boasts. \"No wife. No kids. No bills. I'm free.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIs he? How long can anyone live on such an island?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor all Savage's bragging, it is apparent how lonely he is for company. He also needs better nutrition: all this work burns calories. Sure, there is some foraging: figs, berries, yucca, cherries, miner's lettuce. But it is hard work, and isolating.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt is also, in financial terms at least, not terribly worthwhile.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-31"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-32"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt one point I ask Pat how much gold he has found. \"Not much,\" he says. \"Unfortunately I had to sell quite a bit over the last few years. I still have about 10, 11 grams at the house.\" With the price of gold around $40 a gram, that is hardly enough to retire, but he says the tug of a major find makes it fun.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"This is the most amount of work you'll do for the least amount of money,\" says Savage. But as far as he is concerned, that is not the point.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"It's about being out here,\" he says, using a twig to stir canned roast beef hash on a propane-fuelled skillet. \"It's about being free.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe is rather contemptuous about money. At one point he throws a pile of greenbacks in the dirt and says \"this does me no good here\". But he promptly scoops the cash back up afterwards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBack at camp, there are rumblings of a reality show about the miners. Pat builds a fire and we take turns letting off rounds from his .38, firing at cans. Then we bed down under the stars, just like the miners of yore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-33"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-34"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs we hike out, I try to reconcile what I have seen in the mountains with what I learned from the scientists and government agencies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe problem they all face – from miners to government agents – is the same. How do you keep a wild place wild? The definition of \"natural\" depends on who is asking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBoth sides villainise the other. In the miners' defence, I did not see any endangered species threatened, or miners dumping chemicals or trash. Yet, that does not mean they are not having an effect. Certainly, I saw plenty of streams diverted, and men working in them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI also worry that, one day, a wayward trekker will startle a miner who has made a big find, and gold fever will turn tragic. Even if this dramatic scenario never comes to pass, the miners chuck rocks around carelessly, which seems like a recipe for an accident. Then gold mining will become a government priority for all the wrong reasons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGreed and desperation did not send these men to the hills. They were attracted by something harder to define, something the city could not provide.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe miners are not bad people and they are not derelicts. They are just people, fitting many descriptions. Some are alienated, some are seeking fresh starts, and some just want freedom. All are looking to escape conformity. All revel in testing themselves against nature.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EStill, it would not be a good idea for hikers in these hills to pick a fight with the miners. They have a code of honour that is hard to explain. If they are pushed, they will push back.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI wonder now if Wood missed the point when he said that the miners would be celebrated \"if they were indigenous\". Given that they have set themselves up as something separate from mainstream society, surely they already are an indigenous culture?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI also think about the recent court ruling, and wonder if new rules and regulations might be the best option. It is the last thing the miners want, but maybe there is a way to allow them to carry on what they are doing, while at the same time minimising the ecological damage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAfter all, it is the job of government agencies like the Forest Service to protect all who come here. It seems to me that should include the gold miners.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills-35"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2016-10-10T13:38:08Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"There are people mining gold illegally in California's hills","headlineShort":"The new Gold Rush","image":[],"imageAlignment":"center","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"earth","promoAlignment":"center","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"In the hills near Los Angeles, a handful of prospectors are hunting for gold. But what they are doing is against the law and could be harming the environment","summaryShort":"Once again prospectors are hunting for gold","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-02T13:31:34.537133Z","entity":"article","guid":"d894beb6-3807-4eba-a33e-67f779ee8014","id":"earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T13:31:34.537133Z","project":"earth","slug":"20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454281},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world","_id":"6130d0500e2e0c61730cda4b","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"gallery","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Frichard-gray"],"bodyIntro":"Photographer Elena Chernyshova spent 10 days at the Kupol gold mine in northeast Russia to see the extremes workers endure to feed our demand for precious metals","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04jc6hy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGold is still one of our most precious resources. It is an essential component in everything from \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20161017-your-old-phone-is-full-of-precious-metals\"\u003Esmartphones\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to the latest diagnostic kits for malaria and HIV. Which means we need to go to great extremes to keep up with demand. Isolated in the frozen wastes of eastern Siberia, where temperatures can plummet to -50°C (-45F), the Kupol gold mine is one of the toughest places in the world to extract the ore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe seams of gold buried beneath the ice in this remote part of Russia were once mined by prisoners of the hellish gulags established under Soviet leader Josef Stalin during the 1930s. Now the region of Chukotka in northeast Russia - not far from Alaska - boasts the most advanced mine in the world. Workers extract around 21 tonnes of gold a year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPhotographer Elena Chernyshova spent 10 days at Kupol to document how the miners cope in such an extreme environment. Around 1,200 people spend two months at a time on site, doing alternate 12-hour shifts in the mine and in the mill where the ore is processed. “They were surprisingly happy despite the long and hard days of work they do,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMore than 200 kilometres (125 miles) from the nearest city, the mine is only accessible by air for half of the year. But between November and April a road is hewn out of the ice to link the site to the port town of Pevek 350 kilometres to the north. Supplies have to be ordered up to two years in advance so they can be brought in by boat and driven along this ice road.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERoving teams drive up and down the road each day, filling holes with snow and water to keep the surface smooth for the trucks that pass back and forth along it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04jc6dk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The whole complex is like a lunar base amidst the lifeless landscape,” says Chernyshova\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04jc5zp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWrapped up against the cold, these drills can be operated remotely from the surface\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04jc5st"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWork continues around the clock but only a few miners ever need to go below ground to load ore and reinforce walls\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04jc3jz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe process of crushing and smelting the ore is semi-automated \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04jc3f5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChernyshova joined workers on their commute each day. Waste heat from the mine warms the tunnel to the living quarters\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04jc2zm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe rocket salad grown on site tastes fantastic, says Chernyshova. They hope soon to start growing dill and mint\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04jc2kn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen off duty, miners divide their time between the gym, TV rooms, library and chapel\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04jc2ss"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs well as providing heat, waste oil from mine machinery also powers flushing toilets \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04jbtf6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBedrooms are sound-proofed against the din of the mine\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world-19"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ffuture-now"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2016-11-29T15:52:45.674Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"The gold mine at the end of the world","headlineShort":"The gold mine at the end of the world","image":["p04jc6hy"],"imageAlignment":"center","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"center","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p04jc6hy"],"relatedStories":["future\u002Farticle\u002F20161027-a-snapshot-of-how-busy-the-worlds-biggest-airports-are--","future\u002Farticle\u002F20160915-the-aralkum-deserts-ghostly-fishing-fleet","earth\u002Farticle\u002F20161009-there-are-people-mining-gold-illegally-in-californias-hills"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Photographer Elena Chernyshova spent 10 days at the Kupol gold mine in northeast Russia to see the extremes workers endure to feed our demand for precious metals","summaryShort":"Where miners work in extreme conditions to extract one of our most valued metals","tag":["tag\u002Fmining"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-02T13:23:21.896661Z","entity":"article","guid":"46ca3ac6-35ad-48d8-9b8a-7abe190cac30","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T15:42:14.132623Z","project":"future","slug":"20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454280},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole","_id":"6130d1970e2e0c61730cdb3f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"gallery","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"This year, the North Pole is busier than usual, as a nearby expedition explores the Arctic ice. Thea Schneider, a researcher and photographer who took part in the expedition, reports.","businessUnit":"public service","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis Christmas, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191004-largest-arctic-expedition-in-history-going-the-north-pole\"\u003Ea lone ship is drifting in a meandering path towards the North Pole\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOn board is a team of climate scientists studying the winter Arctic as part of the most extensive expedition that there has ever been to this remote part of the world. The expedition party has to work through the constant darkness of polar night and in temperatures as low as -45C.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo, what is Christmas at the North Pole really like?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(Image credit: Esther Horvath\u002FAWI)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Arctic sea ice in winter is not a welcoming place – scientists have to work in bitterly cold conditions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDespite these extreme conditions, scores of scientists have chosen to be on this ship – the German icebreaker Polarstern – through part of the Arctic winter. As of mid-December, they are a mere 270 kilometres from the North Pole.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe expedition, which set off in September 2019, is the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate, known as Mosaic. I returned to land in late October, but a relay of scientists will keep the ship occupied throughout the year. They are hoping to improve understanding of climate change, by taking a closer look at the heart of global warming: the Arctic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-the-problem-of-thinning-arctic-sea-ice\"\u003EAfter freezing into an ice floe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the ship’s hull is now encased in a thick layer of ice (pictured). As the ice drifts from the east to the western side of the Arctic Ocean, carried by ocean currents, the frozen ship will drift with it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(Image credit: AWI)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWorking on the Arctic sea ice is challenging at the best of times. In mid-winter, the environment is extraordinarily unforgiving.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETemperatures below -30C require all skin to be covered to avoid frostbite. Wind can decrease the temperatures even further. A 10 meters per second wind decreases the felt temperature by almost 10 degrees due to “wind chill”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWind can also whirl up the snow on the ice, leading to very low visibility, like sudden fog or heavy snowfall. These “white outs” make moving around very dangerous, since all orientation points can suddenly disappear – even the lights from the ship might not be visible anymore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen this happens, work on the ice has to cease immediately.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(Image credit: Thea Schneider)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EResearchers on board, like Jessie Creamean, want to understand how tiny particles seed clouds in the Arctic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven when conditions allow for work, throughout the winter months the scientists must work in near-constant darkness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07y6ds2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA loud, unsettling noise is the only warning right before a crack opens up in the ice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe other main danger on the ice – besides the cold and the cracks – are polar bears.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs cute as they seem, polar bears are apex predators. The curious mammals can smell Polarstern and like to inspect the unfamiliar objects that they encounter nearby, like scientific instruments – often to the chagrin of the researchers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(Image credit: Thea Schneider)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETrude Hohle from Svalbard, Norway, is a polar bear guard on the expedition. It’s her duty to make sure that people are safe on the ice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps the biggest challenge in the Arctic winter is not outside at all, but keeping the expedition happy throughout the difficult conditions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWorking long hours every day of the expedition with little time to relax can be tough. Being cramped together in a ship for three months of darkness can cause a severe case of cabin fever. With limited internet and connectivity with the outside world, one effective cure is an old-fashioned deck of cards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs well as the festive season, December holds another landmark for the scientists on board. It will be their first contact with other people in months.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(Image credit: Thea Schneider)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFood is an easy way to keep people happy at Christmas. The ship has dedicated bakers who provide daily bread – and cake.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEveryone on board is very far from home, but they still find a way to celebrate Christmas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole-23"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ffrozen-north"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-12-18T00:30:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"What Christmas is really like at the North Pole","headlineShort":"The reality of Christmas at the Pole","image":["p07y6ds2"],"imageAlignment":"center","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"center","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p07y6ds2"],"relatedStories":["future\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery","future\u002Farticle\u002F20181109-qaanaaq-greenland-is-melting-away-from-climate-change","future\u002Farticle\u002F20161129-mining-gold-at-the-end-of-the-world"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fenvironment"],"summaryLong":"This year, the North Pole is busier than usual, as a nearby expedition explores the Arctic ice. Thea Schneider, a researcher and photographer who took part in the expedition, reports.","summaryShort":"What it's really like to spend Christmas at the North Pole","tag":["tag\u002Fclimate"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-02T13:28:48.565014Z","entity":"article","guid":"8f8b896c-2336-485b-ba55-99443b9398e1","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T13:28:48.565014Z","project":"future","slug":"20191217-what-happens-at-christmas-at-the-north-pole","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454277},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise","_id":"60cd5e900e2e0c5f1366ca74","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Famanda-ruggeri"],"bodyIntro":"Just down the coast from Donald Trump's weekend retreat, the residents and businesses of south Florida are experiencing regular episodes of water in the streets. In the battle against rising seas, the region – which has more to lose than almost anywhere else in the world – is becoming ground zero.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Flockdown-longreads\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp08fbgv3.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"“The\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future has brought you in-depth and rigorous stories to help you navigate the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ftags\u002Fcovid-19\"\u003Ecurrent pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but we know that’s not all you want to read. So now we’re dedicating a series to help you escape. We’ll be revisiting our most popular features from the last three years in our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELockdown Longreads\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou’ll find everything from the story about the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission\"\u003Eworld’s greatest space mission\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to the truth about whether \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly\"\u003Eour cats really love us\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the epic hunt to bring \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190213-the-dramatic-hunt-for-the-fish-pirates-exploiting-our-seas\"\u003Eillegal fishermen to justice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the small team which brings \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180312-the-salvagers-who-raise-world-war-two-tanks-from-the-dead\"\u003Elong-buried World War Two tanks back to life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. What you won’t find is any reference to, well, you-know-what. Enjoy.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe first time my father’s basement flooded, it was shortly after he moved in. The building was an ocean-front high-rise in a small city north of Miami called Sunny Isles Beach. The marble lobby had a waterfall that never stopped running; crisp-shirted valets parked your car for you. For the residents who lived in the more lavish flats, these cars were often BMWs and Mercedes. But no matter their value, the cars all wound up in the same place: the basement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen I called, I’d ask my dad how the building was doing. “The basement flooded again a couple weeks ago,” he’d sometimes say. Or: “It’s getting worse.” It’s not only his building: he’s also driven through a foot of water on a main road a couple of towns over and is used to tiptoeing around pools in the local supermarket’s car park.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAsk nearly anyone in the Miami area about flooding and they’ll have an anecdote to share. Many will also tell you that it’s happening more and more frequently. The data backs them up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s easy to think that the only communities suffering from sea level rise are far-flung and remote. And while places like the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-36255749\"\u003ESolomon Islands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2016\u002F07\u002F03\u002Fworld\u002Fasia\u002Fclimate-change-kiribati.html?_r=0\"\u003EKiribati\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are indeed facing particularly dramatic challenges, they aren’t the only ones being forced to grapple with the issue. Sea levels are rising around the world, and in the US, south Florida is ground zero – as much for the adaptation strategies it is attempting as for the risk that it bears.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yykt1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne reason is that water levels here are rising especially quickly. The \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2015\u002F10\u002F2015-Compact-Unified-Sea-Level-Rise-Projection.pdf\"\u003Emost frequently-used range of estimates\u003C\u002Fa\u003E puts the likely range between 15-25cm (6-10in) above 1992 levels by 2030, and 79-155cm (31-61in) by 2100. With tides higher than they have been in decades – and far higher than when this swampy, tropical corner of the US began to be drained and built on a century ago – many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough. That means not only more flooding, but challenges for the infrastructure that residents depend on every day, from septic tanks to wells. “The consequences of sea level rise are going to occur way before the high tide reaches your doorstep,” says William Sweet, an oceanographer at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe flooding would be a challenge for any community, but it poses particular risks here. One \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nwf.org\u002F~\u002Fmedia\u002FPDFs\u002FGlobal-Warming\u002FReports\u002FChanging-Tides_FINAL_LOW-RES-081516.ashx\"\u003Erecent report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E estimated that Miami has the most to lose in terms of financial assets of any coastal city in the world, just above Guangzhou, China and New York City. This 120-mile (193km) corridor running up the coast from Homestead to Jupiter – taking in major cities like Miami, Fort Lauderdale and West Palm Beach – is the eighth most populous metropolitan area in the US. It’s also booming. In 2015, the US Census Bureau found that the population of all three counties here was growing – along with the rest of Florida – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.census.gov\u002Fquickfacts\u002Ftable\u002FPST045216\u002F12011,12086\"\u003Eat around 8%,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E roughly twice the pace of the US average. Recent studies have shown that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Fnclimate\u002Fjournal\u002Fv6\u002Fn7\u002Ffull\u002Fnclimate2961.html\"\u003EFlorida has more residents at risk from climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than any other US state.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yykpp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt has \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Friskybusiness.org\u002Freport\u002Fcome-heat-and-high-water-climate-risk-in-the-southeastern-u-s-and-texas\u002F\"\u003Emore property at risk, too\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Miami-Dade County, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.miamidade.gov\u002Fbusiness\u002Flibrary\u002Freports\u002Freal-estate-market\u002F2016\u002F04-apr-through-06-jun.pdf\"\u003Edevelopers had 1.6 million sq ft\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (149,000 sq m) of office space and 1.8 million of retail space under construction in the second quarter of 2016 alone. Sunny Isles Beach, home to 20,300 people, has eight high-rise buildings under construction; swing a seagull in the air, and you’ll hit a crane. As you might imagine, the value of development in this sun-soaked part of the country is high, too. Property in Sunny Isles alone is now worth more than $10 billion. Many of the wealthiest people in the US reside in Florida, including \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tampabay.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness\u002Fpersonalfinance\u002Famong-forbes-400-billionaires-florida-gaining-favor-as-a-place-to-call-home\u002F2296459)\"\u003E40 billionaires\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on the Forbes 400 list of richest Americans; on a recent week, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.foxnews.com\u002Freal-estate\u002F2017\u002F02\u002F06\u002F54m-palm-beach-compound-is-weeks-most-expensive-new-listing.print.html\"\u003Ethe most expensive real estate listing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the US was a $54 million mansion in Palm Beach.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDespite \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.newsweek.com\u002Ftimeline-every-ridiculous-thing-trump-has-said-about-climate-change-576238\"\u003Ehis history of referring to climate change as a “hoax”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and his \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-39415631\"\u003Erecent rollback of emissions-slashing initiatives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, President Donald Trump is one of these property owners with a stake in the issue. The president frequently visits his Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, 75 miles (121km) north of Miami, which is itself an area \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fweatherplus.blog.palmbeachpost.com\u002F2016\u002F10\u002F13\u002Fking-tides-rise-again-south-florida-under-a-coastal-flood-advisory\u002F\"\u003Eexperiencing flooding from high tides\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. There also are six Trump-branded residential buildings in Sunny Isles, one of which still provides the president with income, and a Trump-branded condominium complex in Hollywood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yykfv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELook beyond all the glass and steel, though, and – despite the federal government’s sidelining of the issue – there’s another thrum of activity. It’s the wastewater treatment plant constructing new buildings five feet higher than the old ones. The 105 miles (169km) of roads being raised in Miami Beach. The new shopping mall built with flood gates. The 116 tidal valves installed in Fort Lauderdale. The seawalls being raised and repaired. And the worried conversations between more and more residents every year about what the sea-rise models predict – and what to do about it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe communities aren’t short of solutions. “Nobody’s doing better adaptation work in the country than south Florida,” says Daniel Kreeger, executive director of the nonprofit \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Faccoonline.org\u002F\"\u003EAssociation of Climate Change Officers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But the question isn’t whether this work will save every community: it won’t. Even those tasked with making their cities resilient admit that, at some point in the future, certain areas here will no longer be “viable” places to live. Rather, the challenge is to do enough to ensure that the economy as a whole continues to thrive and that tourists still come to enjoy the sun, sand – and swelling sea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yykd2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a challenge that many officials and experts are determined to meet. Getting there, though, requires a shift in how everyone from mayors to taxpayers, insurers to engineers, property developers to urban planners thinks about their communities – and the everyday decisions that shape them. The eyes of the world are on them: if one of the richest communities on the planet can’t step up, what hope is there for everyone else?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“If the science is correct on this – which it is going to be – the question is, ‘How extreme are the implications?’” says Kreeger. “We are literally going to have to rewrite how businesses function, and how cities are designed. Everything’s going to change. And that’s particularly going to be exacerbated in coastal communities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“This would be no different than if I came to you and said ‘Hey, in 40 years, gravity’s going to change. I can’t tell you exactly what it’s going to be. But let’s assume roughly between 50% and 80% stronger or weaker than it is now.’ You’d look around and say ‘Shoot, what’s that going to affect?’\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"And the answer is: it affects everything.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E*\u003Cbr \u002F\u003ESea level rise is global. But due to a variety of factors – including, for this part of the Atlantic coast, a likely weakening of the Gulf Stream, itself potentially a result of the melting of Greenland’s ice caps – south Floridians are feeling the effects more than many others. While there has been a mean rise of a little more than 3mm per year worldwide since the 1990s, in the last decade, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftidesandcurrents.noaa.gov\u002Fstationhome.html?id=8723214\"\u003ENOAA Virginia Key tide gauge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E just south of Miami Beach has measured a 9mm rise annually.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat may not sound like much. But as an average, it doesn’t tell the whole story of what residents see – including more extreme events like king tides (extremely high tides), which have been getting dramatically higher. What’s more, when you’re talking about places like Miami Beach – where, as chief resiliency officer Susanne Torriente jokes, the elevation ranges between “flat and flatter” – every millimetre counts. Most of Miami Beach’s built environment sits at an elevation of 60-120cm (2-6ft). And across the region, underground infrastructure – like aquifers or septic tanks – lies even closer to the water table.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyk9v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn a nearly two-hour tour of Fort Lauderdale’s adaptation strategies, the city’s head of sustainability, Nancy Gassman, points out incremental differences in elevation: slight rolls in the sidewalk or paving that usually go unnoticed. “That might seem weird that I’m pointing out a couple of feet difference,” she says. “But a couple feet in south Florida – it’s time. Elevation is time for us.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENot only are sea levels rising, but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.climate.gov\u002Fnews-features\u002Funderstanding-climate\u002Fclimate-change-global-sea-level\"\u003Ethe pace seems to be accelerating\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. That’s been noted before – but what it means for south Florida was only recently brought home in a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rsmas.miami.edu\u002Fusers\u002Fswdowinski\u002Fpublications\u002FWdowinski-et-al-OCM-2016.pdf\"\u003EUniversity of Miami study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “After 2006, sea level rose faster than before – and much faster than the global rate,” says the lead author Shimon Wdowinski, who is now with Miami’s Florida International University. From 3mm per year from 1998 to 2005, the rise off Miami Beach tripled to that 9mm rate from 2006.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAn uptick also happened between the 1930s and 1950s, says Wdowinski, making some question whether this is a similar oscillation. But that’s probably wishful thinking. “It’s not necessarily what we see now. This warming of the planet has been growing for a while,” he says. “It’s probably a different process than what happened 60 years ago.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyk6p"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Can we definitely say it’s the ocean warming?” says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies. “No. But is it indicative of what we’d expect to see? Yes.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EModelling specific future scenarios is difficult – partly because scientists are still collecting and analysing data, partly because there are so many variables. What if the US or China reverses its trend on stabilising emissions? What if a major volcano erupts? What if a glacier melts more quickly than expected? But enough credible projections have been done to put together a range of scenarios that researchers are confident about.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne graph compiled in 2015 by the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org\u002F\"\u003ESoutheast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a non-partisan initiative that collates expertise and coordinates efforts across Broward, Miami-Dade, Monroe and Palm Beach counties, is especially revealing (see below). At the bottom is a dotted green line, which rises slowly. Before you get optimistic, the footnote is firm: “This scenario would require significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in order to be plausible and does not reflect current emissions trends.” More probable is the range in the middle, shaded blue, which shows that a 6-10in (15-25cm) rise above 1992 levels is likely by 2030. At the top, the orange line is more severe still, going off the chart – to 81 inches (206cm) – by the end of the century.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyk14"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut as more data comes in, even the worst-case estimates may turn out to be too low: for example, researchers recently discovered that ice is melting more rapidly than expected from both Antarctica and Greenland, plus gained a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature17145.epdf\"\u003Ebetter understanding of how melting ice sheets actually\u003C\u002Fa\u003E affect sea-level rise. “The unlikely scenarios are now, all of a sudden, becoming more probable than they once were thought to be,” says Sweet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe most dramatic impacts may not be felt for 50 or 100 years. But coastal communities are already experiencing more storms and extremely high tides known as king tides. In the same study, Wdowinski found there were a total of 16 flood events in Miami Beach from 1998 to 2005. From 2006 to 2013, there were 33.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAlthough the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fcre\u002Fking-tides-and-climate-change\"\u003Etiming of king tides\u003C\u002Fa\u003E results from the positions of the Sun, Moon and Earth, rising seas heighten their effect. At extreme high tides, water levels have surged to an inch below the Intracoastal Waterway, says Jennifer Jurado, Broward County’s chief resiliency officer. “Once that’s breached, you’re open to the ocean – the supply of water is endless. The system is really at capacity. These are flood conditions, even with just the high tide and supermoon… You see men in business suits trying to trudge through water.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyjx5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven without floods, the rising water table affects everything. The cities here are built on porous limestone. The water doesn’t just come over seawalls; it seeps up from beneath the streets. Nearly \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fimnh.isu.edu\u002Fdigitalatlas\u002Fhydr\u002Fconcepts\u002Fgwater\u002Faquifer.htm\"\u003E90% of the drinking water in south Florida comes from aquifers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and these are finding their fresh water pushed further and further inland as the salt water exerts more and more pressure. Take Hallandale Beach, a small city of just under 40,000 residents. Saltwater already has breached five of the eight freshwater wells that the city draws from, says Vice Mayor Keith London. And around a quarter of Miami-Dade residents use septic tanks. If these don’t remain above the water table, the result could be thoroughly unpleasant.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyjvm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother issue is beach erosion. Florida’s sand may be one of its biggest draws for tourist dollars, but \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.theverge.com\u002F2016\u002F11\u002F17\u002F13660014\u002Fmiami-beach-sand-erosion-nourishment-climate-change\"\u003Eit, too, is vulnerable\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: though sand never stays put, rising sea levels and worsening storms mean the need to replenish is intensifying. A massive town-by-town project is currently underway; Miami Beach (which, famously, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmiamibeach.org\u002Fdirectory\u002Fliving\u002Fhistory-of-miami-beach\"\u003Ewas manmade from the start\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.miamitodaynews.com\u002F2017\u002F03\u002F28\u002Ffyi-miami-march-30-2017\u002F\"\u003Ejust wrapped up\u003C\u002Fa\u003E its 3,000ft (914m) section, to the tune of $11.9 million.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOf course, another part of the problem is that south Florida is built on a swamp. “The only reason we live here is we learned how to drain it, we learned how to kill mosquitos, and we created air conditioning,” says Jim Murley, chief resilience officer for Miami-Dade County. Residents cut canals to drain inland areas, using the fill to raise the land and build properties. These canals are now open doors for tidal flooding and storm surge. They also cut down mangrove forests and levelled sand dunes – both natural barriers to flooding.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“There is going to need to be a very serious conversation about how we deal with this,” says George Vallejo, the mayor of North Miami Beach. “The development that has happened here over the last 40 or 50 years has not been helpful to this situation. We’ve paved over a lot of the Everglades, we’ve paved over a lot of greenage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We’ve done a lot of things that, in retrospect, we would have done differently, knowing what we know now.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E*\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat’s the bad news. But there’s good news, says Gassman, whose no-nonsense demeanour and doctorate in marine biology (with a focus on coastal ecosystems) makes her particularly convincing. “That’s all if nothing changes. I think that’s another thing that the public doesn’t necessarily understand: the predictions that they’re hearing, time and time again, are if we do nothing. But we’re not doing nothing.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat’s point one. Point two is that the topography of the area isn’t quite what you’d expect. She brings out a map of Fort Lauderdale dotted with squares of purple and orange. Purple means an area is likely to be underwater at 2ft (61cm) of sea level rise; orange means it’s possible. A surprisingly small amount of the map is splashed with colour. And the at-risk areas – which are mostly by the bay, not the ocean – aren’t where you might think. “It’s not the whole city,” she says. “While there are problems in some areas, we’ll have to adjust, but these areas are not in places you’d expect – and we’ll have time to address some of these issues.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyjjq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENot every community might be so lucky. Play the inundation game with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcoast.noaa.gov\u002Fslr\u002Fbeta\"\u003ENoaa’s perversely addictive mapping tool\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Hollywood, just 10 miles (16km) south of Fort Lauderdale, and you’ll find that the same 2ft (61cm) rise could put streets and most properties of an entire square-mile swathe underwater – not insignificant for a city measuring just 30 sq miles (78 sq km). (Hollywood also has its own intervention programme underway, including the installation of 18 flap gates to keep seawater from coming up through the drainage system). Still, it’s a good reminder that the problem, as overwhelming as it seems, can be broken down into smaller pieces.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhich is exactly what Gassman and others are trying to do. Touring the city with Gassman is to see it in an entirely new way: not just a city of graceful mansions and pretty canals, but of seawalls that are leaking or too short, fire hydrants that are made of iron (“a fundamental, emergency-based infrastructure that’s made out of a material that’s potentially corrosive from saltwater”), drains that are overflowing and electrical boxes that need to be raised.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyjdx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“See, those cars are disappearing from view,” she says, pointing to the dip in the road in front of us. We turn onto Isle of Capri Drive. “Look what’s happening. Look how far I’m going to go down. This area floods all the time.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFort Lauderdale is dubbed the Venice of America. That’s supposed to be because of its 165 miles (266km) of canals, but recent flooding has made the nickname more on the nose than residents would like.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor both Fort Lauderdale and other communities across south Florida, the main problem is drainage. The systems here were designed to let stormwater drain into the ocean when it rains. Because homes and gardens are higher than the crown of the road, the streets flood first in a storm, by design. Water runs into the storm drain and is piped into the ocean or waterways that lead there.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAt least, that’s what is supposed to happen. With sea levels now often higher than the exits to the run-off pipes, saltwater is instead running up through the system and into the streets. To make matters worse, when the sea gets even higher, it can breach the seawall, flood people’s yards and flow down to the road – where it stays.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyjcz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESince 2013, Fort Lauderdale has been installing tidal valves to deal with the problem. Each of the one-way valves, which allows stormwater through but not saltwater, looks like a big rubber tube and can be attached inside the storm drains. Gassman pulls one out to show me. “If you stick your hand in there and push a little bit, see how it opens?” I do. “Right there, you were fresh water. Now you’re about to be salt water.” She flips the valve around. I push: sure enough, it’s a no-go.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn some areas, the valves alone have been enough. But there’s a catch: the floodwater still can’t leave if the tide is above the level of the outflow pipes. That happened early on at one of the first places they installed a valve, Gassman says. A king tide came over the tops of the seawalls, flooded the street – and then remained higher than the outfall. “The valve wouldn’t open. So the roads stayed flooded 24\u002F7,” she says. “We have had complaints that the valves aren’t working. But no. The valves are working.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-24"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyjbs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-25"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDespite the limitations of the valves, it doesn’t take an engineer to figure out that raising seawalls would fix flooding that resulted from high sea levels, if not from rain. But until recently, Fort Lauderdale had a height requirement for seawalls that was a maximum, not a minimum – for aesthetic reasons. Though some now do specify a minimum height, enforcement remains difficult. A new seawall runs from $600 to $2,000 for a linear foot; adding a 12in (30cm) cap costs about $60 per foot. For the average homeowner, a seawall measures 75-100ft (23-30m). “How are you going to force everyone to put in money?” asks Gassman.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt turns out you can’t, at least for now. Last year, Fort Lauderdale proposed that everyone should be made to raise their seawalls to a certain height by 2035. Thanks to opposition from the public, the proposal failed. Instead, property owners are required to keep their seawalls in a state of good repair. Someone can be reported to the authorities if their seawall is breached by the tide, but \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgyr.fortlauderdale.gov\u002Fgreener-government\u002Fclimate-resiliency\u002Fseawall-maintenance\"\u003Ethe specific new height requirement only kicks in\u003C\u002Fa\u003E if someone came to ask for the permit – which is required to do significant repairs, or to build a new wall. And Fort Lauderdale makes an interesting test case: if costs seem prohibitive in this relatively well-off area, it’s not going to work in south Florida’s less affluent communities – some of which also are suffering from similar flooding.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDespite Fort Lauderdale’s best efforts, seawalls here remain a patchwork of heights and states of repair. At Cordova Road, Gassman and I look over the finger isles pointing into the Stranahan River. Across the road from the marina, one house has bright-green grass: it’s new, put down after a flood last spring swamped their property with salt water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGassman points to an older house on the corner. Their seawall is about a foot lower than their neighbour’s. “That foot of difference allows water to run over their property and flood the road,” she says. “That one property, if we could fix that seawall, we could reduce a lot of flooding, right here.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-26"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyj6h"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-27"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not just residents who need to make changes. The city also owns a seawall along this stretch; it, too, was breached recently. Replacing the nearly half-mile stretch could cost up to $5 million. But getting the funds is just the first challenge. The end of the seawall meets a bridge. If you raise the seawall two more feet, what do you do with that bridge to protect it? And what about the docks that residents are currently allowed to have here, all of which will have to be re-done? “The people that live here want a solution and they want it now,” says Gassman. “But there’s both a public and a private cost. And changing one piece of infrastructure starts to domino into needing to change all sorts of things.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs well as seawalls, cities are investing in pumps. Many have put pump stations in the worst-hit neighbourhoods. But only Miami Beach has adopted an integrated, major pumping system as part of an aggressive overall defence strategy. Starting in 2013, the programme – which Torriente estimates will cost between $400 and $500 million – is multi-pronged. Pump stations have sprouted across Sunset Harbour, an industrial-turned-hip neighbourhood on the barrier island’s bay side, and are moving south.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-28"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyj30"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-29"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERoads are being raised, too, sometimes by up to 2ft (61cm), to an elevation which the Southeast Florida Climate Compact’s projections put as a likely sea level height around 2065. Seawalls are being raised to a new minimum – something that residents in Miami Beach were more amenable to than in Fort Lauderdale. The city also is requiring that all new properties build their first floor higher.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-30"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyj1r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-31"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s an ambitious agenda. And it’s one that’s working. Areas where roads have been raised and pumps installed have been much drier. But, as Gassman noted, it’s not enough to change one piece of infrastructure without changing everything else. In this case, what happens when you raise a road without raising all of the properties around it? Water can go into the properties.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat’s not supposed to happen when the pumps work. But they can fail. Antonio Gallo’s Sardinia Enoteca Ristorante is one of a number of businesses that have found their ground floors are now below the current road and sidewalk height. Last year, the pumps failed to kick in after a brief period of rain; the restaurant flooded, with diners stuck inside. When Gallo went to file his insurance claim, it was turned down. According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (Fema), which runs a national flood insurance programme for at-risk business and property owners like Gallo, anything below street level is considered a basement. Until Fema changes their policy, that includes all of the businesses now below the raised streets. Miami Beach is working closely with Fema to get not only Gallo’s situation, but the general basement classification, re-assessed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-32"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyhw8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-33"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMiami Beach’s efforts are the most aggressive. But resilience also can be built into existing projects. A lot of public infrastructure is built to last for at least 50 or 75 years, and that means planning for what the world will look like then. This is where the Compact’s range of scenarios comes in handy. If you’re laying down something easily replaceable, like a sidewalk, you could build for one of the more optimistic scenarios. An airport? It’s a good idea to go for a higher-risk scenario.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMurley, the chief resilience officer of Miami-Dade County (the county's first), points to a 4,200ft-long (1280m) \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.portofmiamitunnel.com\u002F\"\u003Etunnel that runs from the Port of Miami to highway I395\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Opened in 2014, its main objective was to re-route lorries that previously went through downtown Miami. But the tunnel was also given a huge gate that, in a hurricane, drops down to seal it at both ends. “That’s an example of resilience. We wouldn’t have built that 10 years ago,” says Murley. “We would have built the tunnel, but it would have had an open front. We might have had sand bags.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA larger-scale example of built-in resilience is going on at the Central District Wastewater and Treatment Plant on Virginia Key, a barrier island where Biscayne Bay and the ocean meet, just east of downtown Miami. It is one of three wastewater treatment plants run by the largest utility in Florida, which serves 2.3 million of the county’s 2.6 million residents. Like the other two, it sits right by the water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-34"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyhnr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-35"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe plant already had a $500 million project on the go, making changes to comply with new \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.miamidade.gov\u002Fwater\u002Flibrary\u002Freports\u002Fconsent-decree\u002Fresolution-approving.pdf\"\u003EClean Water Act requirements\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But because parts of the facility are expected to last 75 years or more, resilience to higher sea levels and storm surge has been baked into the design. Analysts ran what would be needed in a worst-case scenario: a category five hurricane during a king tide, with maximum rainfall. “What the results told us was that we ought to be building stuff at 17-20ft (5-6m) above sea level on the coast. Our current facilities, by and large, range from 10-15ft (3-4.5m),” says Doug Yoder, deputy director of Miami-Dade’s water and sewer department. The new design standards prioritise building at those elevations first for parts of the plants that convey flow – like the electrical wiring and pumps. “At least we won’t have raw sewage flooding the streets,” says Yoder.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-36"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyhll"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-37"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPrivate developers will need to think about these issues, too. According to the non-partisan research organisation Risky Business, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Friskybusiness.org\u002Fsite\u002Fassets\u002Fuploads\u002F2015\u002F09\u002FRiskyBusiness_Report_WEB_09_08_14.pdf\"\u003Ecurrent projections put between $15 billion and $23 billion of existing Florida property\u003C\u002Fa\u003E underwater by 2050. By the end of the century, that leaps to between $53 and $208 billion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut many developers aren’t thinking to 2050 or 2100. Their focus is on the time from construction to sale. In a hot real estate market like south Florida, where a lot of investors are foreign or periodic visitors, that timeframe is far shorter – a few years at most.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-38"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyh7v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-39"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUntil regulations enforce common building standards, few private developers are likely to adopt resilient designs. “I think it’s very hard for a developer or builder to do something the code or government doesn’t require in their zoning or building code,” says Wayne Pathman, a Miami-based land use and zoning attorney and the chairman of the new \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmiamigov.com\u002Fsealevelrise\u002F\"\u003ECity of Miami Sea Level Rise committee\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-40"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yyh4g"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-41"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne exception is \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbrickellcitycentre.com\u002F\"\u003EBrickell City Centre\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a $1 billion, 9-acre complex of stores, restaurants, offices, condominiums and hotel in Brickell, a corner of downtown Miami filled with cranes and skyscrapers. Developed by Hong Kong-based Swire Properties, the complex is sleek and airy – and, says Chris Gandolfo, vice president of development for Swire’s US operations, resilient. “Starting years ago, Swire was progressive in its thinking on rising tides,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGandolfo ticks off some of the adaptation strategies that were used: building higher than the current flood plain; flood gates that can seal off the underground car park; an elevated seawall. It also has sustainable features like green roofs, native plants and what the developers have dubbed a “climate ribbon” – a walkway that captures the bay winds to cool the structure and lower energy costs, and works as a cistern to re-use rainwater for irrigation. “We may not make immediate returns,” Gandolfo says. “But I think it’ll have long-term returns.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-42"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yygyp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-43"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAll of this puts a catch-22 at the heart of south Florida’s development. The state levies no personal or business income taxes and has a low corporate income tax, meaning property taxes provide a major source of revenue. But unless it is managed very carefully, new development brings new challenges.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Every one of these buildings that goes up expands your vulnerability and magnitude of risk,” says Kreeger. “On the flip side, you’re not getting help from the state, because the state legislature and governor are in total denial about climate change. So you’re bringing in money today which is going to help you. But you’re also bringing a bigger problem tomorrow.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E*\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThinking about any of this is a relatively new trend. Although scientists began speaking about sea level rise for several decades, the topic only saw real traction among local governments and businesses a few years ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPart of the reason is that the issue was being ignored by so many others. Most officials say that the Compact, signed in 2010, has been a major driver in helping local governments collect the data they need and coordinate together on what to do about it – and it was signed after the realisation that, despite concrete problems that had to be solved today, state, federal and international governments weren’t doing what was needed to address them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Florida governor is a climate change sceptic and has directed attention away from the issue. Former employees have said they even were told \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.miamiherald.com\u002Fnews\u002Fstate\u002Fflorida\u002Farticle12983720.html\"\u003Enot to utter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the phrase “climate change”. Ignoring the issue now appears to pervade the highest levels of US government: the new Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) chief \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-39221092\"\u003Edoubts whether carbon dioxide plays a primary role\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in climate change, while President Trump recently \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-39415631\"\u003Esigned an executive order\u003C\u002Fa\u003E overturning emissions-slashing regulations. Draft versions of the White House budget propose \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fnational\u002Fhealth-science\u002Fbudget-reflects-trumps-vow-to-cut-epa-in-almost-every-form\u002F2017\u002F03\u002F15\u002F0611db20-09a5-11e7-a15f-a58d4a988474_story.html?utm_term=.9dc6b02f6063\"\u003Ecutting the EPA budget\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by 31% and employee numbers by 20%, as well as steep cuts to Noaa – including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fnews\u002Fenergy-environment\u002Fwp\u002F2017\u002F03\u002F03\u002Fwhite-house-proposes-steep-budget-cut-to-leading-climate-science-agency\u002F\"\u003E26% of the funds from its Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and entirely eliminating the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flseagrant.org\u002Fabout\u002Fstrategicplan\u002F\"\u003ESea Grant programme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, whose Florida section brings together 17 different universities to study sea level rise challenges and solutions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-44"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yygnl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-45"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELocal governments are forging on, but such circumstances make the challenge even greater. With budgets that run in the tens of millions, not billions, local governments already need to be fiscally creative. Meanwhile, planning depends on up-to-date data – there’s no point in raising seawalls if you don’t know how high they need to be. And some of the most reliable projection scenarios, as well as sea level rise data, is gathered from Noaa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYet the impact from these changes won’t stop at party lines. Even President Trump’s family isn’t immune. Three feet of sea level rise – which the range of predictions put together by Compact estimates is likely to happen within the next 60 years – will flood Trump’s Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It doesn’t matter if you’re a Democrat or Republican commissioner when a neighbour calls you and tells you that their lawn is flooded,” says Gassman. “The water doesn’t care about politics. The water goes where the water goes. And someone who has a flooding problem that’s impacting their quality of life or their property values, they don’t care what flavour their politician is. What they care about is that the city is thinking about it, and that they’re planning to do something about it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E*\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome of the communities in south Florida doing the most to adapt to the effects of sea level rise are doing so largely because of public pressure. In 1993, Miami-Dade put together its first plan to reduce carbon emissions. Hardly anyone came out for the committee hearing, Yoder says. Fast-forward to 2015: a hearing on the county’s budget was dominated by one resident after another asking why the county wasn’t doing more about sea level rise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo much so, in fact, that the county decided to hire Murley, its first resilience officer. One of his immediate tasks was to look into getting onto the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.100resilientcities.org\u002F\"\u003ERockefeller Foundation’s 100 Resilient Cities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E programme. Accepted cities receive funding and tailored guidance on how to make themselves adaptable to future challenges, from high unemployment to earthquakes and sea-level rise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGreater Miami is just at the start of the process, Murley says. But he’s not the only one hoping that the resources made available will help guide the area far into the future. When I try to get in touch with the commissioners or mayor of Sunny Isles, I get a call back from Brian Andrews, a crisis PR consultant. He says sea level rise is something the city is aware of, but that “we’re waiting for the county” to gather data and send guidelines for an action plan. “They’re getting millions and millions from the Rockefeller Foundation for this,” he says. “We’re a little city. We couldn’t do it on our own.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-46"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yygjp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-47"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDespite how awareness of the issue has grown in some communities – particularly those, like Miami Beach and Fort Lauderdale, that have seen the most flooding – it’s still common for sea-level rise to get shunted to the end of the list of priorities. “As an elected official, when I go knock on doors, resiliency and sea level rise is never discussed,” says Esteban Bovo, chair of the Miami-Dade County Commission. “It’s never talked about. It’s crime, how much we’re going to invest in police, how much we’re going to invest in traffic, how much we’re going to invest in public safety, libraries – those are the topics of conversation.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E*\u003Cbr \u002F\u003ELater, I find myself playing with the Noaa sea-level tool again. I zoom in on Sunny Isles. At 1ft, the low-lying mangrove swamps of the Oleta River State Park, just over the water, are submerged and the wooded backyard of the Intracoastal Yacht Club disappears. At 2ft, the St Tropez Condominiums and the newly-built Town Center Park are underwater, as are many shops around 172nd Street. At 3ft, things start to get serious. Blue blots out the entire shopping plaza and the Epicure Market. At 4ft, the entire west side of Sunny Isles is uninhabitable. At 6ft, it’s gone. Only the spine near the beach – where my father lives – remains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-48"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04yygcl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-49"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s easy to look at Compact’s range of estimates and think that, since a 3ft or 4ft rise may remain fairly far off, everything will be fine for a few more generations. But it’s not. With public infrastructure – from fresh water to flushing toilets to roads – woven between communities, if just one area gets affected, others may suffer. Meanwhile, resilience is only one piece. As shown by the Compact chart’s steep orange line, if emissions continue to rise, adaptation will become increasingly difficult – if not impossible. And unlike raising seawalls or installing tidal valves, that, of course, can’t be controlled by a community or region alone. “Climate change mitigation to reduce greenhouse gases is a global issue and has to be dealt with globally,” says Gassman. “Adaptation to the inevitable effects of climate change is a local issue.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELater, peering out the window as my plane takes off over Miami, I no longer see the dense green squares of the city's western edge, the sharp skyscrapers downtown and the surprisingly slender line of barrier islands. Instead, I see what might be lost. From here, the ocean looks vast.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut as the plane climbs, I remind myself that human innovation was enough to drain the swamp and make Florida what it is today. It was great enough to get me here, 15,000ft in the air. And it just might be enough to save what I see below.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis story was awarded the \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.emetsoc.org\u002Famanda-ruggeri-wins-ems-journalist-award-2019\u002F\"\u003E2019 EMS Journalist Award\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E given by the European Meteorological Society every two years for a climatology-related work of journalism.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 800,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise-50"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fin-depth","future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future","future\u002Fcolumn\u002Flockdown-longreads","future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-now"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-23T00:15:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"Miami’s fight against rising seas","headlineShort":"Miami’s fight against rising seas","image":["p04yyk6p"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fgrand-challenges"],"summaryLong":"Just down the coast from Donald Trump's weekend retreat, the residents and businesses of south Florida are experiencing regular episodes of water in the streets as sea levels rise.","summaryShort":"‘The water doesn’t care about politics’","tag":["tag\u002Fsustainability"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2017-04-04T09:19:02.015567Z","entity":"article","guid":"eed0843b-810b-4032-a942-ea289e08fa5f","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T16:12:57.542155Z","project":"future","slug":"20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise","cacheLastUpdated":1630835454282},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont","_id":"60cd61f60e2e0c6415519d55","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Famanda-ruggeri"],"bodyIntro":"We know how to reduce the human and economic fallout, argues Amanda Ruggeri, so why isn’t more being done?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E2 September 2019: This article from our archive originally appeared in September 2017, but we have republished it to provide context to the news of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-latin-america-49541485\"\u003EHurricane Dorian - the most powerful storm to hit the Bahamas since records began\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs I write this, Hurricane Irma has flattened the Caribbean islands, killed at least 10 people and is barrelling towards south Florida. My father and his partner, who live in an evacuation zone just north of Miami, have been weighing their options: the relative’s house inland where they had been planning to go is now in an evacuation zone, too. No one knows what the storm holds for the US, but with winds at 185mph (296km\u002Fh) and a trajectory headed straight for Florida, it is unlikely to be good.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAll of this comes as the US still reels from Hurricane Harvey, which brought floods and destruction to Texas and into Louisiana. If that weren’t enough, two other hurricanes – \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhc.noaa.gov\u002Frefresh\u002Fgraphics_at2+shtml\u002F204055.shtml?cone\"\u003EJose\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhc.noaa.gov\u002Frefresh\u002Fgraphics_at3+shtml\u002F205837.shtml?cone\"\u003EKatia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – have begun spinning swathes through the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-latin-america-41185304\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIn pictures: Irma ravages Caribbean\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-latin-america-41172545\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHurricane Irma: A visual guide\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise\"\u003EMiami’s fight against rising seas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis year's hurricane season is producing tragic, terrifying crises. Their sheer scale and consequences make them seem like one-offs. Politicians and reporters alike are reaching for \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Ftrump-hurricane-harvey-tweets-2017-8\"\u003Ewords like “unprecedented”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to describe their effects. From an individual standpoint, that makes sense. For people like many of Houston’s residents, who have never seen anything quite like this before, an aberration is exactly what this feels like.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Natural disasters aren’t aberrations. They’re all-too-frequent occurrences ","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut natural disasters aren’t aberrations. They’re all-too-frequent occurrences – ones that, if anything, are becoming more damaging. And thinking about each one in isolation each time it happens has a dangerous, even deadly, effect: it discourages us from adequately preparing for them to begin with.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere are known, sometimes simple, ways to lessen the human and economic toll of disasters like these. The trouble is, doing so requires politicians, businesses and the public to change how we think about the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05fdvvg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s human nature to put off preparing for something that seems relatively unlikely to happen. That’s particularly true when those preparations cost money. (Would you rather budget to pay for the roof over your head that you need tonight, or to pay into a life insurance policy that your family might not need for years?) But as anyone knows who has gambled by not paying for health insurance, and then fallen ill, paying out for that preparation now could save far, far more in the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Every $1 paid for disaster preparedness saves $4 in costs later ","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere is, of course, the irreplaceable human cost. But there’s an economic cost, too. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20170515-resilience-bonds-a-secret-weapon-against-catastrophe\"\u003EAs BBC Future has explored before\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in the US, for example, one study showed that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fc.ymcdn.com\u002Fsites\u002Fwww.nibs.org\u002Fresource\u002Fresmgr\u002FMMC\u002Fhms_vol1.pdf\"\u003Efor every $1 the Federal Emergency Management Agency (Fema) paid for disaster preparedness\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it saved $4 in costs later. While the exact amount saved (and in some cases, if money is saved at all) varies, one recent \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsiteresources.worldbank.org\u002FEXTNWDR2013\u002FResources\u002F8258024-1352909193861\u002F8936935-1356011448215\u002F8986901-1380568255405\u002FWDR14_bp_Disaster_Mitigation_is_Cost_Effective_Kelman.pdf\"\u003Esurvey of disaster mitigation efforts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E around the world – from raising floors in flood-prone homes in Samoa to installing volcano monitoring in the Philippines – found that, indeed, “disaster mitigation is cost effective”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOrganisations much bigger than a single person or a family, whether a housing authority or federal government, are meant to have the kind of birds-eye view (and dispassionate, numbers-based analysis) to know and act accordingly. They sometimes do. In Florida, for example, where the devastation of Hurricane Andrew in 1992 brought home the importance of planning (and often paying) ahead, a raft of policy changes meant that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsurance.com\u002Farticle\u002F20120819\u002FNEWS06\u002F308199985\"\u003Emost houses now include hurricane-resistant glass\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, roofs and concrete-pillar reinforcements (although \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20170403-miamis-fight-against-sea-level-rise\"\u003Eeven these building codes may need adjustment in the face of sea level rise\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There was outcry from developers saying ‘No, it’s too costly, we can’t do this.’ But we did it, and it was important ","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“When you think back to Hurricane Andrew, we passed some very aggressive wind codes here,” Nichole Hefty, the chief sustainability officer for Miami-Dade county, told me when I was reporting last March from south Florida. “There was some outcry from developers saying ‘No, it’s too costly, we can’t do this.' But we did it, and it was important. Now our community is much more protected than another communities, and it’s considered one of the strongest building codes, in terms of protection, in the country.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05fdw0w"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut with their budgets squeezed by must-fund-now priorities like schools and police; with developers resisting regulations; and with many politicians only looking into the future for the length of their term, many policy-makers also often roll the dice – or are simply too overwhelmed to make disaster mitigation a priority.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHouston has been one recent, and tragic, example. Part of the reason the flooding was so devastating is the city’s flat, low-lying and poorly-draining geography. But \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wsj.com\u002Famp\u002Farticles\u002Ffive-reasons-houston-is-especially-vulnerable-to-flooding-1503676480\"\u003Eother reasons were manmade\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like the recent construction boom along with outdated flood protections, building regulations and drainage systems. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.texastribune.org\u002Fboomtown-floodtown\u002F\"\u003EPoliticians were warned\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but did not act on advice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis put-it-off-until-later mentality influences more than government policy. The reticence of individuals, communities and even corporations to financially protect themselves from natural disasters is another example. Last year, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.insurancejournal.com\u002Fnews\u002Fnational\u002F2017\u002F01\u002F17\u002F438996.htm\"\u003Ejust 26% of economic losses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from natural disasters worldwide were covered by insurance. And those losses weren’t pocket change. Disasters in the US alone cost $210bn (£161bn) – the costliest year since 2012. The priciest peril? Flooding, for the fourth year in a row.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne common insurer for flood-prone communities is Fema’s National Flood Insurance Programme (NFIP). But, ironically, even that programme has not prepared fully for the extent of the crises the US has faced: although NFIP runs nearly $25bn (£19bn) in debt, it wasn’t until last September that, for the first time, it bought its own reinsurance programme – essentially, an insurance policy to protect against its own potential losses. Renewed in January 2017, and given that losses from Hurricane Harvey alone are calculated to estimate between $10 and $20bn (£7.6 to £15.2bn) total, triggering the policy’s payout, the reinsurance programme \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.artemis.bm\u002Fblog\u002F2017\u002F08\u002F29\u002Fhurricane-harvey-floods-could-hit-nfips-1billion-reinsurance-layer\u002F\"\u003Ealready seems to have been worth it\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But in some ways, NFIP is late to the game. Even the buffer that reinsurance provides will only help keep NFIP from accruing more debt on future disasters – not help pay off the debt that’s already there, much of which will probably still go to the taxpayer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05fdw4c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn many ways, we’re all treating these kinds of disasters, including hurricanes, as one-offs. But as the violence of this hurricane season alone has shown, they aren’t. And neither are the kind of roof-ripping, life-destroying storms that we’re seeing now. In fact, hurricanes are becoming more powerful. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov\u002FFeatures\u002FClimateStorms\u002Fpage2.php\"\u003EAs Nasa has reported\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, studies have shown that compared to 20-25 years ago, hurricanes are becoming stronger more quickly, hurricane wind speeds are 5% higher and that they include more water vapour (read: heavier rain).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat’s all at the same time, of course, that both populations and property values have increased along hurricane-prone coastlines – helping to make extremely expensive natural disasters more frequent. In the US alone, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncdc.noaa.gov\u002Fbillions\u002Ftime-series\"\u003E2016 saw 15 billion-dollar events\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; in 1980, there were the equivalent of three (adjusting for inflation).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"That’s the problem with historic data and averages. None of it is a crystal ball ","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven places that haven’t been historically hurricane-prone are not immune. At first glance, for example, it makes sense that Houston hasn’t nailed the details when it comes to flooding preparedness: there is a 1-in-500 annual chance of a hurricane like Harvey hitting Houston.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s seen three of those 1-in-500 storms in the last 10 years alone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOf course, cities like Houston, and even Miami, may not see other hurricanes like Harvey and Irma for another 10, 50, even 250 years. They could spend money and time passing new regulations and zoning codes. They could funnel money away from other priorities and toward new drainage systems, higher seawalls, stronger levees. NFIP could spend billions on expanding its reinsurance programme. And for years, citizens could grumble about what a waste it all was. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat’s the problem with historic data and averages. None of it is a crystal ball.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut with the toll of natural disasters mounting, even communities with little historic experience of them might want to ask if that’s a gamble they want to take.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 800,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fin-depth"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-09-07T16:59:37.186Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"Why don't we plan better for hurricanes?","headlineShort":"Why we don't plan better for hurricanes","image":["p05fdvy6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. 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