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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quasi-Zenith Satellite System</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Zenit-Satelliten-System" title="Quasi-Zenit-Satelliten-System – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quasi-Zenit-Satelliten-System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Zenith" title="Quasi-Zenith – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Quasi-Zenith" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AB" title="سامانه ماهواره‌ای کواسی-زنیث – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه ماهواره‌ای کواسی-زنیث" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/QZSS" title="QZSS – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="QZSS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_Satelit_Quasi-Zenith" title="Sistem Satelit Quasi-Zenith – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem Satelit Quasi-Zenith" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_satellitare_Quasi-Zenith" title="Sistema satellitare Quasi-Zenith – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema satellitare Quasi-Zenith" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/QZSS" title="QZSS – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="QZSS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Zenith" title="Quasi-Zenith – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Quasi-Zenith" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E5%A4%A9%E9%A0%82%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="準天頂衛星システム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="準天頂衛星システム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Zenith" title="Quasi-Zenith – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Quasi-Zenith" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/QZSS" title="QZSS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="QZSS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/QZSS" title="QZSS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="QZSS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/QZSS" title="QZSS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="QZSS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_v%E1%BB%87_tinh_Quasi-Zenith" title="Hệ thống vệ tinh Quasi-Zenith – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống vệ tinh Quasi-Zenith" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E5%A4%A9%E9%A0%82%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="準天頂衛星系統 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="準天頂衛星系統" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q862327#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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searchaux" style="display:none">Navigation satellites</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><caption class="infobox-title">Quasi-Zenith Satellite System</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:QZSS_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/QZSS_logo.png/220px-QZSS_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/94/QZSS_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country/ies of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Japan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Quasi-Zenith Satellite System Services Inc. / <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office_(Japan)" title="Cabinet Office (Japan)">Cabinet Office</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Civilian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Operational</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coverage</th><td class="infobox-data">Regional</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Accuracy</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="Positioning, Navigation and Timing Service">PNT</abbr> <10 m (public)<br /><abbr title="Sub-meter Level Augmentation Service">SLAS</abbr> <1 m (public)<br /><abbr title="Centimeter Level Augmentation Service">CLAS</abbr> <10 cm (public)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Constellation size</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Intended number at full capacity">Nominal</abbr> satellites</th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="All healthy: Operational + Spare">Current usable</abbr> satellites</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First launch</th><td class="infobox-data">11 September 2010</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last launch</th><td class="infobox-data">26 October 2021</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total launches</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">3x <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">GSO</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/JPY" class="mw-redirect" title="JPY">JPY</a> 170 billion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qzss.go.jp/en/">qzss<wbr />.go<wbr />.jp<wbr />/en<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qzss-45-0.09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Qzss-45-0.09.jpg/220px-Qzss-45-0.09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Qzss-45-0.09.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Quasi-<a href="/wiki/Zenith" title="Zenith">Zenith</a> satellite orbit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qzss-01-120s2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Qzss-01-120s2.gif/220px-Qzss-01-120s2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Qzss-01-120s2.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>QZSS animation, the "Quasi-Zenith/<a href="/wiki/Tundra_orbit" title="Tundra orbit">tundra orbit</a>" plot is clearly visible.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Quasi-Zenith Satellite System</b> (<b>QZSS</b>), also known as <b>Michibiki</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">みちびき</span></span>)</span>, is a four-satellite <a href="/wiki/Regional_satellite_navigation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional satellite navigation system">regional satellite navigation system</a> and a <a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation#Satellite-based_augmentation_system" title="GNSS augmentation">satellite-based augmentation system</a> developed by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese government">Japanese government</a> to enhance the United States-operated <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) in the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Oceania</a> regions, with a focus on Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of QZSS is to provide highly precise and stable positioning services in the Asia-Oceania region, compatible with GPS.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four-satellite QZSS services were available on a trial basis as of 12 January 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and officially started on 1 November 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-gpsworld_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpsworld-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A satellite navigation system independent of GPS is planned for 2023 with seven satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2023 it was announced that the system would expand to eleven satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, the Japanese government authorized the development of QZSS, as a three-satellite regional <a href="/wiki/Time_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Time transfer">time transfer</a> system and a <a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation#SatelliteBasedAugmentationSystem" title="GNSS augmentation">satellite-based augmentation system</a> for the United States operated <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) to be receivable within Japan. A contract was awarded to Advanced Space Business Corporation (ASBC), that began concept development work, and <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, and GNSS Technologies Inc. However, ASBC collapsed in 2007, and the work was taken over by the Satellite Positioning Research and Application Center (SPAC), which is owned by four Japanese government departments: the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications">Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy,_Trade_and_Industry" title="Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry">Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism" title="Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism">Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ASM2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASM2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first satellite "Michibiki" was launched on 11 September 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full operational status was expected by 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-ASM_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GPSWorld_TheSystem_Nov07_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPSWorld_TheSystem_Nov07-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2013, Japan's Cabinet Office announced the expansion of QZSS from three satellites to four. The US$526 million contract with Mitsubishi Electric for the construction of three satellites was scheduled for launch before the end of 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third satellite was launched into orbit on 19 August 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the fourth was launched on 10 October 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic four-satellite system was announced as operational on 1 November 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-gpsworld_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpsworld-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, an eleven-satellite configuration is under consideration, which would provide redundancy for single-satellite failure.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit">Orbit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Orbit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>QZSS uses one <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary satellite</a> and three satellites in <a href="/wiki/Tundra_orbit" title="Tundra orbit">Tundra</a>-type highly inclined, slightly <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical orbit">elliptical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous orbits</a>. Each orbit is 120° apart from the other two. Because of this inclination, they are not geostationary; they do not remain in the same place in the sky. Instead, their ground traces are asymmetrical figure-8 patterns (<a href="/wiki/Analemma" title="Analemma">analemmas</a>), designed to ensure that one is almost directly overhead (elevation 60° or more) over Japan at all times. </p><p>The nominal <a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">orbital elements</a> are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>QZSS satellite Keplerian elements (nominal)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></td> <td>26 December 2009, 12:00 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Semimajor_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semimajor axis">Semimajor axis</a> (<i>a</i>)</td> <td>42,164 km (26,199 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(orbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eccentricity (orbit)">Eccentricity</a> (<i>e</i>)</td> <td>0.075 ± 0.015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">Inclination</a> (<i>i</i>)</td> <td>43° ± 4° </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Right_ascension_of_the_ascending_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ascension of the ascending node">Right ascension of the ascending node</a> (<i>Ω</i>)</td> <td>195° (initial) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argument_of_perigee" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument of perigee">Argument of perigee</a> (<i>ω</i>)</td> <td>270° ± 2° </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mean_anomaly" title="Mean anomaly">Mean anomaly</a> (<i>M</i><sub>0</sub>)</td> <td>305° (initial) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central longitude of ground trace</td> <td>135° E ± 5° </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Planned seven satellites constellation consists of four Quasi-Zenith Orbit (QZO) satellites, two geostationary (GEO) satellites, and one quasi-geostationary (slight incline and eccentricity) orbit satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-space20190123_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space20190123-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellites">Satellites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Satellites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Launch date</th> <th>Launch Vehicle</th> <th>Status</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>QZS-1 (Michibiki-1)</td> <td>11 September 2010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H-IIA" title="H-IIA">H-IIA</a> 202</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Replaced by QZS-1R</td> <td>Experimental. Lacks MADOCA and PTV signals. Acting as spare since March 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decommissioned on 15 September 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>QZS-2 (Michibiki-2)</td> <td>1 June 2017</td> <td>H-IIA 202</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>Improved solar panels and increased fuel </td></tr> <tr> <td>QZS-3 (Michibiki-3)</td> <td>19 August 2017</td> <td>H-IIA 204</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>Heavier design with additional S-band antenna on <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> at 127° E<sup id="cite_ref-space20190123_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space20190123-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>QZS-4 (Michibiki-4)</td> <td>10 October 2017</td> <td>H-IIA 202</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>Improved solar panels and increased fuel </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/QZS-1R" title="QZS-1R">QZS-1R</a> (Michibiki-1R)</td> <td>26 October 2021</td> <td>H-IIA 202</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>Replacement for QZS-1.<sup id="cite_ref-cao-fy02_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cao-fy02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>QZS-5 (Michibiki-5)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year#Japan" title="Fiscal year">JFY</a>2025</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H3_(rocket)" title="H3 (rocket)">H3</a>-22S</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-mynavi20241127_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mynavi20241127-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>QZS-6 (Michibiki-6)</td> <td>JFY2024</td> <td>H3-22S</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned</td> <td>Geostationary at 90.5° E<sup id="cite_ref-space20190123_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space20190123-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mit-qzss_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mit-qzss-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mynavi20241127_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mynavi20241127-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>QZS-7 (Michibiki-7)</td> <td>JFY2025</td> <td>H3</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned</td> <td>Quasi-geostationary around 190° E<sup id="cite_ref-space20190123_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space20190123-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mit-qzss_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mit-qzss-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:1016px;max-width:1016px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Animation of QZSS</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_around_Earth.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_around_Earth.gif/250px-Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_around_Earth.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_around_Earth.gif/375px-Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_around_Earth.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_around_Earth.gif/500px-Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_around_Earth.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Around the Earth - Oblique view</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif/250px-Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif/375px-Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif/500px-Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Around the Earth - Polar view</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_-_Earth_fixed.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_-_Earth_fixed.gif/250px-Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_-_Earth_fixed.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_-_Earth_fixed.gif/375px-Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_-_Earth_fixed.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_-_Earth_fixed.gif/500px-Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_-_Earth_fixed.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/ECEF" class="mw-redirect" title="ECEF">Earth fixed frame</a> - Equatorial view, front</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif/250px-Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif/375px-Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif/500px-Animation_of_QZSS%27s_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/ECEF" class="mw-redirect" title="ECEF">Earth fixed frame</a> - Equatorial view, side</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: RoyalBlue ; color:white;"> </span>  Earth</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Cyan ; color:black;"> </span>  QZS-1 </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Gold ; color:black;"> </span> QZS-2</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Magenta; color:black;"> </span> QZS-3</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: OrangeRed; color:black;"> </span> QZS-4</span></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="QZSS_and_positioning_augmentation">QZSS and positioning augmentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: QZSS and positioning augmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary purpose of QZSS is to increase the availability of GPS in Japan's numerous <a href="/wiki/Urban_canyon" title="Urban canyon">urban canyons</a>, where only satellites at very high elevation can be seen. A secondary function is performance enhancement, increasing the accuracy and reliability of GPS derived navigation solutions. The Quasi-Zenith Satellites transmit signals compatible with the GPS L1C/A signal, as well as the modernized GPS L1C, L2C signal and L5 signals. This minimizes changes to existing GPS receivers. Compared to standalone GPS, the combined system GPS plus QZSS delivers improved positioning performance via ranging correction data provided through the transmission of submeter-class performance enhancement signals L1-SAIF and LEX from QZSS. It also improves reliability by means of failure monitoring and system health data notifications. QZSS also provides other support data to users to improve GPS satellite acquisition. According to its original plan, QZSS was to carry two types of space-borne <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clocks</a>; a hydrogen maser and a rubidium (Rb) atomic clock. The development of a passive hydrogen maser for QZSS was abandoned in 2006. The positioning signal will be generated by a Rb clock and an architecture similar to the GPS timekeeping system will be employed. QZSS will also be able to use a <a href="/wiki/Two-Way_Satellite_Time_and_Frequency_Transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer">Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer</a> (TWSTFT) scheme, which will be employed to gain some fundamental knowledge of satellite atomic standard behavior in space as well as for other research purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signals_and_services">Signals and services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Signals and services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The QZSS provides the following classes of public service:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The PNT (Positioning, Navigation and Timing) service complements the signals used by the GPS system, essentially acting as extra satellites. The QZSS satellites sync their clocks with GPS satellites. The service broadcasts at frequency bands L1C/A, L1C, L2C, and L5C, the same as GPS.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The SLAS (Sub-meter Level Augmentation) service provides a form of <a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation" title="GNSS augmentation">GNSS augmentation</a> for GPS interoperable with other GPS-SBAS systems. The principle of operation is similar to that of, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Wide_Area_Augmentation_System" title="Wide Area Augmentation System">Wide Area Augmentation System</a>. It transmits on L1.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The CLAS (Centimeter Level Augmentation) service provides high-precision positioning compatible with the higher-precision E6 service of <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a>. The band is referred to as L6 or LEX, for "experimental".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The MADOCA-PPP (Multi-GNSS Advanced Orbit and Clock Augmentation – <a href="/wiki/Precise_Point_Positioning" title="Precise Point Positioning">Precise Point Positioning</a>) service is a L6 augmentation service independent from CLAS.</li> <li>The DC Report (Satellite Report for Disaster and Crisis Management) service broadcasts on L1S and provides information on floods and earthquakes.</li></ul> <p>The other classes of service are not publicly available: </p> <ul><li>The PTV (Positioning Technology Verification) service broadcasts on L5S. The documentation only describes a "null" message type.</li> <li>The Q-ANPI (QZSS Safety Confirmation Service) is an authorized short message service.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="QZSS_timekeeping_and_remote_synchronization">QZSS timekeeping and remote synchronization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: QZSS timekeeping and remote synchronization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the first generation QZSS timekeeping system (TKS) will be based on the Rb clock, the first QZSS satellites will carry a basic prototype of an experimental crystal clock synchronization system. During the first half of the two year in-orbit test phase, preliminary tests will investigate the feasibility of the atomic clock-less technology which might be employed in the second generation QZSS. </p><p>The mentioned QZSS TKS technology is a novel satellite timekeeping system which does not require on-board atomic clocks as used by existing navigation satellite systems such as <a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS), <a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">NavIC</a> system. This concept is differentiated by the employment of a synchronization framework combined with lightweight steerable on-board clocks which act as transponders re-broadcasting the precise time remotely provided by the time synchronization network located on the ground. This allows the system to operate optimally when satellites are in direct contact with the ground station, making it suitable for a system like the Japanese QZSS. Low satellite mass and low satellite manufacturing and launch cost are significant advantages of this system. An outline of this concept as well as two possible implementations of the time synchronization network for QZSS were studied and published in <i>Remote Synchronization Method for the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System</i><sup id="cite_ref-TAP_dissertation_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAP_dissertation-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Remote Synchronization Method for the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System: study of a novel satellite timekeeping system which does not require on-board atomic clocks</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-TAP_QZSS_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAP_QZSS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (November 2019)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:976px;max-width:976px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Comparison of <a href="/wiki/Tundra_orbit" title="Tundra orbit">Tundra orbit</a>, QZSS orbit and <a href="/wiki/Molniya_orbit" title="Molniya orbit">Molniya orbit</a> - equatorial view</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_front_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_front_view.gif/240px-Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_front_view.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_front_view.gif/360px-Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_front_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_front_view.gif/480px-Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_front_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Front view</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_side_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_side_view.gif/240px-Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_side_view.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_side_view.gif/360px-Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_side_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_side_view.gif/480px-Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_side_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Side view</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_ECEF_-_front_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_ECEF_-_front_view.gif/240px-Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_ECEF_-_front_view.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_ECEF_-_front_view.gif/360px-Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_ECEF_-_front_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_ECEF_-_front_view.gif/480px-Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_ECEF_-_front_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/ECEF" class="mw-redirect" title="ECEF">Earth fixed frame</a>, Front view</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_ECEF_-_side_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_ECEF_-_side_view.gif/240px-Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_ECEF_-_side_view.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_ECEF_-_side_view.gif/360px-Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_ECEF_-_side_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_ECEF_-_side_view.gif/480px-Animation_of_Tundra_and_QZSS_orbit_-_ECEF_-_side_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/ECEF" class="mw-redirect" title="ECEF">Earth fixed frame</a>, Side view</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: OrangeRed ; color:black;"> </span>  Tundra orbit</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Lime; color:black;"> </span>  QZSS orbit</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Cyan; color:black;"> </span> Molniya orbit</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:RoyalBlue; color:white;"> </span> Earth</span></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-functional_Satellite_Augmentation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System">Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System</a> (MSAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_orbit" title="Inclined orbit">Inclined orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_orbit" title="Tundra orbit">Tundra orbit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qzss.go.jp/en/technical/technology/orbit.html">"Quasi-Zenith Satellite Orbit (QZO)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Cabinet Office, Government of Japan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E6%B8%AC%E4%BD%8D%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E5%8F%96%E7%B5%84%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D+2024&rft.pub=Cabinet+Office%2C+Government+of+Japan&rft.date=2024-06-12&rft.au=National+Space+Policy+Secretariat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww8.cao.go.jp%2Fspace%2Fqzs%2Fhoushin%2Fhoushin2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuasi-Zenith+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130406032030/http://qz-vision.jaxa.jp/USE/is-qzss/index_e.html"><i>Interface Specifications for QZSS</i></a>, version 1.7, JAXA, 14 July 2016, pp. 7–8, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qz-vision.jaxa.jp/USE/is-qzss/index_e.html">the original</a> on 6 April 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interface+Specifications+for+QZSS&rft.series=version+1.7&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=JAXA&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqz-vision.jaxa.jp%2FUSE%2Fis-qzss%2Findex_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuasi-Zenith+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-space20190123-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-space20190123_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-space20190123_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-space20190123_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-space20190123_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www8.cao.go.jp/space/comittee/dai76/siryou2.pdf"><bdi lang="ja">準天頂衛星の７機体制に向けた開発について</bdi></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. 23 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%BA%96%E5%A4%A9%E9%A0%82%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E3%81%AE%EF%BC%97%E6%A9%9F%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6%E3%81%AB%E5%90%91%E3%81%91%E3%81%9F%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6&rft.pub=Cabinet+Office%2C+Government+of+Japan&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww8.cao.go.jp%2Fspace%2Fcomittee%2Fdai76%2Fsiryou2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuasi-Zenith+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NAQU 2022059, accessible via <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sys.qzss.go.jp/dod/en/naqu.html">"NAQU Message"</a>. <i>Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quasi-Zenith+Satellite+System+%28QZSS%29&rft.atitle=NAQU+Message&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsys.qzss.go.jp%2Fdod%2Fen%2Fnaqu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuasi-Zenith+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qzss.go.jp/en/overview/notices/qzs1_230915.html">"Suspension of QZS-1 all operations"</a>. <i>Quasi-Zenith Satellite System</i>. 15 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quasi-Zenith+Satellite+System&rft.atitle=Suspension+of+QZS-1+all+operations&rft.date=2023-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqzss.go.jp%2Fen%2Foverview%2Fnotices%2Fqzs1_230915.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuasi-Zenith+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cao-fy02-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cao-fy02_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www8.cao.go.jp/space/plan/plan2/kaitei_fy02/kaitei_fy02.pdf">"宇宙基本計画工程表 (令和2年6月29日)"</a> [Space Plan Schedule (2020 June 29)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). Cabinet Office (Japan). 29 June 2020. p. 54<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%A1%A8+%28%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C2%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%8829%E6%97%A5%29&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Cabinet+Office+%28Japan%29&rft.date=2020-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww8.cao.go.jp%2Fspace%2Fplan%2Fplan2%2Fkaitei_fy02%2Fkaitei_fy02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuasi-Zenith+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mynavi20241127-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mynavi20241127_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mynavi20241127_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mynavi.jp/techplus/article/20241127-3072703/"><bdi lang="ja">準天頂衛星「みちびき」6号機の機体公開。7機体制で日本独自の測位実現へ前進</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Mynavi Corporation. 27 November 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%BA%96%E5%A4%A9%E9%A0%82%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E3%80%8C%E3%81%BF%E3%81%A1%E3%81%B3%E3%81%8D%E3%80%8D6%E5%8F%B7%E6%A9%9F%E3%81%AE%E6%A9%9F%E4%BD%93%E5%85%AC%E9%96%8B%E3%80%827%E6%A9%9F%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6%E3%81%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%8B%AC%E8%87%AA%E3%81%AE%E6%B8%AC%E4%BD%8D%E5%AE%9F%E7%8F%BE%E3%81%B8%E5%89%8D%E9%80%B2&rft.pub=Mynavi+Corporation&rft.date=2024-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mynavi.jp%2Ftechplus%2Farticle%2F20241127-3072703%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuasi-Zenith+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mit-qzss-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mit-qzss_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mit-qzss_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2020" class="citation web cs1">Ryan, Dorothy (3 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mit.edu/2020/lincoln-laboratory-designing-payload-integrate-japanese-satellites-1203">"Lincoln Laboratory is designing a payload to integrate on Japanese satellites"</a>. MIT<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>The laboratory is working with the Japanese National Space Policy Secretariat and Mitsubishi Electric Company to integrate state-of-the-art sensors on the newest satellites in the QZSS constellation, QZS-6 and QZS-7, which are scheduled for launch in 2023 and 2024, respectively.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lincoln+Laboratory+is+designing+a+payload+to+integrate+on+Japanese+satellites&rft.pub=MIT&rft.date=2020-12-03&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mit.edu%2F2020%2Flincoln-laboratory-designing-payload-integrate-japanese-satellites-1203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuasi-Zenith+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quasi-Zenith Satellite System Performance Standard PS-QZSS-003 (Mar.17, 2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey2010" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey, Charles (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1036065024"><i>An introduction to GNSS : GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and other Global Navigation Satellite Systems</i></a> (1st ed.). Calgary: NovAtel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9813754-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9813754-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9813754-0-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1036065024">1036065024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+GNSS+%3A+GPS%2C+GLONASS%2C+Galileo+and+other+Global+Navigation+Satellite+Systems&rft.place=Calgary&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=NovAtel&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1036065024&rft.isbn=978-0-9813754-0-3&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1036065024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuasi-Zenith+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TAP_dissertation-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TAP_dissertation_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabrizio_Tappero2008" class="citation web cs1">Fabrizio Tappero (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110307191142/http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:4274/SOURCE02">"Remote Synchronization Method for the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System"</a> (PhD thesis). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:4274/SOURCE02">the original</a> on 7 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remote+Synchronization+Method+for+the+Quasi-Zenith+Satellite+System&rft.date=2008-04&rft.au=Fabrizio+Tappero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funsworks.unsw.edu.au%2Ffapi%2Fdatastream%2Funsworks%3A4274%2FSOURCE02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuasi-Zenith+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TAP_QZSS-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TAP_QZSS_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabrizio_Tappero2009" class="citation book cs1">Fabrizio Tappero (24 May 2009). <i>Remote Synchronization Method for the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System: study of a novel satellite timekeeping system which does not require on-board atomic clocks</i>. VDM Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-639-16004-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-639-16004-8"><bdi>978-3-639-16004-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remote+Synchronization+Method+for+the+Quasi-Zenith+Satellite+System%3A+study+of+a+novel+satellite+timekeeping+system+which+does+not+require+on-board+atomic+clocks&rft.pub=VDM+Verlag&rft.date=2009-05-24&rft.isbn=978-3-639-16004-8&rft.au=Fabrizio+Tappero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuasi-Zenith+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061111095113/http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=61200">Petrovski, Ivan G. QZSS - Japan's New Integrated Communication and Positioning Service for Mobile Users.</a> GPS World Online. 1 June 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206183659/http://www.space.com/spacenews/archive04/budgetarch_090704.html">Kallender-Umezu, Paul. Japan Seeking 13 Percent Budget Hike for Space Activities.</a> Space.com 7 September 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614022238/http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/cgsicMeetings/47/%5B24%5Dqzzmsas.pdf">QZSS / MSAS Status</a> Kogure, Satoshi. Presentation at the 47th Meeting of the Civil Global Positioning System Service Interface Committee (CGSIC) 25 September 2007</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qzss.jp/en/">Government Of Japan QZSS site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070519164026/http://qzss.jaxa.jp/">JAXA QZSS site</a><span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817162351/http://qz-vision.jaxa.jp/">JAXA MICHIBIKI data site</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624075904/http://qz-vision.jaxa.jp/USE/en/">JAXA MICHIBIKI data site, English subsite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/qzss/index_e.html">JAXA Quasi-Zenith Satellite-1 "MICHIBIKI"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122080817/http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/qzss/index_e.html">Archived</a> 22 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaxa.jp/countdown/f18/index_e.html">JAXA MICHIBIKI Special Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navipedia.net/index.php/QZSS">ESA Navipedia QZSS article</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satellite_navigation_systems" title="Template:Satellite navigation systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satellite_navigation_systems" title="Template talk:Satellite navigation systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite_navigation_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite navigation systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satellite_navigation_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DORIS_(satellite_system)" title="DORIS (satellite system)">DORIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS / NavStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS / NAVIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou#BeiDou-1" title="BeiDou">BDS / BeiDou-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_(satellite)" title="Transit (satellite)">Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timation" title="Timation">Timation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsiklon (satellite)">Tsiklon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation" title="GNSS augmentation">GNSS augmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_Aided_GEO_Augmented_Navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation">GAGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS%C2%B7C" title="GPS·C">GPS·C</a> (retired)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Precision_Approach_and_Landing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Precision Approach and Landing System">JPALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Area_Augmentation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Area Augmentation System">LAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTSAT_Satellite_Augmentation_System" title="MTSAT Satellite Augmentation System">MSAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_Transport_of_RTCM_via_Internet_Protocol" title="Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol">NTRIP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">QZSS / Michibiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Positioning_Augmentation_Network" title="Southern Positioning Augmentation Network">SouthPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarFire_(navigation_system)" title="StarFire (navigation system)">StarFire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Area_Augmentation_System" title="Wide Area Augmentation System">WAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_for_Differential_Corrections_and_Monitoring" title="System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring">SDCM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNSS_reflectometry" title="GNSS reflectometry">GNSS reflectometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalman_filter" title="Kalman filter">Kalman filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System">United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RINEX" title="RINEX">RINEX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satellite_constellations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satellite_constellations" title="Template:Satellite constellations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satellite_constellations" title="Template talk:Satellite constellations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite_constellations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite constellations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satellite_constellations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">Satellite constellations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">QZSS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadband_Global_Area_Network" title="Broadband Global Area Network">BGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Satellite_Communications_System" title="Defense Satellite Communications System">DSCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar">Globalstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation" title="Iridium satellite constellation">Iridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O3b_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="O3b (satellite)">O3b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbcomm_(satellite)" title="Orbcomm (satellite)">Orbcomm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian" title="Tianlian">Tianlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_and_data_relay_satellite" title="Tracking and data relay satellite">TDRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Viasat, Inc.">ViaSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wideband_Global_SATCOM" title="Wideband Global SATCOM">WGS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRIS%C2%B2" title="IRIS²">IRIS²</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_OneWeb" title="Eutelsat OneWeb">OneWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O3b_mPOWER" title="O3b mPOWER">O3b mPOWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_Systems" title="Kuiper Systems">Kuiper Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AST_SpaceMobile" title="AST SpaceMobile">SpaceMobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Sails" class="mw-redirect" title="Thousand Sails">Thousand Sails</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abandoned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestri" title="Celestri">Celestri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teledesic" title="Teledesic">Teledesic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Observation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs" title="Planet Labs">Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleiades (satellite)">Pleiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidEye" title="RapidEye">RapidEye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_signal_stations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_signal_stations" title="Template:Time signal stations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_signal_stations" title="Template talk:Time signal stations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_signal_stations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time signal stations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_signal_stations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">Time signal stations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">Longwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BPC_(time_signal)" title="BPC (time signal)">BPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPL_(time_service)" title="BPL (time service)">BPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSF_(time_service)" title="BSF (time service)">BSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_(time_signal)" title="Beta (time signal)">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCF77" title="DCF77">DCF77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JJY" title="JJY">JJY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBU_(radio_station)" title="RBU (radio station)">RBU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTZ_(radio_station)" title="RTZ (radio station)">RTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALS162_time_signal" title="ALS162 time signal">TDF time signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_from_NPL_(MSF)" title="Time from NPL (MSF)">Time from NPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVB" title="WWVB">WWVB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">Shortwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BPM_(time_service)" title="BPM (time service)">BPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHU_(radio_station)" title="CHU (radio station)">CHU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD2IOA" title="HD2IOA">HD2IOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLA_(radio_station)" title="HLA (radio station)">HLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JN53DV" title="JN53DV">JN53DV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROA_Time" title="ROA Time">ROA Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RWM" title="RWM">RWM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWV_(radio_station)" title="WWV (radio station)">WWV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVH" title="WWVH">WWVH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YVTO" title="YVTO">YVTO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Very-high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Very-high frequency">VHF</a>/<a href="/wiki/FM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="FM band">FM</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ultra-high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-high frequency">UHF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Data_System" title="Radio Data System">Radio Data System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DORIS_(satellite_system)" title="DORIS (satellite system)">DORIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quasi-Zenith Satellite System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSF_(time_service)" title="BSF (time service)">BSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBG_(time_signal)" title="HBG (time signal)">HBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAA_(Arlington,_Virginia)" title="NAA (Arlington, Virginia)">NAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLB5" title="OLB5">OLB5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMA_(time_signal)" title="OMA (time signal)">OMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_VNG" title="Radio VNG">Radio VNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVB" title="WWVB">WWVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y3S" title="Y3S">Y3S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_space_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_space_program" title="Template:Japanese space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_space_program" title="Template talk:Japanese space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_space_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japanese space program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicates projects in development.</li> <li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates failed projects.</li> <li><s>Strikethrough lines</s> indicate cancelled projects.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Space_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Space agencies">Space agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National space agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> <ul><li>former <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">ISAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Laboratory_of_Japan" title="National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan">NAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Development_Agency_of_Japan" title="National Space Development Agency of Japan">NASDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology" title="National Institute of Information and Communications Technology">NICT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Space_Systems" title="Japan Space Systems">JSS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint development partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span>United States <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Space_Agency_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/30px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/45px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/60px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span>Italy <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">ASI</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Canada <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Russia <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span>Brazil <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">AEB</a><sup><small>6</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">INPE</a><sup><small>7</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>India <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a><sup><small>8</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Astronomical_observation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_observation" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical observation">Astronomical observation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akari_(satellite)" title="Akari (satellite)">Akari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Satellite_for_Cosmology_and_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics">ASCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTRO-E" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTRO-E">ASTRO-E</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Astro-G" title="Astro-G">Astro-G</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Radiation_Satellite" title="Cosmic Radiation Satellite">CORSA</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginga_(satellite)" title="Ginga (satellite)">Ginga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakucho" title="Hakucho">Hakucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HALCA" title="HALCA">HALCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinotori_(satellite)" title="Hinotori (satellite)">Hinotori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)">Hitomi</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Suzaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenma" title="Tenma">Tenma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohkoh" title="Yohkoh">Yohkoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisaki_(satellite)" title="Hisaki (satellite)">Hisaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Ray_Imaging_and_Spectroscopy_Mission" title="X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission">XRISM</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">ATHENA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR-C" title="SOLAR-C">SOLAR-C</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GREX-PLUS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GREX-PLUS (page does not exist)">GREX-PLUS</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GREX-PLUS" class="extiw" title="ja:GREX-PLUS">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HiZ-GUNDAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HiZ-GUNDAM (page does not exist)">HiZ-GUNDAM</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiZ-GUNDAM" class="extiw" title="ja:HiZ-GUNDAM">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LAPYUTA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LAPYUTA (page does not exist)">LAPYUTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiteBIRD" title="LiteBIRD">LiteBIRD</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nano-JASMINE" title="Nano-JASMINE">JASMINE</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Communications_satellites,_broadcasting_satellites_and_satellite_navigation_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Satellite_(Japanese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting Satellite (Japanese)">broadcasting satellites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">satellite navigation</a> systems</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>BS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BS-2X" class="mw-redirect" title="BS-2X">2X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BS-3H" class="mw-redirect" title="BS-3H">3H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BS-3N" class="mw-redirect" title="BS-3N">3N</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=COMETS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="COMETS (page does not exist)">Kakehashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OICETS" title="OICETS">Kirari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WINDS" title="WINDS">Kizuna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodama_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodama (satellite) (page does not exist)">Kodama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MBSat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MBSat (page does not exist)">MBSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-STAR" class="mw-redirect" title="N-STAR">N-STAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N-STAR_a" title="N-STAR a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-STAR_b" title="N-STAR b">b</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sakura (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakura_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakura (satellite) (page does not exist)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CS-2a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS-2a (page does not exist)">2a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CS-2b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS-2b (page does not exist)">2b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CS-3a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS-3a (page does not exist)">3a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CS-3b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS-3b (page does not exist)">3b</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(satellite)" title="Yuri (satellite)">Yuri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(satellite)" title="Yuri (satellite)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BS-2a" class="mw-redirect" title="BS-2a">2a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BS-2b" class="mw-redirect" title="BS-2b">2b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BS-3a" class="mw-redirect" title="BS-3a">3a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BS-3b" class="mw-redirect" title="BS-3b">3b</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSN_Corporation" title="DSN Corporation">Kirameki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superbird-B3" title="Superbird-B3">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSN-2" title="DSN-2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michibiki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QZS-1" class="mw-redirect" title="QZS-1">1</a></li> <li>2</li> <li>3</li> <li>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/QZS-1R" title="QZS-1R">1R</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Functional_Transport_Satellite" title="Multi-Functional Transport Satellite">MTSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-STAR" class="mw-redirect" title="N-STAR">N-STAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N-STAR_c" title="N-STAR c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JCSAT-5A" title="JCSAT-5A">d</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JDRS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JDRS (page does not exist)">JDRS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSN_Corporation" title="DSN Corporation">DSN</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DSN-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DSN-3 (page does not exist)">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">QZS</a> <ul><li>5</li> <li>6</li> <li>7</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Earth_observation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation" title="Earth observation">Earth observation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akebono_(satellite)" title="Akebono (satellite)">Akebono</a></li> <li>Daichi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Land_Observing_Satellite" title="Advanced Land Observing Satellite">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALOS-3" title="ALOS-3">3</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denpa_(satellite)" title="Denpa (satellite)">Denpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JERS-1" title="JERS-1">Fuyo-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jikiken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jikiken (page does not exist)">Jikiken</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyokko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyokko (page does not exist)">Kyokko</a></li> <li>Midori <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADEOS_I" title="ADEOS I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADEOS_II" title="ADEOS II">II</a></li></ul></li> <li>Momo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MOS-1_(satellite)" title="MOS-1 (satellite)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOS-1b_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MOS-1b (satellite) (page does not exist)">1b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohozora_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohozora (satellite) (page does not exist)">Ohozora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRATS" class="mw-redirect" title="SRATS">Taiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission" title="Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission">TRMM</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Ume <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionosphere_Sounding_Satellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionosphere Sounding Satellite (page does not exist)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISS-b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISS-b (page does not exist)">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotail" title="Geotail">Geotail</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_(satellite)" title="Aqua (satellite)">Aqua</a><sup><small>1,7</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arase_(satellite)" title="Arase (satellite)">Arase</a></li> <li>ASNARO <ul><li>1</li> <li>2</li></ul></li> <li>Daichi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALOS-2" title="ALOS-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALOS-4" title="ALOS-4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EarthCARE" title="EarthCARE">EarthCARE</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Precipitation_Measurement" title="Global Precipitation Measurement">GPM</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himawari_(satellites)" title="Himawari (satellites)">Himawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_Gases_Observing_Satellite" title="Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite">Ibuki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_Gases_Observing_Satellite" title="Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_Gases_Observing_Satellite-2" title="Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite-2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCOM-C" class="mw-redirect" title="GCOM-C">Shikisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCOM-W" class="mw-redirect" title="GCOM-W">Shizuku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GOSAT-GW" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSAT-GW">GOSAT-GW</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precipitation_Measuring_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precipitation Measuring Mission (page does not exist)">PMM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Engineering_tests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Engineering tests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ayame <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_Communications_Satellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experimental Communications Satellite (page does not exist)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECS-b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ECS-b (page does not exist)">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>DASH</li> <li>EXPRESS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MABES" title="MABES">Jindai</a></li> <li>Kiku <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETS-I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETS-I (page does not exist)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETS-II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETS-II (page does not exist)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETS-III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETS-III (page does not exist)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETS-IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETS-IV (page does not exist)">4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETS-V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETS-V (page does not exist)">5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETS-VI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETS-VI (page does not exist)">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETS-VII" title="ETS-VII">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETS-VIII" title="ETS-VIII">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LDREX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LDREX (page does not exist)">LDREX</a> <ul><li>1</li> <li>2</li></ul></li> <li>LRE</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_LabSat-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micro LabSat-1 (page does not exist)">Micro LabSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_Evaluation_Payload&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vehicle Evaluation Payload (page does not exist)">Myojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohsumi_(satellite)" title="Ohsumi (satellite)">Ohsumi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DEBUT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DEBUT (page does not exist)">Orizuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovative_Satellite_Technology_Demonstration_Program" title="Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration Program">RAISE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAISE-2" title="RAISE-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAISE-3" title="RAISE-3">3</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><s><a href="/w/index.php?title=PETSAT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PETSAT (page does not exist)">PETSAT</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAPIS-1" title="RAPIS-1">RAPIS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OREX" title="OREX">Ryusei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERVIS-1" title="SERVIS-1">SERVIS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERVIS-2" title="SERVIS-2">SERVIS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDS-1" title="SDS-1">SDS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit" title="Space Flyer Unit">SFU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-F2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MS-F2 (page does not exist)">Shinsei</a></li> <li><s><a href="/w/index.php?title=SmartSat-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SmartSat-1 (page does not exist)">SmartSat-1</a></s></li> <li>Tansei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tansei" title="Tansei">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-T2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MS-T2 (page does not exist)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-T3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MS-T3 (page does not exist)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-T4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MS-T4 (page does not exist)">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRICOM-1R" title="TRICOM-1R">Tasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Low_Altitude_Test_Satellite" title="Super Low Altitude Test Satellite">Tsubame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDS-1" title="MDS-1">Tsubasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_Space_Experiment_Recovery_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unmanned Space Experiment Recovery System (page does not exist)">USERS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajisai" title="Ajisai">Ajisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reimei" title="Reimei">Reimei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDS-4" title="SDS-4">SDS-4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BEAK_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BEAK (satellite) (page does not exist)">BEAK</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETS-IX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETS-IX (page does not exist)">ETS-IX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-SATELLITE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-SATELLITE (page does not exist)">G-SATELLITE</a></li> <li>SERVIS-3</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Human_spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><s><a href="/wiki/Fuji_(spacecraft)" title="Fuji (spacecraft)">Fuji crewed spacecraft</a></s></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/HOPE-X" title="HOPE-X">HOPE-X</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-II_Transfer_Vehicle" title="H-II Transfer Vehicle">H-II Transfer Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station (ISS)</a> & <a href="/wiki/Kib%C5%8D_(ISS_module)" title="Kibō (ISS module)">Japanese Experiment Module (Kibō)</a><sup><small>1,2,3,4,5,6</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTV-X" title="HTV-X">HTV-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Space_Station_Module_(Mitsui)" title="Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)">Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a><sup><small>1,2,4</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Space_probes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_probes" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probes">Space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Japanese Lunar Exploration Program">The Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Lunar-A" title="Lunar-A">Lunar-A</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">Kaguya (SELENE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/SELENE-2" title="SELENE-2">SELENE-2</a></s></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EQUULEUS" title="EQUULEUS">EQUULEUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">Smart Lander for Investigating Moon</a> (SLIM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HERACLES_(spacecraft)" title="HERACLES (spacecraft)">HERACLES</a><sup><small>2,4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Cruiser" title="Lunar Cruiser">Lunar Cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Lunar Polar Exploration Mission</a><sup><small>8</small></sup> (LUPEX)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaoki" title="Yaoki">Yaoki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_Mk2" title="Hayabusa Mk2">Hayabusa Mk2</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27en_(spacecraft)" title="Shin'en (spacecraft)">Shin'en</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisei_(spacecraft)" title="Suisei (spacecraft)">Suisei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo (MMO/Mio)</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY+</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_eXploration" title="Martian Moons eXploration">Martian Moons eXploration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_Small-Body_Sample_Return&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Next Generation Small-Body Sample Return (page does not exist)">Next Generation Small-Body Sample Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera-hertz_Explorer" title="Tera-hertz Explorer">TEREX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Reconnaissance_satellites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance satellites</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Gathering_Satellite" title="Information Gathering Satellite">IGS</a>-Optical <ul><li>1</li> <li>2</li> <li>Experimentally 3</li></ul></li> <li>IGS-Radar <ul><li>1</li> <li>2</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>IGS-Optical <ul><li>3</li> <li>4</li> <li>5</li> <li>6</li> <li>Experimentally 5</li></ul></li> <li>IGS-Radar <ul><li>3</li> <li>4</li> <li>Spare</li> <li>5</li> <li>6</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>IGS-Optical</i> <ul><li><i>7</i></li> <li><i>8</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>IGS-Radar</i> <ul><li><i>7</i></li> <li>8</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Private_small_satellites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Private <a href="/wiki/Small_satellite" title="Small satellite">small satellites</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPUSAT" title="OPUSAT">CosMoz</a></li> <li>CUTE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CUTE-1.7" class="mw-redirect" title="CUTE-1.7">1.7+APD</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fuji <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuji-OSCAR_12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuji-OSCAR 12 (page does not exist)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuji-OSCAR_20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuji-OSCAR 20 (page does not exist)">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayato_(satellite)" title="Hayato (satellite)">Hayato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIBARI_(satellite)" title="HIBARI (satellite)">HIBARI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HITSat-OSCAR_59&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HITSat-OSCAR 59 (page does not exist)">HIT-SAT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SORUNSAT-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SORUNSAT-1 (page does not exist)">Kagayaki</a></li> <li>Kanta-kun (WEOS)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STARS_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STARS (satellite) (page does not exist)">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohla" title="Sohla">Maido-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negai_(satellite)" title="Negai (satellite)">Negai☆″</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niwaka" title="Niwaka">Niwaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAIKO_(satellite)" title="RAIKO (satellite)">RAIKO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waseda-SAT2" title="Waseda-SAT2">Waseda-SAT2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WE_WISH" title="WE WISH">WE WISH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>CUTE <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CUTE-I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CUTE-I (page does not exist)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUTE-1.7_%2B_APD" title="CUTE-1.7 + APD">1.7+APDII</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuji-OSCAR_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuji-OSCAR 29 (page does not exist)">Fuji-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PRISM_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PRISM (satellite) (page does not exist)">Hitomi</a></li> <li>Hodoyoshi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hodoyoshi_1" title="Hodoyoshi 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISESAT" class="mw-redirect" title="RISESAT">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodoyoshi_3" title="Hodoyoshi 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodoyoshi_4" title="Hodoyoshi 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li>Horyu <ul><li>2</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KKS-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KKS-1 (page does not exist)">Kiseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROITERES" title="PROITERES">PROITERES</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPRITE-SAT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPRITE-SAT (page does not exist)">Raijin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raijin-2" title="Raijin-2">Raijin-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEEDS_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEEDS (satellite) (page does not exist)">SEEDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCRATES_(satellite)" title="SOCRATES (satellite)">SOCRATES</a></li> <li>XI <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XI-IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XI-IV (page does not exist)">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XI-V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XI-V (page does not exist)">V</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DRUMS" title="DRUMS">DRUMS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/KITSUNE" title="KITSUNE">KITSUNE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OPUSAT-II" title="OPUSAT-II">OPUSAT-II</a></i></li> <li><i>QSAT-EOS</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RSP-01" title="RSP-01">RSP-01</a></i></li> <li><i>SOMESAT</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceTuna1" title="SpaceTuna1">SpaceTuna1</a></i></li> <li><i>SPROUT</i></li> <li><i>TSUBAME</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisseed_Sat" title="Wisseed Sat">Wisseed Sat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=WNI_satellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WNI satellite (page does not exist)">WNI satellite</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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