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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dialect chain of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #80bfff;">Colorado River Numic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #80bfff;">Southern Paiute</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">6,200 <a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemehuevi people">Chemehuevi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paiute">Southern Paiute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a> (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">920 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />20 <a href="/wiki/Monolingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolingual">monolinguals</a> (1990 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Numic_languages" title="Numic languages">Numic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Southern Numic<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Colorado River Numic</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Chemehuevi</li> <li>Southern Paiute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_dialect" title="Ute dialect">Ute</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #80bfff;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ute" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ute">ute</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/utes1238">utes1238</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2965">Ute</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_River_Numic_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Colorado_River_Numic_map.svg/320px-Colorado_River_Numic_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Colorado_River_Numic_map.svg/480px-Colorado_River_Numic_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Colorado_River_Numic_map.svg/640px-Colorado_River_Numic_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="321" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/320px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/480px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/640px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Chemehuevi is classified as Critically Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></i></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Colorado River Numic</b> (also called <b>Ute</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">YOOT</span></i></a>, <b>Southern Paiute</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PIE</span>-yoot</i></a>, <b>Ute–Southern Paiute</b>, or <b>Ute-Chemehuevi</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">CHEH</span>-mih-<span style="font-size:90%">WAY</span>-vee</i></a>), of the <a href="/wiki/Numic_languages" title="Numic languages">Numic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a> language family, is a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect chain">dialect chain</a> that stretches from southeastern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> to <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMithun1999542_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithun1999542-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual dialects are Chemehuevi, which is in danger of extinction, Southern Paiute (Moapa, Cedar City, Kaibab, and San Juan subdialects), and <a href="/wiki/Ute_dialect" title="Ute dialect">Ute</a> (Central Utah, Northern, White Mesa, Southern subdialects). According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>, there were a little less than two thousand speakers of Colorado River Numic Language in 1990, or around 40% out of an ethnic population of 5,000.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Southern Paiute dialect has played a significant role in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, as the background for a famous article by linguist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a> and his collaborator <a href="/wiki/Tony_Tillohash" title="Tony Tillohash">Tony Tillohash</a> on the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sapir1933_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapir1933-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River_Numic_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three major dialect groups of Colorado River are Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute, and <a href="/wiki/Ute_dialect" title="Ute dialect">Ute</a>, although there are no strong isoglosses. The threefold division is primarily one of culture rather than strictly linguistic. There are, however, three major phonological distinctions among the dialects: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>In Southern Paiute and Ute, initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> has been lost: Chemehuevi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hivi/</span> 'drink' is a verb, other dialects <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ivi/</span> 'drink'.</li> <li>In Ute, nasal-stop clusters have become voiceless geminate stops: Ute <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pukku/</span> 'horse, pet', other dialects <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/puŋku/</span>.</li> <li>In Ute, the mid back round vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> has been fronted to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ö/</span>: Ute <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/söö-/</span> 'lungs', other dialects <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/soo-/</span>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>There are no strong isoglosses between Southern Paiute and Ute for the changes but an increasing level of change, as one moves from Kaibab Southern Paiute (0% of nasal-stop clusters have changed) to Southern Ute (100% of nasal-stop clusters have changed). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River_Numic_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consonant and vowel charts for the westernmost and easternmost dialects are given.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress1979_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress1979-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGivón2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGivón2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River_Numic_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes in Chemehuevi dialect </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">labial</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɣʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ŋʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">glottalized</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">mˀ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">nˀ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">ŋˀ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">glide</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">glottalized</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">wˀ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">jˀ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes in Southern Ute dialect </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">labial</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɣʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">glide</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River_Numic_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Vowel phonemes in Chemehuevi dialect </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unrounded</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">rounded</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">high</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Vowel phonemes in Southern Ute dialect </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unrounded</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Front_rounded_vowel" title="Front rounded vowel">rounded</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unrounded</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">rounded</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">high</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vowels can be long or short. Short unstressed vowels can be devoiced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River_Numic_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Colorado River Numic language is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</a> language, in which words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> strung together. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River_Numic_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ute/">Colorado River Numic</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithun1999542-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMithun1999542_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMithun1999">Mithun 1999</a>, p. 542.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ute">"Ethnologue report for language code:ute"</a>. Ethnologue<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+report+for+language+code%3Aute&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River+Numic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sapir1933-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sapir1933_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1933" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sapir, Edward (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/MPIWG:4YN1MVRM">"La réalité psychologique des phonèmes"</a> [The psychological reality of phonemes]. <i>Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Psychologie+Normale+et+Pathologique&rft.atitle=La+r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9+psychologique+des+phon%C3%A8mes&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecho.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de%2FMPIWG%3A4YN1MVRM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River+Numic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress1979-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress1979_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPress1979">Press 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGivón2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGivón2011_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGivón2011">Givón 2011</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River_Numic_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunte1979" class="citation thesis cs1">Bunte, Pamela A. (1979). <i>Problems in Southern Paiute Syntax and Semantics</i> (PhD dissertation). Indiana University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Problems+in+Southern+Paiute+Syntax+and+Semantics&rft.inst=Indiana+University&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Bunte&rft.aufirst=Pamela+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River+Numic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharney1996" class="citation book cs1">Charney, Jean O. (1996). <i>A Dictionary of the Southern Ute Language</i>. Ignacio, CO: Ute Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Southern+Ute+Language&rft.place=Ignacio%2C+CO&rft.pub=Ute+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Charney&rft.aufirst=Jean+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River+Numic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGivón2011" class="citation book cs1">Givón, Talmy (2011). <i>Ute Reference Grammar</i>. Culture and Language Use. Vol. 3. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ute+Reference+Grammar&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Culture+and+Language+Use&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Giv%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Talmy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River+Numic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaird1976" class="citation book cs1">Laird, Carobeth (1976). <i>The Chemehuevis</i>. Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemehuevis&rft.place=Banning%2C+CA&rft.pub=Malki+Museum+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Laird&rft.aufirst=Carobeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River+Numic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMithun1999" class="citation book cs1">Mithun, Marianne (1999). <i>Languages of Native North America</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Native+North+America&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Mithun&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River+Numic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress1979" class="citation book cs1">Press, Margaret L. (1979). <i>Chemehuevi, A Grammar and Lexicon</i>. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 92. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemehuevi%2C+A+Grammar+and+Lexicon&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.series=University+of+California+Publications+in+Linguistics&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Margaret+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River+Numic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sapir, Edward (1992) [1930]. "Southern Paiute, a Shoshonean Language". In Bright, William (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedworksof10sapi"><i>The Collected Works of Edward Sapir</i></a>. Vol. X: Southern Paiute and Ute Linguistics and Ethnography. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110886603">10.1515/9783110886603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013543-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013543-5"><bdi>978-3-11-013543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southern+Paiute%2C+a+Shoshonean+Language&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Edward+Sapir&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110886603&rft.isbn=978-3-11-013543-5&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectedworksof10sapi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River+Numic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sapir, Edward (1992) [1931]. "Southern Paiute Dictionary". In Bright, William (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedworksof10sapi"><i>The Collected Works of Edward Sapir</i></a>. Vol. X: Southern Paiute and Ute Linguistics and Ethnography. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110886603">10.1515/9783110886603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013543-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013543-5"><bdi>978-3-11-013543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southern+Paiute+Dictionary&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Edward+Sapir&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110886603&rft.isbn=978-3-11-013543-5&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectedworksof10sapi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+River+Numic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River_Numic_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070723140802/http://coyotepapers.sbs.arizona.edu/CPXIII/oberly.pdf">A Preliminary Analysis of Southern Ute with a Special Focus on Noun Phrases</a> - also contains phonology information</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/chemehuevi.php">Chemehuevi language</a> overview at the <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_California_and_Other_Indian_Languages" title="Survey of California and Other Indian Languages">Survey of California and Other Indian Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemehuevilanguage.org/">A Chemehuevi Language Archive</a> - 1970s Fieldwork and Analysis by Margaret L. Press</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/ute">OLAC resources in and about the Ute-Southern Paiute language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedworksof10sapi">Collected Works of Edward Sapir, Vol. X: Southern Paiute and Ute Linguistics and Ethnography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cKm8CwAAQBAJ&dq=ute+language+pronunciation&pg=PR11">Ute Dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Template talk:Uto-Aztecan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uto-Aztecan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uto-Aztecan_languages175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Uto-Aztecan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Uto-Aztecan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numic_languages" title="Numic languages">Numic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute</a> <small>(including Bannock)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(California)" title="Mono language (California)">Mono</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshoni_language" title="Shoshoni language">Shoshoni</a> <small>(including <a href="/wiki/Gosiute_dialect" title="Gosiute dialect">Gosiute</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbisha_language" title="Timbisha language">Timbisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colorado River</a> <small>(Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute, <a href="/wiki/Ute_dialect" title="Ute dialect">Ute</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu_language" title="Kawaiisu language">Kawaiisu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takic_languages" title="Takic languages">Takic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicole%C3%B1o_language" title="Nicoleño language">Nicoleño</a></i>?</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serran_languages" title="Serran languages">Serran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Serrano_language" title="Serrano language">Serrano</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanyume#Language" title="Vanyume">Vanyume</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk_language" title="Kitanemuk language">Kitanemuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tataviam_language" title="Tataviam language">Tataviam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongva_language" title="Tongva language">Tongva</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cupan_languages" title="Cupan languages">Cupan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_language" title="Cahuilla language">Cahuilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_language" title="Cupeño language">Cupeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño-Juaneño</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language" title="Tübatulabal language">Tübatulabal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Uto-Aztecan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Uto-Aztecan languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tepiman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepiman languages">Tepiman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pimic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCodham_language" title="Oʼodham language">Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_language" title="Pima Bajo language">Pima Bajo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tepehuan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tepehuan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Tepehuan language">Northern Tepehuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tepehuan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Tepehuan language">Southern Tepehuan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tepecano_language" title="Tepecano language">Tepecano</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tarahumaran_languages" title="Tarahumaran languages">Tarahumaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huarijio_language" title="Huarijio language">Huarijio</a> <ul><li>Upriver Huarijio</li> <li>Downriver Huarijio</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarahumara_language" title="Tarahumara language">Tarahumara</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tubar_language" title="Tubar language">Tubar</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opatan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Opatan languages">Opatan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eudeve_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudeve language">Eudeve</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opata_language" title="Opata language">Opata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cahitan_languages" title="Cahitan languages">Cahita</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_language" title="Mayo language">Mayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corachol_languages" title="Corachol languages">Corachol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cora_language" title="Cora language">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol_language" title="Huichol language">Huichol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guachichil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guachichil language">Guachichil</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aztecan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztecan languages">Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nahuatl11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Nahuatl_languages" title="Central Nahuatl languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl" title="Classical Nahuatl">Classical Nahuatl</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morelos_Nahuatl" title="Morelos Nahuatl">Morelos Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetelcingo_Nahuatl" title="Tetelcingo Nahuatl">Tetelcingo Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala%E2%80%93Puebla_Nahuatl" title="Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl">Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Puebla_Nahuatl" title="Central Puebla Nahuatl">Central Puebla Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrero_Nahuatl" title="Guerrero Nahuatl">Guerrero Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ometepec_N%C3%A1huatl" title="Ometepec Náhuatl">Ometepec Nahuatl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Coahuila_Nahuatl" title="Southern Coahuila Nahuatl">Coahuila Nahuatl</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Huasteca</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huasteca_Nahuatl" title="Huasteca Nahuatl">Huasteca Nahuatl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Peripheral_Nahuatl" title="Western Peripheral Nahuatl">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n_Nahuatl" title="Michoacán Nahuatl">Michoacán Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatepec_Nahuatl" title="Coatepec Nahuatl">Coatepec Nahuatl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochutec_language" title="Pochutec language">Pochutec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temascaltepec_Nahuatl" title="Temascaltepec Nahuatl">Temascaltepec Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicanero_language" title="Mexicanero language">Durango Nahuatl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cazcan_language" title="Cazcan language">Cazcan</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Peripheral_Nahuatl" title="Eastern Peripheral Nahuatl">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Puebla_Nahuatl" title="Sierra Puebla Nahuatl">Sierra Puebla Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehuacan%E2%80%93Zongolica_Nahuatl" title="Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl">Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orizaba_Nahuatl" title="Orizaba Nahuatl">Orizaba Nahuatl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_Nahuatl" title="Isthmus Nahuatl">Isthmus Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_Nahuatl" title="Tabasco Nahuatl">Tabasco Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipil language">Pipil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language_in_the_United_States" title="Nahuatl language in the United States">Nahuatl language in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uto-Aztecan_language" title="Proto-Uto-Aztecan language">Proto-Uto-Aztecan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Nahuan_language" title="Proto-Nahuan language">Proto-Nahuan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages">List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_California260" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_California" title="Template:Languages of California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_California" title="Template talk:Languages of California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_California260" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of California">Languages of California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate extinct languages</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of California">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hupa_language" title="Hupa language">Hupa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahto_language" title="Cahto language">Cahto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mattole_language" title="Mattole language">Mattole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wailaki_language" title="Wailaki language">Wailaki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Obispe%C3%B1o_language" title="Obispeño language">Obispeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruze%C3%B1o_language" title="Cruzeño language">Cruzeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purisime%C3%B1o_language" title="Purisimeño language">Purisimeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inese%C3%B1o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ineseño language">Ineseño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbare%C3%B1o_language" title="Barbareño language">Barbareño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venture%C3%B1o_language" title="Ventureño language">Ventureño</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_languages" title="Ohlone languages">Ohlone</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karkin_language" title="Karkin language">Karkin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_language" title="Chochenyo language">Chochenyo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramaytush_dialect" title="Ramaytush dialect">Ramaytush</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamien_language" title="Tamien language">Tamyen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awaswas_language" title="Awaswas language">Awaswas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutsun_language" title="Mutsun language">Mutsun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumsen_language" title="Rumsen language">Rumsen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chalon_language" title="Chalon language">Chalon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achumawi_language" title="Achumawi language">Achomawi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi_language" title="Atsugewi language">Atsugewi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pomo_language" title="Northeastern Pomo language">Northeastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pomo_language" title="Eastern Pomo language">Eastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Pomo_language" title="Southeastern Pomo language">Southeastern Pomo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pomo_language" title="Northern Pomo language">Northern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomo_language" title="Central Pomo language">Central Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pomo_language" title="Southern Pomo language">Southern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_language" title="Kashaya language">Kashaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahi_dialect" title="Yahi dialect">Yahi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath-Modoc_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Klamath-Modoc language">Klamath-Modoc</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Yokuts" title="Buena Vista Yokuts">Buena Vista Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gashowu_Yokuts" title="Gashowu Yokuts">Gashowu Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kings_River_Yokuts" title="Kings River Yokuts">Kings River Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palewyami_Yokuts" title="Palewyami Yokuts">Palewyami Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tule%E2%80%93Kaweah_Yokuts" title="Tule–Kaweah Yokuts">Tule–Kaweah Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Yokuts" title="Valley Yokuts">Valley Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_languages" title="Miwok languages">Miwok</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok_language" title="Bay Miwok language">Bay Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok_language" title="Coast Miwok language">Coast Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Miwok_language" title="Lake Miwok language">Lake Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Miwok_language" title="Plains Miwok language">Plains Miwok</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sierra_Miwok" title="Central Sierra Miwok">Central Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Northern Sierra Miwok">Northern Sierra Miwok</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Southern Sierra Miwok">Southern Sierra Miwok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chico_language" title="Chico language">Chico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maidu_language" title="Maidu language">Maidu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkow_language" title="Konkow language">Konkow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisenan_language" title="Nisenan language">Nisenan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Konomihu_language" title="Konomihu language">Konomihu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_River_Shasta_language" title="New River Shasta language">New River Shasta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Okwanuchu_language" title="Okwanuchu language">Okwanuchu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shasta_language" title="Shasta language">Shasta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_language" title="Cahuilla language">Cahuilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_language" title="Cupeño language">Cupeño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu_language" title="Kawaiisu language">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk_language" title="Kitanemuk language">Kitanemuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño-Juaneño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(California)" title="Mono language (California)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamint_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamint language">Panamint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serrano_language" title="Serrano language">Serrano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tataviam_language" title="Tataviam language">Tataviam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongva_language" title="Tongva language">Tongva</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language" title="Tübatulabal language">Tübatulabal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute language">Ute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki_language" title="Nomlaki language">Nomlaki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin_language" title="Patwin language">Patwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Patwin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Patwin language">Southern Patwin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Yukian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukian languages">Yukian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki_language" title="Yuki language">Yuki</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wappo_language" title="Wappo language">Wappo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language isolates <br /> and unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_California" title="Spanish language in California">Californian Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Sign language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_California" title="Category:Languages of California">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Nevada282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Nevada" title="Template:Languages of Nevada"><abbr title="View this 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Colorado River Numic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshoni_language" title="Shoshoni language">Shoshoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_Nevada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish language in Nevada (page does not exist)">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_language_in_Nevada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagalog language in 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-03-29T21:23:51Z","dateModified":"2024-12-28T03:14:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d7\/Colorado_River_Numic_map.svg","headline":"dialect chain of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family, that stretches from southeastern California to Colorado"}</script> </body> </html>