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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cupeño language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koupenheg" title="Koupenheg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Koupenheg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cupeño" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_cupe%C3%B1o" title="Idioma cupeño – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma cupeño" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cupeño" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cupe%C3%B1a" title="Lingua cupeña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua cupeña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_jezik" title="Cupeño jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cupeño jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9E%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%8D" title="ພາສາຄູເພໂຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາຄູເພໂຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cupeño" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_cupe%C3%B1o" title="Lenga cupeño – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga cupeño" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct Uto-Aztecan language of California</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should <b>specify the language</b> of its non-English content, using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for transliterated languages, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used - notably <code>cup</code> for Cupeño.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #80bfff;">Cupeño</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #80bfff;"><span title="Cupeño-language text"><i lang="cup">Kupangaxwicham Pe'me̲melki</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Southern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1987, with the death of Roscinda Nolasquez</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Revival</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Uto-Aztecan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Uto-Aztecan languages">Northern Uto-Aztecan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Takic_languages" title="Takic languages">Takic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Cupan_languages" title="Cupan languages">Cupan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_language" title="Cahuilla language">Cahuilla</a>–Cupeño<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Cupeño</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #80bfff;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cup" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cup">cup</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cupe1243">cupe1243</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2009">Cupeño</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cupe%C3%B1o_language.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cupe%C3%B1o_language.png/320px-Cupe%C3%B1o_language.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Cupe%C3%B1o_language.png 1.5x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_01-EX.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lang_Status_01-EX.svg/320px-Lang_Status_01-EX.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lang_Status_01-EX.svg/480px-Lang_Status_01-EX.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lang_Status_01-EX.svg/640px-Lang_Status_01-EX.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Cupeño is classified as Extinct by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Cupeño language</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a> language, once spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupeño people">Cupeño people</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States. <a href="/wiki/Roscinda_Nolasquez" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscinda Nolasquez">Roscinda Nolasquez</a> (d. 1987) was the last native speaker of Cupeño.<sup id="cite_ref-hill2005grammar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill2005grammar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cupeño people now speak English. The native name <span title="Cupeño-language text"><i lang="cup">Kupangaxwicham</i></span> means 'people from the sleeping place', referring to their traditional homeland, prior to 1902, of Ktipa (at the base of <a href="/wiki/Warner_Springs,_California" title="Warner Springs, California">Warner's Hot Springs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A smaller village was located to the south of Ktipa, named Wildkalpa. </p><p>Throughout the 1890s, there was debate over whether the Cupeño people should be allowed to continue living on traditional Cupeño territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After many years of public protests, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">California Supreme Court</a> decided to relocate the Cupeño people to the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Indian_Reservation" title="Pala Indian Reservation">Pala Reservation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Cupeño shows linguistic influence from both the languages that preceded it and the <a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Ipai</a>, who share their southern border.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Region">Region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupe%C3%B1o_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language was originally spoken in Cupa, Wilaqalpa, and Paluqla, located in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego County</a>, California, and later around the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Indian_Reservation" title="Pala Indian Reservation">Pala Indian Reservation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupe%C3%B1o_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cupeño is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</a> language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> strung together. It is dominantly <a href="/wiki/Head-directionality_parameter" title="Head-directionality parameter">head-final</a>, with a mostly strict word order (<a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Subject–object–verb word order">SOV</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hill2005grammar_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill2005grammar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for some constituents, such as genitive-noun constructions. However, in certain contexts, there is flexibility in the word order, allowing verbs to be shifted to the initial part of a sentence or arguments to follow verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-hill2005grammar_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill2005grammar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupe%C3%B1o_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns, as well as demonstratives, determiners, quantifiers, and adjectives, in Cupeño are marked for case and number and agree with each other in complex nominal constructions.<sup id="cite_ref-hill2005grammar_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill2005grammar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupe%C3%B1o_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cupeño inflects its verbs for <a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">transitivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, person, number, and <a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">evidentiality</a>. </p><p>Evidentiality in Cupeño is expressed with <a href="/wiki/Clitics" class="mw-redirect" title="Clitics">clitics</a>, typically appearing near the beginning of the sentence: </p><p><i>=kuʼut</i> 'reportative' (<i>mu=kuʼut</i> 'and it is said that...') <i>=am</i> 'mirative' <i>=$he</i> 'dubitative' </p><p>There are two inflected moods, realis <i>=pe</i> and irrealis <i>=eʼp</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tense-Aspect_system">Tense-Aspect system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupe%C3%B1o_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tense-Aspect system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Future simple verbs remain unmarked. Past simple verbs include past-tense pronouns, while past imperfect verbs add the imperfect modifier as shown below. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Present</th> <th>Imperfect</th> <th>Fut. Imp</th> <th>Customary </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <td>-qa</td> <td>-qal</td> <td>-nash</td> <td>-ne </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td>-we</td> <td>-wen</td> <td>-wene</td> <td>-wene </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupe%C3%B1o_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pronominals in Cupeño manifest in various forms and structures. The following are only attached to past-tense verbs. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>ne-</td> <td>chem- </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>e-</td> <td>em- </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>pe-</td> <td>pem- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupe%C3%B1o_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupe%C3%B1o_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">əː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> primarily occur in Spanish <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> but also serve as <a href="/wiki/Allophony" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophony">allophones</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> in native Cupeño words. </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> can be realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>]</span> in closed syllables and as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span> in some open syllables. </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> may reduce to a schwa in unstressed syllables. </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> also appears as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨː</a>]</span> when long and stressed, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span> after labials and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span>, and as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>. </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> is also realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]</span> before uvulars.<sup id="cite_ref-hill2005grammar_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill2005grammar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupe%C3%B1o_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labial.</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">(t)</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-loanwords_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loanwords-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-loanwords_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loanwords-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">syllable codas</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʷ/</span> is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qʷ]</span> before unstressed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span> appear to be in <a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">free variation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loanwords-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loanwords_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loanwords_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> appear only in Spanish loanwords.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupe%C3%B1o_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>English words and Cupeño counterparts<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Cupeño </th></tr> <tr> <td>one </td> <td>suplawut </td></tr> <tr> <td>two </td> <td>wiʼ </td></tr> <tr> <td>three </td> <td>pa </td></tr> <tr> <td>four </td> <td>wichu </td></tr> <tr> <td>five </td> <td>numaqananax </td></tr> <tr> <td>man </td> <td>naxanis </td></tr> <tr> <td>woman </td> <td>muwikut </td></tr> <tr> <td>sun </td> <td>tamyut </td></tr> <tr> <td>moon </td> <td>munil </td></tr> <tr> <td>water </td> <td>pal </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupe%C3%B1o_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Survey_of_California_and_Other_Indian_Languages" title="Survey of California and Other Indian Languages">Survey of California and Other Indian Languages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupe%C3%B1o_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palatribe.com/residents/language-revitalization/">"Language Revitalization – Pala Tribe"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Revitalization+%E2%80%93+Pala+Tribe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palatribe.com%2Fresidents%2Flanguage-revitalization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACupe%C3%B1o+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> (Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+Danger&rft.pages=11&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000187026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACupe%C3%B1o+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill2005grammar-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hill2005grammar_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill2005grammar_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill2005grammar_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill2005grammar_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill2005grammar_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2005" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Jane H. (2005-10-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2mz6t67j"><i>A Grammar of Cupeño</i></a>. UC Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 136. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Cupe%C3%B1o&rft.series=UC+Publications+in+Linguistics&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005-10-18&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Jane+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F2mz6t67j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACupe%C3%B1o+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturtevant1978" class="citation book cs1">Sturtevant, William C. (1978). <i>Handbook of North American Indians</i>. Vol. 8. California: Smithsonian Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians&rft.place=California&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Sturtevant&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACupe%C3%B1o+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2009">"Did you know Cupeño is awakening?"</a>. <i>Endangered Languages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Languages&rft.atitle=Did+you+know+Cupe%C3%B1o+is+awakening%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2F2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACupe%C3%B1o+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.native-languages.org/cupeno_words.htm">"Cupeno Words"</a>. <i>www.native-languages.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.native-languages.org&rft.atitle=Cupeno+Words&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.native-languages.org%2Fcupeno_words.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACupe%C3%B1o+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupe%C3%B1o_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011026000021/http://fourdir.com/cupeno.htm">The Cupeño language</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, Four Directions Institute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/cupeno.php">Cupeño language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_California_and_Other_Indian_Languages" title="Survey of California and Other Indian Languages">Survey of California and Other Indian Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/cup">OLAC resources in and about the Cupeño language</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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talk:Uto-Aztecan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uto-Aztecan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uto-Aztecan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Uto-Aztecan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Uto-Aztecan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numic_languages" title="Numic languages">Numic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute</a> <small>(including Bannock)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(California)" title="Mono language (California)">Mono</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshoni_language" title="Shoshoni language">Shoshoni</a> <small>(including <a href="/wiki/Gosiute_dialect" title="Gosiute dialect">Gosiute</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbisha_language" title="Timbisha language">Timbisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Numic_language" title="Colorado River Numic language">Colorado River</a> <small>(Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute, <a href="/wiki/Ute_dialect" title="Ute dialect">Ute</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu_language" title="Kawaiisu language">Kawaiisu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takic_languages" title="Takic languages">Takic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicole%C3%B1o_language" title="Nicoleño language">Nicoleño</a></i>?</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serran_languages" title="Serran languages">Serran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_language" title="Serrano language">Serrano</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanyume#Language" title="Vanyume">Vanyume</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk_language" title="Kitanemuk language">Kitanemuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tataviam_language" title="Tataviam language">Tataviam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongva_language" title="Tongva language">Tongva</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cupan_languages" title="Cupan languages">Cupan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_language" title="Cahuilla language">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cupeño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño-Juaneño</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language" title="Tübatulabal language">Tübatulabal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Uto-Aztecan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Uto-Aztecan languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tepiman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepiman languages">Tepiman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pimic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCodham_language" title="Oʼodham language">Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_language" title="Pima Bajo language">Pima Bajo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tepehuan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tepehuan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Tepehuan language">Northern Tepehuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tepehuan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Tepehuan language">Southern Tepehuan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tepecano_language" title="Tepecano language">Tepecano</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tarahumaran_languages" title="Tarahumaran languages">Tarahumaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huarijio_language" title="Huarijio language">Huarijio</a> <ul><li>Upriver Huarijio</li> <li>Downriver Huarijio</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarahumara_language" title="Tarahumara language">Tarahumara</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tubar_language" title="Tubar language">Tubar</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opatan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Opatan languages">Opatan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eudeve_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudeve language">Eudeve</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opata_language" title="Opata language">Opata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cahitan_languages" title="Cahitan languages">Cahita</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_language" title="Mayo language">Mayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corachol_languages" title="Corachol languages">Corachol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cora_language" title="Cora language">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol_language" title="Huichol language">Huichol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guachichil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guachichil language">Guachichil</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aztecan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztecan languages">Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nahuatl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Nahuatl_languages" title="Central Nahuatl languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl" title="Classical Nahuatl">Classical Nahuatl</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morelos_Nahuatl" title="Morelos Nahuatl">Morelos Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetelcingo_Nahuatl" title="Tetelcingo Nahuatl">Tetelcingo Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala%E2%80%93Puebla_Nahuatl" title="Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl">Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Puebla_Nahuatl" title="Central Puebla Nahuatl">Central Puebla Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrero_Nahuatl" title="Guerrero Nahuatl">Guerrero Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ometepec_N%C3%A1huatl" title="Ometepec Náhuatl">Ometepec Nahuatl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Coahuila_Nahuatl" title="Southern Coahuila Nahuatl">Coahuila Nahuatl</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Huasteca</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huasteca_Nahuatl" title="Huasteca Nahuatl">Huasteca Nahuatl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Peripheral_Nahuatl" title="Western Peripheral Nahuatl">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n_Nahuatl" title="Michoacán Nahuatl">Michoacán Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatepec_Nahuatl" title="Coatepec Nahuatl">Coatepec Nahuatl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochutec_language" title="Pochutec language">Pochutec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temascaltepec_Nahuatl" title="Temascaltepec Nahuatl">Temascaltepec Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicanero_language" title="Mexicanero language">Durango Nahuatl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cazcan_language" title="Cazcan language">Cazcan</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Peripheral_Nahuatl" title="Eastern Peripheral Nahuatl">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Puebla_Nahuatl" title="Sierra Puebla Nahuatl">Sierra Puebla Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehuacan%E2%80%93Zongolica_Nahuatl" title="Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl">Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orizaba_Nahuatl" title="Orizaba Nahuatl">Orizaba Nahuatl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_Nahuatl" title="Isthmus Nahuatl">Isthmus Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_Nahuatl" title="Tabasco Nahuatl">Tabasco Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipil language">Pipil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language_in_the_United_States" title="Nahuatl language in the United States">Nahuatl language in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uto-Aztecan_language" title="Proto-Uto-Aztecan language">Proto-Uto-Aztecan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Nahuan_language" title="Proto-Nahuan language">Proto-Nahuan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages">List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_California" title="Template:Languages of California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_California" title="Template talk:Languages of California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of California">Languages of California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate extinct languages</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of California">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa_language" title="Hupa language">Hupa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mattole_language" title="Mattole language">Mattole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahto_language" title="Cahto language">Cahto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wailaki_language" title="Wailaki language">Wailaki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Obispe%C3%B1o_language" title="Obispeño language">Obispeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruze%C3%B1o_language" title="Cruzeño language">Cruzeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purisime%C3%B1o_language" title="Purisimeño language">Purisimeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inese%C3%B1o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ineseño language">Ineseño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbare%C3%B1o_language" title="Barbareño language">Barbareño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venture%C3%B1o_language" title="Ventureño language">Ventureño</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_languages" title="Ohlone languages">Ohlone</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karkin_language" title="Karkin language">Karkin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_language" title="Chochenyo language">Chochenyo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramaytush_dialect" title="Ramaytush dialect">Ramaytush</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamien_language" title="Tamien language">Tamyen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awaswas_language" title="Awaswas language">Awaswas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutsun_language" title="Mutsun language">Mutsun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumsen_language" title="Rumsen language">Rumsen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chalon_language" title="Chalon language">Chalon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achumawi_language" title="Achumawi language">Achomawi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi_language" title="Atsugewi language">Atsugewi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pomo_language" title="Northeastern Pomo language">Northeastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pomo_language" title="Eastern Pomo language">Eastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Pomo_language" title="Southeastern Pomo language">Southeastern Pomo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pomo_language" title="Northern Pomo language">Northern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomo_language" title="Central Pomo language">Central Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pomo_language" title="Southern Pomo language">Southern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_language" title="Kashaya language">Kashaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahi language">Yahi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath-Modoc_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Klamath-Modoc language">Klamath-Modoc</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Yokuts" title="Buena Vista Yokuts">Buena Vista Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gashowu_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gashowu Yokuts">Gashowu Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kings_River_Yokuts" title="Kings River Yokuts">Kings River Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palewyami_Yokuts" title="Palewyami Yokuts">Palewyami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tule%E2%80%93Kaweah_Yokuts" title="Tule–Kaweah Yokuts">Tule–Kaweah Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Yokuts" title="Valley Yokuts">Valley Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_languages" title="Miwok languages">Miwok</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok_language" title="Bay Miwok language">Bay Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok_language" title="Coast Miwok language">Coast Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Miwok_language" title="Lake Miwok language">Lake Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Miwok_language" title="Plains Miwok language">Plains Miwok</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sierra_Miwok" title="Central Sierra Miwok">Central Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Northern Sierra Miwok">Northern Sierra Miwok</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Southern Sierra Miwok">Southern Sierra Miwok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chico_language" title="Chico language">Chico</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidu_language" title="Maidu language">Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkow_language" title="Konkow language">Konkow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisenan_language" title="Nisenan language">Nisenan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Konomihu_language" title="Konomihu language">Konomihu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_River_Shasta_language" title="New River Shasta language">New River Shasta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Okwanuchu_language" title="Okwanuchu language">Okwanuchu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shasta_language" title="Shasta language">Shasta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_language" title="Cahuilla language">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cupeño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu_language" title="Kawaiisu language">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk_language" title="Kitanemuk language">Kitanemuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño-Juaneño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(California)" title="Mono language (California)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamint_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamint language">Panamint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serrano_language" title="Serrano language">Serrano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tataviam_language" title="Tataviam language">Tataviam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongva_language" title="Tongva language">Tongva</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language" title="Tübatulabal language">Tübatulabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute language">Ute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki_language" title="Nomlaki language">Nomlaki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin_language" title="Patwin language">Patwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Patwin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Patwin language">Southern Patwin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Yukian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukian languages">Yukian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki_language" title="Yuki language">Yuki</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wappo_language" title="Wappo language">Wappo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language isolates <br /> and unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_California" title="Spanish language in California">Californian Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Sign language</a></th><td 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Meuble_h%C3%A9raldique_am%C3%A9rindien.svg/41px-Meuble_h%C3%A9raldique_am%C3%A9rindien.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Meuble_h%C3%A9raldique_am%C3%A9rindien.svg/54px-Meuble_h%C3%A9raldique_am%C3%A9rindien.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This article related to the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages of the Americas</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cupe%C3%B1o_language&action=edit">expanding it</a>.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IndigenousAmerican-lang-stub" title="Template:IndigenousAmerican-lang-stub"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IndigenousAmerican-lang-stub" title="Template talk:IndigenousAmerican-lang-stub"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IndigenousAmerican-lang-stub" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IndigenousAmerican-lang-stub"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cupeño_language&oldid=1256815396">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cupeño_language&oldid=1256815396</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Category:Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agglutinative_languages" title="Category:Agglutinative languages">Agglutinative languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Takic_languages" title="Category:Takic languages">Takic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_languages_of_North_America" title="Category:Extinct languages of North America">Extinct languages of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_extinct_in_the_1980s" title="Category:Languages extinct in the 1980s">Languages extinct in the 1980s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas_stubs" title="Category:Indigenous languages of the Americas stubs">Indigenous languages of the Americas stubs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-English_text_lacking_appropriate_markup_from_November_2024" title="Category:Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from November 2024">Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Cupe%C3%B1o-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Cupeño-language text">Articles containing Cupeño-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_unreferenced_extinction_date" title="Category:Language articles with unreferenced extinction date">Language articles with unreferenced extinction date</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_January_2023" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from January 2023">Vague or ambiguous time from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles" title="Category:All stub articles">All stub articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 18:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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