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</ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lombard language</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Lombard_language" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Lombard_language" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lombard+language" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the extinct 6th-century Germanic language, see <a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Lombardic language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Lombard language (Lombard: lombard,<a href="#cite_note-7">[N 1]</a> lumbard,<a href="#cite_note-:02-8">[N 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> lumbart<a href="#cite_note-10">[N 3]</a> or lombart,<a href="#cite_note-11">[N 4]</a> depending on the orthography; pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard" title="Help:IPA/Lombard">[lũˈbaːrt, lomˈbart]</a>) belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Italic">Gallo-Italic</a> group within the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>. It is characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_substratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic substratum">linguistic substratum</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Lombardic</a> <a href="/wiki/Superstratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstratum">linguistic superstratum</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-12">[8]</a> and is a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">cluster of homogeneous dialects</a> that are spoken by millions of speakers in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. These include most of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> and some areas of the neighbouring regions, notably the far eastern side of <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and the extreme western side of <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>, and in Switzerland in the cantons of <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[9]</a> The language is also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> by Lombard immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Bergamo" title="Province of Bergamo">Province of Bergamo</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-14">[10]</a> <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Lombard</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">lombard, lumbard, lumbart, lombart</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Italy<a href="#cite_note-JMI-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CMO-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFI-3">[3]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a></li></ul> Switzerland<a href="#cite_note-JMI-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CMO-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFI-3">[3]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a></li></ul> Brazil<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3.8 million (2002)<a href="#cite_note-e18-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Gallo-Iberian<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Lombard–<a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>?<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Lombard</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Italic_language" title="Old Gallo-Italic language">Old Gallo-Italic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard">Old Lombard</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard dialect">Eastern Lombard</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/lmo" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:lmo">lmo</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lomb1257">lomb1257</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAA-oc">& 51-AAA-od 51-AAA-oc & 51-AAA-od</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lombard_Language_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lombard_Language_distribution.png/320px-Lombard_Language_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lombard_Language_distribution.png/480px-Lombard_Language_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lombard_Language_distribution.png/640px-Lombard_Language_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1342"></a><div style="text-align:left;">Lombard language distribution in Europe: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Areas where Lombard is spoken</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Areas where Lombard is spoken alongside other languages (<a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>) and areas of linguistic transition (with <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Emilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian language">Emilian</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Areas of influence of Lombard (Tridentine dialect)</div> ? Areas of uncertain diffusion of Ladin</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153"></a><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Lombard is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origins">1.1 Origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#From_the_15th_to_the_17th_century">1.2 From the 15th to the 17th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#In_the_modern_era">1.3 In the modern era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#In_the_contemporary_era">1.4 In the contemporary era</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Status">2 Status</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Speakers">2.1 Speakers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Classification">3 Classification</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Varieties">3.1 Varieties</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Literature">4 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Usage">5 Usage</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#In_Switzerland">5.1 In Switzerland</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#In_Italy">5.2 In Italy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Phonology">6 Phonology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Consonants">6.1 Consonants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Vowels">6.2 Vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Ortografie_sperimentali">6.3 Ortografie sperimentali</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Sources">10 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The most ancient <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_substratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic substratum">linguistic substratum</a> that has left a mark on the Lombard language is that of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgnoletto1992120-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Ilario200328-16">[12]</a> However, available information about the ancient language and its influence on modern Lombard is extremely vague and limited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgnoletto1992120-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Ilario200328-16">[12]</a> That is in sharp contrast to the influence left by the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, who settled in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> and brought their <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> and culturally and linguistically Celticised the Ligures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Ilario200329-17">[13]</a> The Celtic substratum of modern Lombard and the neighbouring languages of Northern Italy is self-evident and so the Lombard language is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic language</a> (from the ancient Roman name for the Celts, <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgnoletto1992120-15">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman domination</a> shaped the dialects spoken in the area, which is called <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> ("Gaul, this side of the mountains") by the Romans, and much of the <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> of the Lombard language have their origin in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Ilario200329-17">[13]</a> However, that influence was not homogeneous<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgnoletto1992120-15">[11]</a> since idioms of different areas were influenced by previous linguistic substrata, and each area was marked by a stronger or weaker Latinisation or the preservation of ancient Celtic characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgnoletto1992120-15">[11]</a> The Germanic <a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Lombardic language</a> also left strong traces in modern Lombard, as it was the variety of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> that was spoken by the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> (or Longobards), who settled in Northern Italy, which is called <a href="/wiki/Lombardy_(historical_region)" title="Lombardy (historical region)">Greater Lombardy</a> after them, and in other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. Lombardic acted as a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_superstratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic superstratum">linguistic superstratum</a> on Lombard and neighboring Gallo-Italic languages since the Germanic Lombards did not impose their language by law on the Gallo-Roman population, but they rather acquired the Gallo-Italic language from the local population. Lombardic left traces, mostly in lexicon and phonetics, without Germanicising the local language in its structure and so Lombard preserved its Romance structure.<a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_15th_to_the_17th_century">From the 15th to the 17th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: From the 15th to the 17th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Bressani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Giovanni_Bressani.jpg/220px-Giovanni_Bressani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="370"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 313px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Giovanni_Bressani.jpg/220px-Giovanni_Bressani.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="313" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Giovanni_Bressani.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Giovanni Bressani, author of satirical poems in the Bergamo dialect</figcaption></figure> From the 15th century onwards, literary Tuscan began to supplant the use of northern vernaculars such as Lombard, even regardless of the fact that Lombard itself began to be heavily influenced by the Tuscan vernacular. Prior to that, the Lombard language was widely used in administrative spheres.<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a> Among those who favoured the strengthening of Tuscan influences over Lombard culture was the Duke of Milan Ludovico il Moro; during his reign he brought numerous men of culture from the Republic of Florence to the Sforza court, the most famous of whom was certainly Leonardo da Vinci.<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> At the same time, however, Lancino Curzio still wrote some works in Milanese dialect at the Sforza court.<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> Between the 15th and 16th centuries, the Lombard language was widely and actively discredited in Italian literary circles. Tuscan writers and humanists such as <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pulci" title="Luigi Pulci">Luigi Pulci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Dei" title="Benedetto Dei">Benedetto Dei</a> recorded aspects of the language spoken in Milan in the form of parodies;<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> similarly, the Asti-born writer Giorgio Alione parodied Milanese in his Commedia e farse carnovalesche nei dialetti astigiano, milanese e francese misti con latino barbaro (eng. "Comedy and carnival farces in the Asti, Milanese and French dialects mixed with barbaric Latin") composed at the end of the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> The Florentine humanist <a href="/wiki/Lionardo_Salviati" title="Lionardo Salviati">Leonardo Salviati</a>, one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca" title="Accademia della Crusca">Accademia della Crusca</a>, an important Italian linguistic academy operating to this day, published a series of translations of a Boccaccian tale into various vernaculars (including Bergamo and Milanese) explicitly in order to demonstrate how ugly and awkward they were compared to Tuscan.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> At the same time, the 15th century saw the first signs of a true Lombard literature: in the eastern parts of Lombardy, the Bergamo-born <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Bressani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Bressani (page does not exist)">Giovanni Bressani</a> composed numerous volumes of satirical poetry and the Brescia-born Galeazzo dagli Orzi wrote his Massera da bé, a sort of theatrical dialogue;<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> in the west of the region area, the Mannerist painter Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo lead the composition of the "arabesques" in the Accademia dei Facchini della Val di Blenio, a Milanese <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">academy</a> founded in 1560.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> At the beginning of the 17th century, the Ossola native Giovanni Capis published the Varon milanes de la lengua de Milan (eng. "Varrone Milanese on the language of Milan"), a sort of etymological dictionary was published.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meneghino_-_stampa_ottocento.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Meneghino_-_stampa_ottocento.jpg/170px-Meneghino_-_stampa_ottocento.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="539"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 278px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Meneghino_-_stampa_ottocento.jpg/170px-Meneghino_-_stampa_ottocento.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="278" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Meneghino_-_stampa_ottocento.jpg/255px-Meneghino_-_stampa_ottocento.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Meneghino_-_stampa_ottocento.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Meneghino, a character from the Milanese theatre, who later became a mask of the commedia dell'arte</figcaption></figure> An example of a text in ancient Milanese dialect is this excerpt from Il falso filosofo (1698), act III, scene XIV, where <a href="/wiki/Meneghino" title="Meneghino">Meneghino</a>, a traditional Milanese character from the <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a>, presents himself in court (Lombard on the left, Italian translation on the right): <div style="padding:1em 3em 1em 3em"><div style="display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap; gap:3em"><div style="flex: 1 0 300px;"> <div class="poem"> «E mì interrogatus ghe responditt. Sont Meneghin Tandœuggia, Ciamæ par sora nomm el Tananan, Del condamm Marchionn ditt el Sginsgiva; Sont servitor del sior Pomponi Gonz, C'al è trent agn che'l servj» </div> </div><div style="flex: 1 0 300px;"> <div class="poem"> E io interrogatus risposi: Sono Meneghino Babbeo chiamato per soprannome il Ciampichino del fu Marchionne detto il Gengiva; sono servitore del signor Pomponio Gonzo che servo da trent'anni </div> </div></div>— Meneghino appears in court in "The False Philosopher" (1698), act III, scene XIV<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> </div> The 17th century also saw the rise of the figure of the playwright Carlo Maria Maggi, who normalised the spelling of the Milanese dialect and who created, among other things, the Milanese mask of Meneghino.<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> A friend and correspondent of Maggi was Francesco De Lemene, author of La sposa Francesca (the first literary work in modern <a href="/wiki/Lodi,_Lombardy" title="Lodi, Lombardy">Lodi</a> dialect)<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> and of a translation of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Delivered" title="Jerusalem Delivered">Gerusalemme liberata</a>. Moreover, the 17th century saw the emergence of the first <a href="/wiki/Bosinada" title="Bosinada">bosinade</a>: popular poems written on loose sheets and posted in the squares or read (or even sung) in public; they were widely diffused until the first decades of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_modern_era">In the modern era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In the modern era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Porta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Carlo_Porta.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="126" data-file-height="186"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 126px;height: 186px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Carlo_Porta.jpg" data-width="126" data-height="186" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Carlo Porta, the most important author of Lombard literature, also included among the greatest poets of Italian national literature</figcaption></figure> Milanese literature in the 18th century was quickly developing: some important names which emerged in that period include <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Balestrieri_(writer)" title="Domenico Balestrieri (writer)">Domenico Balestrieri</a>, who was associated the famous poet <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Parini" title="Giuseppe Parini">Giuseppe Parini</a>. The latter wrote some compositions in the Lombard language.<a href="#cite_note-anticacredenza-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> One of the most important writers of the period was the Bergamo-based abbot <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Rottario" title="Giuseppe Rottario">Giuseppe Rota</a>, author of a substantial (unpublished) Bergamo-Italian-Latin vocabulary and of several poetic works in the Orobic idiom, which he always called "lingua".<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> In this period the linguistic characteristics of Lombard were well recognizable and comparable to the modern ones, except for some phonetic peculiarities and the presence of a remote past tense, replaced almost fully by the past perfect tense by 1875.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-remoto-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-veja-37">[33]</a> The beginning of the 19th century was dominated by the figure of <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Porta" title="Carlo Porta">Carlo Porta</a>, recognized by many as the most important author of Lombard literature, also included among the greatest poets of Italian national literature. With him some of the highest peaks of expressiveness in the Lombard language were reached, which clearly emerged in works such as La Ninetta del Verzee, Desgrazzi de Giovannin Bongee, La guerra di pret and Lament del Marchionn de gamb avert.<a href="#cite_note-porta-38">[34]</a> Milanese poetic production assumed such important dimensions that in 1815 the scholar <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cherubini" title="Francesco Cherubini">Francesco Cherubini</a> published an anthology of Lombard literature in four volumes, which included texts written from the seventeenth century to his day.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_contemporary_era">In the contemporary era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In the contemporary era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felice_Musazzi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Felice_Musazzi.JPG/220px-Felice_Musazzi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Felice_Musazzi.JPG/220px-Felice_Musazzi.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Felice_Musazzi.JPG/330px-Felice_Musazzi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Felice_Musazzi.JPG/440px-Felice_Musazzi.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The monument to Felice Musazzi and the theatrical mask of Teresa, which is located in Legnano</figcaption></figure> In the first part of the 20th century, the greatest exponent of Lombard literature was the Milanese lawyer <a href="/wiki/Delio_Tessa" title="Delio Tessa">Delio Tessa</a>, who distanced himself from the Portian tradition by giving his texts a strong expressionist tone.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> In Bergamo, the most prominent advocate of Lombard language was <a href="/wiki/Bortolo_Belotti" title="Bortolo Belotti">Bortolo Belotti</a>, a lawyer, historian and minister in the liberal governments of the time.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> The Lombard language became known outside its linguistic borders thanks to I Legnanesi, a theatre company that performed comedies in the <a href="/wiki/Legnanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Legnanese">Legnanese</a> dialect and which is the most famous example of <a href="/wiki/Travesti_(theatre)" title="Travesti (theatre)">travesti theatre</a> in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-ilgiorno-42">[38]</a> In their comic shows the actors propose to the public satirical figures of the typical Lombard court; founded in <a href="/wiki/Legnano" title="Legnano">Legnano</a> in 1949 by Felice Musazzi, Tony Barlocco and Luigi Cavalleri, it is among the most famous companies in the European dialect theatre scene.<a href="#cite_note-ilgiorno-42">[38]</a> The 21st century has also seen the use of Lombard in contemporary music, such as in the musical pieces of Davide Van De Sfroos<a href="#cite_note-antologia-43">[39]</a> and in the translations into Lombard of the works of Bob Dylan.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> There is no shortage of translations of great literary classics; in fact, there are numerous versions in Lombard of works such as Pinocchio, The Betrothed, The Little Prince, the Divine Comedy and – in religious literature – of the Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Lombard is considered a <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> that is structurally separate from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> by both <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> Red Book on Endangered Languages. However, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> do not recognize Lombard-speakers as a linguistic minority. In Italy, that is the same as for most other minority languages,<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> which have been for a long time incorrectly classed as corrupted <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">regional dialects of Italian</a>. However, Lombard and Italian belong to different subgroups of the Romance language family, and Lombard's historical development is not related to <a href="/wiki/Standard_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Italian">Standard Italian</a>, which is derived from <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speakers">Speakers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Speakers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/WIKITONGUES-_Pietro_speaking_Lombard.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Pietro_speaking_Lombard.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="121" data-durationhint="261" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Pietro_speaking_Lombard.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Pietro_speaking_Lombard.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/WIKITONGUES-_Pietro_speaking_Lombard.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pietro_speaking_Lombard.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="470"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/WIKITONGUES-_Pietro_speaking_Lombard.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="854" data-height="470"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/WIKITONGUES-_Pietro_speaking_Lombard.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pietro_speaking_Lombard.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="234"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/WIKITONGUES-_Pietro_speaking_Lombard.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pietro_speaking_Lombard.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/WIKITONGUES-_Pietro_speaking_Lombard.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pietro_speaking_Lombard.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352"></source></video><figcaption>A Lombard speaker</figcaption></figure> Historically, the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> spoke only Lombard, as "Italian" was merely a literary language, and most Italians were not able to read or write.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Italian economic miracle</a>, Standard Italian arose throughout Italy and Lombard-speaking Switzerland, wholly-<a href="/wiki/Monoglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoglot">monolingual</a> Lombard-speakers became a rarity as time went by, but a small minority may still be uncomfortable speaking Standard Italian. Surveys in Italy find that all Lombard-speakers also speak Italian, and their command of both two languages varies according to their <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geographical</a> position as well as their <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">socio</a>-<a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic</a> situation. The most reliable predictor was found to be the speaker's age. Studies have found that young people are much less likely to speak Lombard as proficiently as their grandparents.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> In some areas, elderly people are more used to speaking Lombard than Italian even though they know both. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romance-lg-classification-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romance-lg-classification-en.svg/220px-Romance-lg-classification-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="556"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romance-lg-classification-en.svg/220px-Romance-lg-classification-en.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romance-lg-classification-en.svg/330px-Romance-lg-classification-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romance-lg-classification-en.svg/440px-Romance-lg-classification-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chart of Romance languages based on structural and comparative criteria</figcaption></figure> Lombard belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Italic">Gallo-Italic</a> (Cisalpine) group of <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Romance">Western Romance</a> subdivision.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varieties">Varieties</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Varieties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Traditionally, the Lombard dialects have been classified into the Eastern, Western, Alpine and Southern Lombard dialects.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> The varieties of the Italian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan" title="Metropolitan City of Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Varese" title="Province of Varese">Varese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Como" title="Province of Como">Como</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lecco" title="Province of Lecco">Lecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lodi" title="Province of Lodi">Lodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Monza_and_Brianza" title="Province of Monza and Brianza">Monza and Brianza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pavia" title="Province of Pavia">Pavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Mantua" title="Province of Mantua">Mantua</a> belong to <a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialects" title="Western Lombard dialects">Western Lombard</a>, and the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Bergamo" title="Province of Bergamo">Bergamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brescia" title="Province of Brescia">Brescia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Cremona" title="Province of Cremona">Cremona</a> are dialects of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard dialect">Eastern Lombard</a>. All varieties spoken in the Swiss areas (both in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_(administrative_division)" title="Canton (administrative division)">Canton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> and the Canton of <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a>) are Western, and both Western and Eastern varieties are found in the Italian areas. The varieties of the Alpine valleys of <a href="/wiki/Valchiavenna" title="Valchiavenna">Valchiavenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sondrio" title="Sondrio">Sondrio</a>) and upper-<a href="/wiki/Valcamonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Valcamonica">Valcamonica</a> (Brescia) and the four Lombard valleys of the Swiss canton of <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a> have some peculiarities of their own and some traits in common with Eastern Lombard but should be considered Western.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Also, dialects from the <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a> provinces of <a href="/wiki/Verbano-Cusio-Ossola" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbano-Cusio-Ossola">Verbano-Cusio-Ossola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Novara" title="Province of Novara">Novara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Valsesia" title="Valsesia">Valsesia</a> valley (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Vercelli" title="Province of Vercelli">province of Vercelli</a>), and the city of <a href="/wiki/Tortona" title="Tortona">Tortona</a> are closer to Western Lombard than to Piedmontese.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Alternatively, following the traditional classification, the varieties spoken in parts of <a href="/wiki/Sondrio" title="Sondrio">Sondrio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grigioni" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigioni">Grigioni</a> can be considered as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpine_Lombard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpine Lombard (page does not exist)">Alpine Lombard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> and those spoken in southern Lombardy such as in Pavia, Lodi, Cremona and Mantova can be classified as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Lombard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Lombard (page does not exist)">Southern Lombard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard literature">Western Lombard literature</a></div> Lacking a standard language, authors in the 13th and 14th language created <a href="/wiki/Franco-Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Lombard">Franco-Lombard</a>, a mixed language including <a href="/wiki/Old_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old French language">Old French</a>, for their literary works. The Lombard variety with the oldest literary tradition (from the 13th century) is that of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Milanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Milanese">Milanese</a>, the native Lombard variety of the area, has now almost completely been superseded by Italian from the heavy influx of migrants from other parts of Italy (especially from <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>) during the rapid industrialization after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a> is a comprehensive denomination for the Lombard varieties that are spoken in Swiss canton <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> (Tessin), and the Ticinese koiné is the Western Lombard <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Koiné">koiné</a> used by speakers of local dialects (particularly those diverging from the koiné itself) when they communicate with speakers of other Lombard dialects of <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grigioni</a> or Italian <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>. The koiné is similar to Milanese and the varieties of the neighbouring provinces on the Italian side of the border. There is extant literature in other varieties of Lombard like La masséra da bé, a theatrical work in early Eastern Lombard, written by Galeazzo dagli Orzi (1492–?) presumably in 1554.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mappa_Dialetti_lombardi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mappa_Dialetti_lombardi.svg/220px-Mappa_Dialetti_lombardi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="706"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mappa_Dialetti_lombardi.svg/220px-Mappa_Dialetti_lombardi.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mappa_Dialetti_lombardi.svg/330px-Mappa_Dialetti_lombardi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mappa_Dialetti_lombardi.svg/440px-Mappa_Dialetti_lombardi.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Detailed geographic distribution of Lombard dialects Legend: L01 – <a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard">Western Lombard</a>; L02 – <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard">Eastern Lombard</a>; L03 – Southern Lombard; L04 – Alpine Lombard</figcaption></figure> Standard Italian is widely used in Lombard-speaking areas. However, the status of Lombard is quite different in the Swiss and Italian areas and so the Swiss areas have now become the real strongholds of Lombard. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Switzerland">In Switzerland</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In Switzerland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LSI_CDE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/LSI_CDE.jpg/220px-LSI_CDE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="389"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/LSI_CDE.jpg/220px-LSI_CDE.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/LSI_CDE.jpg/330px-LSI_CDE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/LSI_CDE.jpg/440px-LSI_CDE.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The LSI, published in 2004</figcaption></figure> In the Swiss areas, the local Lombard <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> are generally better preserved and more vital than in Italy. No negative feelings are associated with the use of Lombard in everyday life, even with complete strangers. Some radio and television programmes, particularly comedies, are occasionally broadcast by the <a href="/wiki/Radiotelevisione_svizzera" title="Radiotelevisione svizzera">Swiss Italian-speaking broadcasting company</a> in Lombard. Moreover, it is common for people to answer in Lombard in spontaneous interviews. Even some television advertisements have been broadcast in Lombard. The major research institution working on Lombard dialects is in <a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (CDE – Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia, a governmental (cantonal) institution); there is no comparable institution in Italy. In December 2004, it released a dictionary in five volumes, covering all Lombard varieties spoken in the Swiss areas.<a href="#cite_note-:0-55">[N 5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Italy">In Italy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In Italy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/WIKITONGUES-_Jacopo_speaking_Lombard.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Jacopo_speaking_Lombard.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="180" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Jacopo_speaking_Lombard.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Jacopo_speaking_Lombard.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/WIKITONGUES-_Jacopo_speaking_Lombard.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jacopo_speaking_Lombard.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/WIKITONGUES-_Jacopo_speaking_Lombard.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jacopo_speaking_Lombard.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/WIKITONGUES-_Jacopo_speaking_Lombard.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/WIKITONGUES-_Jacopo_speaking_Lombard.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jacopo_speaking_Lombard.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/WIKITONGUES-_Jacopo_speaking_Lombard.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jacopo_speaking_Lombard.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/WIKITONGUES-_Jacopo_speaking_Lombard.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jacopo_speaking_Lombard.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>A Lombard-speaker, recorded in Italy</figcaption></figure> Today, in most urban areas of Italian Lombardy, people under 40 years old speak almost exclusively Italian in their daily lives because of schooling and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> broadcasts in Italian. However, in rural areas, Lombard is still vital and used alongside Italian. A certain revival of the use of Lombard has been observed in the last decade. The popularity of modern artists singing their lyrics in Lombard dialects (in Italian rock dialettale, the best known of such artists being Davide Van de Sfroos) is also a relatively-new but growing phenomenon involving the Swiss and the Italian areas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Lombard is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Campione_d%27Italia" title="Campione d'Italia">Campione d'Italia</a>, an exclave of Italy that is surrounded by Swiss territory on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Lugano" title="Lake Lugano">Lake Lugano</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The following tables show the sounds that are used in all Lombard dialects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes<a href="#cite_note-:23-56">[51]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Labial </th> <th>Alveolar </th> <th>(Palato-) alveolar </th> <th>Velar </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Nasal </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Stop </th> <th>voiceless </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>voiced </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Affricate </th> <th>voiceless </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>voiced </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Fricative </th> <th>voiceless </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>voiced </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Approximant </th> <th>central </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>lateral </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants">l</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Trill </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard">Eastern Lombard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese dialect</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] /dz/, /z/ and /ʒ/ merge to [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] and /ts/, /s/ and /ʃ/ merge to [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]. In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard">Eastern Lombard</a>, the last sound is often further <a href="/wiki/Debuccalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Debuccalized">debuccalized</a> to [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vowel phonemes<a href="#cite_note-:22-57">[52]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Front </th> <th rowspan="2">Central </th> <th rowspan="2">Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>Unrounded </th> <th>Rounded </th></tr> <tr> <th>High </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i iː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y yː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Mid </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e eː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø øː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">(œ)</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Low </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a aː</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard">Western varieties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> is contrastive (<a href="/wiki/Milanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Milanes">Milanese</a> andà "to go" and andaa "gone"),<a href="#cite_note-:2-59">[54]</a> but Eastern varieties normally use only short <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a>. Two repeating orthographic vowels are separated by a dash to prevent them from being confused with a long vowel: a-a in ca-àl "horse".<a href="#cite_note-:2-59">[54]</a> Western long /aː/ and short /ø/ tend to be back [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a>] and lower [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a>], respectively, and /e/ and /ɛ/ may merge to [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ortografie_sperimentali">Ortografie sperimentali</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ortografie sperimentali" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There have been contemporary attempts to develop alternative spelling systems suitable for use by all variants of Lombard. Among these, there is the attempt to develop a unified spelling (lomb. urtugrafia ünificada), which has not taken root due to the excessive complexity and lack of intuitiveness (as well as the lack of adaptability to the Italian keyboard) of the system, which uses symbols such as ç for /z/ and /ʧ/, or ə for unstressed /a/, /ə/ and /e/, as well as the obligation to mark the vowel length, despite the elimination of the accents on the first grapheme of the digraph (aa and not àa).<a href="#cite_note-:8-60">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> Some examples are presented below: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografia_milanese_classica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortografia milanese classica (page does not exist)">Ortografia</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografia_milanese_classica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortografia milanese classica (page does not exist)">classica</a> (1600-) </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografia_ticinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortografia ticinese (page does not exist)">Ortografia</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografia_ticinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortografia ticinese (page does not exist)">ticinese</a> (1907-) </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografia_moderna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortografia moderna (page does not exist)">Ortografia</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografia_moderna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortografia moderna (page does not exist)">moderna</a> (1979-) </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scriver_Lombard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scriver Lombard (page does not exist)">Scriver</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scriver_Lombard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scriver Lombard (page does not exist)">Lombard</a> (2011-) </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noeuva_Ortografia_Lombarda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noeuva Ortografia Lombarda (page does not exist)">Noeuva</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noeuva_Ortografia_Lombarda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noeuva Ortografia Lombarda (page does not exist)">Ortografia</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noeuva_Ortografia_Lombarda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noeuva Ortografia Lombarda (page does not exist)">Lombarda</a> (2020-) </th> <th>Phonetic (IPA) </th> <th>Italian translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>lombard </td> <td>lumbaart </td> <td>lumbàrt </td> <td>lombard </td> <td>lombard </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/lum'ba:rt/</a> </td> <td>lombardo </td></tr> <tr> <td>su </td> <td>sü sö </td> <td>sü sö </td> <td>su sœ </td> <td>su soeu </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/sy/</a> (west.) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/sø/</a> (east.) </td> <td>su </td></tr> <tr> <td>fiœu </td> <td>fiöö fiöl </td> <td>fiöö fiöl </td> <td>fiœl </td> <td>fioeul </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/fjø:/</a> (west.) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/fjøl/</a> (east.) </td> <td>ragazzo </td></tr> <tr> <td>comun </td> <td>cumün comü </td> <td>cumün comü </td> <td>comun </td> <td>comun </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/ku'myn/</a> (west.) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/ko'my/</a> (east.) </td> <td>comune </td></tr> <tr> <td>nazion </td> <td>nassiù(n) nazziù(n) </td> <td>nasiù(n) naziù(n) </td> <td>nazion </td> <td>nazzion </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/na'sju(n)/</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/na'tsju(n)/</a> </td> <td>nazione </td></tr> <tr> <td>giamò </td> <td>giamò </td> <td>giamò </td> <td>jamò </td> <td>sgiamò </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/ʤa'mɔ/</a> </td> <td>di già </td></tr> <tr> <td>casetta </td> <td>caseta </td> <td>caʃèta </td> <td>caseta </td> <td>caseta </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/ka'zɛta/</a> </td> <td>casetta </td></tr> <tr> <td>gatt </td> <td>gatt </td> <td>gàt </td> <td>gat </td> <td>gat </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/gat/</a> </td> <td>gatto </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lecch </td> <td>Lecch </td> <td>Lèch </td> <td>Lec </td> <td>Lech </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/lɛk/</a> </td> <td>Lecco </td></tr> <tr> <td>Còmm </td> <td>Comm Cumm </td> <td>Còm Cum </td> <td>Com </td> <td>Com </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/kɔm/</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/kum/</a> </td> <td>Como </td></tr> <tr> <td>parlaa </td> <td>parlaa parlàt </td> <td>parla parlàt </td> <td>parlad </td> <td>parlad </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/par'la:/</a> (west.) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/par'lat/</a> (east.) </td> <td>parlato </td></tr> <tr> <td>pajœu </td> <td>pajöö pajöl </td> <td>paiöö paiöl </td> <td>paiœl </td> <td>pajoeul </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/pa'jø:/</a> (west.) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/pa'jøl/</a> (east.) </td> <td>paiolo </td></tr> <tr> <td>dur </td> <td>düür </td> <td>düür </td> <td>dur </td> <td>dur </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA (page does not exist)">/dy:r/</a> </td> <td>duro </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diachronics_of_plural_inflection_in_the_Gallo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Diachronics of plural inflection in the Gallo-Italian languages">Diachronics of plural inflection in the Gallo-Italian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilian-Romagnol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian-Romagnol language">Emilian-Romagnol language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Spezia%E2%80%93Rimini_Line" title="La Spezia–Rimini Line">La Spezia–Rimini Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bec" title="Pierre Bec">Pierre Bec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_plurals" title="Romance plurals">Romance plurals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian language</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Milanese_orthography" title="Classical Milanese orthography">Classical Milanese orthography</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scriver_Lombard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scriver Lombard (page does not exist)">Scriver Lombard</a> [<a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriver_Lombard" class="extiw" title="lmo:Scriver Lombard">lmo</a>] and <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Lombard_Orthography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Lombard Orthography (page does not exist)">New Lombard Orthography</a> [<a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noeuva_Ortografia_Lombarda" class="extiw" title="lmo:Noeuva Ortografia Lombarda">lmo</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-8"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_8-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticinese</a> orthography. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Modern Western orthography and Classical Cremish Orthography. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard">Eastern</a> unified orthography.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-55"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_55-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051123045803/http://www.ti.ch/decs/dc/cde/temi/lessico.asp?menu=11">"Lessico dialettale della Svizzera italiana (LSI)"</a> [Dialectal Lexicon of Italian Switzerland (LSI)], Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia (in Italian), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ti.ch/decs/dc/cde/temi/lessico.asp?menu=11">the original</a> on 23 November 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centro+di+dialettologia+e+di+etnografia&rft.atitle=Lessico+dialettale+della+Svizzera+italiana+%28LSI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ti.ch%2Fdecs%2Fdc%2Fcde%2Ftemi%2Flessico.asp%3Fmenu%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JMI-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JMI_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMI_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2000" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups. Westport.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Europe%2C+many+nations%3A+a+historical+dictionary+of+European+national+groups&rft.place=Westport&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-CMO-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMO_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMO_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley2007" class="citation book cs1">Moseley, Christopher (2007). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+world%27s+endangered+languages&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-AFI-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFI_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFI_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColuzzi2007" class="citation book cs1">Coluzzi, Paolo (2007). Minority language planning and micronationalism in Italy. Berne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minority+language+planning+and+micronationalism+in+Italy&rft.place=Berne&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Coluzzi&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1">b</a> Spoken in <a href="/wiki/Botuver%C3%A1" title="Botuverá">Botuverá</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, municipality established by Italian migrants coming from the valley between <a href="/wiki/Treviglio" title="Treviglio">Treviglio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crema,_Lombardy" title="Crema, Lombardy">Crema</a>. A thesis of <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> about Brasilian Bergamasque: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/52581/Thesis.pdf?sequence=1">[1]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-e18-5"><a href="#cite_ref-e18_5-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lmo/">Lombard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m" title="Harald Hammarström">Hammarström, Harald</a>; Forkel, Robert; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Haspelmath" title="Martin Haspelmath">Haspelmath, Martin</a>; Bank, Sebastian (10 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239">"Glottolog 4.8 - Piemontese-Lombard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962">10.5281/zenodo.7398962</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029130658/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Piemontese-Lombard&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fpiem1239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www4.ti.ch/decs/dcsu/cde/pubblicazioni/vocabolario-dei-dialetti-della-svizzera-italiana/">"Vocabolario dei dialetti della Svizzera italiana - CDE (DECS) - Repubblica e Cantone Ticino"</a> [Vocabulary of Swiss Italian dialects]. www4.ti.ch. Retrieved 8 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www4.ti.ch&rft.atitle=Vocabolario+dei+dialetti+della+Svizzera+italiana+-+CDE+%28DECS%29+-+Repubblica+e+Cantone+Ticino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww4.ti.ch%2Fdecs%2Fdcsu%2Fcde%2Fpubblicazioni%2Fvocabolario-dei-dialetti-della-svizzera-italiana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-12"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=LMO">"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: LMO"</a>. <q>Identifier: LMO - Language(s) Name: Lombard - Status: Active - Code set: 639-3 - Scope: Individual - Type: Living</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documentation+for+ISO+639+identifier%3A+LMO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fdocumentation.asp%3Fid%3DLMO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesSoria2015" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Mary C.; Soria, Claudia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-ZBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA130">"Assessing the effect of official recognition on the vitality of endangered languages: a case of study from Italy"</a>. Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316352410" title="Special:BookSources/9781316352410"><bdi>9781316352410</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170421123006/https://books.google.it/books?id=v-ZBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA130">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2017 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>Lombard (Lumbard, ISO 639-9 lmo) is a cluster of essentially homogeneous varieties (Tamburelli 2014: 9) belonging to the Gallo-Italic group. It is spoken in the Italian region of Lombardy, in the Novara province of Piedmont and in Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">Mutual intelligibility</a> between Lombard and Italian has been reported as very low (Tamburelli 2014). Although some Lombard varieties, Milanese in particular, enjoy a rather long and prestigious literary tradition, Lombard is now used mostly in informal domains. According to <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, Piedmontese and Lombard are respectively spoken by between 1,600,000 and 2,000,000 speakers and around 3,500,000 speakers. Those are very high figures for languages that have never been recognised officially or systematically taught in schools.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+effect+of+official+recognition+on+the+vitality+of+endangered+languages%3A+a+case+of+study+from+Italy&rft.btitle=Policy+and+Planning+for+Endangered+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781316352410&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Mary+C.&rft.au=Soria%2C+Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-ZBCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonfadini" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bonfadini, Giovanni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-lombardi_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano%29/">"lombard, dialects"</a> [lombard dialects]. <a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" class="mw-redirect" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a> (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enciclopedia+Treccani&rft.atitle=lombard%2C+dialects&rft.aulast=Bonfadini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fdialetti-lombardi_%2528Enciclopedia-dell%2527Italiano%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgnoletto1992120-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgnoletto1992120_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgnoletto1992120_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgnoletto1992120_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgnoletto1992120_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgnoletto1992120_15-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgnoletto1992">Agnoletto 1992</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Ilario200328-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Ilario200328_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Ilario200328_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Ilario2003">D'Ilario 2003</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Ilario200329-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Ilario200329_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Ilario200329_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Ilario2003">D'Ilario 2003</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lagobba.it/?p=652">"Il milanese crogiuolo di tanti idiomi"</a> [The Milanese melting pot of many languages] (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924183757/http://www.lagobba.it/?p=652">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+milanese+crogiuolo+di+tanti+idiomi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lagobba.it%2F%3Fp%3D652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Brown, Josh: Testimonianze Di Una Precoce Toscanizzazione Nelle Lettere Commerciali del Mercante Milanese Francesco Tanso (?-1398), Archivio Datini, Prato <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-437059133.html">https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-437059133.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052204/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-437059133.html">Archived</a> 2018-08-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storico.org/umanesimo_rinascimento/ludovico_moro.html">"Ludovico il Moro e l'età aurea della Grande Milano"</a>. storico.org. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ludovico+il+Moro+e+l%27et%C3%A0+aurea+della+Grande+Milano&rft.pub=storico.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storico.org%2Fumanesimo_rinascimento%2Fludovico_moro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavoni2015" class="citation book cs1">Tavoni, Mirko (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OYbtCgAAQBAJ&dq=Lancino+Curti+dialetto+milanese&pg=PA153">Storia della lingua italiana. Il Quattrocento</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6292-538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6292-538-9"><bdi>978-88-6292-538-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+della+lingua+italiana.+Il+Quattrocento.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-88-6292-538-9&rft.aulast=Tavoni&rft.aufirst=Mirko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOYbtCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLancino%2BCurti%2Bdialetto%2Bmilanese%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Mirko Tavoni, Storia della lingua italiana. Il Quattrocento, Libreriauniversitaria.it Edizioni, 2015, p. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDBI" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani" title="Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani">Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</a> (in Italian). Rome: <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>. 1960–2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6"><bdi>978-8-81200032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Istituto+dell%27Enciclopedia+Italiana&rft.date=1960%2F2020&rft.isbn=978-8-81200032-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Salviati, Leonardo: Degli Avvertimenti Della Lingua Sopra Il Decamerone, Raillard, 1712 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaller1999" class="citation book cs1">Haller, Hermann (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_F4C4AXtLFIC&dq=Giovanni+Bressani+Galeazzo+dagli+Orzi&pg=PA106">The Other Italy: The Literary Canon in Dialect</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4424-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4424-2"><bdi>978-0-8020-4424-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Italy%3A+The+Literary+Canon+in+Dialect&rft.date=1999-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-4424-2&rft.aulast=Haller&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_F4C4AXtLFIC%26dq%3DGiovanni%2BBressani%2BGaleazzo%2Bdagli%2BOrzi%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDBI" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani" title="Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani">Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</a> (in Italian). Rome: <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>. 1960–2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6"><bdi>978-8-81200032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Istituto+dell%27Enciclopedia+Italiana&rft.date=1960%2F2020&rft.isbn=978-8-81200032-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefani2010" class="citation book cs1">Stefani, Guglielmo (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7fAAgAAQBAJ&dq=Varon+Milanes+dizionario+etimologico&pg=PA65">Dizionario corografico del Novarese</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-488-1157-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-488-1157-6"><bdi>978-88-488-1157-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizionario+corografico+del+Novarese&rft.date=2010-11&rft.isbn=978-88-488-1157-6&rft.aulast=Stefani&rft.aufirst=Guglielmo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7fAAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DVaron%2BMilanes%2Bdizionario%2Betimologico%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlo_Maria_Maggi1701" class="citation book cs1">Carlo Maria Maggi (1701). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kPQmkrFoPdYC&pg=PA100">Comedie e rime in lingua milanese</a>. Vol. 2. Milano. pp. 100–101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comedie+e+rime+in+lingua+milanese&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=100-101&rft.date=1701&rft.au=Carlo+Maria+Maggi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkPQmkrFoPdYC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Atlante del Sapere: Maschere italiane, Edizioni Demetra, 2002, pag. 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> De Lemene, Francesco: La Sposa Francesca, Edizione curata da Dante Isella, Giulio Einaudi Editore, 1979. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Sapere.it: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/bosinada.html">Bosinada</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-anticacredenza-32"><a href="#cite_ref-anticacredenza_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506201135/http://www.anticacredenzasantambrogiomilano.org/linguastoria/7001.html">"Letteratura milanese - Il '700"</a>. anticacredenzasantambrogiomilano.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anticacredenzasantambrogiomilano.org/linguastoria/7001.html">the original</a> on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letteratura+milanese+-+Il+%27700&rft.pub=anticacredenzasantambrogiomilano.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anticacredenzasantambrogiomilano.org%2Flinguastoria%2F7001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.unicatt.it/search~S13*ita?/cFONDO+Silvio+Cipriani-E-75/cfondo+silvio+cipriani+e+++++++75/-3,-1,,E/browse">"Sistema bibliotecario e documentale"</a>. unicatt.it. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sistema+bibliotecario+e+documentale&rft.pub=unicatt.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopac.unicatt.it%2Fsearch~S13%2Aita%3F%2FcFONDO%2BSilvio%2BCipriani-E-75%2Fcfondo%2Bsilvio%2Bcipriani%2Be%2B%2B%2B%2B%2B%2B%2B75%2F-3%2C-1%2C%2CE%2Fbrowse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Biondelli, Bernardino: Saggio sui dialetti gallo-italici, Milano, 1853, pag. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114162543/https://academiabonvesin.eu/2022/09/el-passad-lontan-in-lombard/">"Il passato remoto in lombardo"</a> [The remote past in Lombard] (in Lombard). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academiabonvesin.eu/2022/09/el-passad-lontan-in-lombard/">the original</a> on 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+passato+remoto+in+lombardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademiabonvesin.eu%2F2022%2F09%2Fel-passad-lontan-in-lombard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-remoto-36"><a href="#cite_ref-remoto_36-0">^</a> Biondelli reports that the Milanese dialect was the first Lombard variant to lose this verb tense. Biondelli, Bernardino: Saggio sui dialetti Gallo-italici, 1853. </li> <li id="cite_note-veja-37"><a href="#cite_ref-veja_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veja.it/2012/06/07/la-lingua-padana-o-padanese-prima-parte/">"La lingua padana o padanese"</a>. veja.it. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+lingua+padana+o+padanese&rft.pub=veja.it&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veja.it%2F2012%2F06%2F07%2Fla-lingua-padana-o-padanese-prima-parte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-porta-38"><a href="#cite_ref-porta_38-0">^</a> Cite error: The named reference <code>porta</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/francesco-cherubini/">Cherubini, Francesco</a> entry (in Italian) in the <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Novelli, Mauro: I saggi lirici di Delio Tessa, LED, 2001, pagg. 52-54. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922050758/http://servizi.ct2.it/ssl/wiki/index.php?title=Bortolo_Belotti">"Bortolo Belotti"</a>. servizi.ct2.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://servizi.ct2.it/ssl/wiki/index.php?title=Bortolo_Belotti">the original</a> on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bortolo+Belotti&rft.pub=servizi.ct2.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fservizi.ct2.it%2Fssl%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBortolo_Belotti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilgiorno-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ilgiorno_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilgiorno_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilgiorno.it/milano/cronaca/2014/03/23/1042734-antonio-provasio-legnanesi-intervista.shtml#1">"Antonio Provasio, capocomico dei Legnanesi: "Milano mi dà il pane e mi riempie il cuore""</a>. ilgiorno.it. 22 March 2014. 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Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antologia+lombarda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Flombardofonia%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/musica/2016/10/17/news/bob_dylan-149853920/">"Il tempismo è perfetto, Bob Dylan è in dialetto lombardo: "È l'emblema dei cantastorie""</a>. repubblica.it. 17 October 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+tempismo+%C3%A8+perfetto%2C+Bob+Dylan+%C3%A8+in+dialetto+lombardo%3A+%22%C3%88+l%27emblema+dei+cantastorie%22&rft.pub=repubblica.it&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fspettacoli%2Fmusica%2F2016%2F10%2F17%2Fnews%2Fbob_dylan-149853920%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patrimonilinguistici.it/letteratura-lingua-locale-quale-futuro/">"Letteratura in lingua locale: quale futuro?"</a>. patrimonilinguistici.it. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letteratura+in+lingua+locale%3A+quale+futuro%3F&rft.pub=patrimonilinguistici.it&rft.date=2017-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatrimonilinguistici.it%2Fletteratura-lingua-locale-quale-futuro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColuzzi2004" class="citation book cs1">Coluzzi, P. (2004). Regional and Minority Languages in Italy. Marcator Working Papers. Vol. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+and+Minority+Languages+in+Italy&rft.series=Marcator+Working+Papers&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Coluzzi&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Wartburg1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Wartburg, W. (1950). Die Ausgliederung der romanischen Sprachräume [The spin-off of the Romance language areas] (in German). Bern: Francke.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Ausgliederung+der+romanischen+Sprachr%C3%A4ume&rft.place=Bern&rft.pub=Francke&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=von+Wartburg&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Mauro1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Mauro, T. (1970). Storia linguistica dell'Italia unita [Linguistic history of unified Italy] (in Italian) (Second ed.). Laterza, Berkeley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+linguistica+dell%27Italia+unita&rft.place=Laterza%2C+Berkeley&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=De+Mauro&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal-lem.com/images/it/Italie/Lingue_e_dialetti_e_lingue_straniere_in_Italia.pdf">report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100704234603/http://portal-lem.com/images/it/Italie/Lingue_e_dialetti_e_lingue_straniere_in_Italia.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by the Italian institute for national statistics. (<a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamburelliBrasca2018" class="citation journal cs1">Tamburelli, Marco; Brasca, Lissander (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/researchoutputs/revisiting-the-classification-of-galloitalic(50b956b1-e97b-43a1-b2c4-d2625ad2c270).html">"Revisiting the classification of Gallo-Italic: a dialectometric approach"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Scholarship_in_the_Humanities" title="Digital Scholarship in the Humanities">Digital Scholarship in the Humanities</a>. 33 (2): 442–455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fllc%2Ffqx041">10.1093/llc/fqx041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Scholarship+in+the+Humanities&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+classification+of+Gallo-Italic%3A+a+dialectometric+approach&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=442-455&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fllc%2Ffqx041&rft.aulast=Tamburelli&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Brasca%2C+Lissander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.bangor.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fresearchoutputs%2Frevisiting-the-classification-of-galloitalic%2850b956b1-e97b-43a1-b2c4-d2625ad2c270%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lingualombarda.it/index.php/lingua-lombarda-lato.html">"Lingua lombarda"</a> [Lombard language]. Lingua Lombarda (in Italian). Circolo Filologico Milanese.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lingua+Lombarda&rft.atitle=Lingua+lombarda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingualombarda.it%2Findex.php%2Flingua-lombarda-lato.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lingualombarda.it/index.php/lombardo-alpino-lato.html">"Lombardo alpino"</a> [Alpine Lombard]. Lingua Lombarda (in Italian). Circolo Filologico Milanese.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lingua+Lombarda&rft.atitle=Lombardo+alpino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingualombarda.it%2Findex.php%2Flombardo-alpino-lato.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lingualombarda.it/index.php/lombardo-meridionale-lato.html">"Lombardo meridionale"</a> [Southern Lombard]. Lingua Lombarda (in Italian). Circolo Filologico Milanese.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lingua+Lombarda&rft.atitle=Lombardo+meridionale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingualombarda.it%2Findex.php%2Flombardo-meridionale-lato.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w3L02qPzC9kC&pg=PA144">Produzione e circolazione del libro a Brescia tra Quattro e Cinquecento: atti della seconda Giornata di studi "Libri e lettori a Brescia tra Medioevo ed età moderna"</a> Valentina Grohovaz (Brescia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) 4 marzo 2004. Published by "Vita e Pensiero" in 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-343-1332-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-343-1332-1">88-343-1332-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-343-1332-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-343-1332-9">978-88-343-1332-9</a> (Google Books). </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-56"><a href="#cite_ref-:23_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanga1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia Lombarda [Lombard dialectology] (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>. pp. 283–285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialettologia+Lombarda&rft.pages=283-285&rft.pub=University+of+Pavia&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Sanga&rft.aufirst=Glauco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-57"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanga1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia Lombarda (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>. pp. 283–285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialettologia+Lombarda&rft.pages=283-285&rft.pub=University+of+Pavia&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Sanga&rft.aufirst=Glauco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> [œ] occurs in most areas of the language but may overlap in usage with [ø], as they both share the same trigram (oeu). </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanga1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia Lombarda (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>. pp. 283–285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialettologia+Lombarda&rft.pages=283-285&rft.pub=University+of+Pavia&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Sanga&rft.aufirst=Glauco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-60"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_60-0">^</a> Claudio Beretta e Cesare Comoletti, Grafia lombarda semplificata, 2003. In: Claudio Beretta (a c. di), Parlate e dialetti della Lombardia: lessico comparato, Milano, Mondadori: pp. 23-24. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Jørgen Giorgio Bosoni, Una proposta di grafia unificata per le varietà linguistiche lombarde: regole per la trascrizione, 2003. Bollettino Storico dell'Alta Valtellina 6: 195-298. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Claudio Meneghin, Rebuilding the Rhaeto-Cisalpine written language: Guidelines and criteria, 2007-2010. Part I: ORS-Orthography. Part II: Morphology, I: noun, article and personal pronoun. Part III. Morphology, II: adjectives, pronouns, invariables. Part IV. Morphology, III: the verb. Ianua 7 (2007): 37-72; 8 (2008): 113-152; 9 (2009): 37-94; 10 (2010): 33-72 </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnoletto1992" class="citation book cs1">Agnoletto, Attilio (1992). San Giorgio su Legnano - storia, società, ambiente. <a href="/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.sbn.it/bid/CFI0249761">IT\ICCU\CFI\0249761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=San+Giorgio+su+Legnano+-+storia%2C+societ%C3%A0%2C+ambiente&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Agnoletto&rft.aufirst=Attilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Ilario2003" class="citation book cs1">D'Ilario, Giorgio (2003). Dizionario legnanese. Artigianservice. <a href="/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.sbn.it/bid/MIL0625963">IT\ICCU\MIL\0625963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizionario+legnanese&rft.pub=Artigianservice&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=D%27Ilario&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombard+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bernard Comrie, Stephen Matthews, Maria Polinsky (eds.), The Atlas of languages: the origin and development of languages throughout the world. New York 2003, Facts On File. p. 40.</li> <li>Brevini, Franco - Lo stile lombardo: la tradizione letteraria da Bonvesin da la Riva a Franco Loi / Franco Brevini - Pantarei, Lugan - 1984 (Lombard style: literary tradition from Bonvesin da la Riva to Franco Loi )</li> <li>Glauco Sanga: La lingua Lombarda, in Koiné in Italia, dalle origini al 500 (Koinés in Italy, from the origin to 1500), Lubrina publisher, Bèrghem.</li> <li>Claudio Beretta: Letteratura dialettale milanese. Itinerario antologico-critico dalle origini ai nostri giorni - Hoepli, 2003.</li> <li>G. Hull: "The linguistic Unity of Northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhaetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhaetia">Rhaetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD thesis">PhD thesis</a>, University of Sydney, 1982; published as The Linguistic Unity of Northern Italy and Rhaetia: Historical Grammar of the Padanian Language, 2 vols. Sydney: Beta Crucis Editions, 2017.</li> <li>Jørgen G. Bosoni: «Una proposta di grafia unificata per le varietà linguistiche lombarde: regole per la trascrizione», in Bollettino della Società Storica dell’Alta Valtellina 6/2003, p. 195-298 (Società Storica Alta Valtellina: Bormio, 2003). A comprehensive description of a unified set of writing rules for all the Lombard varieties of Switzerland and Italy, with <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> transcriptions and examples.</li> <li>Tamburelli, M. (2014). Uncovering the 'hidden' multilingualism of Europe: an Italian case study. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35(3), 252-270.</li> <li>NED Editori: I quatter Vangeli de Mattee, March, Luca E Gioann - 2002.</li> <li>Stephen A. Wurm: Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger of Disappearing. Paris 2001, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> Publishing, p. 29.</li> <li>Studi di lingua e letteratura lombarda offerti a Maurizio Vitale, (Studies in Lombard language and literature) Pisa: Giardini, 1983</li> <li>A cura di Pierluigi Beltrami, Bruno Ferrari, Luciano Tibiletti, Giorgio D'Ilario: Canzoniere Lombardo - Varesina Grafica Editrice, 1970.</li> <li>Sanga, Glauco. 1984. Dialettologia Lombarda. University of Pavia. 346pp.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="lmo:"> Lombard edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lengualombarda.org/440114785">Far Lombard</a> This Lombard language association website is a place where you can learn Lombard through texts and audio visual materials.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lingualombarda.it/index.php">Lombard language digital library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617174127/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Lombard/">Learn Lombard online</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://it.wikibooks.org/wiki/Insubre/Copertina">Learn Lombard Italian site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050921094359/http://www.ti.ch/Decs/DC/CDE/">Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia del Cantone Ticino</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060101003809/http://www.ti.ch/decs/dc/cde/temi/documentiorali.asp">Repubblica e Cantone Ticino</a> Documenti orali della Svizzera italiana. (in Italian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://associazioni.provincia.so.it/idevv/">Istituto di dialettologia e di etnografia valtellinese e valchiavennasca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060422040428/http://associazioni.provincia.so.it/idevv/">Archived</a> 22 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051123045803/http://www.ti.ch/decs/dc/cde/temi/lessico.asp?menu=11">LSI - Lessico dialettale della Svizzera italiana</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305060240/http://www.rtsi.ch/scrittori/">RTSI: Acquarelli popolari</a>, some video and audio documents (interviews, recordings, etc. of writers from <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a> varieties (the <a href="/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">metalanguage</a> of this site is Italian, and some of the interviews are in Italian rather than in Ticinese Lombard).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/europe_index.html#potentially">UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe. Potentially endangered languages</a>, where Lombard is classified as a potentially endangered language.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.ti.ch/decs/dcsu/ac/cde/pubblicazioni/vocabolario-dei-dialetti-della-svizzera-italiana/">VSI - Vocabolario dei dialetti della Svizzera italiana</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inlombard.eu5.net/index.html">in_lombard</a> website dedicated to the Lombard language (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100%5Cier%5Crom&first=0">Lombard basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li> <li><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/lmo/Pagina_principal" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wt/lmo/Pagina principal">Lombard Wiktionary in incubator</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&oldid=1259499385">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&oldid=1259499385</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_language&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 25 November 2024, at 14:41 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardies" title="Lombardies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lombardies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardische_Sprache" title="Lombardische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lombardische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langbeardisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Langbeardisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Langbeardisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة اللمبردية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة اللمبردية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_lombardo" title="Idioma lombardo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma lombardo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomb%C3%A2rd" title="Lombârd – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lombârd" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_lombardu" title="Idioma lombardu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma lombardu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_dili" title="Lombard dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lombard dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="لومبارد دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لومبارد دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard-g%C3%AD" title="Lombard-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lombard-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ломбардски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ломбардски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardische_Sproch" title="Lombardische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Lombardische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llombard" title="Llombard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llombard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard%C5%A1tina" title="Lombardština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lombardština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lombarda" title="Lingua lombarda – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua lombarda" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardisk" title="Lombardisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lombardisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardische_Sprache" title="Lombardische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lombardische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardi_keel" title="Lombardi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lombardi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Λομβαρδική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λομβαρδική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunb%C3%AArd" title="Lunbêrd – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Lunbêrd" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_lombardo" title="Idioma lombardo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma lombardo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombarda_lingvo" title="Lombarda lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lombarda lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_lombarda" title="Luenga lombarda – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga lombarda" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardiera" title="Lombardiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lombardiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="زبان لومبارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان لومبارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_bhasa" title="Lombard bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Lombard bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_(langue_romane)" title="Lombard (langue romane) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lombard (langue romane)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_lombarde" title="Lenghe lombarde – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe lombarde" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lombairdis" title="An Lombairdis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Lombairdis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardish" title="Lombardish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lombardish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lombarda" title="Lingua lombarda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua lombarda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard-ng%C3%AE" title="Lombard-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lombard-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%AC%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="롬바르디아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="롬바르디아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardski_jezik" title="Lombardski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lombardski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Lombard" title="Bahasa Lombard – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Lombard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lombarda" title="Lingua lombarda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua lombarda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Ломбард кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ломбард кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_lombard%C3%AE" title="Zimanê lombardî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê lombardî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_lumbard" title="Lingaz lumbard – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz lumbard" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobardus_sermo" title="Langobardus sermo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Langobardus sermo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Lombardiešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lombardiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard%C5%B3_kalba" title="Lombardų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lombardų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ngoa_lonb%C3%A0rda" title="Léngoa lonbàrda – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Léngoa lonbàrda" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard" title="Lombard – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lombard" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_lombarda" title="Lengua lombarda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua lombarda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_nyelv" title="Lombard nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lombard nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اللومبارديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اللومبارديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Lombard" title="Bahasa Lombard – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Lombard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardisch" title="Lombardisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lombardisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E8%AA%9E" title="ロンバルド語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロンバルド語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardisk_spriak" title="Lombardisk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Lombardisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardisk" title="Lombardisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lombardisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardisk" title="Lombardisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lombardisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard" title="Lombard – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lombard" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%88" title="لمبرڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لمبرڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardo" title="Lombardo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Lombardo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="لومبارد ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لومبارد ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_(Langue)" title="Lombard (Langue) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Lombard (Langue)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_lombarda" title="Lenga lombarda – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga lombarda" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_lombardzki" title="Język lombardzki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język lombardzki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_lombarda" title="Língua lombarda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua lombarda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_tili" title="Lombard tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Lombard tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_lombard%C4%83" title="Limba lombardă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba lombardă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lumbarda" title="Lingua lumbarda – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua lumbarda" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Ломбардский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ломбардский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱟᱨᱰ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱟᱨᱰ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_lombarda" title="Limba lombarda – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba lombarda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_leid" title="Lombard leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lombard leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lummarda" title="Lingua lummarda – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua lummarda" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lombard language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ломбардски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ломбардски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardin_kieli" title="Lombardin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lombardin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardiska" title="Lombardiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lombardiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Lombardo" title="Wikang Lombardo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Lombardo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="உலம்பார்து மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலம்பார்து மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="ภาษาลอมบาร์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาลอมบาร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardca" title="Lombardca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lombardca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ломбардійська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ломбардійська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لومبارد زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لومبارد زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_%C5%82ombarda" title="Łéngua łombarda – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua łombarda" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Lombard" title="Tiếng Lombard – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Lombard" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="伦巴第语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伦巴第语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E6%96%87" title="倫巴第文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="倫巴第文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardki" title="Lombardki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Lombardki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luombardu_kalba" title="Luombardu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Luombardu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E5%B7%B4%E5%BA%95%E8%AA%9E" title="倫巴底語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="倫巴底語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 14:41 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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