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data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Italian+language" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Italian language. For the regional varieties of standard Italian, see <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Italiano" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Italiano_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Italiano (disambiguation)">Italiano (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Italian (italiano, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[itaˈljaːno]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0e\/It-italiano.ogg\/It-italiano.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-italiano.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/It-italiano.ogg/It-italiano.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:It-italiano.ogg" title="File:It-italiano.ogg">ⓘ</a>, or lingua italiana, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna]</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a> that evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Colloquial Latin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Italian is the least divergent language from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> (meaning that Italian and Sardinian are the most <a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" title="Conservative and innovative language">conservative</a> Romance languages).<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Spoken by about 85 million people, including 67 million native speakers (2024), Italian statistically ranks 21st as the most spoken language in the world, but depending on the year it ranks fourth or fifth as the most studied cultural language, especially in higher cultural institutes, academies, and universities.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Italian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">italiano, lingua italiana</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[itaˈljaːno]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0e\/It-italiano.ogg\/It-italiano.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-italiano.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/It-italiano.ogg/It-italiano.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:It-italiano.ogg" title="File:It-italiano.ogg">ⓘ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Grisons" title="Italian Grisons">Italian Grisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Littoral">Slovenian Littoral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (Western Croatia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/L1_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="L1 speakers">L1</a>: 65 million (2022)<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 3.1 million<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> Total: 68 million<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Italo-Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Italian</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li> <li>Various forms of <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">regional Italian</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">Italian alphabet</a>) <a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Italiano_segnato" class="mw-redirect" title="Italiano segnato">Italiano segnato</a> "(Signed Italian)"<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italiano_segnato_esatto" class="mw-redirect" title="Italiano segnato esatto">italiano segnato esatto</a> "(Signed Exact Italian)"<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div>4 countries</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div>3 regions</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Istria" title="Slovene Istria">Slovene Istria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Istria_County" title="Istria County">Istria County</a> (<a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>) </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div>An order and various organisations</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Law_Organization" title="International Development Law Organization">IDLO</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Humanitarian_Law" title="International Institute of Humanitarian Law">IIHL</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Universities_Union" title="Mediterranean Universities Union">Mediterranean Universities Union</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interregional_Crime_and_Justice_Research_Institute" title="United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute">UNICRI</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/UNIDROIT" title="UNIDROIT">UNIDROIT</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">and others </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a><a href="#cite_note-EUChart-6">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil#Language_co-officialization" title="Languages of Brazil">3 municipalities</a>) <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><a href="#cite_note-EUChart-6">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca" title="Accademia della Crusca">Accademia della Crusca</a> (de facto)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=it">it</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=213">ita</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ita" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ita">ita</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ital1282">ital1282</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAA-q">51-AAA-q</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language_world.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language_world.png/250px-Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language_world.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language_world.png/500px-Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language_world.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="819"></a><div style="text-align:left;">Geographical distribution of the Italian language in the world: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Areas where it is the majority language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Areas where it is a minority language or where it was the majority in the past</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Areas where Italian-speaking communities are present</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Italian is an official language in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>; it has official minority status in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Istria" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Istria">Slovenian Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-coe-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-coe-5">[5]</a> and the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa,_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo">Santa Tereza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encantado,_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Encantado, Rio Grande do Sul">Encantado</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venda_Nova_do_Imigrante" title="Venda Nova do Imigrante">Venda Nova do Imigrante</a> in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil#Language_co-officialization" title="Languages of Brazil">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encantado-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Italian is also spoken by large <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">immigrant and expatriate communities</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> Some speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian (either in its standard form or <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">regional varieties</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">local language of Italy</a>, most frequently the language spoken at home in their place of origin.<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> Italian is a major <a href="/wiki/European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="European language">language</a> in Europe, being one of the official languages of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> and one of the working languages of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. It is the third-most-widely spoken native <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">language in the European Union</a> (13% of the EU population) and it is spoken as a second language by 13.4 million EU citizens (3%).<a href="#cite_note-europa2024-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-forbes-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-europa2012-20">[19]</a> Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries (such as Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) and on other continents, the total number of speakers is approximately 85 million.<a href="#cite_note-Italian_language-21">[20]</a> Italian is the main working language of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, serving as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> (common language) in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic hierarchy">Roman Catholic hierarchy</a> and the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>. Italian has a significant use in <a href="/wiki/Musical_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical terminology">musical terminology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> with numerous Italian words referring to music that have become international terms taken into various languages worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Almost all native Italian words end with <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>, and the language has a 7-vowel <a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound system (linguistics)">sound system</a> ('e' and 'o' have mid-low and mid-high sounds).<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Italian has contrast between short and <a href="/wiki/Consonant_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant length">long consonants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a> (doubling) of consonants. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origins">1.1 Origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Renaissance">1.2 Renaissance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Modern_era">1.3 Modern era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Contemporary_times">1.4 Contemporary times</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Classification">2 Classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Geographic_distribution">3 Geographic distribution</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Education">3.1 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Influence_and_derived_languages">3.2 Influence and derived languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Lingua_franca">3.3 Lingua franca</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Languages_and_dialects">4 Languages and dialects</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Phonology">5 Phonology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Assimilation">5.1 Assimilation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Writing_system">6 Writing system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Grammar">7 Grammar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Words">8 Words</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Conversation">8.1 Conversation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Question_words">8.2 Question words</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Time">8.3 Time</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Numbers">8.4 Numbers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Days_of_the_week">8.5 Days of the week</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Months_of_the_year">8.6 Months of the year</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Example_text">9 Example text</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Nobel_Prizes_for_Italian_language_literature">10 Nobel Prizes for Italian language literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes">12 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References">13 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Bibliography">14 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"History of Italian" redirects here. For the history of the Italian people, see <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>. For the history of the Italian culture, see <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">culture of Italy</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indovinello_veronese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Indovinello_veronese.jpg/220px-Indovinello_veronese.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="1440"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 259px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Indovinello_veronese.jpg/220px-Indovinello_veronese.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="259" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Indovinello_veronese.jpg/330px-Indovinello_veronese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Indovinello_veronese.jpg/440px-Indovinello_veronese.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Veronese Riddle (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8th or early 9th century), a riddle reflecting either a form of Medieval Latin or the earliest extant example of a vernacular Romance language in Italy</figcaption></figure> The Italian language has developed through a long and slow process, which began after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire's fall</a> and the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Latin, the predominant language of the western Roman Empire, remained the established written language in Europe during the Middle Ages, although most people were illiterate. Over centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> popularly spoken in various areas of Europe—including the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>—evolved into local varieties, or dialects, unaffected by formal standards and teachings. These varieties are not in any sense "dialects" of standard Italian, which itself started off as one of these local tongues, but <a href="/wiki/Sister_language" title="Sister language">sister languages</a> of Italian.<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> The linguistic and historical demarcations between late Vulgar Latin and early Romance varieties in Italy are imprecise. The earliest surviving texts that can definitely be called vernacular (as distinct from its predecessor Vulgar Latin) are legal formulae known as the <a href="/wiki/Placiti_Cassinesi" title="Placiti Cassinesi">Placiti Cassinesi</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">province of Benevento</a> that date from 960 to 963, although the <a href="/wiki/Veronese_Riddle" title="Veronese Riddle">Veronese Riddle</a>, probably from the 8th or early 9th century, contains a late form of Vulgar Latin that can be seen as a very early sample of a vernacular dialect of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Commodilla_catacomb_inscription" title="Commodilla catacomb inscription">Commodilla catacomb inscription</a> likewise probably dates to the early 9th century and appears to reflect a language somewhere between late Vulgar Latin and early vernacular. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgio_Vasari_-_Six_Tuscan_Poets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Giorgio_Vasari_-_Six_Tuscan_Poets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Giorgio_Vasari_-_Six_Tuscan_Poets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4706" data-file-height="4751"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 222px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Giorgio_Vasari_-_Six_Tuscan_Poets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Giorgio_Vasari_-_Six_Tuscan_Poets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="222" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Giorgio_Vasari_-_Six_Tuscan_Poets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Giorgio_Vasari_-_Six_Tuscan_Poets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Giorgio_Vasari_-_Six_Tuscan_Poets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Giorgio_Vasari_-_Six_Tuscan_Poets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Six_Tuscan_Poets" title="Six Tuscan Poets">Six Tuscan Poets</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a> (1544). From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Landino" title="Cristoforo Landino">Cristoforo Landino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Petrarca" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Petrarca">Francesco Petrarca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guido_Cavalcanti" title="Guido Cavalcanti">Guido Cavalcanti</a>. Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarca were influential in establishing their <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan dialect</a> as the most prominent literary language in all of Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></figcaption></figure> The language that came to be thought of as Italian developed in central Tuscany and was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, written in his native <a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a>. Dante's <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poems</a>, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Commedia</a>, to which another Tuscan poet <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a> later affixed the title Divina, were read throughout the Italian peninsula. His written vernacular became the touchstone for elaborating a "canonical standard" that all educated Italians could understand. The poetry of <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> was also widely admired and influential in the development of the literary language, and would be identified as a model for vernacular writing by Pietro Bembo in the 16th century. In addition to the widespread exposure gained through literature, Florentine also gained prestige due to the political and cultural significance of Florence at the time and the fact that it was linguistically a middle way between the northern and the southern Italian dialects. Italian was progressively made an official language of most of the Italian states predating unification, slowly replacing Latin, even when ruled by foreign powers (such as Spain in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, or Austria in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a>), although the masses kept speaking primarily their local vernaculars. Italian was also one of the many recognised languages in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>. Italy has always had a distinctive dialect for each city because the cities, until recently, were thought of as <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>. Those dialects now have considerable <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a>. As Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a>. The most characteristic differences, for instance, between <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roman</a> Italian and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milanese</a> Italian are <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_gemination" title="Syntactic gemination">syntactic gemination</a> of initial <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> in some contexts and the pronunciation of stressed "e", and of "s" between vowels in many words: e.g. va bene "all right" is pronounced [vabˈbɛːne] by a Roman (and by any standard Italian speaker), [vaˈbeːne] by a Milanese (and by any speaker whose native dialect lies to the north of the <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia%E2%80%93Rimini_Line" title="La Spezia–Rimini Line">La Spezia–Rimini Line</a>); a casa "at home" is [akˈkaːsa] for Roman, [akˈkaːsa] or [akˈkaːza] for standard, [aˈkaːza] for Milanese and generally northern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerloco2018-29">[28]</a> In contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic linguistic panorama</a> of northern Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> and its related dialects were largely unaffected by the Franco-<a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> influences introduced to Italy mainly by <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bards</a> from France during the Middle Ages, but after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest of southern Italy</a>, Sicily became the first Italian land to adopt Occitan lyric moods (and words) in poetry. Even in the case of northern Italian languages, however, scholars are careful not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages. The economic might and relatively advanced development of Tuscany at the time (<a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>) gave its language weight, although <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> remained widespread in medieval Italian commercial life, and <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language_(Romance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian language (Romance)">Ligurian (or Genoese)</a> remained in use in maritime trade alongside the Mediterranean. The increasing political and cultural relevance of Florence during the periods of the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Medici_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici bank">Medici Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> made its dialect, or rather a refined version of it, a standard in the arts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Renaissance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> era, known as il Rinascimento in Italian, was seen as a time of rebirth, which is the literal meaning of both renaissance (from French) and rinascimento (Italian). Among its many manifestations, the Renaissance saw a reinvigorated interest in both classical antiquity and vernacular literature.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titian_%E2%80%93_Cardinal_Pietro_Bembo_%E2%80%93_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Titian_%E2%80%93_Cardinal_Pietro_Bembo_%E2%80%93_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Titian_%E2%80%93_Cardinal_Pietro_Bembo_%E2%80%93_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="13171" data-file-height="16171"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 270px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Titian_%E2%80%93_Cardinal_Pietro_Bembo_%E2%80%93_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Titian_%E2%80%93_Cardinal_Pietro_Bembo_%E2%80%93_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="270" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Titian_%E2%80%93_Cardinal_Pietro_Bembo_%E2%80%93_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Titian_%E2%80%93_Cardinal_Pietro_Bembo_%E2%80%93_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Titian_%E2%80%93_Cardinal_Pietro_Bembo_%E2%80%93_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Titian_%E2%80%93_Cardinal_Pietro_Bembo_%E2%80%93_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portrait of Pietro Bembo by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1540. Bembo, a Venetian cardinal, was an influential figure in the codification of a Tuscan-based standard based principally on the works of Boccaccio and Petrarca.</figcaption></figure> Advancements in technology played a crucial role in the diffusion of the Italian language. The <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> was invented in the 15th century, and spread rapidly. By the year 1500, there were 56 printing presses in Italy, more than anywhere else in Europe. The printing press enabled the production of literature and documents in higher volumes and at lower cost, further accelerating the spread of Italian.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Italian became the language used in the courts of every state in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige variety</a> used on the island of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> (but not in the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, which on the contrary underwent <a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> well into the late 18th century, under <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoyard</a> sway: the island's linguistic composition, roofed by the prestige of Spanish among the <a href="/wiki/Sardinians" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a>, would therein make for a rather slow process of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> to the Italian cultural sphere<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a>). The rediscovery of Dante's <a href="/wiki/De_vulgari_eloquentia" title="De vulgari eloquentia">De vulgari eloquentia</a>, and a renewed interest in linguistics in the 16th century, sparked a debate that raged throughout Italy concerning the criteria that should govern the establishment of a modern Italian literary and spoken language. This discussion, known as <a href="/wiki/Questione_della_lingua" title="Questione della lingua">questione della lingua</a> (i.e., the problem of the language), ran through the Italian culture until the end of the 19th century, often linked to the political debate on achieving a united Italian state. Renaissance scholars divided into three main factions: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Purism_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purism (language)">purists</a>, headed by Venetian <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a> (who, in his <a href="/wiki/Gli_Asolani" title="Gli Asolani">Gli Asolani</a>, claimed the language might be based only on the great literary classics, such as <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> and some part of Boccaccio). The purists thought the Divine Comedy was not dignified enough because it used elements from non-lyric registers of the language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentines</a> preferred the version spoken by ordinary people in their own times.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">courtiers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione">Baldassare Castiglione</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gian_Giorgio_Trissino" title="Gian Giorgio Trissino">Gian Giorgio Trissino</a>, insisted that each local vernacular contribute to the new standard.</li></ul> A fourth faction claimed that the best Italian was the one that the papal court adopted, which was a mixture of the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman dialect">Roman</a> dialects.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Eventually, Bembo's ideas prevailed, and the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca" title="Accademia della Crusca">Accademia della Crusca</a> in Florence (1582–1583), the official legislative body of the Italian language, led to the publication of <a href="/wiki/Agnolo_Monosini" title="Agnolo Monosini">Agnolo Monosini</a>'s Latin tome <a href="/wiki/Floris_Italicae_lingue_libri_novem" title="Floris Italicae lingue libri novem">Floris italicae linguae libri novem</a> in 1604 followed by the first Italian dictionary in 1612. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> An important event that helped the diffusion of Italian was the conquest and occupation of Italy by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> (himself of Italian-Corsican descent) in the early 19th century. This conquest propelled the unification of Italy some decades after and pushed the Italian language into the status of a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, used not only among clerks, nobility, and functionaries in the Italian courts, but also by the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_times">Contemporary times</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contemporary times" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg/220px-Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3704" data-file-height="4886"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 290px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg/220px-Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="290" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg/330px-Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg/440px-Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a> contributed to the nationwide use of the Italian language.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> The publication of Italian literature's first modern novel, I promessi sposi (<a href="/wiki/The_Betrothed_(Manzoni_novel)" title="The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)">The Betrothed</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a>, both reflected and furthered the growing trend towards Italian as a national standard language. Manzoni, a Milanesian, chose to write the book in the Florentine dialect, describing this choice, in the preface to his 1840 edition, as "rinsing" his Milanese "in the waters of the <a href="/wiki/Arno_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Arno River">Arno</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>'s river). The novel is commonly described as "the most widely read work in the Italian language".<a href="#cite_note-Betrothed-37">[36]</a> It became a model for subsequent Italian literary fiction,<a href="#cite_note-Betrothed-37">[36]</a> helping to galvanize national linguistic unity around the Florentine dialect. This growth was relative; linguistic diversity continued during the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a> (1848–1871). The Italian linguist <a href="/wiki/Tullio_De_Mauro" title="Tullio De Mauro">Tullio De Mauro</a> estimated that only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak the Italian standardized language properly in 1861,<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> while Arrigo Castellani estimated the same value as 10%.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> After Unification, a huge number of civil servants and soldiers recruited from all over the country introduced many more words and idioms from their home languages. For example, <a href="/wiki/Ciao" title="Ciao">ciao</a> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> word s-cia[v]o ("slave", that is "your servant"), and <a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">panettone</a> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> word panetton. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Italian is a <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a>, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> (colloquial spoken Latin). Standard Italian is based on <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscan language">Tuscan</a>, especially its <a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine dialect</a>, and is, therefore, an <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian language</a>, a classification that includes most other central and southern Italian languages and the extinct <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a>. As in most Romance languages, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> is distinctive in Italian.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lexical_similarity" title="Lexical similarity">lexical similarity</a> is 89% with French, 87% with <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, 85% with <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>, 82% with Spanish, 82% with <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, 78% with <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>, 77% with <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> Estimates may differ according to sources.<a href="#cite_note-ezglot.com-42">[41]</a> A 1949 study by the linguist <a href="/wiki/Mario_Pei" title="Mario Pei">Mario Pei</a> concluded that out of seven Romance languages, Italian's stressed vowel phonology was the second-closest to that of Vulgar Latin (after Sardinian).<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The study emphasized, however, that it represented only "a very elementary, incomplete and tentative demonstration" of how statistical methods could measure linguistic change, assigned "frankly arbitrary" point values to various types of change, and did not compare languages in the sample with respect to any characteristics or forms of divergence other than stressed vowels, among other caveats.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Italian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Italian speakers">Geographical distribution of Italian speakers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suisse_italiene.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suisse_italiene.png/220px-Suisse_italiene.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suisse_italiene.png/220px-Suisse_italiene.png" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suisse_italiene.png/330px-Suisse_italiene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suisse_italiene.png/440px-Suisse_italiene.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian language in Switzerland</a></figcaption></figure> Italian is the official language of Italy and <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> and is spoken fluently by the majority of the countries' populations. Italian is the third most spoken language in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (after German and French; see <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a>), although its use there has moderately declined since the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-offstat-46">[45]</a> It is official both on the national level and on regional level in two <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Switzerland">cantons</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>. In the latter canton, however, it is only spoken by a small minority, in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Grisons" title="Italian Grisons">Italian Grisons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[b]</a> Ticino, which includes <a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a>, the largest Italian-speaking city outside Italy, is the only canton where Italian is predominant.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Italian is also used in administration and official documents in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Italian is also spoken by a minority in <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> and France, especially in the southeastern part of the country.<a href="#cite_note-2008census-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> Italian was the official language in <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> until 1860, when they were both annexed by France under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1860)" title="Treaty of Turin (1860)">Treaty of Turin</a>, a development that triggered the "<a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a>", or the emigration of a quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Niçard Italians</a> to Italy,<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Vespers" title="Niçard Vespers">Niçard Vespers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> complained about the referendum that allowed France to annex Savoy and Nice, and a group of his followers (among the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Savoyards" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Savoyards">Italian Savoyards</a>) took refuge in Italy in the following years. <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> passed from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> to France in 1769 after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1768)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1768)">Treaty of Versailles</a>. Italian was the official language of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> until 1859.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Giuseppe Garibaldi called for the inclusion of the "<a href="/wiki/Corsican_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsican Italians">Corsican Italians</a>" within Italy when <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Rome was annexed</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, but King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a> did not agree to it. Italian is generally understood in Corsica by the population resident therein who speak <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a>, which is an Italo-Romance idiom similar to Tuscan.<a href="#cite_note-Corsican-53">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a> occurred in Nice case, and caused a near-disappearance of the Italian language as many of the Italian speakers in these areas migrated to Italy.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-rivistaetnie-55">[53]</a> In Corsica, on the other hand, almost everyone still speaks the <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican idiom</a>, which, due to its linguistic proximity to the Italian standard language, appears both linguistically as an Italian dialect and therefore as a carrier of Italian culture, despite the French government's decades-long efforts to cut Corsica off from the Italian motherland. Italian was the official language in <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> until 1860, when it was replaced by the French.<a href="#cite_note-miglioverde-56">[54]</a> This was due to the annexation of the surrounding <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a> to France following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1860)" title="Treaty of Turin (1860)">Treaty of Turin (1860)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-miglioverde-56">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istria-Italians-1991.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Istria-Italians-1991.gif/220px-Istria-Italians-1991.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="786"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 270px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Istria-Italians-1991.gif/220px-Istria-Italians-1991.gif" data-width="220" data-height="270" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Istria-Italians-1991.gif/330px-Istria-Italians-1991.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Istria-Italians-1991.gif/440px-Istria-Italians-1991.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Percent of inhabitants with Italian native tongue in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a></figcaption></figure> It formerly had official status in <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (because of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Albania" title="Venetian Albania">Venetian Albania</a>), parts of <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (because of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Istria" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Istria">Venetian Istria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Dalmatia" title="Venetian Dalmatia">Venetian Dalmatia</a>), parts of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (because of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Islands_of_the_Aegean" title="Italian Islands of the Aegean">Kingdom of Italy in the Dodecanese</a>). Italian is widely spoken in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, where nearly two-thirds of the population can speak it fluently (see <a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Europoll-57">[55]</a> Italian served as Malta's official language until 1934, when it was abolished by the British colonial administration amid strong local opposition.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Slovenia" title="Italian language in Slovenia">Italian language in Slovenia</a> is an officially recognized <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-ita-slo-59">[57]</a> The official census, carried out in 2002, reported 2,258 ethnic Italians (<a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (0.11% of the total population).<a href="#cite_note-stat-60">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Croatia" title="Italian language in Croatia">Italian language in Croatia</a> is an official minority language in the country, with many schools and public announcements published in both languages.<a href="#cite_note-ita-slo-59">[57]</a> The 2001 census in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> reported 19,636 ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatian Italians</a>) in the country (some 0.42% of the total population).<a href="#cite_note-dzs-61">[59]</a> Their numbers dropped dramatically after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a>, which caused the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-query.nytimes.com-63">[61]</a> Italian was the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a> from 1492 to 1807.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_empire_1940.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Italian_empire_1940.PNG/310px-Italian_empire_1940.PNG" decoding="async" width="310" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="241"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 217px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Italian_empire_1940.PNG/310px-Italian_empire_1940.PNG" data-width="310" data-height="217" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Italian_empire_1940.PNG 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Italy and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">its colonial possessions</a> in 1940</figcaption></figure> It formerly had official status in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">annexation of the country to the Kingdom of Italy</a> (1939–1943). Albania has a large population of non-native speakers, with over half of the population having some knowledge of the Italian language.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> The Albanian government has pushed to make Italian a compulsory second language in schools.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> The Italian language is well-known and studied in Albania,<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> due to its historical ties and geographical proximity to Italy and to the diffusion of Italian television in the country.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Due to heavy Italian influence during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian colonial period</a>, Italian is still understood by some in former colonies such as Libya.<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> Although it was the primary language in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> since <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">colonial rule</a>, Italian greatly declined under the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">rule of Muammar Gaddafi</a>, who expelled the <a href="/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya" title="Italian settlers in Libya">Italian Libyan</a> population and made <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a> the sole official language of the country.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> A few hundred Italian settlers returned to Libya in the 2000s. Italian was the official language of <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> during <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian colonisation</a>. Italian is today used in commerce, and it is still spoken especially among elders; besides that, Italian words are incorporated as loan words in the main language spoken in the country (Tigrinya). The capital city of Eritrea, <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>, still has several Italian schools, established during the colonial period. In the early 19th century, Eritrea was the country with the highest number of Italians abroad, and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritreans" title="Italian Eritreans">Italian Eritreans</a> grew from 4,000 during World War I to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> In Asmara there are two Italian schools, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_School_of_Asmara" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian School of Asmara">Italian School of Asmara</a> (Italian primary school with a <a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori</a> department) and the <a href="/wiki/Liceo_Sperimentale_%22G._Marconi%22" class="mw-redirect" title='Liceo Sperimentale "G. Marconi"'>Liceo Sperimentale "G. Marconi"</a> (Italian international senior high school). Italian was also introduced to <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> through colonialism and was the sole official language of administration and education during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">colonial period</a> but fell out of use after government, educational and economic infrastructure were destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg/310px-Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 192px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg/310px-Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" data-width="310" data-height="192" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg/465px-Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg/620px-Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Italian language in the United States">Italian language in the United States</a></figcaption></figure> Italian is also spoken by large <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">immigrant and expatriate communities</a> in the Americas and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> Although over 17 million <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Americans are of Italian descent</a>, only a little over one million people in the United States speak Italian at home.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Nevertheless, an Italian language media market does exist in the country.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> In Canada, Italian is the second most spoken non-official language when <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a> are not grouped together, with 375,645 claiming Italian as their <a href="/wiki/Demolinguistic_descriptors_used_in_Canada#Mother_tongue" title="Demolinguistic descriptors used in Canada">mother tongue</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Italian immigrants to South America have also brought a presence of the language to that continent. According to some sources, Italian is the second most spoken language in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> after the official language of Spanish, although its number of speakers, mainly of the older generation, is decreasing. Italian bilingual speakers can be found scattered across the southeast of Brazil and in the south.<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, Italian is the most spoken language after Spanish and Portuguese, with around 200,000 speakers.<a href="#cite_note-L'ITALIANO_IN_VENEZUELA-75">[73]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, people who speak Italian as their home language are 1.1% of the total population of the country.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> In Australia, Italian is the second most spoken foreign language after Chinese, with 1.4% of the population speaking it as their home language.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> The main Italian-language newspapers published outside Italy are the <a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>), the L'Informazione di San Marino (<a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Corriere_del_Ticino" title="Corriere del Ticino">Corriere del Ticino</a> and the <a href="/wiki/LaRegione_Ticino" title="LaRegione Ticino">laRegione Ticino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>), the <a href="/wiki/La_Voce_del_Popolo" title="La Voce del Popolo">La Voce del Popolo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>), the Corriere d'Italia (Germany), the L'italoeuropeo (United Kingdom), the Passaparola (<a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>), the <a href="/wiki/America_Oggi" title="America Oggi">America Oggi</a> (United States), the <a href="/wiki/Corriere_Canadese" title="Corriere Canadese">Corriere Canadese</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Corriere_Italiano" title="Corriere Italiano">Corriere Italiano</a> (Canada), the Il punto d'incontro (Mexico), the L'Italia del Popolo (<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>), the Fanfulla (Brazil), the Gente d'Italia (<a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>), the La Voce d'Italia (<a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Il_Globo" title="Il Globo">Il Globo</a> (Australia) and the La gazzetta del Sud Africa (South Africa).<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg/220px-ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg/220px-ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg/330px-ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg/440px-ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_Secondary_School,_Rijeka" title="Italian Secondary School, Rijeka">Italian Secondary School in Rijeka/Fiume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></figcaption></figure> Italian is widely taught in many schools around the world, but rarely as the first foreign language. In the 21st century, technology also allows for the continual spread of the Italian language, as people have new ways to learn how to speak, read, and write languages at their own pace and at any given time. For example, the free website and application <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a> has 4.94 million English speakers learning the Italian language.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, every year there are more than 200,000 foreign students who study the Italian language; they are distributed among the 90 <a href="/wiki/Italian_Cultural_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Cultural Institute">Institutes of Italian Culture</a> that are located around the world, in the 179 Italian schools located abroad, or in the 111 Italian lecturer sections belonging to foreign schools where Italian is taught as a language of culture.<a href="#cite_note-esteri.it-82">[80]</a> As of 2022, Australia had the highest number of students learning Italian in the world. This occurred because of support by the Italian community in Australia and the Italian Government and also because of successful educational reform efforts led by local governments in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_and_derived_languages">Influence and derived languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Influence and derived languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Talian.svg/220px-Talian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="946"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 190px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Talian.svg/220px-Talian.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="190" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Talian.svg/330px-Talian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Talian.svg/440px-Talian.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Municipalities where <a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a> is co-official in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg/250px-Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg/250px-Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg/330px-Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg/500px-Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Trilingual sign in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_Argentina" title="San Francisco, Argentina">San Francisco, Argentina</a>, in Spanish, Italian, and <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></figcaption></figure> From the late 19th to the mid-20th century, millions of Italians settled in Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil, and Venezuela, and in Canada and the United States, where they formed a physical and cultural presence. In some cases, colonies were established where variants of regional <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">languages of Italy</a> were used, and some continue to use this regional language. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, Brazil, where <a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a> is used, and the town of <a href="/wiki/Chipilo" title="Chipilo">Chipilo</a> near Puebla, Mexico; each continues to use a derived form of <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> dating back to the 19th century. Other examples are <a href="/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche">Cocoliche</a>, an Italian–Spanish <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> once spoken in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and especially in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense Spanish</a> dialect of Argentina and Uruguay today has thus been heavily influenced by both standard Italian and Italian regional languages as a result. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lingua_franca">Lingua franca</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lingua franca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></div> Starting in late <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> times in much of Europe and the Mediterranean, Latin was replaced as the primary commercial language by languages of Italy, especially Tuscan and Venetian. These varieties were consolidated during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> with the strength of Italy and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>. Italy came to enjoy increasing artistic prestige within Europe. A mark of the educated gentlemen was to make the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a>, visiting Italy to see its great historical monuments and works of art. It was expected that the visitor would learn at least some Italian, understood as language based on Florentine. In England, while the classical languages <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> were the first to be learned, Italian became the second most common modern language after French, a position it held until the late 18th century when it tended to be replaced by German. <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, for instance, wrote some of his early poetry in Italian. Within the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, Italian is known by a large part of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and is used in substitution for Latin in some official documents. Italian <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> continue to be used in most languages in matters of art and music (especially classical music including opera), in the design and fashion industries, in some sports such as <a href="/wiki/Football_(association)" class="mw-redirect" title="Football (association)">football</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> and especially in culinary terms. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Languages_and_dialects">Languages and dialects</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Languages and dialects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dialetti_Italia_1939.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dialetti_Italia_1939.png/220px-Dialetti_Italia_1939.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 267px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dialetti_Italia_1939.png/220px-Dialetti_Italia_1939.png" data-width="220" data-height="267" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dialetti_Italia_1939.png/330px-Dialetti_Italia_1939.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dialetti_Italia_1939.png/440px-Dialetti_Italia_1939.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Linguistic map of Italy according to Clemente Merlo and Carlo Tagliavini (1937)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minoranze_linguistiche_it.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Minoranze_linguistiche_it.svg/220px-Minoranze_linguistiche_it.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4022" data-file-height="5122"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 280px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Minoranze_linguistiche_it.svg/220px-Minoranze_linguistiche_it.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="280" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Minoranze_linguistiche_it.svg/330px-Minoranze_linguistiche_it.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Minoranze_linguistiche_it.svg/440px-Minoranze_linguistiche_it.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Italy's ethno-linguistic minorities<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a></figcaption></figure> In Italy, almost all the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">other languages spoken as the vernacular</a>—other than standard Italian and some languages spoken among immigrant communities—are often called "<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Italian dialects</a>", a label that can be very misleading if it is understood to mean "dialects of Italian". The Romance dialects of Italy are local evolutions of spoken Latin that pre-date the establishment of Italian, and as such are <a href="/wiki/Sister_language" title="Sister language">sister languages</a> to the Tuscan that was the historical source of Italian. They can be quite different from Italian and from each other, with some belonging to different linguistic branches of Romance. The only exceptions to this are twelve groups considered "<a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages of Italy">historical language minorities</a>", which are officially recognized as distinct <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority languages</a> by the law. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> (a language spoken on the French island of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>) is closely related to medieval <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a>, from which standard Italian derives and evolved. The differences in the evolution of Latin in the different regions of Italy can be attributed to the natural <a href="/wiki/Language_change#Causes" title="Language change">changes</a> that all languages in regular use are subject to, and to some extent to the presence of three other types of languages: <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substrata, superstrata, and adstrata</a>. The most prevalent were substrata (the language of the original inhabitants), as the Italian dialects were most probably simply Latin as spoken by native cultural groups. Superstrata and adstrata were both less important. Foreign conquerors of Italy that dominated different regions at different times left behind little to no influence on the dialects. Foreign cultures with which Italy engaged in peaceful relations with, such as trade, had no significant influence either.<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[24]</a>: 19–20 Throughout Italy, regional varieties of standard Italian, called <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a>, are spoken. Regional differences can be recognized by various factors: the openness of vowels, the length of the consonants, and influence of the local language (for example, in informal situations <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/and%C3%A0#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:andà">andà</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ann%C3%A0#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:annà">annà</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nare#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:nare">nare</a> replace the standard Italian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/andare#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:andare">andare</a> in the area of Tuscany, Rome and Venice respectively for the infinitive "to go"). There is no definitive date when the various Italian variants of Latin—including varieties that contributed to modern standard Italian—began to be distinct enough from Latin to be considered separate languages. One criterion for determining that two language variants are to be considered separate languages rather than variants of a single language is that they have evolved so that they are no longer <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a>; this diagnostic is effective if mutual intelligibility is minimal or absent (e.g. in Romance, Romanian and Portuguese), but it fails in cases such as Spanish-Portuguese or Spanish-Italian, as educated native speakers of either pairing (particularly Spanish-Portuguese) can understand each other well if they choose to do so; however, the level of intelligibility is markedly lower between Italian-Spanish, and considerably higher between the Iberian sister languages of Portuguese-Spanish. Speakers of this latter pair can communicate with one another with remarkable ease, each speaking to the other in his own native language, without slang/jargon. Nevertheless, on the basis of accumulated differences in morphology, syntax, phonology, and to some extent lexicon, it is not difficult to identify that for the Romance varieties of Italy, the first extant written evidence of languages that can no longer be considered Latin comes from the 9th and 10th centuries CE. These written sources demonstrate certain vernacular characteristics and sometimes explicitly mention the use of the vernacular in Italy. Full literary manifestations of the vernacular began to surface around the 13th century in the form of various religious texts and poetry.<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[24]</a>: 21 Although these are the first written records of Italian varieties separate from Latin, the spoken language had probably diverged long before the first written records appeared since those who were literate generally wrote in Latin even if they spoke other Romance varieties in person. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the use of standard Italian became increasingly widespread and was mirrored by a decline in the use of the dialects. An increase in literacy was one of the main driving factors (one can assume that only literates were capable of learning standard Italian, whereas those who were illiterate had access only to their native dialect). The percentage of literates rose from 25% in 1861 to 60% in 1911, and then on to 78.1% in 1951. <a href="/wiki/Tullio_De_Mauro" title="Tullio De Mauro">Tullio De Mauro</a>, an Italian linguist, has asserted that in 1861, only 2.5% of the population of Italy could speak standard Italian. He reports that in 1951, that percentage had risen to 87%. The ability to speak Italian did not necessarily mean that it was in everyday use, and most people (63.5%) still usually spoke their native dialects. In addition, other factors such as mass emigration, industrialization, and urbanization, and internal migrations after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, contributed to the proliferation of standard Italian. The Italians who emigrated during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a> beginning in 1861 were often of the uneducated lower class, and thus the emigration had the effect of increasing the percentage of literates, who often knew and understood the importance of standard Italian back home in Italy. A large percentage of those who had emigrated also eventually returned to Italy, often more educated than when they had left.<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[24]</a>: 35 Although use of the Italian dialects has declined in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>, as Italy unified under standard Italian and continues to do so aided by mass media from newspapers to radio to television, <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> is still frequently encountered in Italy and <a href="/wiki/Triglossia" class="mw-redirect" title="Triglossia">triglossia</a> is not uncommon in emigrant communities among older speakers. Both situations normally involve some degree of <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Code-mixing" title="Code-mixing">code-mixing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrifti2014-86">[84]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="41" data-mwtitle="It-Vangeli.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:It-Vangeli.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/It-Vangeli.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/It-Vangeli.ogg/It-Vangeli.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#Chapter_2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 2</a>, 1–7 of the Bible being read by a speaker of Italian from <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology#Consonants" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology § Consonants</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;">(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>) </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: <ul><li>Between two vowels, or between a vowel and an approximant (/j, w/) or a liquid (/l, r/), consonants can be both singleton or <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminate</a>. Geminate consonants shorten the preceding vowel (or block phonetic lengthening) and the first element of the geminate is <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">unreleased</a>. For example, compare /fato/ [ˈfaːto] ('fate') with /fatto/ [ˈfat̚to] ('fact' or 'did'/'done').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall194477%E2%80%9378-87">[85]</a> However, /ɲ/, /ʃ/, /ʎ/, /d͡z/, /t͡s/ are always geminate intervocalically, including across word boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-88">[86]</a> Similarly, nasals, liquids, and sibilants are pronounced slightly longer in medial consonant clusters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall194478-89">[87]</a></li> <li>/j/, /w/, and /z/ are the only consonants that cannot be geminated.</li> <li>/t, d/ are <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> <a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">denti-alveolar</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a>],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005132-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199262-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-88">[86]</a> commonly called "dental" for simplicity.</li> <li>/k, ɡ/ are pre-velar before /i, e, ɛ, j/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199262-91">[89]</a></li> <li>/t͡s, d͡z, s, z/ have two variants: <ul><li>Dentalized laminal <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental affricate">t̪͡s̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental affricate">d̪͡z̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z̪</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005132-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268,_75%E2%80%9376-92">[90]</a> (commonly called "dental" for simplicity), pronounced with the blade of the tongue very close to the upper front teeth, with the tip of the tongue resting behind lower front teeth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268,_75%E2%80%9376-92">[90]</a></li> <li>Non-retracted <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_apico-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless apico-alveolar affricate">t͡s̺</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_apico-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced apico-alveolar affricate">d͡z̺</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_apico-alveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless apico-alveolar fricative">s̺</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_apico-alveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced apico-alveolar fricative">z̺</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268,_75%E2%80%9376-92">[90]</a> The stop component of the "apical" affricates is actually laminal denti-alveolar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268,_75%E2%80%9376-92">[90]</a></li></ul></li> <li>/n, l, r/ are apical alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n̺</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l̺</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r̺</a>] in most environments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005132-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199257,_84,_88%E2%80%9389-93">[91]</a> /n, l/ are laminal denti-alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental lateral approximant">l̪</a>] before /t, d, t͡s, d͡z, s, z/<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005133-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199258,_88%E2%80%9389-95">[93]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> laminal <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a> [n̠ʲ, l̠ʲ] before /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005134-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199257%E2%80%9359,_88%E2%80%9389-97">[95]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Italian_language#Dubious" title="Talk:Italian language">discuss</a>] /n/ is velar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>] before /k, ɡ/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005134%E2%80%93135-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199259-99">[97]</a></li> <li>/m/ and /n/ do not contrast before /p, b/ and /f, v/, where they are pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a>], respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005134%E2%80%93135-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199258-100">[98]</a></li> <li>/ɲ/ and /ʎ/ are <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens201313-101">[99]</a> In a large number of accents, /ʎ/ is a fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝</a>].<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a></li> <li>Intervocalically, single /r/ is realised as a trill with one or two contacts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996221-103">[101]</a> Some literature treats the single-contact trill as a <a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">tap</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004118-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Italian_phonology_A_Handbook_of_Pronunciation-105">[103]</a> Single-contact trills can also occur elsewhere, particularly in unstressed syllables.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Geminate /rr/ manifests as a trill with three to seven contacts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996221-103">[101]</a></li> <li>The phonemic distinction between /s/ and /z/ is neutralized before consonants and at the beginning of words: the former is used before voiceless consonants and before vowels at the beginning of words; the latter is used before voiced consonants. The two can contrast only between vowels within a word, e.g. fuso /ˈfuzo/ 'melted' versus fuso /ˈfuso/ 'spindle'. According to Canepari,<a href="#cite_note-Italian_phonology_A_Handbook_of_Pronunciation-105">[103]</a> although, the traditional standard has been replaced by a modern neutral pronunciation which always prefers /z/ when intervocalic, except when the intervocalic s is the initial sound of a word, if the compound is still felt as such: for example, presento /preˈsɛnto/<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> ('I foresee', with pre- meaning 'before' and sento meaning 'I perceive') vs presento /preˈzɛnto/<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> ('I present'). There are many words for which dictionaries now indicate that both pronunciations, either [z] or [s], are acceptable. Word-internally between vowels, the two phonemes have merged in many regional varieties of Italian, as either /z/ (northern-central) or /s/ (southern-central).</li></ul></div></div> Italian has a seven-vowel system, consisting of /a, ɛ, e, i, ɔ, o, u/, and 23 consonants. Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian phonology is conservative, preserving many words nearly unchanged from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>. Some examples: <ul><li>Italian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quattordici#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:quattordici">quattordici</a> "fourteen" < Latin <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quattuordecim#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:quattuordecim">quattuordecim</a> (cf. Spanish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/catorce#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:catorce">catorce</a>, French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quatorze#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:quatorze">quatorze</a> /katɔʁz/, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/catorze" class="extiw" title="wikt:catorze">catorze</a>)</li> <li>Italian settimana "week" < Latin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">septimāna (cf. Romanian săptămână, Spanish and Portuguese semana, French semaine /səmɛn/, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> setmana)</li> <li>Italian medesimo "same" < Vulgar Latin *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">medi(p)simum (cf. Spanish mismo, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> mesmo, French même /mɛm/, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> mateix; Italian usually prefers the shorter stesso)</li> <li>Italian guadagnare "to win, earn, gain" < Vulgar Latin *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">guadaniāre < <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> /waidanjan/ (cf. Spanish ganar, Portuguese ganhar, French gagner /ɡaɲe/, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> guanyar).</li></ul> The conservative nature of Italian phonology is partly explained by its origin. Italian stems from a literary language that is derived from the 13th-century speech of the city of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in the region of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, and has changed little in the last 700 years or so. Furthermore, the Tuscan dialect is the most conservative of all <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Italian dialects</a>, radically different from the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Italian languages">Gallo-Italian languages</a> less than 160 kilometres (100 mi) to the north (across the <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia%E2%80%93Rimini_Line" title="La Spezia–Rimini Line">La Spezia–Rimini Line</a>). The following are some of the conservative phonological features of Italian, as compared with the common <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Romance">Western Romance</a> languages (French, Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>). Some of these features are also present in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>. <ul><li>Little or no <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> of consonants between vowels, e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">vīta > vita "life" (cf. Romanian viață, Spanish vida [ˈbiða], French vie), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">pedem > piede "foot" (cf. Spanish pie, French pied /pje/). <ul><li>Words that are an exception to this rule exist, such as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">scvtella > scodella "bowl", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">recipere > ricevere "receive", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">lacvs > lago "lake", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">acvs > ago "needle", (only in the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> accent and historical standard Italian) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">vīsus > viso /vizo/ "face".<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Preservation of geminate consonants, e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">annum > /ˈanːo/ anno "year" (cf. Spanish año /ˈaɲo/, French an /ɑ̃/, Romanian an, Portuguese ano /ˈɐnu/).</li> <li>Preservation of all <a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Romance">Proto-Romance</a> final vowels, e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">pacem > pace "peace" (cf. Romanian pace, Spanish paz, French paix /pɛ/), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">octō > otto "eight" (cf. Romanian opt, Spanish ocho, French huit /ɥi(t)/), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">fēcī > feci "I did" (cf. Romanian dialectal feci, Spanish hice, French fis /fi/).</li> <li>Preservation of most intertonic vowels (those between the stressed syllable and either the beginning or ending syllable). This accounts for some of the most noticeable differences, as in the forms quattordici and settimana given above.</li> <li>Slower consonant development, e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">folia > Italo-Western /fɔʎʎa/ > foglia /ˈfɔʎʎa/ "leaf" (cf. Romanian foaie /ˈfo̯aje/, Spanish hoja /ˈoxa/, French feuille /fœj/; but note Portuguese folha /ˈfoʎɐ/).</li></ul> Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian has many inconsistent outcomes, where the same underlying sound produces different results in different words, e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">laxāre > lasciare and lassare, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">captiāre > cacciare and cazzare, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">(ex)dēroteolāre > sdrucciolare, druzzolare and ruzzolare, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">rēgīna > regina and reina. Although in all these examples the second form has fallen out of usage, the dimorphism is thought to reflect the several-hundred-year period during which Italian developed as a literary language divorced from any native-speaking population, with an origin in 12th/13th-century Tuscan but with many words borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">languages</a> farther to the north, with different sound outcomes. (The <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia%E2%80%93Rimini_Line" title="La Spezia–Rimini Line">La Spezia–Rimini Line</a>, the most important <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isogloss</a> in the entire Romance-language area, passes only about 30 kilometres or 20 miles north of Florence.) Dual outcomes of Latin /p t k/ between vowels, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">lŏcvm > luogo but <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">fŏcvm > fuoco, was once thought to be due to borrowing of northern voiced forms, but is now generally viewed as the result of early phonetic variation within Tuscany. Some other features that distinguish Italian from the Western Romance languages: <ul><li>Latin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">ce-,ci- becomes /tʃe, tʃi/ rather than /(t)se, (t)si/.</li> <li>Latin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">-ct- becomes /tt/ rather than /jt/ or /tʃ/: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">octō > otto "eight" (cf. Spanish ocho, French huit, Portuguese oito).</li> <li>Vulgar Latin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">-cl- becomes cchi /kkj/ rather than /ʎ/: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">oclum > occhio "eye" (cf. Portuguese olho /ˈoʎu/, French œil /œj/ < /œʎ/); but Romanian ochi /okʲ/.</li> <li>Final /s/ is not preserved, and vowel changes rather than /s/ are used to mark the plural: amico, amici "male friend(s)", amica, amiche "female friend(s)" (cf. Romanian amic, amici and amică, amice; Spanish amigo(s) "male friend(s)", amiga(s) "female friend(s)"); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">trēs, sex → tre, sei "three, six" (cf. Romanian trei, șase; Spanish tres, seis).</li></ul> Standard Italian also differs in some respects from most nearby Italian languages: <ul><li>Perhaps most noticeable is the total lack of <a href="/wiki/Metaphony_(Romance_languages)" title="Metaphony (Romance languages)">metaphony</a>, although metaphony is a feature characterizing nearly every other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Italian language</a>.</li> <li>No simplification of original /nd/, /mb/ (which often became /nn/, /mm/ elsewhere).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assimilation">Assimilation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Assimilation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Italian <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a> do not usually permit verbs and polysyllabic nouns to end with consonants, except in poetry and song, so foreign words may receive <a href="/wiki/Epenthetic_vowel#Anaptyxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Epenthetic vowel">extra terminal vowel sounds</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Writing system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian orthography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corsivo-_come_scriverlo_a_mano_in_italiano,_schede_didattiche_con_alcuni_esempi_di_Paolo_Villa_(prima_edizione_commons_wikimedia_org)-Letters-characters_in_italics-cursive-_how_to_write_it_by_hand_in_Italian.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Corsivo-_come_scriverlo_a_mano_in_italiano%2C_schede_didattiche_con_alcuni_esempi_di_Paolo_Villa_%28prima_edizione_commons_wikimedia_org%29-Letters-characters_in_italics-cursive-_how_to_write_it_by_hand_in_Italian.pdf/page1-220px-thumbnail.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2479"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 311px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Corsivo-_come_scriverlo_a_mano_in_italiano%2C_schede_didattiche_con_alcuni_esempi_di_Paolo_Villa_%28prima_edizione_commons_wikimedia_org%29-Letters-characters_in_italics-cursive-_how_to_write_it_by_hand_in_Italian.pdf/page1-220px-thumbnail.pdf.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="311" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Corsivo-_come_scriverlo_a_mano_in_italiano%2C_schede_didattiche_con_alcuni_esempi_di_Paolo_Villa_%28prima_edizione_commons_wikimedia_org%29-Letters-characters_in_italics-cursive-_how_to_write_it_by_hand_in_Italian.pdf/page1-330px-thumbnail.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Corsivo-_come_scriverlo_a_mano_in_italiano%2C_schede_didattiche_con_alcuni_esempi_di_Paolo_Villa_%28prima_edizione_commons_wikimedia_org%29-Letters-characters_in_italics-cursive-_how_to_write_it_by_hand_in_Italian.pdf/page1-440px-thumbnail.pdf.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An Italian handwriting script, taught in primary school</figcaption></figure> Italian has a <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">shallow orthography</a>, meaning very regular spelling with an almost one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds. In linguistic terms, the writing system is close to being a <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic orthography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> The most important of the few exceptions are the following (see below for more details): <ul><li>The letter c represents the sound /k/ at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/ (as the first sound in the English word chair) before the letters e and i.</li> <li>The letter g represents the sound /ɡ/ at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/ (as the first sound in the English word gem) before the letters e and i.</li> <li>The letter n represents the phoneme /n/, which is pronounced [ŋ] (as in the English word sing) before the letters c and g when these represent velar plosives /k/ or /ɡ/, as in banco [ˈbaŋko], fungo [ˈfuŋɡo]. The letter q represents /k/ pronounced [k], thus n also represents [ŋ] in the position preceding it: cinque [ˈt͡ʃiŋkwe]. Elsewhere the letter n represents /n/ pronounced [n], including before the <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a> /tʃ/ or /dʒ/ spelt with c or g before the letters i and e : mancia [ˈmant͡ʃa], mangia [ˈmand͡ʒa].</li> <li>The letter h is always silent: hotel /oˈtɛl/; hanno 'they have' and anno 'year' both represent /ˈanno/. It is used to form a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> with c or g to represent /k/ or /ɡ/ before i or e: chi /ki/ 'who', che /ke/ 'what'; aghi /ˈaɡi/ 'needles', ghetto /ˈɡetto/.</li> <li>The spellings ci and gi before another vowel represent only /tʃ/ or /dʒ/ with no /i/ sound (ciuccio /ˈtʃuttʃo/ 'pacifier', Giorgio /ˈdʒordʒo/) unless c or g precede stressed /i/ (farmacia /farmaˈtʃi.a/ 'pharmacy', biologia /bioloˈdʒi.a/ 'biology'). Elsewhere ci and gi represent /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ followed by /i/: cibo /ˈtʃibo/ 'food', baci /ˈbatʃi/ 'kisses'; gita /ˈdʒita/ 'trip', Tamigi /taˈmidʒi/ 'Thames'.*</li></ul> The Italian alphabet is typically considered to consist of 21 letters. The letters j, k, w, x, y are traditionally excluded, although they appear in loanwords such as jeans, whisky, taxi, xenofobo, xilofono. The letter ⟨x⟩ has become common in standard Italian with the prefix extra-, although (e)stra- is traditionally used; it is also common to use the Latin particle ex(-) to mean "former(ly)" as in: la mia ex ("my ex-girlfriend"), "Ex-Jugoslavia" ("Former Yugoslavia"). The letter ⟨j⟩ appears in the first name Jacopo and in some Italian place-names, such as <a href="/wiki/Bajardo" title="Bajardo">Bajardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bojano" title="Bojano">Bojano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joppolo" title="Joppolo">Joppolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerzu" title="Jerzu">Jerzu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesolo" title="Jesolo">Jesolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesi" title="Jesi">Jesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a>, among others, and in Mar Jonio, an alternative spelling of Mar Ionio (the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>). The letter ⟨j⟩ may appear in dialectal words, but its use is discouraged in contemporary standard Italian.<a href="#cite_note-Clivio-111">[109]</a> Letters used in foreign words can be replaced with <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetically</a> equivalent native Italian letters and <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>: ⟨gi⟩, ⟨ge⟩, or ⟨i⟩ for ⟨j⟩; ⟨c⟩ or ⟨ch⟩ for ⟨k⟩ (including in the standard prefix kilo-); ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩ or ⟨v⟩ for ⟨w⟩; ⟨s⟩, ⟨ss⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨zz⟩ or ⟨cs⟩ for ⟨x⟩; and ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ for ⟨y⟩. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> is used over word-final ⟨e⟩ to indicate a stressed <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">front close-mid vowel</a>, as in perché "why, because". In dictionaries, it is also used over ⟨o⟩ to indicate a stressed <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">back close-mid vowel</a> (azióne). The <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> is used over word-final ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ to indicate a <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">front open-mid vowel</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">back open-mid vowel</a> respectively, as in tè "tea", and può "(he) can". The grave accent is used over any vowel to indicate word-final stress, as in gioventù "youth". Unlike ⟨é⟩, which is a close-mid vowel, a stressed final ⟨o⟩ is almost always a <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">back open-mid vowel</a> (andrò), with a few exceptions, such as metró, with a stressed final <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">back close-mid vowel</a>, making ⟨ó⟩ for the most part unnecessary outside of dictionaries. Most of the time, the penultimate syllable is stressed. But if the stressed vowel is the final letter of the word, the accent is mandatory, otherwise, it is virtually always omitted. Exceptions are typically either in dictionaries, where all or most stressed vowels are commonly marked. Accents can optionally be used to disambiguate words that differ only by stress, as for prìncipi "princes" and princìpi "principles", or àncora "anchor" and ancóra "still/yet". For monosyllabic words, the rule is different: when two orthographically identical monosyllabic words with different meanings exist, one is accented and the other is not (example: è "is", e "and").</li> <li>The letter ⟨h⟩ distinguishes ho, hai, ha, hanno (present indicative of avere "to have") from o ("or"), ai ("to the"), a ("to"), anno ("year"). In the spoken language, the letter is always silent. The ⟨h⟩ in ho additionally marks the contrasting open pronunciation of the ⟨o⟩. The letter ⟨h⟩ is also used in combinations with other letters. No <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> /h/ exists in Italian. In nativized foreign words, the ⟨h⟩ is silent. For example, hotel and hovercraft are pronounced /oˈtɛl/ and /ˈɔverkraft/ respectively. (Where ⟨h⟩ existed in Latin, it either disappeared or, in a few cases before a back vowel, changed to [ɡ]: traggo "I pull" ← Lat. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">trahō.)</li> <li>The letters ⟨s⟩ and ⟨z⟩ can symbolize <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> consonants. ⟨z⟩ symbolizes /dz/ or /ts/ depending on context, with few minimal pairs. For example: zanzara /dzanˈdzara/ "mosquito" and nazione /natˈtsjone/ "nation". ⟨s⟩ symbolizes /s/ word-initially before a vowel, when clustered with a voiceless consonant (⟨p, f, c, ch⟩), and when doubled; it symbolizes /z/ when between vowels and when clustered with voiced consonants. Intervocalic ⟨s⟩ varies regionally between /s/ and /z/, with /z/ being more dominant in northern Italy and /s/ in the south.</li> <li>The letters ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ vary in pronunciation between <a href="/wiki/Plosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosives">plosives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affricates" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricates">affricates</a> depending on following vowels. The letter ⟨c⟩ symbolizes /k/ when word-final and before the back vowels ⟨a, o, u⟩. It symbolizes /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/ as in chair before the front vowels ⟨e, i⟩. The letter ⟨g⟩ symbolizes /ɡ/ when word-final and before the back vowels ⟨a, o, u⟩. It symbolizes /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/ as in gem before the front vowels ⟨e, i⟩. Other Romance languages and, to an extent, English have similar variations for ⟨c, g⟩. Compare <a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_C" title="Hard and soft C">hard and soft C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_G" title="Hard and soft G">hard and soft G</a>. (See also <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a>.)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨gh⟩ indicate (/k/ and /ɡ/) before ⟨i, e⟩. The digraphs ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩ indicate "softness" (/tʃ/ and /dʒ/, the <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricate consonants</a> of English church and judge) before ⟨a, o, u⟩. For example:</li></ul> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">Before back vowel (A, O, U) </th> <th colspan="2">Before front vowel (I, E) </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Plosive </th> <th>C </th> <td>caramella /karaˈmɛlla/ candy </td> <th>CH </th> <td>china /ˈkina/ <a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>G </th> <td>gallo /ˈɡallo/ <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">rooster</a> </td> <th>GH </th> <td>ghiro /ˈɡiro/ <a href="/wiki/Edible_dormouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible dormouse">edible dormouse</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Affricate </th> <th>CI </th> <td>ciambella /tʃamˈbɛlla/ <a href="/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut">donut</a> </td> <th>C </th> <td>Cina /ˈtʃina/ China </td></tr> <tr> <th>GI </th> <td>giallo /ˈdʒallo/ yellow </td> <th>G </th> <td>giro /ˈdʒiro/ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/round" class="extiw" title="wikt:round">round</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tour" class="extiw" title="wikt:tour">tour</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Note: ⟨h⟩ is <a href="/wiki/Silent_letter" title="Silent letter">silent</a> in the digraphs <a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">⟨ch⟩</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">⟨gh⟩</a>; and ⟨i⟩ is silent in the digraphs ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩ before ⟨a, o, u⟩ unless the ⟨i⟩ is stressed. For example, it is silent in <a href="/wiki/Ciao" title="Ciao">ciao</a> /ˈtʃa.o/ and cielo /ˈtʃɛ.lo/, but it is pronounced in farmacia /ˌfar.maˈtʃi.a/ and farmacie /ˌfar.maˈtʃi.e/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerloco2018-29">[28]</a></dd></dl> Italian has geminate, or double, consonants, which are distinguished by <a href="/wiki/Consonant_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant length">length</a> and intensity. Length is distinctive for all consonants except for /ʃ/, /dz/, /ts/, /ʎ/, /ɲ/, which are always geminate when between vowels, and /z/, which is always single. Geminate plosives and affricates are realized as lengthened closures. Geminate fricatives, nasals, and /l/ are realized as lengthened <a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">continuants</a>. There is only one vibrant phoneme /r/ but the actual pronunciation depends on the context and regional accent. Generally one can find a flap consonant [ɾ] in an unstressed position whereas [r] is more common in stressed syllables, but there may be exceptions. Especially people from the northern part of Italy (<a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, Aosta Valley, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>) may pronounce /r/ as [ʀ], [ʁ], or [ʋ].<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Of special interest to the linguistic study of <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_gorgia" title="Tuscan gorgia">gorgia toscana</a>, or "Tuscan Throat", the weakening or <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intervocalic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:intervocalic">intervocalic</a> /p/, /t/, and /k/ in the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscan language">Tuscan language</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">voiced postalveolar fricative</a> /ʒ/ is present as a phoneme only in loanwords: for example, garage [ɡaˈraːʒ]. Phonetic [ʒ] is common in central and southern Italy as an intervocalic allophone of /dʒ/: gente [ˈdʒɛnte] 'people' but la gente [laˈʒɛnte] "the people", ragione [raˈʒoːne] "reason". </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian grammar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian verbs">Italian verbs</a></div> Italian <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> is typical of the grammar of <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> in general. <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Cases</a> exist for personal pronouns (<a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>), but not for nouns. There are two basic classes of nouns in Italian, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>, masculine and feminine. Gender may be <a href="/wiki/Natural_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gender">natural</a> (ragazzo 'boy', ragazza 'girl') or simply grammatical with no possible reference to biological gender (masculine costo 'cost', feminine costa 'coast'). Masculine nouns typically end in -o (ragazzo 'boy'), with plural marked by -i (ragazzi 'boys'), and feminine nouns typically end in -a, with plural marked by -e (ragazza 'girl', ragazze 'girls'). For a group composed of boys and girls, ragazzi is the plural, suggesting that -i is a general neutral plural. A third category of nouns is <a href="/wiki/Marker_(linguistics)" title="Marker (linguistics)">unmarked</a> for gender, ending in -e in the singular and -i in the plural: legge 'law, f. sg.', leggi 'laws, f. pl.'; fiume 'river, m. sg.', fiumi 'rivers, m. pl.', thus assignment of gender is arbitrary in terms of form, enough so that terms may be identical but of distinct genders: fine meaning 'aim', 'purpose' is masculine, while fine meaning 'end, ending' (e.g. of a movie) is feminine, and both are fini in the plural, a clear instance of -i as a non-gendered default plural marker. These nouns often, but not always, denote <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">inanimates</a>. There are a number of nouns that have a masculine singular and a feminine plural, most commonly of the pattern m. sg. -o, f. pl. -a (miglio 'mile, m. sg.', miglia 'miles, f. pl.'; paio 'pair, m. sg.', paia 'pairs, f. pl.'), and thus are sometimes considered neuter (these are usually derived from <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">neuter</a> Latin nouns). An instance of neuter gender also exists in pronouns of the third person singular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimone2010-113">[111]</a> Examples:<a href="#cite_note-:6-114">[112]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Definition </th> <th>Gender </th> <th>Singular Form </th> <th>Plural Form </th></tr> <tr> <td>Son </td> <td>Masculine </td> <td>Figlio </td> <td>Figli </td></tr> <tr> <td>House </td> <td>Feminine </td> <td>Casa </td> <td>Case </td></tr> <tr> <td>Love </td> <td>Masculine </td> <td>Amore </td> <td>Amori </td></tr> <tr> <td>Art </td> <td>Feminine </td> <td>Arte </td> <td>Arti </td></tr></tbody></table> Nouns, adjectives, and articles <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflect</a> for gender and number (singular and plural). Like in English, common nouns are capitalized when occurring at the beginning of a sentence. Unlike English, nouns referring to languages (e.g. Italian) and adjectives pertaining to ethnicity are never capitalized, while speakers of languages, or inhabitants of an area (e.g. Italians) used to always be capitalized, but, starting from the XIX century, this convention has been subject to various changes.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-116">[114]</a> There are three types of <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>: descriptive, invariable and form-changing. Descriptive adjectives are the most common, and their endings change to match the number and gender of the noun they modify. Invariable adjectives are adjectives whose endings do not change. The form-changing adjectives "buono (good), bello (beautiful), grande (big), and santo (saint)" change in form when placed before different types of nouns. Italian has three degrees for comparison of adjectives: positive, comparative, and superlative.<a href="#cite_note-:5-116">[114]</a> The order of words in the phrase is relatively free compared to most European languages.<a href="#cite_note-Clivio-111">[109]</a> The position of the verb in the phrase is highly mobile. Word order often has a lesser grammatical function in Italian than in English. Adjectives are sometimes placed before their noun and sometimes after. Subject nouns generally come before the verb. Italian is a <a href="/wiki/Null-subject_language" title="Null-subject language">null-subject language</a>, so nominative pronouns are usually absent, with subject indicated by verbal <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a> (e.g. amo 'I love', ama '(s)he loves', amano 'they love'). Noun objects normally come after the verb, as do pronoun objects after imperative verbs, infinitives and gerunds, but otherwise, pronoun objects come before the verb. There are both indefinite and definite <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> in Italian. There are four indefinite articles, selected by the gender of the noun they modify and by the phonological structure of the word that immediately follows the article. Uno is masculine singular, used before z (/ts/ or /dz/), s+consonant, gn (/ɲ/), pn or ps, while masculine singular un is used before a word beginning with any other sound. The noun zio 'uncle' selects masculine singular, thus uno zio 'an uncle' or uno zio anziano 'an old uncle,' but un mio zio 'an uncle of mine'. The feminine singular indefinite articles are una, used before any consonant sound, and its abbreviated form, written un', used before vowels: una camicia 'a shirt', una camicia bianca 'a white shirt', un'altra camicia 'a different shirt'. There are seven forms for definite articles, both singular and plural. In the singular: lo, which corresponds to the uses of uno; il, which corresponds to the uses with the consonant of un; la, which corresponds to the uses of una; l', used for both masculine and feminine singular before vowels. In the plural: gli is the masculine plural of lo and l'; i is the plural of il; and le is the plural of feminine la and l'.<a href="#cite_note-:5-116">[114]</a> There are numerous <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contractions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a> with subsequent <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a>. There are numerous productive <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> for <a href="/wiki/Italian_diminutive" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian diminutive">diminutive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augmentative#Italian" title="Augmentative">augmentative</a>, pejorative, attenuating, etc., which are also used to create <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a>. There are 27 pronouns, grouped in <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> and tonic pronouns. Personal pronouns are separated into three groups: subject, object (which takes the place of both direct and indirect objects), and reflexive. Second-person subject pronouns have both a polite and a familiar form. These two different types of addresses are very important in Italian social distinctions. All object pronouns have two forms: stressed and unstressed (clitics). Unstressed object pronouns are much more frequently used, and come before a verb conjugated for subject-verb (La vedi. 'You see her.'), after (in writing, attached to) non-conjugated verbs (vedendola 'seeing her'). Stressed object pronouns come after the verb, and are used when the emphasis is required, for contrast, or to avoid ambiguity (Vedo lui, ma non lei. 'I see him, but not her'). Aside from personal pronouns, Italian also has demonstrative, interrogative, possessive, and relative pronouns. There are two types of demonstrative pronouns: relatively near (this) and relatively far (that); there exists a third type of demonstrative denoting vicinity only to the listener, but it has fallen out of use. Demonstratives in Italian are repeated before each noun, unlike in English.<a href="#cite_note-:5-116">[114]</a> There are three regular sets of verbal <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugations</a>, and various verbs are irregularly conjugated. Within each of these sets of conjugations, there are four simple (one-word) verbal conjugations by person/number in the <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative mood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a>; <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a> with <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective aspect</a>, past tense with <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective aspect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future tense</a>), two simple conjugations in the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a> (present tense and past tense), one simple conjugation in the <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional mood</a>, and one simple conjugation in the <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative mood</a>. Corresponding to each of the simple conjugations, there is a compound conjugation involving a simple conjugation of "to be" or "to have" followed by a <a href="/wiki/Past_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Past participle">past participle</a>. "To have" is used to form compound conjugation when the verb is transitive ("Ha detto", "ha fatto": he/she has said, he/she has made/done), while "to be" is used in the case of verbs of motion and some other intransitive verbs ("È andato", "è stato": he has gone, he has been). "To be" may be used with transitive verbs, but in such a case it makes the verb passive ("È detto", "è fatto": it is said, it is made/done). This rule is not absolute, and some exceptions do exist. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Words">Words</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Words" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversation">Conversation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conversation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Note: the plural form of verbs could also be used as an extremely formal (for example to <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noble</a> people in monarchies) singular form (see <a href="/wiki/Royal_we" title="Royal we">royal we</a>). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English (inglese)</th> <th>Italian (italiano)</th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Yes</td> <td>Sì</td> <td>(<a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/It-s%C3%AC.ogg">listen</a>) /ˈsi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>No</td> <td>No</td> <td>(<a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/It-no.ogg">listen</a>) /ˈnɔ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Of course!</td> <td>Certo! / Certamente! / Naturalmente!</td> <td>/ˈtʃɛrto/ /ˌtʃertaˈmente/ /naturalˈmente/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hello!</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ciao" title="Ciao">Ciao</a>! (informal) / Salve! (semi-formal)</td> <td>/ˈtʃao/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cheers!</td> <td>Salute!</td> <td>/saˈlute/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>How are you?</td> <td>Come stai? (informal) / Come sta? (formal) / Come state? (plural) / Come va? (general, informal)</td> <td>/ˌkomeˈstai/; /ˌkomeˈsta/ /ˌkome ˈstate/ /ˌkome va/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good morning!</td> <td>Buongiorno! (= Good day!)</td> <td>/ˌbwɔnˈdʒorno/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good evening!</td> <td>Buonasera!</td> <td>/ˌbwɔnaˈsera/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good night!</td> <td>Buonanotte! (for a good night sleeping) / Buona serata! (for a good night awake)</td> <td>/ˌbwɔnaˈnɔtte/ /ˌbwɔna seˈrata/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Have a nice day!</td> <td>Buona giornata! (formal)</td> <td>/ˌbwɔna dʒorˈnata/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Enjoy the meal!</td> <td>Buon appetito!</td> <td>/ˌbwɔn‿appeˈtito/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goodbye!</td> <td>Arrivederci (general) / Arrivederla (formal) / Ciao! (informal)</td> <td>(<a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/It-arrivederci.ogg">listen</a>) /arriveˈdertʃi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good luck!</td> <td>Buona fortuna! (general)</td> <td>/ˌbwɔna forˈtuna/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>I love you</td> <td>Ti amo (between lovers only) / Ti voglio bene (in the sense of "I am fond of you", between lovers, friends, relatives etc.)</td> <td>/ti ˈamo/; /ti ˌvɔʎʎo ˈbɛne/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Welcome [to...]</td> <td>Benvenuto/-i (for male/males or mixed) / Benvenuta/-e (for female/females) [a / in...]</td> <td>/benveˈnuto//benveˈnuti//benveˈnuta/ /benveˈnute/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Please</td> <td>Per favore / Per piacere / Per cortesia</td> <td>(<a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/It-per_favore.ogg">listen</a>) /per faˈvore/ /per pjaˈtʃere/ /per korteˈzia/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you!</td> <td>Grazie! (general) / Ti ringrazio! (informal) / La ringrazio! (formal) / Vi ringrazio! (plural)</td> <td>/ˈɡrattsje/ /ti rinˈɡrattsjo/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>You are welcome!</td> <td>Prego!</td> <td>/ˈprɛɡo/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Excuse me / I am sorry</td> <td>Mi dispiace (only "I am sorry") / Scusa(mi) (informal) / Mi scusi (formal) / Scusatemi (plural) / Sono desolato ("I am sorry", if male) / Sono desolata ("I am sorry", if female)</td> <td>/ˈskuzi/; /ˈskuza/; /mi disˈpjatʃe/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Who?</td> <td>Chi?</td> <td>/ki/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>What?</td> <td>Che cosa? / Cosa? / Che?</td> <td>/kekˈkɔza/ or /kekˈkɔsa/ /ˈkɔza/ or /kɔsa/ /ˈke/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>When?</td> <td>Quando?</td> <td>/ˈkwando/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where?</td> <td>Dove?</td> <td>/ˈdove/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>How?</td> <td>Come?</td> <td>/ˈkome/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Why / Because</td> <td>Perché</td> <td>/perˈke/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Again</td> <td>Di nuovo / Ancora</td> <td>/di ˈnwɔvo/; /anˈkora/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>How much? / How many?</td> <td>Quanto? / Quanta? / Quanti? / Quante?</td> <td>/ˈkwanto/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>What is your name?</td> <td>Come ti chiami? (informal) / Qual è il suo nome? (formal) / Come si chiama? (formal)</td> <td>/ˌkome tiˈkjami/ /kwal ˈɛ il ˌsu.o ˈnome/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>My name is...</td> <td>Mi chiamo...</td> <td>/mi ˈkjamo/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>This is...</td> <td>Questo è... (masculine) / Questa è... (feminine)</td> <td>/ˌkwesto ˈɛ/ /ˌkwesta ˈɛ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes, I understand.</td> <td>Sì, capisco. / Ho capito.</td> <td>/si kaˈpisko/ /ɔkkaˈpito/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>I do not understand.</td> <td>Non capisco. / Non ho capito.</td> <td>(<a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/It-non_capisco.ogg">listen</a>) /non kaˈpisko/ /nonˌɔkkaˈpito/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Do you speak English?</td> <td>Parli inglese? (informal) / Parla inglese? (formal) / Parlate inglese? (plural)</td> <td>(<a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/It-parlate_inglese.ogg">listen</a>) /parˌlate inˈɡleːse/ (<a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Parla_inglese.ogg">listen</a>) /ˌparla inˈɡlese/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>I do not understand Italian.</td> <td>Non capisco l'italiano.</td> <td>/non kaˌpisko litaˈljano/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Help me!</td> <td>Aiutami! (informal) / Mi aiuti! (formal) / Aiutatemi! (plural) / Aiuto! (general)</td> <td>/aˈjutami/ /ajuˈtatemi/ /aˈjuto/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>You are right/wrong!</td> <td>(Tu) hai ragione/torto! (informal) / (Lei) ha ragione/torto! (formal) / (Voi) avete ragione/torto! (plural)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>What time is it?</td> <td>Che ora è? / Che ore sono?</td> <td>/ke ˌora ˈɛ/ /ke ˌore ˈsono/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where is the bathroom?</td> <td>Dov'è il bagno?</td> <td>(<a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/It-dov%27%C3%A8_il_bagno.ogg">listen</a>) /doˌvɛ il ˈbaɲɲo/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>How much is it?</td> <td>Quanto costa?</td> <td>/ˌkwanto ˈkɔsta/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>The bill, please.</td> <td>Il conto, per favore.</td> <td>/il ˌkonto per faˈvore/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>The study of Italian sharpens the mind.</td> <td>Lo studio dell'italiano aguzza l'ingegno.</td> <td>/loˈstudjo dellitaˈljano aˈɡuttsa linˈdʒeɲɲo/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where are you from?</td> <td>Di dove sei? (general, informal)/ Di dove è? (formal)</td> <td>/di dove ssˈɛi/ /di dove ˈɛ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>I like</td> <td>Mi piace (for one object) / Mi piacciono (for multiple objects)</td> <td>/mi pjatʃe/ /mi pjattʃono/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Question_words">Question words</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Question words" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Italian<a href="#cite_note-:5-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-114">[112]</a> </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>what (adj.) </td> <td>che </td> <td>/ke/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>what (standalone) </td> <td>cosa </td> <td>/ˈkɔza/, /ˈkɔsa/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>who </td> <td>chi </td> <td>/ki/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>how </td> <td>come </td> <td>/ˈkome/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>where </td> <td>dove </td> <td>/ˈdove/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>why, because </td> <td>perché </td> <td>/perˈke/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>which </td> <td>quale </td> <td>/ˈkwale/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>when </td> <td>quando </td> <td>/ˈkwando/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>how much </td> <td>quanto </td> <td>/ˈkwanto/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time">Time</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Time" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Italian<a href="#cite_note-:5-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-114">[112]</a> </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>today </td> <td>oggi </td> <td>/ˈɔddʒi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>yesterday </td> <td>ieri </td> <td>/ˈjɛri/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tomorrow </td> <td>domani </td> <td>/doˈmani/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>second </td> <td>secondo </td> <td>/seˈkondo/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>minute </td> <td>minuto </td> <td>/miˈnuto/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>hour </td> <td>ora </td> <td>/ˈora/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>day </td> <td>giorno </td> <td>/ˈdʒorno/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>week </td> <td>settimana </td> <td>/settiˈmana/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>month </td> <td>mese </td> <td>/ˈmeze/, /ˈmese/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>year </td> <td>anno </td> <td>/ˈanno/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Numbers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Italian</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>one</td> <td>uno</td> <td>/ˈuno/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>two</td> <td>due</td> <td>/ˈdue/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>three</td> <td>tre</td> <td>/ˈtre/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>four</td> <td>quattro</td> <td>/ˈkwattro/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>five</td> <td>cinque</td> <td>/ˈtʃinkwe/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>six</td> <td>sei</td> <td>/ˈsɛi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>seven</td> <td>sette</td> <td>/ˈsɛtte/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>eight</td> <td>otto</td> <td>/ˈɔtto/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>nine</td> <td>nove</td> <td>/ˈnɔve/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ten</td> <td>dieci</td> <td>/ˈdjɛtʃi/ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>eleven</td> <td>undici</td> <td>/ˈunditʃi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>twelve</td> <td>dodici</td> <td>/ˈdoditʃi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>thirteen</td> <td>tredici</td> <td>/ˈtreditʃi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>fourteen</td> <td>quattordici</td> <td>/kwatˈtorditʃi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>fifteen</td> <td>quindici</td> <td>/ˈkwinditʃi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>sixteen</td> <td>sedici</td> <td>/ˈseditʃi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>seventeen</td> <td>diciassette</td> <td>/ditʃasˈsɛtte/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>eighteen</td> <td>diciotto</td> <td>/diˈtʃɔtto/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>nineteen</td> <td>diciannove</td> <td>/ditʃanˈnɔve/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>twenty</td> <td>venti</td> <td>/ˈventi/ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>twenty-one</td> <td>ventuno</td> <td>/venˈtuno/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>twenty-two</td> <td>ventidue</td> <td>/ˌventiˈdue/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>twenty-three</td> <td>ventitré</td> <td>/ˌventiˈtre/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>twenty-four</td> <td>ventiquattro</td> <td>/ˌventiˈkwattro/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>twenty-five</td> <td>venticinque</td> <td>/ˌventiˈtʃinkwe/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>twenty-six</td> <td>ventisei</td> <td>/ˌventiˈsɛi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>twenty-seven</td> <td>ventisette</td> <td>/ˌventiˈsɛtte/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>twenty-eight</td> <td>ventotto</td> <td>/venˈtɔtto/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>twenty-nine</td> <td>ventinove</td> <td>/ˌventiˈnɔve/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>thirty</td> <td>trenta</td> <td>/ˈtrenta/ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>one hundred</td> <td>cento</td> <td>/ˈtʃɛnto/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>one thousand</td> <td>mille</td> <td>/ˈmille/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>two thousand</td> <td>duemila</td> <td>/ˌdueˈmila/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>two thousand (and) twenty-five (2025)</td> <td>duemilaventicinque</td> <td>/dueˌmilaˈventitʃinkwe/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>one million </td> <td>un milione </td> <td>/miˈljone/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>one billion </td> <td>un miliardo </td> <td>/miˈljardo/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>one trillion </td> <td>mille miliardi </td> <td>/ˈmilleˈmiˈljardi/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Days_of_the_week">Days of the week</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Days of the week" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>Monday</td> <td>lunedì</td> <td>/luneˈdi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuesday</td> <td>martedì</td> <td>/marteˈdi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wednesday</td> <td>mercoledì</td> <td>/ˌmerkoleˈdi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thursday</td> <td>giovedì</td> <td>/dʒoveˈdi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Friday</td> <td>venerdì</td> <td>/venerˈdi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saturday</td> <td>sabato</td> <td>/ˈsabato/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sunday</td> <td>domenica</td> <td>/doˈmenika/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Months_of_the_year">Months of the year</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Months of the year" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>January</td> <td>gennaio</td> <td>/dʒenˈnajo/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>February</td> <td>febbraio</td> <td>/febˈbrajo/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>March</td> <td>marzo</td> <td>/ˈmartso/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>April</td> <td>aprile</td> <td>/aˈprile/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>May</td> <td>maggio</td> <td>/ˈmaddʒo/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>June</td> <td>giugno</td> <td>/ˈdʒuɲɲo/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>July</td> <td>luglio</td> <td>/ˈluʎʎo/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>August</td> <td>agosto</td> <td>/aˈɡosto/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>September</td> <td>settembre</td> <td>/setˈtɛmbre/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>October</td> <td>ottobre</td> <td>/otˈtobre/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>November</td> <td>novembre</td> <td>/noˈvɛmbre/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>December</td> <td>dicembre</td> <td>/diˈtʃɛmbre/<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Example text" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="14" data-mwtitle="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_ita_-_dan_-_Art1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_ita_-_dan_-_Art1.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_ita_-_dan_-_Art1.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_ita_-_dan_-_Art1.ogg/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_ita_-_dan_-_Art1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>Italian pronunciation</figcaption></figure> Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Italian: <dl><dd>Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a></dd></dl> Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in English: <dl><dd>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a></dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Nobel_Prizes_for_Italian_language_literature">Nobel Prizes for Italian language literature</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Nobel Prizes for Italian language literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg/250px-Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="1212"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg/250px-Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg/330px-Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg/500px-Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a>, the first Italian to receive the <a href="/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1906 Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Winner</th> <th>Contribution </th></tr> <tr> <td>1906 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a> </td> <td>"not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces."<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a> </td> <td>"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general."<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a> </td> <td>"for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art."<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a> </td> <td>"for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times."<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a> </td> <td>"for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions."<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> </td> <td>"who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden."<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" 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language in the United States">Italian language in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Venezuela" title="Italian language in Venezuela">Italian language in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_music_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian music terminology">Italian musical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_profanity" title="Italian profanity">Italian profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Studies">Italian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia" title="Italian Wikipedia">Italian Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-language_international_radio_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-language international radio stations">Italian-language international radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessico_etimologico_italiano" title="Lessico etimologico italiano">Lessico etimologico italiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_Riddle" title="Veronese Riddle">Veronese Riddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Vatican City">Languages of the Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Italian_origin" title="List of English words of Italian origin">List of English words of Italian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_musical_terms_used_in_English" title="List of Italian musical terms used in English">List of Italian musical terms used in English</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EUChart-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EUChart_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EUChart_6-1">b</a> Recognized as a minority language by the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-coe-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Italian is the main language of the valleys of <a href="/wiki/Val_Calanca" title="Val Calanca">Calanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesolcina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolcina">Mesolcina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valle_Bregaglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle Bregaglia">Bregaglia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Val_Poschiavo" title="Val Poschiavo">val Poschiavo</a>. In the village of <a href="/wiki/Maloja,_Switzerland" title="Maloja, Switzerland">Maloja</a>, it is spoken by about half the population. It is also spoken by a minority in the village of <a href="/wiki/Bivio" title="Bivio">Bivio</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-9">j</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/ita">Italian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (25th ed., 2022) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><noscript><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" data-alt="Closed access icon" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object/detail&p=_system_cms_node/_a_ID/_v_33">"Centro documentazione per l'integrazione"</a>. Cdila.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101035439/http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object%2Fdetail&p=_system_cms_node%2F_a_ID%2F_v_33">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centro+documentazione+per+l%27integrazione&rft.pub=Cdila.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdila.it%2Fcds%2FIndex%3Fq%3Dobject%2Fdetail%26p%3D_system_cms_node%2F_a_ID%2F_v_33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object/detail&p=_system_cms_node/_a_ID/_v_37">"Centro documentazione per l'integrazione"</a>. Cdila.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201303/http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object%2Fdetail&p=_system_cms_node%2F_a_ID%2F_v_37">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centro+documentazione+per+l%27integrazione&rft.pub=Cdila.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdila.it%2Fcds%2FIndex%3Fq%3Dobject%2Fdetail%26p%3D_system_cms_node%2F_a_ID%2F_v_37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/06/21/pope-to-receive-knights-of-malta-grand-master-thursday_a9e72a37-ec6c-421d-a632-92f2dfe81dd7.html">"Pope Francis to receive Knights of Malta grand master Thursday – English"</a>. ANSA.it. 21 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813173147/https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/06/21/pope-to-receive-knights-of-malta-grand-master-thursday_a9e72a37-ec6c-421d-a632-92f2dfe81dd7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANSA.it&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+to+receive+Knights+of+Malta+grand+master+Thursday+%E2%80%93+English&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2F2016%2F06%2F21%2Fpope-to-receive-knights-of-malta-grand-master-thursday_a9e72a37-ec6c-421d-a632-92f2dfe81dd7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coe-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coe_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coe_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coe_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/AboutCharter/LanguagesCovered.pdf">"Languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221213191817/https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/AboutCharter/LanguagesCovered.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages+covered+by+the+European+Charter+for+Regional+or+Minority+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Ft%2Fdg4%2Feducation%2Fminlang%2FAboutCharter%2FLanguagesCovered.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> (PDF) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepschyLepschy2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lepschy, A. L.; Lepschy, G. (2006). "Italian". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition): 60–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-044854-2%2F02251-3">10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02251-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044854-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044854-1"><bdi>978-0-08-044854-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+%26+Linguistics+%28Second+Edition%29&rft.atitle=Italian&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-044854-2%2F02251-3&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044854-1&rft.aulast=Lepschy&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft.au=Lepschy%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romance-languages">"Romance languages"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106095325/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romance-languages">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2017. <q>...if the Romance languages are compared with Latin, it is seen that by most measures Sardinian and Italian are least differentiated...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romance+languages&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRomance-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleure" class="citation book cs1">Fleure, H. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yFfvAgAAQBAJ&dq=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin&pg=PA34">The peoples of Europe</a>. Рипол Классик. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781176926981" title="Special:BookSources/9781176926981"><bdi>9781176926981</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918110057/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFfvAgAAQBAJ&dq=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+peoples+of+Europe&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.isbn=9781176926981&rft.aulast=Fleure&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyFfvAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DItalian%2Bmost%2Bdirect%2Bdescendant%2Bof%2BLatin%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q2MUAAAAIAAJ&q=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin">"Hermathena"</a>. 1942. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918110014/https://books.google.com/books?id=q2MUAAAAIAAJ&q=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hermathena&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq2MUAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DItalian%2Bmost%2Bdirect%2Bdescendant%2Bof%2BLatin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinters2020" class="citation book cs1">Winters, Margaret E. (8 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yVPdDwAAQBAJ&dq=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin&pg=PA34">Historical Linguistics: A cognitive grammar introduction</a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027261236" title="Special:BookSources/9789027261236"><bdi>9789027261236</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918110014/https://books.google.com/books?id=yVPdDwAAQBAJ&dq=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Linguistics%3A+A+cognitive+grammar+introduction&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2020-05-08&rft.isbn=9789027261236&rft.aulast=Winters&rft.aufirst=Margaret+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyVPdDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DItalian%2Bmost%2Bdirect%2Bdescendant%2Bof%2BLatin%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://italyuntold.org/en/untold-stories-the-italian-language-is-the-4-th-most-studied-language-in-the-world/">"Untold stories: The Italian language is the 4 th most studied language in the world"</a>. 26 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Untold+stories%3A+The+Italian+language+is+the+4+th+most+studied+language+in+the+world&rft.date=2021-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitalyuntold.org%2Fen%2Funtold-stories-the-italian-language-is-the-4-th-most-studied-language-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.davidschool.com/en/italian-is-the-4th-most-studied-language-in-the-world/">"Italian language 4th most studied language in the world"</a>. 18 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+language+4th+most+studied+language+in+the+world&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidschool.com%2Fen%2Fitalian-is-the-4th-most-studied-language-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iitaly.org/magazine/focus/art-culture/article/italian-4th-most-studied-language">"Italian is the 4th Most Studied Language"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+is+the+4th+Most+Studied+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iitaly.org%2Fmagazine%2Ffocus%2Fart-culture%2Farticle%2Fitalian-4th-most-studied-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214095127/http://www.dri.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Multilingvism-si-limbi-minoritare-in-Romania.pdf">"MULTILINGVISM ŞI LIMBI MINORITARE ÎN ROMÂNIA"</a> (PDF) (in Romanian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dri.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Multilingvism-si-limbi-minoritare-in-Romania.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MULTILINGVISM+%C5%9EI+LIMBI+MINORITARE+%C3%8EN+ROM%C3%82NIA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dri.gov.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F02%2FMultilingvism-si-limbi-minoritare-in-Romania.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encantado-16"><a href="#cite_ref-encantado_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direitolinguistico.com.br/repositorio/s/rbll/item/164">"Lei n. 5.048/2023 - Do Município de Encantado / RS"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240811141927/https://direitolinguistico.com.br/repositorio/s/rbll/item/164">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lei+n.+5.048%2F2023+-+Do+Munic%C3%ADpio+de+Encantado+%2F+RS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdireitolinguistico.com.br%2Frepositorio%2Fs%2Frbll%2Fitem%2F164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direitolinguistico.com.br/repositorio/s/rbll/item/95">"Lei n. 2.812/2021 - Do Município de Santa Teresa / ES"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240811141902/https://direitolinguistico.com.br/repositorio/s/rbll/item/95">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lei+n.+2.812%2F2021+-+Do+Munic%C3%ADpio+de+Santa+Teresa+%2F+ES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdireitolinguistico.com.br%2Frepositorio%2Fs%2Frbll%2Fitem%2F95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-europa2024-18"><a href="#cite_ref-europa2024_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528002002/https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2979">"Europeans and their languages - Report - en"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Europa_(web_portal)" title="Europa (web portal)">europa.eu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a>. pp. 10 and 19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2979">the original</a> on 28 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europa.eu&rft.atitle=Europeans+and+their+languages+-+Report+-+en&rft.pages=10+and+19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Feurobarometer%2Fsurveys%2Fdetail%2F2979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-forbes-19"><a href="#cite_ref-forbes_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeating" class="citation web cs1">Keating, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davekeating/2020/02/06/despite-brexit-english-remains-the-eus-most-spoken-language-by-far/">"Despite Brexit, English Remains The EU's Most Spoken Language By Far"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607135739/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davekeating/2020/02/06/despite-brexit-english-remains-the-eus-most-spoken-language-by-far/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Despite+Brexit%2C+English+Remains+The+EU%27s+Most+Spoken+Language+By+Far&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdavekeating%2F2020%2F02%2F06%2Fdespite-brexit-english-remains-the-eus-most-spoken-language-by-far%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-europa2012-20"><a href="#cite_ref-europa2012_20-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf">Europeans and their Languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf">Archived</a> 6 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf">Data for EU27</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429224902/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf">Archived</a> 29 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, published in 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-Italian_language-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Italian_language_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004444/http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian">"Italian — University of Leicester"</a>. .le.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian">the original</a> on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+%E2%80%94+University+of+Leicester&rft.pub=.le.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.le.ac.uk%2Fdepartments%2Fmodern-languages%2Flal%2Flanguages%2520at%2520lal%2Fitalian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_musical_terms_used_in_English" title="List of Italian musical terms used in English">List of Italian musical terms used in English</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaoli2016" class="citation cs2">Paoli, Sandra (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ling-phil.ox.ac.uk/romance-linguistics/assets/uploads/paoli/Booklet_P&P_right.pdf">A Short Guide to Italian Phonetics and Phonology for Students of Italian Paper V</a> (PDF), Oxford University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+Guide+to+Italian+Phonetics+and+Phonology+for+Students+of+Italian+Paper+V&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Paoli&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling-phil.ox.ac.uk%2Fromance-linguistics%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2Fpaoli%2FBooklet_P%26P_right.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903094736/http://www.italian-language.biz/italian/history.asp">"History of the Italian language"</a>. Italian-language.biz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italian-language.biz/italian/history.asp">the original</a> on 3 September 2006. Retrieved 24 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Italian+language&rft.pub=Italian-language.biz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italian-language.biz%2Fitalian%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepschyLepschy1988" class="citation book cs1">Lepschy, Anna Laura; Lepschy, Giulio C. (1988). The Italian language today (2nd ed.). New York: New Amsterdam. pp. 13, 22, 19–20, 21, 35, 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941533-22-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941533-22-5"><bdi>978-0-941533-22-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17650220">17650220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+language+today&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13%2C+22%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20%2C+21%2C+35%2C+37&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=New+Amsterdam&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17650220&rft.isbn=978-0-941533-22-5&rft.aulast=Lepschy&rft.aufirst=Anna+Laura&rft.au=Lepschy%2C+Giulio+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreoseRenzi2013" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Andreose, Alvise; Renzi, Lorenzo (2013), "Geography and distribution of the Romance Languages in Europe", in Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (eds.), The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages, vol. 2, Contexts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 302–308</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geography+and+distribution+of+the+Romance+Languages+in+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Romance+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E302-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Andreose&rft.aufirst=Alvise&rft.au=Renzi%2C+Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> D'Antoni, Francesca Guerra. "A New Perspective on the Veronese Riddle". Romance Philology 36, no. 2 (1982): 185–200, at 186. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44943244">https://www.jstor.org/stable/44943244</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.artsmia.org/art/1850/six-tuscan-poets-giorgio-vasari">"Six Tuscan Poets, Giorgio Vasari"</a>. collections.artsmia.org. <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Art" title="Minneapolis Institute of Art">Minneapolis Institute of Art</a>. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230617020304/https://collections.artsmia.org/art/1850/six-tuscan-poets-giorgio-vasari">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collections.artsmia.org&rft.atitle=Six+Tuscan+Poets%2C+Giorgio+Vasari&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.artsmia.org%2Fart%2F1850%2Fsix-tuscan-poets-giorgio-vasari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerloco2018-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerloco2018_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerloco2018_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerloco2018">Berloco 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarzunWeinstein" class="citation cs2">Barzun, Jacques; Weinstein, Donald, "The Growth of Vernacular Literature", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/The-growth-of-vernacular-literature">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Growth+of+Vernacular+Literature&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Barzun&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fhistory-of-Europe%2FThe-growth-of-vernacular-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDittmar2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dittmar, Jeremiah (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqje%2Fqjr035">"Information Technology and Economic Change: The Impact of the Printing Press"</a>. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 126 (3): 1133–1172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqje%2Fqjr035">10.1093/qje/qjr035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11701054">11701054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Information+Technology+and+Economic+Change%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Printing+Press&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1133-%3C%2Fspan%3E1172&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fqje%2Fqjr035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11701054%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dittmar&rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fqje%252Fqjr035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Toso, Fiorenzo. Lo spazio linguistico corso tra insularità e destino di frontiera, in Linguistica, 43, pp. 79–80, 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Cardia, Amos. S'italianu in Sardìnnia candu, cumenti e poita d'ant impostu: 1720–1848; poderi e lìngua in Sardìnnia in edadi spanniola, pp. 80–93, Iskra, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> «La dominazione sabauda in Sardegna può essere considerata come la fase iniziale di un lungo processo di italianizzazione dell'isola, con la capillare diffusione dell'italiano in quanto strumento per il superamento della frammentarietà tipica del contesto linguistico dell'isola e con il conseguente inserimento delle sue strutture economiche e culturali in un contesto internazionale più ampio e aperto ai contatti di più lato respiro. [...] Proprio la variegata composizione linguistica della Sardegna fu considerata negativamente per qualunque tentativo di assorbimento dell'isola nella sfera culturale italiana.» Loi Corvetto, Ines. I Savoia e le "vie" dell'unificazione linguistica. Quoted in Putzu, Ignazio; Mazzon, Gabriella (2012). Lingue, letterature, nazioni. Centri e periferie tra Europa e Mediterraneo, p. 488. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> This faction was headed by Vincenzo Calmeta, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Tassoni" title="Alessandro Tassoni">Alessandro Tassoni</a>, according to whom "the idiom of the Roman court was as good as the Florentine one, and better understood by all" (G. Rossi, ed. (1930). La secchia rapita, L'oceano e le rime. Bari. p. 235) and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sforza_Pallavicino" title="Francesco Sforza Pallavicino">Francesco Sforza Pallavicino</a>. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellini2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bellini, Eraldo (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/9789004517240/BP000020.xml">"Language and Idiom in Sforza Pallavicino's Trattato dello stile e del dialogo"</a>. Sforza Pallavicino: A Jesuit Life in Baroque Rome. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 126–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004517240_008">10.1163/9789004517240_008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51724-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51724-0"><bdi>978-90-04-51724-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001123640/https://brill.com/view/book/9789004517240/BP000020.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sforza+Pallavicino%3A+A+Jesuit+Life+in+Baroque+Rome&rft.atitle=Language+and+Idiom+in+Sforza+Pallavicino%27s+Trattato+dello+stile+e+del+dialogo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004517240_008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-51724-0&rft.aulast=Bellini&rft.aufirst=Eraldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2F9789004517240%2FBP000020.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718073016/http://manzoni.classicauthors.net/IPromessiSposiOrTheBetrothed/IPromessiSposiOrTheBetrothed1.html">"I Promessi sposi or The Betrothed"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manzoni.classicauthors.net/IPromessiSposiOrTheBetrothed/IPromessiSposiOrTheBetrothed1.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Promessi+sposi+or+The+Betrothed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmanzoni.classicauthors.net%2FIPromessiSposiOrTheBetrothed%2FIPromessiSposiOrTheBetrothed1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Betrothed-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Betrothed_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Betrothed_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmelia2011" class="citation web cs1">Amelia, William (12 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704422204576130253915553800">"The Great Italian Novel, a Love Story"</a>. The Wall Street Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Great+Italian+Novel%2C+a+Love+Story&rft.date=2011-02-12&rft.aulast=Amelia&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748704422204576130253915553800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> De Mauro, Tullio. Storia linguistica dell'Italia unita. Bari: Laterza, 1963. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrigo_Castellani1982" class="citation journal cs1">Arrigo Castellani (1982). "Quanti erano gli italofoni nel 1861?". Studi linguistici italiani (8): 3–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studi+linguistici+italiani&rft.atitle=Quanti+erano+gli+italofoni+nel+1861%3F&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Arrigo+Castellani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Colombo, Michele, and John J. Kinder. "Italian as a Language of Communication in Nineteenth Century Italy and Abroad". Italica 89, no. 1 (2012): 109–21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41440499">http://www.jstor.org/stable/41440499</a>. ("De Mauro started from the principle that only the inhabitants of Tuscany and Rome could easily speak the common (literary) language without a great amount of schooling, because their dialects were close to Italian. For all other Italians, it is reasonable to assume that only those who had attended at least some years of the secondary school were able to speak Italian. Given these assumptions, De Mauro (34-43) estimated that, in 1861, only 630,000 citizens, in a population of more than 25 million inhabitants, were speakers of the national language: that is, in the united Italy of the nineteenth century only 2.5% of the population was able to speak Italian. Some years later, Arrigo Castellani adjusted the percentage, arguing on the basis of new criteria that almost one-tenth of Italians spoke Italian as their everyday language in 1861.") </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206105028/https://www.pdx.edu/multicultural-topics-communication-sciences-disorders/italian">"Portland State Multicultural Topics in Communications Sciences & Disorders | Italian"</a>. www.pdx.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdx.edu/multicultural-topics-communication-sciences-disorders/italian">the original</a> on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pdx.edu&rft.atitle=Portland+State+Multicultural+Topics+in+Communications+Sciences+%26+Disorders+%7C+Italian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdx.edu%2Fmulticultural-topics-communication-sciences-disorders%2Fitalian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ezglot.com-42"><a href="#cite_ref-ezglot.com_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=ita">"Similar languages to Italian"</a>. ezglot.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430213746/https://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=ita">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ezglot.com&rft.atitle=Similar+languages+to+Italian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ezglot.com%2Fmost-similar-languages.php%3Fl%3Dita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPei1949" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Pei" title="Mario Pei">Pei, Mario</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1949.11659494">"A New Methodology for Romance Classification"</a>. WORD. 5 (2): 135–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1949.11659494">10.1080/00437956.1949.11659494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WORD&rft.atitle=A+New+Methodology+for+Romance+Classification&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1949.11659494&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00437956.1949.11659494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPei1949" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Pei" title="Mario Pei">Pei, Mario</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1949.11659494">"A New Methodology for Romance Classification"</a>. WORD. 5 (2): 135–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1949.11659494">10.1080/00437956.1949.11659494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WORD&rft.atitle=A+New+Methodology+for+Romance+Classification&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1949.11659494&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00437956.1949.11659494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> Demonstrates a comparative statistical method for determining the extent of change from the Latin for the free and checked stressed vowels of French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Rumanian, Old Provençal, and Logudorese Sardinian. By assigning 3½ change points per vowel (with 2 points for diphthongization, 1 point for modification in vowel quantity, ½ point for changes due to nasalization, palatalization or umlaut, and −½ point for failure to effect a normal change), there is a maximum of 77 change points for free and checked stressed vowel sounds (11×2×3½=77). According to this system (illustrated by seven charts at the end of the article), the percentage of change is greatest in French (44%) and least in Italian (12%) and Sardinian (8%). Prof. Pei suggests that this statistical method could be extended not only to all other phonological but also to all morphological and syntactical phenomena. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">Koutna et al. (1990: 294)</a>: "In the late forties and in the fifties some new proposals for classification of the Romance languages appeared. A statistical method attempting to evaluate the evidence quantitatively was developed in order to provide not only a classification but at the same time a measure of the divergence among the languages. The earliest attempt was made in 1949 by Mario Pei (1901–1978), who measured the divergence of seven modern Romance languages from Classical Latin, taking as his criterion the evolution of stressed vowels. Pei's results do not show the degree of contemporary divergence among the languages from each other but only the divergence of each one from Classical Latin. The closest language turned out to be Sardinian with 8% of change. Then followed Italian — 12%; Spanish — 20%; Romanian — 23,5%; Provençal — 25%; Portuguese — 31%; French — 44%." </li> <li id="cite_note-offstat-46"><a href="#cite_ref-offstat_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLüdi,_GeorgesWerlen,_Iwar2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lüdi, Georges; Werlen, Iwar (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071129182415/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/infothek/lexikon/bienvenue___login/blank/zugang_lexikon.Document.52217.pdf">"Recensement Fédéral de la Population 2000 — Le Paysage Linguistique en Suisse"</a> (PDF) (in French, German, and Italian). <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>: Office fédéral de la statistique. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/infothek/lexikon/bienvenue___login/blank/zugang_lexikon.Document.52217.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 November 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recensement+F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral+de+la+Population+2000+%E2%80%94+Le+Paysage+Linguistique+en+Suisse&rft.place=Neuch%C3%A2tel&rft.pub=Office+f%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral+de+la+statistique&rft.date=2005-04&rft.au=L%C3%BCdi%2C+Georges&rft.au=Werlen%2C+Iwar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fportal%2Ffr%2Findex%2Finfothek%2Flexikon%2Fbienvenue___login%2Fblank%2Fzugang_lexikon.Document.52217.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Marc-Christian Riebe, Retail Market Study 2015, p. 36. "the largest city in Ticino, and the largest Italian-speaking city outside of Italy." </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> The Vatican City State appendix to the <a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a> is entirely in Italian. </li> <li id="cite_note-2008census-50"><a href="#cite_ref-2008census_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monaco-iq.com/society">"Society"</a>. Monaco-IQ Business Intelligence. Lydia Porter. 2007–2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130815074527/http://www.monaco-iq.com/society">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monaco-IQ+Business+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Society&rft.date=2007%2F2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monaco-iq.com%2Fsociety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html">""Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi"</a> (in Italian). 28 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219165302/http://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2020. 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Retrieved 28 July 2014. <q>Today, even though for political reasons English is the most widely taught foreign language in Albanian schools, Italian is anyway the most widespread foreign language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+et+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+Plurilingues&rft.atitle=La+lingua+italiana+in+Albania&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Longo&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cebip.com%2Fdownload.asp%3Ffile%3D%2Felementi%2Fwww%2Fesp022_07_longo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongoAdemiBulija2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Longo, Maurizio; Ademi, Esmeralda; Bulija, Mirjana (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cebip.com/datapage.asp?l=1&id=40">"Una quantificazione della penetrazione della lingua italiana in Albania tramite la televisione (III)"</a> [A quantification of the diffusion of the Italian language in Albania via television] (PDF). 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Retrieved 8 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minoranze-linguistiche-scuola.it&rft.atitle=Lingue+di+Minoranza+e+Scuola%3A+Carta+Generale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minoranze-linguistiche-scuola.it%2Fcarta-generale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrifti2014-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrifti2014_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrifti2014">Prifti (2014)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall194477–78-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall194477%E2%80%9378_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall1944">Hall (1944)</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_88-2">c</a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268,_75%E2%80%9376_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268,_75%E2%80%9376_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268,_75%E2%80%9376_92-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, pp. 68, 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199257,_84,_88–89-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199257,_84,_88%E2%80%9389_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, pp. 57, 84, 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005133-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005133_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertinettoLoporcaro2005">Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005)</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199258,_88–89-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199258,_88%E2%80%9389_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, pp. 58, 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005134-96"><a 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58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens201313-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens201313_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasens2013">Recasens (2013)</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> "(...) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of [ʎ], creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)" <a href="#CITEREFAshby2011">Ashby (2011</a>:64). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996221-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996221_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996221_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004118-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004118_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogersd'Arcangeli2004">Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004)</a>, p. 118. </li> <li 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521621847" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521621847"><bdi>978-0521621847</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427114114/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wzer287R2hkC&dq=Italian+orthography&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q=Italian%20orthography&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2023. <q>On a hypothetical 'transparency scale' of writing systems, Italian orthography should be placed close to one extreme</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+The+acquisition+of+Italian+orthography&rft.btitle=Learning+to+Read+and+Write%3A+A+Cross-Linguistic+Perspective+%28Cambridge+Studies+in+Cognitive+and+Perceptual+Development%2C+Series+Number+2%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0521621847&rft.aulast=Cossu&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzer287R2hkC%26dq%3DItalian%2Borthography%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clivio-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clivio_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clivio_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClivioDanesi2000" class="citation book cs1">Clivio, Gianrenzo; Danesi, Marcel (2000). 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Retrieved 28 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.collinsdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Collins+Italian+Dictionary+%7C+Translations%2C+Definitions+and+Pronunciations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish-italian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/maiuscole-negli-prontuario-etnici_(Enciclopedia-dell'Italiano)/">"etnici, maiuscole negli [prontuario] - Enciclopedia"</a>. Treccani (in Italian). 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Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fliterature%2F1997%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshby2011" class="citation cs2">Ashby, Patricia (2011), Understanding Phonetics, Understanding Language series, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340928271" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340928271"><bdi>978-0340928271</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Phonetics&rft.series=Understanding+Language+series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0340928271&rft.aulast=Ashby&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertinettoLoporcaro2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bertinetto, Pier Marco; Loporcaro, Michele (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305002148">"The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome"</a>. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 35 (2): 131–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305002148">10.1017/S0025100305002148</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6479830">6479830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=The+sound+pattern+of+Standard+Italian%2C+as+compared+with+the+varieties+spoken+in+Florence%2C+Milan+and+Rome&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100305002148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6479830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bertinetto&rft.aufirst=Pier+Marco&rft.au=Loporcaro%2C+Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100305002148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanepari1992" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-08-24624-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-08-24624-0"><bdi>978-88-08-24624-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+M%C2%AAPi+%E2%80%93+Manuale+di+pronuncia+italiana&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pub=Zanichelli&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-88-08-24624-0&rft.aulast=Canepari&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerloco2018" class="citation book cs1">Berloco, Fabrizio (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYynDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition</a>. Lengu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8894034813" title="Special:BookSources/978-8894034813"><bdi>978-8894034813</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427114203/https://books.google.com/books?id=DYynDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. 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American Association of Teachers of Italian: 72–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F475860">10.2307/475860</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/475860">475860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italica&rft.atitle=Italian+phonemes+and+orthography&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F475860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F475860%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages">The Sounds of the World's Languages</a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrifti2014" class="citation journal cs1">Prifti, Elton (2014). "Enèrgeia in trasformazione: elementi analitici di linguistica migrazionale". Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie. 130 (1): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzrp-2014-0001">10.1515/zrp-2014-0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142121342">142121342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+romanische+Philologie&rft.atitle=En%C3%A8rgeia+in+trasformazione%3A+elementi+analitici+di+linguistica+migrazionale&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzrp-2014-0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142121342%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Prifti&rft.aufirst=Elton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecasens2013" class="citation cs2">Recasens, Daniel (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506145007/http://pagines.uab.cat/danielrecasens/sites/pagines.uab.cat.danielrecasens/files/Alveolopalatals%20JIPA.pdf">"On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants"</a> (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 1–22, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000199">10.1017/S0025100312000199</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145463946">145463946</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pagines.uab.cat/danielrecasens/sites/pagines.uab.cat.danielrecasens/files/Alveolopalatals%20JIPA.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 May 2021, retrieved 21 March 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=On+the+articulatory+classification+of+%28alveolo%29palatal+consonants&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100312000199&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145463946%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Recasens&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpagines.uab.cat%2Fdanielrecasens%2Fsites%2Fpagines.uab.cat.danielrecasens%2Ffiles%2FAlveolopalatals%2520JIPA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogersd'Arcangeli2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628">"Italian"</a>. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (1): 117–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628">10.1017/S0025100304001628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Italian&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001628&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=d%27Arcangeli%2C+Luciana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100304001628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>M. Vitale, Studi di Storia della Lingua Italiana, LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7916-015-X" title="Special:BookSources/88-7916-015-X">88-7916-015-X</a></li> <li>S. Morgana, Capitoli di Storia Linguistica Italiana, LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7916-211-X" title="Special:BookSources/88-7916-211-X">88-7916-211-X</a></li> <li>J. Kinder, CLIC: Cultura e Lingua d'Italia in CD-ROM / Culture and Language of Italy on CD-ROM, Interlinea, Novara, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8212-637-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8212-637-7">978-88-8212-637-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/VocabolarioTreccaniDiItaliano">Treccani Italian Dictionary</a> (iso) (in Italian). it – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">archive.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treccani+Italian+Dictionary&rft.pub=it&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FVocabolarioTreccaniDiItaliano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"> (with a similar list of other Italian-modern languages dictionaries)</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 37px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="37" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="it:"> Italian edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://accademiadellacrusca.it/">Accademia della Crusca</a> (in Italian)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvatore_Battaglia1961–2002" class="citation web cs1">Salvatore Battaglia (1961–2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gdli.it/">"Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. Prototipo edizione digitale"</a>. UTET.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grande+dizionario+della+lingua+italiana.+Prototipo+edizione+digitale&rft.pub=UTET&rft.date=1961%2F2002&rft.au=Salvatore+Battaglia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdli.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/">Treccani</a> (in Italian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dizionario.internazionale.it/">Il Nuovo De Mauro</a> (in Italian)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Italian_proverbs" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Italian proverbs">Italian proverbs</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/italian/">Learn Italian</a>", <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Italian_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Italian Swadesh list">Swadesh list in English and Italian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/conscripts/italorussian.htm">Italorussian (Италоруссо)</a> at Omniglot</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/19px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 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data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/19px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/19px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/29px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Italian language at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Italian_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Italian language">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Italian_language" class="extiw" title="q:Italian language">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Italian_Language" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Italian Language">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Italian" class="extiw" title="b:Italian">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 17px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="17" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Italian" class="extiw" title="v:Introduction to Italian">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Italian_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Italian phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q652" class="extiw" title="d:Q652">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&oldid=1282476925">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&oldid=1282476925</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_language&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 March 2025, at 17:15 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Италэбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Италэбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiaans" title="Italiaans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Italiaans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italienische_Sprache" title="Italienische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Italienische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A3%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ጣልያንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጣልያንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiakiel%C3%A2" title="Italiakielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Italiakielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="इतालवी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इतालवी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Italisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Italisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аиталиа бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аиталиа бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الإيطالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الإيطالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_italiano" title="Idioma italiano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma italiano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%9B%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܐܝܛܠܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܐܝܛܠܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Իտալերէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իտալերէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_italichesc%C3%A3" title="Limba italichescã – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Limba italichescã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_italianu" title="Idioma italianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma italianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Italiañe’ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Italiañe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Итал мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Итал мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talyan_dili" title="İtalyan dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İtalyan dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ایتالیا دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایتالیا دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ইতালীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইতালীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D-t%C4%81i-l%C4%AB-g%C3%AD" title="Í-tāi-lī-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Í-tāi-lī-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Итальян теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Итальян теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Італьянская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Італьянская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Італьянская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Італьянская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Italyano" title="Tataramon na Italyano – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Italyano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Италиански език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Италиански език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italienisch" title="Italienisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Italienisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨི་ཏ་ལིའི་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨི་ཏ་ལིའི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijanski_jezik" title="Italijanski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Italijanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianeg" title="Italianeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Italianeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Итальян хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Итальян хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali%C3%A0" title="Italià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Italià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Итальян чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Итальян чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initalyano" title="Initalyano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Initalyano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ital%C5%A1tina" title="Italština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Italština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiitari" title="Chiitari – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chiitari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_taliana" title="Lingua taliana – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua taliana" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidaleg" title="Eidaleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eidaleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiensk_(sprog)" title="Italiensk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Italiensk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاليانية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طاليانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1liagiella" title="Itáliagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Itáliagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italienische_Sprache" title="Italienische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Italienische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A9" title="އިޓަލީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިޓަލީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ital%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Italšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Italšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalia_keel" title="Itaalia keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Itaalia keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ιταλική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιταλική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itagli%C3%A0n" title="Itagliàn – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Itagliàn" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Италиянь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Италиянь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_italiano" title="Idioma italiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma italiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itala_lingvo" title="Itala lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Itala lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_italiana" title="Lengua italiana – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua italiana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiera" title="Italiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Italiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان ایتالیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ایتالیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_bhasa" title="Italian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Italian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Italskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Italskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italjaansk" title="Italjaansk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Italjaansk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_taliane" title="Lenghe taliane – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe taliane" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iod%C3%A1ilis" title="An Iodáilis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iodáilis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iddaalish" title="Iddaalish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Iddaalish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadailtis" title="Eadailtis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eadailtis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_italiana" title="Lingua italiana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua italiana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Италхой мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Италхой мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="意大利語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="意大利語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86" title="ايتاليايي زوؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ايتاليايي زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi-thai-li-ng%C3%AE" title="Yi-thai-li-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yi-thai-li-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="이탈리아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탈리아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiyanci" title="Italiyanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Italiyanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_%CA%BB%C4%AAk%C4%81lia" title="ʻŌlelo ʻĪkālia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo ʻĪkālia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Իտալերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իտալերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="इतालवी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इतालवी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ital%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Italšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Italšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talijanski_jezik" title="Talijanski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Talijanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiana_linguo" title="Italiana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Italiana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Italiano" title="Pagsasao nga Italiano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Italiano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ইতালীয় ঠার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইতালীয় ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Italia" title="Bahasa Italia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Italia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_italian" title="Lingua italian – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua italian" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian" title="Italian – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Italian" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Италиаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Италиаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiTaliya" title="IsiTaliya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiTaliya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dtalska" title="Ítalska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ítalska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_italiana" title="Lingua italiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua italiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA" title="איטלקית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איטלקית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Itali" title="Basa Itali – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Itali" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalii_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Itaalii kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Itaalii kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಇಟಲಿಯ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಟಲಿಯ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanung_Italyanu" title="Amanung Italyanu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanung Italyanu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="იტალიური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იტალიური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D8%B7%D9%B2%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اِطٲلوی زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِطٲلوی زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italsczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Italsczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Italsczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Италиян тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Италиян тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italek" title="Italek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Italek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiitalia" title="Kiitalia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiitalia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Итальян кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Итальян кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_italyen" title="Lang italyen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang italyen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyen" title="Italyen – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Italyen" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%AEtal%C3%AE" title="Zimanê îtalî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê îtalî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Италян тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Италян тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_talian" title="Lingaz talian – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz talian" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_italiana" title="Lingua italiana – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua italiana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5" title="ພາສາອິຕາລີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາອິຕາລີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Italiana" title="Lingua Italiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Italiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C4%81%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Itāļu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Itāļu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italieenesch" title="Italieenesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Italieenesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Итал чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Итал чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ital%C5%B3_kalba" title="Italų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Italų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Italia" title="Li Italia – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Li Italia" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ngoa_itali%C3%A0nn-a" title="Léngoa italiànn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Léngoa italiànn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiaans" title="Italiaans – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Italiaans" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litaliano" title="Litaliano – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Litaliano" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_(lingua)" title="Italian (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Italian (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_italiana" title="Lengua italiana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua italiana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olasz_nyelv" title="Olasz nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olasz nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="इटालियन भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इटालियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Италијански јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Италијански јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_italiana" title="Fiteny italiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny italiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഇറ്റാലിയൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറ്റാലിയൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Taljana" title="Lingwa Taljana – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Taljana" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_It%C4%81ria" title="Reo Itāria – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Itāria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="इटालियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इटालियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="იტალიური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იტალიური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه طليانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه طليانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ایتالیایی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایتالیایی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Itali" title="Bahasa Itali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Itali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯏꯇꯥꯂꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯇꯥꯂꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89-d%C3%A2i-l%C3%A9-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="É-dâi-lé-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="É-dâi-lé-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_eitaliana" title="Lhéngua eitaliana – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua eitaliana" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Италиянь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Италиянь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Итали хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Итали хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အီတလီဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီတလီဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiaans" title="Italiaans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Italiaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiaons" title="Italiaons – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Italiaons" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="इटालेली भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इटालेली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B" title="इटालियानो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इटालियानो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="イタリア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_taliana" title="Lengua taliana – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua taliana" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Итальянийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Итальянийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itajeensk" title="Itajeensk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Itajeensk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiensk" title="Italiensk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Italiensk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiensk" title="Italiensk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Italiensk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italum" title="Italum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Italum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian" title="Italian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Italian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Итальян йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Итальян йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyan_tili" title="Italyan tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Italyan tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਤਾਲਵੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਤਾਲਵੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اطالوی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اطالوی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiano" title="Italiano – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Italiano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اېټاليايي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېټاليايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian" title="Italian – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Italian" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Итальян кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Итальян кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8" title="ភាសាអ៊ីតាលី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាអ៊ីតាលី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien_(lingue)" title="Italien (lingue) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Italien (lingue)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_italian-a" title="Lenga italian-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga italian-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Itali" title="Tok Itali – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Itali" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italieensche_Spraak" title="Italieensche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Italieensche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_w%C5%82oski" title="Język włoski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język włoski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_italiana" title="Língua italiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua italiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyan_tili" title="Italyan tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Italyan tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talyan_tili" title="İtalyan tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İtalyan tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_%E2%80%99It%C4%81ria" title="Reo ’Itāria – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo ’Itāria" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_italian%C4%83" title="Limba italiană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba italiană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_taliana" title="Lingua taliana – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua taliana" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya_simi" title="Italya simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Italya simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Таліянськый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Таліянськый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Итальянский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Итальянский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Италия тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Италия тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Italiani" title="Faʻa Italiani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Italiani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="इतालवीभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इतालवीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_italiana" title="Limba italiana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba italiana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_leid" title="Italian leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Italian leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italieenske_Sproake" title="Italieenske Sproake – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Italieenske Sproake" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setaliana" title="Setaliana – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Setaliana" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_italiane" title="Gjuha italiane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha italiane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_taliana" title="Lingua taliana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua taliana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ඉතාලි භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉතාලි භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Italian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="اطالوي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اطالوي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talian%C4%8Dina" title="Taliančina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Taliančina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijan%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Italijanščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Italijanščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italsko_godka" title="Italsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Italsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Taliyaani" title="Af-Taliyaani – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Taliyaani" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئیتاڵی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئیتاڵی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Италијански језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Италијански језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijanski_jezik" title="Italijanski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Italijanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Italia" title="Basa Italia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Italia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_kieli" title="Italian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Italian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italienska" title="Italienska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Italienska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Italyano" title="Wikang Italyano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Italyano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இத்தாலிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இத்தாலிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Ta%E1%B9%ADalyanit" title="Tutlayt Taṭalyanit – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Taṭalyanit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Ta%E1%B9%ADalyanit" title="Tutlayt Taṭalyanit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt Taṭalyanit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_tagli%C3%A0ne" title="Lènga tagliàne – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga tagliàne" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Итальян теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Итальян теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="ఇటాలియన్ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇటాలియన్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาอิตาลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอิตาลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%91%D3%A3" title="Забони итолиёӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони итолиёӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B5_%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᏂᎢᏔᎵ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᎢᏔᎵ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talyanca" title="İtalyanca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İtalyanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ital%C3%BDan_dili" title="Italýan dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Italýan dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian" title="Italian – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Italian" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Итальян кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Итальян кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Італійська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Італійська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اطالوی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اطالوی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئىتاليان تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىتاليان تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_italiana" title="Łéngua italiana – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua italiana" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijan_kel%27" title="Italijan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Italijan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_%C3%9D" title="Tiếng Ý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Ý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litaliy%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Litaliyänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Litaliyänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalia_kiil" title="Itaalia kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Itaalia kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A5lyin_(lingaedje)" title="Itålyin (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Itålyin (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="義大利語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="義大利語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italioans" title="Italioans – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Italioans" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initalyano" title="Initalyano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Initalyano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="意大利语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9" title="איטאליעניש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איטאליעניש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_%C3%8Dt%C3%A1l%C3%AC" title="Èdè Ítálì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Ítálì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="意大利文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="意大利文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talyanki" title="İtalyanki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İtalyanki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiaons" title="Italiaons – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Italiaons" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italu_kalba" title="Italu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Italu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="意大利语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Itali" title="Basa Itali – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Itali" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Itali" title="Jaku Itali – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Itali" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Italia" title="Basa Italia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Italia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijan%C9%99_zyvon" title="Italijanə zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Italijanə zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" 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