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href="#Volcanism_and_earthquakes_related_sea-level_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Volcanism and earthquakes related sea-level changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanism_and_earthquakes_related_sea-level_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gradual_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gradual_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Gradual processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gradual_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deltas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deltas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Deltas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deltas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsidence_and_uplift_related_sea-level_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsidence_and_uplift_related_sea-level_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Subsidence and uplift related sea-level changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsidence_and_uplift_related_sea-level_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beach_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beach_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Beach management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beach_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beach management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beach_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coastal_planning_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_planning_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Coastal planning approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_planning_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Coastal engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hard_engineering_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard_engineering_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Hard engineering methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard_engineering_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_types_of_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_types_of_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Main types of structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_types_of_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seawalls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seawalls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1.1</span> <span>Seawalls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seawalls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groynes_and_Headland_groyne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groynes_and_Headland_groyne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1.2</span> <span>Groynes and Headland groyne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groynes_and_Headland_groyne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1.3</span> <span>Breakwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revetment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revetment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1.4</span> <span>Revetment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revetment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types_of_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types_of_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2</span> <span>Other types of structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_types_of_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Riprap_/_Rock_armour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riprap_/_Rock_armour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2.1</span> <span>Riprap / Rock armour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riprap_/_Rock_armour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cliff_stabilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cliff_stabilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2.2</span> <span>Cliff stabilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cliff_stabilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floodgates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floodgates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2.3</span> <span>Floodgates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floodgates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.3</span> <span>Construction elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concrete_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concrete_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.3.1</span> <span>Concrete objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concrete_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gabions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gabions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.3.2</span> <span>Gabions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gabions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soft_engineering_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_engineering_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Soft engineering methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_engineering_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Managed_retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Managed_retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.1</span> <span>Managed retreat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Managed_retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beach_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beach_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.2</span> <span>Beach evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beach_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sand_dune_stabilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sand_dune_stabilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.3</span> <span>Sand dune stabilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sand_dune_stabilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beach_drainage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beach_drainage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.4</span> <span>Beach drainage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beach_drainage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cost considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-An_illustrative_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_illustrative_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>An illustrative example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_illustrative_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_beaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_beaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Status of beaches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status_of_beaches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status of beaches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status_of_beaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_accretion_of_beaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_accretion_of_beaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Historical accretion of beaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_accretion_of_beaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_beach_recession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_beach_recession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modern beach recession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_beach_recession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-California_beaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_beaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>California beaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_beaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atlantic_coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atlantic_coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.1</span> <span>Atlantic coast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atlantic_coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sète" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sète"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.2</span> <span>Sète</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sète-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Changes to a shoreline by accretion and erosion</div> <p><b>Beach evolution</b> is a natural process occurring along <a href="/wiki/Shoreline" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoreline">shorelines</a> where sea, lake, or river water erodes the land. Beaches form as sand accumulates over centuries through recurrent processes that <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erode</a> rocky and sedimentary material into sand deposits. <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River deltas</a> contribute by depositing <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> carried from upriver, <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">accreting</a> at the river's outlet to extend lake or ocean shorelines. Catastrophic events such as <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surges</a> accelerate beach evolution. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accretion_and_erosion">Accretion and erosion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Accretion and erosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beach#Erosion_and_accretion" title="Beach">Beach accretion and erosion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudden_and_rapid_processes">Sudden and rapid processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sudden and rapid processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tsunamis_and_hurricane-driven_storm_surges">Tsunamis and hurricane-driven storm surges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tsunamis and hurricane-driven storm surges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Storm_surge_graphic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Storm_surge_graphic.svg/220px-Storm_surge_graphic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Storm_surge_graphic.svg/330px-Storm_surge_graphic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Storm_surge_graphic.svg/440px-Storm_surge_graphic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="119" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tsunamis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsunamis">Tsunamis</a> can cause significant <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> displacement. They can strip away years of accumulated <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> from beaches and devastate coastal vegetation. These powerful waves can <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a> inland areas far beyond the typical <a href="/wiki/High_water_mark" title="High water mark">high-tide mark.</a> Additionally, the swift currents associated with the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/tsunamis/tsunami-inundation">inundating tsunami</a> can demolish homes and other coastal structures. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a> is an onshore gush of water associated with a <a href="/wiki/Low_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure">low pressure</a> weather system. Storm surges can cause <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">beach accretion</a> and erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically notable storm surges occurred during the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Flood_of_1953" class="mw-redirect" title="North Sea Flood of 1953">North Sea Flood of 1953</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone" title="1970 Bhola cyclone">1970 Bhola cyclone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volcanism_and_earthquakes_related_sea-level_changes">Volcanism and earthquakes related sea-level changes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Volcanism and earthquakes related sea-level changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both geological events and the climate can change (progressively or suddenly) the relative height of the Earth's surface to the <a href="/wiki/Sea-level" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea-level">sea-level</a>. These events or processes continuously change coastlines. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_pozzuolim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Port_pozzuolim.jpg/220px-Port_pozzuolim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Port_pozzuolim.jpg/330px-Port_pozzuolim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Port_pozzuolim.jpg/440px-Port_pozzuolim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Old sea level mark in the Bay of Pozzuoli before uplift in 1982–1984.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_pozzuoli6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/Port_pozzuoli6.jpg/220px-Port_pozzuoli6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/Port_pozzuoli6.jpg/330px-Port_pozzuoli6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/Port_pozzuoli6.jpg/440px-Port_pozzuoli6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>New quay at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bay_of_Pozzuoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bay of Pozzuoli (page does not exist)">Bay of Pozzuoli</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Volcanic activity can create new islands. For example, <a href="/wiki/Surtsey" title="Surtsey">Surtsey</a> Island in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> which has a diameter of 800 meters (2,600 ft), was created between November 1963 and June 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island emerged from undersea vents that are part of the <a href="/wiki/Vestmannaeyjar" title="Vestmannaeyjar">Vestmannaeyjar submarine volcanic system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the island has since partially eroded, but it is expected to last another 100 years. </p><p>Some earthquakes can create sudden variations of relative ground level and change the coastline dramatically. Structurally controlled coasts include the <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a> zone in California and the seismic Mediterranean belt (from <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>). </p><p>The Bay of Pozzuoli, in <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a>, Italy experienced hundreds of tremors between August 1982 and December 1984. The tremors, which reached a peak on October 4, 1983, damaged 8,000 buildings in the city center and raised the sea bottom by almost 2 meters (6.6 ft). This rendered the Bay of <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a> too shallow for large craft and required the reconstruction of the harbor with new quays. The photo at the upper right shows the harbor before the uplift while the one on the bottom right shows the new quay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gradual_processes">Gradual processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gradual processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gradual evolution of beaches often comes from the interaction of <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a>, a wave-driven process by which sediments move along a beach shore, and other sources of erosion or accretion, such as nearby rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deltas">Deltas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Deltas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">Deltas</a> are nourished by <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> systems and accumulate <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, growing where the sediment flux from land is large enough to avoid complete removal by coastal currents, tides, or waves. </p><p>Most modern deltas are formed during the last five thousand years, after the present sea-level high stand was attained. However, not all sediment remains permanently in place: in the short term (decades to centuries), exceptional river floods, storms or other energetic events may remove significant portions of delta sediment or change its lobe distribution (pattern in which sediments are deposited across Delta, forming distinct, lobe shaped structures) and, on longer <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geological time scales</a>, sea-level fluctuations lead to the destruction of deltaic features. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subsidence_and_uplift_related_sea-level_changes">Subsidence and uplift related sea-level changes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subsidence and uplift related sea-level changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">Subsidence</a> is the motion of the Earth's surface downward relative to the sea level due to internal <a href="/wiki/Geodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geodynamic">geodynamic</a> causes, It can occur naturally or due to human activities. The opposite of subsidence is <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">uplift</a>, which increases elevation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezia_acqua_alta_notte_2005_modificata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Venezia_acqua_alta_notte_2005_modificata.jpg/220px-Venezia_acqua_alta_notte_2005_modificata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Venezia_acqua_alta_notte_2005_modificata.jpg/330px-Venezia_acqua_alta_notte_2005_modificata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Venezia_acqua_alta_notte_2005_modificata.jpg/440px-Venezia_acqua_alta_notte_2005_modificata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Square_(Venice)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mark's Square (Venice)">St. Mark's Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, during flooding</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> is probably the best-known example of a subsiding location. Built suspended over a coastal <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a>, it experiences periodic flooding when extreme high tides or surges arrive; <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Square_(Venice)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mark's Square (Venice)">St Mark's Square</a> is built only 55 centimeters above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phenomenon is caused by the compaction of young sediments in the <a href="/wiki/Po_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Po River">Po River</a> delta area, magnified by subsurface water and gas exploitation. Man-made works to solve this progressive sinking have been unsuccessful. </p><p><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4laren" title="Mälaren">Mälaren</a>, the third-largest lake in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, is an example of <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">deglacial</a> uplift. It was once a bay on which seagoing vessels were once able to sail far into the country's interior, but it ultimately became a lake. Its uplift was caused by deglaciation: the removal of the weight of ice-age glaciers caused rapid uplift of the depressed land. For 2,000 years as the ice was unloaded, uplift proceeded at about 7.5 centimeters (3.0 in)/year. Once <a href="/wiki/Deglaciation" title="Deglaciation">deglaciation</a> was complete, uplift slowed to about 2.5 centimeters (0.98 in) annually, and it decreased exponentially after that. Today, annual uplift rates are 1 centimeter (0.39 in) or less, and studies suggest that rebound will continue for about another 10,000 years. The total uplift from the end of deglaciation may be up to 400 meters (1,300 ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beach_management">Beach management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Beach management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="BM"></span><span class="anchor" id="Beach_management"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_development_hazards" title="Coastal development hazards">coastal development hazards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/220px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/330px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/440px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Coastal and oceanic landforms.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a> minimizes the negative <a href="/wiki/Coast#Human_impacts" title="Coast">human impacts on coasts</a>, enhances <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">coastal defense</a>, mitigates the risk associated with the <a href="/wiki/Current_sea_level_rise" class="mw-redirect" title="Current sea level rise">sea level rise</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Natural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural hazard">natural hazards</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Beach#Erosion_and_accretion" title="Beach">beach erosion</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Bioerosion" title="Bioerosion">bioerosion</a> which alters the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">coastal geography</a> through <a href="/wiki/Beach_morphodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach morphodynamics">beach morphodynamics</a>. There are numerous incidents of <a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">modern recession of beaches</a>, mainly due to the <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_development_hazards" title="Coastal development hazards">coastal development hazards</a> related to human activities. </p><p>Solutions range from "do nothing" to "Move beach seaward" approach which uses the elements of hard and soft engineering. The interventionist methods, such as "Move beach seaward", combine the hard engineering methods such as constructing structures (<a href="/wiki/Accropode" title="Accropode">accropodes</a>) with the soft engineering methods such as sand dune stabilization. These intervention are aimed at prevention of <a href="/wiki/Beach#Erosion_and_accretion" title="Beach">beach erosion</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_development_hazards" title="Coastal development hazards">coastal development hazards</a>, as well as facilitation of beach evolution and <a href="/wiki/Beach#Erosion_and_accretion" title="Beach">expansion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_planning_approaches">Coastal planning approaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Coastal planning approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="CP"></span><span class="anchor" id="CPA"></span><span class="anchor" id="PA"></span><span class="anchor" id="Coastal_planning_approach"></span><span class="anchor" id="Planning_approach"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fivepolicies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fivepolicies.svg/320px-Fivepolicies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fivepolicies.svg/480px-Fivepolicies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fivepolicies.svg/640px-Fivepolicies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Five general coastal planning approaches.</figcaption></figure> <p>Five generic planning approaches involved in coastal defense are:<sup id="cite_ref-coastmgt_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coastmgt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Abandonment of shore</b>: do nothing, let the natural process takeover.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></b>, also called realignment.</li> <li><b>Hold the shoreline</b>: by using shoreline hardening techniques to create permanent concrete and rock constructions such as groynes.</li> <li><b>Move beach seaward</b>: by using hard and soft intervention techniques usually in areas of high economic significance.</li> <li><b>Limited intervention</b>: usually in areas of low economic significance, often includes the succession of <a href="/wiki/Halosere" title="Halosere">haloseres</a>, including salt marshes and sand dunes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_engineering">Coastal engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coastal engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="CE"></span><span class="anchor" id="CM"></span><span class="anchor" id="Coastal_management"></span><span class="anchor" id="Coastal_engineering"></span> </p><p>Coastal engineering techniques can be classified into two categories: hard engineering methods and soft engineering methods </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hard_engineering_methods">Hard engineering methods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hard engineering methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hard_engineering" title="Hard engineering">Hard engineering</a> methods are also called "Structural methods". "Move towards the sea" <a href="/wiki/Beach#Erosion_and_accretion" title="Beach">beach accretion</a> can be facilitated by the four main type of hard engineering structures, namely <a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">seawall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">revetment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groyne" title="Groyne">groyne</a> or <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwater</a>. Most commonly used hard structures are seawall and series of "headland groyne" (breakwater connected to the shore with groyne). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Main_types_of_structures">Main types of structures</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Main types of structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four main types of structures or accropodes are seawalls, groynes, breakwater and revetments. Headland groynes are a combination of breakwater and groyne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Seawalls">Seawalls</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Seawalls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">Seawalls</a> re-direct most of the incident energy in the form of sloping revetments, resulting in low reflected waves and much reduced turbulence. Designs use porous designs of rock or concrete objects such as Tetrapods or Xblocs with flights of steps for beach access. Seawall at <a href="/wiki/Cronulla,_New_South_Wales" title="Cronulla, New South Wales">Cronulla beach, NSW</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, uses concrete wall. Submerged seawalls or structures are constructed to create the underwater reefs to slow down wave energy and beach erosion. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oosterscheldekering,_Netherlands.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sea wall in the Netherlands that does allow the tide and organisms through, but brakes wave energy."><img alt="Sea wall in the Netherlands that does allow the tide and organisms through, but brakes wave energy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Oosterscheldekering%2C_Netherlands.JPG/240px-Oosterscheldekering%2C_Netherlands.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Oosterscheldekering%2C_Netherlands.JPG/360px-Oosterscheldekering%2C_Netherlands.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Oosterscheldekering%2C_Netherlands.JPG/480px-Oosterscheldekering%2C_Netherlands.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Oosterscheldekering" title="Oosterscheldekering">Sea wall in the Netherlands</a> that does allow the tide and organisms through, but brakes wave energy.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porto2_eurosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone Seawall with cemented walkway, mud revetment stabilized with grass, and gravel riprap armament at the base."><img alt="Stone Seawall with cemented walkway, mud revetment stabilized with grass, and gravel riprap armament at the base." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Porto2_eurosion.jpg/240px-Porto2_eurosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Porto2_eurosion.jpg/360px-Porto2_eurosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Porto2_eurosion.jpg/480px-Porto2_eurosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="769" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Stone Seawall with cemented walkway, mud revetment stabilized with grass, and gravel riprap armament at the base.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Groynes_and_Headland_groyne">Groynes and Headland groyne</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Groynes and Headland groyne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Groynes" class="mw-redirect" title="Groynes">Groynes</a> are the walls perpendicular to the coastline. Groynes are generally placed in series and the areas between groups of groynes are called <i>groyne fields</i>. To directs the sand towards the shore targeted for sand accumulation, a shorter groyne turned slightly towards downdrift side of the beach is deployed at updrift end of the beach, a longer groyne at the downdrift end of the beach is deployed, a series of groyne are deployed between the two ends. Groynes are often made of gabion, greenharts, concrete, rock or wood. Material builds up on the downdrift side, where <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">littoral drift</a> is predominantly in one direction, creating a wider and a more plentiful beach. Groynes are cost-effective, require little maintenance and are one of the most common defences.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt><b>Headland groyne</b> or <b>Bulkhead breakwater</b></dt> <dd>When groyne is built to attach a breakwater to shore, the resulting T-structure is called "<a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">headland</a> breakwater", "headland groyne", "bulkhead groyne" or "bulkhead breakwater". Use of groynes and headland groyne, accumulates the sand across the beach but it tend to deplete the sand faster from the downdrift end of the beach. This can be mitigated and sand could be accumulated at the downdrift end of the beach also. This is achieved by having a longer "groyne" or "headland groyne" at the end of downdrift side of the beach. To enhance the sand accumulation, this "headland groyne" could have another series of smaller "headland groyne" jutting out of it pointing towards updrift end of the beach in a way that the smaller "headland groyne" are parallel to the shore and perpendicular to main "headland groyne". This will facilitate gradual natural creation of <a href="/wiki/Ayre_(landform)" title="Ayre (landform)">ayre</a> (sand or gravel filled beach). If there is a near shore island near the downdrift end of the beach and "headland groyne", then this could be turned into a <a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">cuspate foreland</a> headland with the use of the gradual natural creation of <a href="/wiki/Ayre_(landform)" title="Ayre (landform)">ayre</a> (gravel filled beach). Main "headland groyne" at the end of downdrift could be further stabilized by a hard engineered <a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">detention basin</a> and grassy <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marsh</a>. Salt marsh could be created with the use of soft engineering approach, such as lose stone <a href="/wiki/Drop_structure" title="Drop structure">sills</a>, while leaving a whole in the sill for a seawater channel. Seawater channel could be a cemented open channel or a pipe buried under the beach. This marsh could be designed to taper into a hard engineered sandy beach. Having inland saltwater marsh between the beach and mainland will lower the cost by eliminating the need for filling up the marshy area with the sand, and the mangroves and grasses in the marsh will facilitate gradual built up of sediments.</dd></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland4_eurosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Series of cost effective groynes made of wood."><img alt="Series of cost effective groynes made of wood." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Poland4_eurosion.jpg/240px-Poland4_eurosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Poland4_eurosion.jpg/360px-Poland4_eurosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Poland4_eurosion.jpg/480px-Poland4_eurosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Series of cost effective groynes made of wood.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland3_eurosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Headland groyne" with wood log breakwater and stone filled wooden groyne, an easy to build cost effective option made of cheap and native materials."><img alt=""Headland groyne" with wood log breakwater and stone filled wooden groyne, an easy to build cost effective option made of cheap and native materials." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Poland3_eurosion.jpg/240px-Poland3_eurosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Poland3_eurosion.jpg/360px-Poland3_eurosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Poland3_eurosion.jpg/480px-Poland3_eurosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> "Headland groyne" with wood log breakwater and stone filled wooden groyne, an easy to build cost effective option made of cheap and native materials.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Groyne_at_Mundesley,_Norfolk.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Groyne at Mundesley, Norfolk, UK."><img alt="Groyne at Mundesley, Norfolk, UK." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Groyne_at_Mundesley%2C_Norfolk.JPG/270px-Groyne_at_Mundesley%2C_Norfolk.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Groyne_at_Mundesley%2C_Norfolk.JPG/405px-Groyne_at_Mundesley%2C_Norfolk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Groyne_at_Mundesley%2C_Norfolk.JPG/540px-Groyne_at_Mundesley%2C_Norfolk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Groyne at <a href="/wiki/Mundesley" title="Mundesley">Mundesley</a>, Norfolk, UK.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Coast_Park,_Mar_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title=""Headland groyne" at East Coast Beach in Singapore consists of breakwater parallel to shore and connected to shore by a vertical groyne. Higher mainland is fortified with a low rise mud seawall which has been further stabilized by planting grass and trees."><img alt=""Headland groyne" at East Coast Beach in Singapore consists of breakwater parallel to shore and connected to shore by a vertical groyne. Higher mainland is fortified with a low rise mud seawall which has been further stabilized by planting grass and trees." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/East_Coast_Park%2C_Mar_06.JPG/240px-East_Coast_Park%2C_Mar_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/East_Coast_Park%2C_Mar_06.JPG/360px-East_Coast_Park%2C_Mar_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/East_Coast_Park%2C_Mar_06.JPG/480px-East_Coast_Park%2C_Mar_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> "Headland groyne" at <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Park" title="East Coast Park">East Coast Beach</a> in Singapore consists of breakwater parallel to shore and connected to shore by a vertical groyne. Higher mainland is fortified with a low rise mud seawall which has been further stabilized by planting grass and trees.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Breakwater">Breakwater</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Breakwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">Breakwater</a>, also called "offshore breakwater", are offshore structure constructed parallel to the shore to alter wave direction and tide energy. The waves break further offshore and therefore lose erosive power. This leads to formation of wider beaches, which further absorb wave energy. A series of breakwaters is often deployed across the beach shore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Revetment">Revetment</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Revetment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">Revetments</a> are slanted or upright blockades, built parallel to the coast, usually towards the back of the beach to protect the area beyond. The most basic revetments consist of timber slants with a possible rock infill. Waves break against the revetments, which dissipate and absorb the energy. The shoreline is protected by the beach material held behind the barriers, as the revetments trap some of the material. Unless other methods are used in combination, surf progressively erodes and destroys the revetment which requires ongoing maintenance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_types_of_structures">Other types of structures</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other types of structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Riprap_/_Rock_armour"><span id="Riprap_.2F_Rock_armour"></span>Riprap / Rock armour</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Riprap / Rock armour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Riprap" title="Riprap">Rock armour</a>, also called <b>riprap</b>, is basement placed at the sea edge using local material. This could be the protruding foot of a seawall or revetment to reduce maintenance of those. Longshore drift is not hindered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Cliff_stabilization">Cliff stabilization</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cliff stabilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cliff_stabilization" title="Cliff stabilization">Cliff stabilization</a> can be accomplished through drainage of excess rainwater of through terracing, planting and wiring to hold cliffs in place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Floodgates">Floodgates</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Floodgates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Floodgate" title="Floodgate">Floodgates</a> prevent damage from storm surges or any other type of natural disaster that could harm the area they protect. They are habitually open and allow free passage, but close under threat of a storm surge. The <a href="/wiki/Thames_Barrier" title="Thames Barrier">Thames Barrier</a> is an example of such a structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Construction_elements">Construction elements</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Construction elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These construction elements can be incorporated in any of the above structures, either as core element or as a supplementary element to enhance to reduce the cost and maintenance of main structural elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Concrete_objects">Concrete objects</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Concrete objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are complex reinforced concrete objects, such as <a href="/wiki/A-jack" class="mw-redirect" title="A-jack">A-jack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akmon" title="Akmon">Akmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolos" title="Dolos">Dolos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb_sea_wall" title="Honeycomb sea wall">Honeycomb sea wall</a> (Seabees), <a href="/wiki/KOLOS" title="KOLOS">KOLOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod_(structure)" title="Tetrapod (structure)">Tetrapod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xbloc" title="Xbloc">Xbloc</a>. Simple concrete blocks have been replaced by these complex concrete objects because these objects are more resistant to wave action and require less concrete to produce a superior result. These could be used to build seawalls, groyne, breakwater, and other structures including residential buildings. Tetrapod used at <a href="/wiki/Marine_Drive,_Mumbai" title="Marine Drive, Mumbai">Marine Drive, Mumbai</a> are an example of complex concrete objects. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MumbaiCaltroplikeSeashoreDefence.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tetrapods, Marine Drive, Mumbai."><img alt="Tetrapods, Marine Drive, Mumbai." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MumbaiCaltroplikeSeashoreDefence.JPG/240px-MumbaiCaltroplikeSeashoreDefence.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MumbaiCaltroplikeSeashoreDefence.JPG/360px-MumbaiCaltroplikeSeashoreDefence.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MumbaiCaltroplikeSeashoreDefence.JPG/480px-MumbaiCaltroplikeSeashoreDefence.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Tetrapods, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Drive,_Mumbai" title="Marine Drive, Mumbai">Marine Drive, Mumbai</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 62px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 60px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolos-construction.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dolos."><img alt="Dolos." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dolos-construction.jpg/84px-Dolos-construction.jpg" decoding="async" width="56" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dolos-construction.jpg/127px-Dolos-construction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dolos-construction.jpg/169px-Dolos-construction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2090" data-file-height="4445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Dolos.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolos_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="KOLOS."><img alt="KOLOS." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kolos_model.jpg/214px-Kolos_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kolos_model.jpg/321px-Kolos_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kolos_model.jpg/428px-Kolos_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> KOLOS. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_Xbloc_on_trial_placement_area.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Xblocs."><img alt="Xblocs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Large_Xbloc_on_trial_placement_area.JPG/240px-Large_Xbloc_on_trial_placement_area.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Large_Xbloc_on_trial_placement_area.JPG/360px-Large_Xbloc_on_trial_placement_area.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Large_Xbloc_on_trial_placement_area.JPG/480px-Large_Xbloc_on_trial_placement_area.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Xblocs.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Gabions">Gabions</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gabions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gabions" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabions">Gabions</a> are constructed by wiring boulders and rocks into mesh cages and placed in front of areas vulnerable to erosion, sometimes at cliffs edges or at right angles to the beach. When the ocean lands on the gabion, the water drains through leaving sediment, while the structure absorbs a moderate amount of wave energy. Gabions need to be securely tied to protect the structure. They can be used to build seawalls, groynes, breakwaters, revetments, buildings, underwater reefs, etc.,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabion-hengistbury-head.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gabion, welded wiremesh filled with stone."><img alt="Gabion, welded wiremesh filled with stone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gabion-hengistbury-head.JPG/240px-Gabion-hengistbury-head.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gabion-hengistbury-head.JPG/360px-Gabion-hengistbury-head.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gabion-hengistbury-head.JPG/480px-Gabion-hengistbury-head.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Gabion, welded wiremesh filled with stone.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soft_engineering_methods">Soft engineering methods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Soft engineering methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="SE"></span><span class="anchor" id="Soft_engineering"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beach evolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand_dune_stabilization" title="Sand dune stabilization">Sand dune stabilization</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Soft_engineering" title="Soft engineering">Soft engineering</a> uses a "soft" (non-permanent) structure by creating a larger sand reservoir, pushing the shoreline seaward. It gained popularity because it preserved beach resources and avoided the negative effects of hard structures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Managed_retreat">Managed retreat</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Managed retreat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a> means the shoreline is left to erode, while relocating buildings and infrastructure further inland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Beach_evolution">Beach evolution</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Beach evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beach evolution, also called "beach replenishment" or "beach nourishment", it involves importing sand from elsewhere and adding it to the existing beach. The imported sand should be of a similar quality to the existing beach material so it can meld with the natural local processes and without adverse effects. Without the groynes or scheme requires repeated applications on an annual or multi-year cycle. Beach nourishment can be used in combination with seaward curving half-moon shaped "headland breakwater" structure, this combining the benefits of breakwater and groyne structures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sand_dune_stabilization">Sand dune stabilization</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sand dune stabilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sand_dune_stabilization" title="Sand dune stabilization">Sand dune stabilization</a> protects beaches by catching windblown sand, increasing natural beach formation. Fences can allow sand traps to create <a href="/wiki/Blowout_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blowout (geology)">blowouts</a> and increase windblown sand capture. Plants such as <a href="/wiki/Ammophila_(plant)" title="Ammophila (plant)">Ammophila</a> (Marram grass) can bind the sediment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Beach_drainage">Beach drainage</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Beach drainage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beach face dewatering lowers the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> locally beneath the beach face. This causes <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">accretion</a> of sand above the drainage system.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_considerations">Cost considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cost considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The costs of installation, operation and maintenance vary due to: </p> <ul><li>system length (non-linear cost elements)</li> <li>flow rates (sand permeability, power costs)</li> <li>soil conditions (presence of rock or impermeable strata)</li> <li>discharge arrangement /filtered seawater utilization</li> <li>drainage design, materials selection & installation methods</li> <li>geographical considerations (location logistics)</li> <li>regional economic considerations (local capabilities /costs, availability of local material and native skilled workforce)</li> <li>study requirements /consent process.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="An_illustrative_example">An illustrative example</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: An illustrative example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Example"></span><span class="anchor" id="Example_of_beach_management"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_pannes_and_pools_high_and_low_tide.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Salt_pannes_and_pools_high_and_low_tide.gif/220px-Salt_pannes_and_pools_high_and_low_tide.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Salt_pannes_and_pools_high_and_low_tide.gif/330px-Salt_pannes_and_pools_high_and_low_tide.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Salt_pannes_and_pools_high_and_low_tide.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption><b>Salt marsh</b> during <a href="/wiki/Low_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Low tide">low tide</a>, mean low tide, <a href="/wiki/High_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="High tide">high tide</a> and very high tide (<a href="/wiki/Spring_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring tide">spring tide</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangroves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mangroves.jpg/220px-Mangroves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mangroves.jpg/330px-Mangroves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mangroves.jpg/440px-Mangroves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Mangrove's above and below water view at the edge of the shore.</figcaption></figure> <p>This <a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a> example is based on the "move beach seaward" general planning approach which involves both <a href="/wiki/Hard_engineering" title="Hard engineering">hard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_engineering" title="Soft engineering">soft</a> engineering methods. This scenario minimizes the maintenance effort and cost by making optimal use of the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">coastal geography</a> by incorporating natural coastal geographical features in the engineering design. The cost is kept low by the use of easily available free or cost-effective local material, use of which is already known to or easily acquired by the local workforce. This solution entails <a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">beach nourishment</a> (creating recreational area by filling with sand), and further beach expansion and prevention of <a href="/wiki/Beach#Erosion_and_accretion" title="Beach">beach erosion</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_development_hazards" title="Coastal development hazards">coastal development hazards</a>. The design makes use of a shorter groyne slightly inclined toward the beach in the same direction as downdrift, with a series of "headland groyne" perpendicular to the shore, and a longer "headland groyne" at the end of downdrift side of the beach with smaller "headland groyne" perpendicular to it facing the updrift end of the beach. </p><p>This example of tropical setting, part of the sea could be reclaimed by building a seawall with <a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">revetment</a> (slope) fortified with armament of <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb_sea_wall" title="Honeycomb sea wall">honeycomb seebee</a> made of concrete with hexagonal holes, parts of seawall could be made of <a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">gabion</a>. Seawall will sit<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a>. Seawall could be a mix of vertical structures in the areas where more space is needed and tapering <a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">revetments</a> (slope) as aesthetic landscaping feature. Revetments could be made of locally available material. Different parts of revetment could have different material and design, such as <a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">gabion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welded_wire_mesh" title="Welded wire mesh">welded wire mesh</a> filled with stone, gravel and wood) and <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb_sea_wall" title="Honeycomb sea wall">honeycomb seebee</a> (made of concrete with hexagonal holes). Honeycomb seebee or gabion could be used in the downdrift areas, though wood groyne would be the cheapest option such as used at <a href="/wiki/Mundesley" title="Mundesley">Mundesley</a>. Other areas of seawall and revetment could be a mix of cemented low walls, gabion, riprap made of gravel or sand bags. Parts of seawall and revetment could be left exposed especially those made of decorative <a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">gabion</a>, and others parts could be covered with low or mid level native plants. Seawall will sit<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> base which could be wider than the seawall so that it also acts as the riprap armament. </p><p>Reclaimed area could be filled with the sand and stabilized by aesthetic landscaping by growing native trees and plants. A dense layer of native tropical trees could be planted at the mainland side of the reclaimed land with due consideration to the height of the trees that they do not block the view of any construction such as resort or beach house. Reclaimed area would enhance the economical value by creating a sand filled safe recreation area which might house sunbathing areas and inland freshwater or seawater wading pool or lagoon surrounded by bars, restaurants, water sports, etc. Restaurants could have retractable-canopied areas set closer to the seawall greenified with tapering layers of evergreen native tropical plants. Bars could be open air, portable or canopied (<a href="/wiki/Thatched_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatched roof">thatched roof</a> <a href="/wiki/Nipa_hut" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa hut">nipa hut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">trellis</a> of native material, <a href="/wiki/Pergola" title="Pergola">pergola</a> or <a href="/wiki/Umbrella#Modern_use" title="Umbrella">beach parasol</a>) bars with pool and beach seating. Seating could be relaxing-and-sprawling reclined <a href="/wiki/Futon" title="Futon">futon</a> type, sunken sand pits, sand filled bean bags on the beach, locally made designer stools/chairs and tables made of native eco-friendly natural material such as bamboo, aged rustic driftwood and abundant low weathering native wood. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower_trellis_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A series of trellises forms the wall of a garden room."><img alt="A series of trellises forms the wall of a garden room." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flower_trellis_1.jpg/236px-Flower_trellis_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flower_trellis_1.jpg/354px-Flower_trellis_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flower_trellis_1.jpg/472px-Flower_trellis_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1949" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A series of trellises forms the wall of a garden room.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 74.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 72.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Senecio_angulatus_trellis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Creeping groundsel growing on a wooden trellis in Italy."><img alt="Creeping groundsel growing on a wooden trellis in Italy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Senecio_angulatus_trellis.jpg/109px-Senecio_angulatus_trellis.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Senecio_angulatus_trellis.jpg/163px-Senecio_angulatus_trellis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Senecio_angulatus_trellis.jpg/218px-Senecio_angulatus_trellis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Senecio_angulatus" title="Senecio angulatus">Creeping groundsel</a> growing on a wooden trellis in Italy.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_Redonda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Casa Redonda, one of five nipa houses built by the Philippine national hero José Rizal during his exile in Dapitan.[11]"><img alt="Casa Redonda, one of five nipa houses built by the Philippine national hero José Rizal during his exile in Dapitan.[11]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Casa_Redonda.jpg/270px-Casa_Redonda.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Casa_Redonda.jpg/405px-Casa_Redonda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Casa_Redonda.jpg/540px-Casa_Redonda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4277" data-file-height="2852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Shrine_(Dapitan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rizal Shrine (Dapitan)">Casa Redonda</a>, one of five nipa houses built by the Philippine national hero <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> during his exile in <a href="/wiki/Dapitan" title="Dapitan">Dapitan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nhcp2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhcp2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The raised bale houses of the Ifugao people.[12]"><img alt="The raised bale houses of the Ifugao people.[12]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg/240px-Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg/360px-Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg/480px-Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The raised <i>bale</i> houses of the <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sato1991_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sato1991-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_of_beaches">Status of beaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Status of beaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_accretion_of_beaches">Historical accretion of beaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Historical accretion of beaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhone_delta_img.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/Rhone_delta_img.jpg/310px-Rhone_delta_img.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/Rhone_delta_img.jpg/465px-Rhone_delta_img.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d3/Rhone_delta_img.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Main stages of Holocene evolution of the Rhone delta.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, deltas have been continuously growing for the last several thousand years. Six to seven thousand years ago, the sea level stabilized, and continuous river systems, ephemeral torrents, and other factors began this steady accretion. Since intense human use of coastal areas is a relatively recent phenomenon (except in the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> delta), beach contours were primarily shaped by natural forces until the last centuries. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, for example, the accretion of the coast was a natural process until the late Middle Ages, when <a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">harbor</a>-building increased the rate of <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">accretion</a>. </p><p>The port of <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, one of the great cities of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ionian Greeks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, was filled with sediment due to accretion from a nearby river; it is now 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) from the sea. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a>, the once-important port near <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, is now several kilometres inland, the coastline having moved slowly seaward. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became a port during the early Middle Ages and was accessible by sea until around 1050. At that time, however, the natural link between Bruges and the sea silted up. In 1134, a storm flood opened a deep channel, the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a>, linking the city to the sea until the fifteenth century via a canal from the Zwin to Bruges. Bruges had to use a number of outports, such as <a href="/wiki/Damme" title="Damme">Damme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sluis" title="Sluis">Sluis</a>, for this purpose. In 1907, a new seaport was inaugurated in <a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge" title="Zeebrugge">Zeebrugge</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_beach_recession">Modern beach recession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Modern beach recession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porto2_eurosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Porto2_eurosion.jpg/220px-Porto2_eurosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Porto2_eurosion.jpg/330px-Porto2_eurosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Porto2_eurosion.jpg/440px-Porto2_eurosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Eroding beach in Portugal.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the present time, important segments of low coasts are in recession, losing sand and reducing beach dimensions. This loss can occur very rapidly. There are various reasons for beach recession, some more natural than others (degree of <a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">anthropization</a>). Examples of this are occurring at <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8te" title="Sète">Sète</a>, in California, in Poland, in <a href="/wiki/Aveiro,_Portugal" title="Aveiro, Portugal">Aveiro</a> (Portugal), and in the Netherlands and elsewhere along the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. In Europe, coastal erosion is widespread (at least 70%) and distributed very irregularly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California_beaches">California beaches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: California beaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>'s beaches and other shoreline features change according to the availability of beach sand, the wave and current energy impinging on the coast, and other physical processes that affect the movement of sand. A constant supply of sand is necessary for beaches to form and be maintained along this shoreline. Many human activities, including dam construction and river channelization, have reduced the supply of sand that reaches the ocean. This, in turn, has prevented beaches from being replenished and has thus created greater vulnerability for shorelines that have always been subject to varying levels of erosion. There are few practical solutions to improving sand supply from inland sources, so management of shoreline erosion will likely continue to focus at the land/sea interface along the California coastline. </p><p>Construction of <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jetties" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetties">jetties</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Groyne" title="Groyne">groyne</a> fields to protect harbor entrances, maintain beaches, or protect coastal structures have both helped and harmed the movement of sand along the shoreline. Protective <a href="/wiki/Armor_(hydrology)" title="Armor (hydrology)">armoring formations</a> trap sand and allow beaches to expand up-coast from the device, but can interrupt the flow of sand to beaches located down-coast. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elnino-erosion-before1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Elnino-erosion-before1.jpg/220px-Elnino-erosion-before1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Elnino-erosion-before1.jpg/330px-Elnino-erosion-before1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Elnino-erosion-before1.jpg/440px-Elnino-erosion-before1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Southern California beach 10/97 (before winter storms boosted by <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o_Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño Southern Oscillation">El Niño</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elnino-erosion-after1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Elnino-erosion-after1.jpg/220px-Elnino-erosion-after1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Elnino-erosion-after1.jpg/330px-Elnino-erosion-after1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Elnino-erosion-after1.jpg/440px-Elnino-erosion-after1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>Same location 4/98 (after winter storms boosted by <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o_Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño Southern Oscillation">El Niño</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Atlantic_coast">Atlantic coast</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Atlantic coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capbreton_Blockhauss_vus_du_Sud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Capbreton_Blockhauss_vus_du_Sud.jpg/220px-Capbreton_Blockhauss_vus_du_Sud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Capbreton_Blockhauss_vus_du_Sud.jpg/330px-Capbreton_Blockhauss_vus_du_Sud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Capbreton_Blockhauss_vus_du_Sud.jpg/440px-Capbreton_Blockhauss_vus_du_Sud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>Old German-built WWII bunkers at <a href="/wiki/Capbreton" title="Capbreton">Capbreton</a>, south-west of France</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the coastal defence bunkers of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a>, built by the German soldiers during the Second World War at the top of the dunes were underwater 2/3 of the time 65 years after the war. It shows 200 meters of recession of the beach in 65 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sète"><span id="S.C3.A8te"></span>Sète</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sète"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coast recession near <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8te" title="Sète">Sète</a> is related with coastal drift sand supply interruption due to growth of the <a href="/wiki/Rhone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone">Rhone</a> delta, which (like most deltas) is becoming independent of the rest of the coast. The present <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Lido" class="extiw" title="wikt:Lido">lido</a> shoreline is 210 meters away from the Roman lido. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holland_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Holland_8.jpg/220px-Holland_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Holland_8.jpg/330px-Holland_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Holland_8.jpg/440px-Holland_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Holland coast</figcaption></figure> <p>The Dutch coast consists of sandy, multi-barred beaches and can be characterised as a wave-dominated coast. Approximately 290 km of the coast consists of dunes and 60 km is protected by structures such as <a href="/wiki/Dike_(construction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dike (construction)">dikes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dams">dams</a>. With the melting of the ice at the end of the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>, the coastline shifted eastward until about 5000 years ago the present position of the Dutch coastline was reached. As the <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> stagnated, the sand supply decreased and the formation of the beach ridges stopped, after which when the sea broke through the lines of <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a> during storms, men started to defend the land by building primitive dikes and walls. The dunes, together with the beach and the shoreline, offer a natural, sandy defence to the sea. About 30% of the Netherlands lies below sea level. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holland_recession.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Holland_recession.jpg/220px-Holland_recession.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Holland_recession.jpg/330px-Holland_recession.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Holland_recession.jpg/440px-Holland_recession.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Holland coast recession</figcaption></figure> <p>Over the last 30 years, approximately 1 million m³ sand per year has been lost from the Dutch coast to deep water. In most northern coastal sections, erosion occurs in deep water and also in the nearshore zone. In most southern sections, sedimentation occurs in the nearshore zone and erosion in deep water. Structural erosion is due to sea-level rise relative to the land and, in some spots, it is caused by harbour dams. The Dutch coast looked at as a single unit shows erosive behaviour. Approximately 12 million m³ of sand is transferred annually from the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a> as a result of relative rising sea level and coastal erosion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the last <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciation</a>, the Baltic Polish area was covered in ice and associated morainal sediments. Deglaciation left a substantial amount of unconsolidated sediment. Currently, these unconsolidated sediments are strongly eroded and reworked by the sea. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland1_eurosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Poland1_eurosion.jpg/135px-Poland1_eurosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Poland1_eurosion.jpg/202px-Poland1_eurosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Poland1_eurosion.jpg/270px-Poland1_eurosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="641" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland6_eurosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Poland6_eurosion.jpg/135px-Poland6_eurosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Poland6_eurosion.jpg/202px-Poland6_eurosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Poland6_eurosion.jpg/270px-Poland6_eurosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="641" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland7_eurosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Poland7_eurosion.jpg/240px-Poland7_eurosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Poland7_eurosion.jpg/360px-Poland7_eurosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Poland7_eurosion.jpg/480px-Poland7_eurosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland3_eurosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Poland3_eurosion.jpg/240px-Poland3_eurosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Poland3_eurosion.jpg/360px-Poland3_eurosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Poland3_eurosion.jpg/480px-Poland3_eurosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland4_eurosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Poland4_eurosion.jpg/240px-Poland4_eurosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Poland4_eurosion.jpg/360px-Poland4_eurosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Poland4_eurosion.jpg/480px-Poland4_eurosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The North Portuguese coast and its beaches were fed by large <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian</a> rivers. The massive building of dams in the <a href="/wiki/Douro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Douro River">Douro River</a> basin has cut the sediment supply to the <a href="/wiki/Aveiro,_Portugal" title="Aveiro, Portugal">Aveiro</a> coast, resulting in its recession. Hard protective works have been done all along. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dourodammed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/Dourodammed.jpg/203px-Dourodammed.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/Dourodammed.jpg/305px-Dourodammed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/Dourodammed.jpg/407px-Dourodammed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porto1_eurosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Porto1_eurosion.jpg/240px-Porto1_eurosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Porto1_eurosion.jpg/360px-Porto1_eurosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Porto1_eurosion.jpg/480px-Porto1_eurosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="769" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porto2_eurosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Porto2_eurosion.jpg/240px-Porto2_eurosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Porto2_eurosion.jpg/360px-Porto2_eurosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Porto2_eurosion.jpg/480px-Porto2_eurosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="769" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porto3_eurosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Porto3_eurosion.jpg/240px-Porto3_eurosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Porto3_eurosion.jpg/360px-Porto3_eurosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Porto3_eurosion.jpg/480px-Porto3_eurosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="769" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/32px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/48px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/64px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rivers" title="Portal:Rivers">Rivers portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach#Erosion_and_accretion" title="Beach">Beach erosion and accretion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">Beach nourishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Modern recession of beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoshoreline" title="Paleoshoreline">Paleoshoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a>, to prevent coastal erosion and creation of beach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landforms#Coastal_and_oceanic_landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Landforms">Coastal and oceanic landforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_development_hazards" title="Coastal development hazards">Coastal development hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_and_Estuarine_Research_Federation" title="Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation">Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation</a> (CERF)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioerosion" title="Bioerosion">Bioerosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(sediment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (sediment)">Deposition (sediment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_sediment_supply" title="Coastal sediment supply">Coastal sediment supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_dune_stabilization" title="Sand dune stabilization">Sand dune stabilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/venice-flooding-climate-change-coastal-cities">the original</a> on Dec 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Museums+Greenwich&rft.atitle=Is+Venice+Flooding+Getting+Worse%3F+Cities+%26+Climate+Change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmg.co.uk%2Fstories%2Ftopics%2Fvenice-flooding-climate-change-coastal-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeach+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coastmgt-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coastmgt_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurosion.org/shoreline/table.htm">"Shoreline Management Guide"</a>. <i>www.eurosion.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eurosion.org&rft.atitle=Shoreline+Management+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurosion.org%2Fshoreline%2Ftable.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeach+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armour Units – Random Mass or Disciplined Array, – C.T.Brown ASCE Coastal Structures Specialty Conference, Washington, March 1979; The Design & Construction of Prince St. Seawall, Cronulla, EHW Hirst & D.N.Foster – 8th CCOE, Nov 1987, Launceston, Tasmania</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/11762731.__47_3m_project_to_protect_Bournemouth___s_beaches_from_erosion_over_next_100_years/">"£47.3m project to protect Bournemouth's beaches from erosion over next 100 years"</a>. 31 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A347.3m+project+to+protect+Bournemouth%27s+beaches+from+erosion+over+next+100+years&rft.date=2015-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bournemouthecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F11762731.__47_3m_project_to_protect_Bournemouth___s_beaches_from_erosion_over_next_100_years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeach+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928105736/http://www.shoregro.com/P04_BD-how%20it%20works.html">"Archived copy"</a>. <i>www.shoregro.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shoregro.com/P04_BD-how%20it%20works.html">the original</a> on 28 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.shoregro.com&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shoregro.com%2FP04_BD-how%2520it%2520works.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeach+evolution" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, Richard Thomas Lingen, <i>Concrete in Coastal Structures</i>, page 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhcp2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhcp2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207060622/http://nhcp.gov.ph/rizal-shrine-dapitan/">"Rizal Shrine Dapitan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines" title="National Historical Commission of the Philippines">National Historical Commission</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nhcp.gov.ph/rizal-shrine-dapitan/">the original</a> on 7 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rizal+Shrine+Dapitan&rft.pub=National+Historical+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnhcp.gov.ph%2Frizal-shrine-dapitan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeach+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sato1991-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sato1991_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSato1991" class="citation journal cs1">Sato, Koji (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumai.org/asia/refer/sem9102.htm">"Menghuni Lumbung: Beberapa Pertimbangan Mengenai Asal-Usul Konstruksi Rumah Panggung di Kepulauan Pasifik"</a>. <i>Antropologi Indonesia</i>. <b>49</b>: <span class="nowrap">31–</span>47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antropologi+Indonesia&rft.atitle=Menghuni+Lumbung%3A+Beberapa+Pertimbangan+Mengenai+Asal-Usul+Konstruksi+Rumah+Panggung+di+Kepulauan+Pasifik&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Sato&rft.aufirst=Koji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sumai.org%2Fasia%2Frefer%2Fsem9102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeach+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_evolution&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205213544/http://www.nmnh.si.edu/paleo/deltas/index.htm">The Deltas-Global Change Program (DCP) </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070128034954/http://www.tos.org/oceanography/issues/issue_archive/issue_pdfs/17_4/17.4_trincardi_et_al.pdf">Mediterranean Prodelta Systems</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurosion.org/">EUROSION project web site</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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island">Barrier island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> 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<li><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/140px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/210px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/280px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/210px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/280px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> 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