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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Erosion and accretion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Erosion_and_accretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_erosion_and_accretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_erosion_and_accretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Natural erosion and accretion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_erosion_and_accretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Effects on flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_adjacent_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_adjacent_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Effects on adjacent land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_adjacent_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanmade_erosion_and_accretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanmade_erosion_and_accretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Humanmade erosion and accretion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanmade_erosion_and_accretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Destruction of flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_beach_access_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_beach_access_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Creation of beach access points</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_beach_access_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concentration_of_runoff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concentration_of_runoff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Concentration of runoff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concentration_of_runoff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deprivation_of_runoff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deprivation_of_runoff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Deprivation of runoff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deprivation_of_runoff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inappropriate_beach_nourishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inappropriate_beach_nourishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Inappropriate beach nourishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inappropriate_beach_nourishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_for_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_for_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use for recreation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_for_recreation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use for recreation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_for_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seaside_resorts_for_the_working_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seaside_resorts_for_the_working_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Seaside resorts for the working class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seaside_resorts_for_the_working_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Expansion around the world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_beaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_beaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Artificial beaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_beaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restrictions_on_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions_on_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Restrictions on access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictions_on_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Private_beaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_beaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Private beaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_beaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_beaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_beaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Public beaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_beaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Access design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Access_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Access design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Access_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concrete_ramp_or_steps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concrete_ramp_or_steps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Concrete ramp or steps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concrete_ramp_or_steps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corduroy_(beach_ladder)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corduroy_(beach_ladder)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Corduroy (beach ladder)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corduroy_(beach_ladder)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fabric_ramp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabric_ramp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Fabric ramp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabric_ramp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foliage_ramp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foliage_ramp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Foliage ramp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foliage_ramp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravel_ramp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravel_ramp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Gravel ramp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravel_ramp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longest_beaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longest_beaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Longest beaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longest_beaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Beach</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8D" title="Тафэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тафэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand" title="Strand – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Strand" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A6" title="شاطئ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شاطئ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placha" title="Placha – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Placha" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%A6%DC%AA_%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%90" title="ܣܦܪ ܝܡܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܦܪ ܝܡܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plage" title="Plage – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Plage" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sablera" title="Sablera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sablera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembe%27y" title="Tembe'y – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tembe'y" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87im%C9%99rlik" title="Çimərlik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çimərlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4" title="সমুদ্র সৈকত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমুদ্র সৈকত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantai" title="Pantai – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pantai" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i-po%CD%98" title="Hái-po͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái-po͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B6" title="Пляж – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пляж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B6_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Пляж (марскі) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пляж (марскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayon" title="Baybayon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Baybayon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Плаж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плаж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C5%BEa" title="Plaža – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plaža" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platja" title="Platja – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Platja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1%C5%BE" title="Pláž – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pláž" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traeth" title="Traeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Traeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand" title="Strand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Strand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand" title="Strand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Strand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Παραλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παραλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa" title="Playa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Playa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strando" title="Strando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Strando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondartza" title="Hondartza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hondartza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84" title="ساحل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساحل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plage" title="Plage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A2n" title="Strân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Strân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1" title="Trá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Trá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traie" title="Traie – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Traie" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praia" title="Praia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Praia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%B3%80" title="해변 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해변" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83" title="Լողափ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լողափ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9F" title="बालूतट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बालूतट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C5%BEa" title="Plaža – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plaža" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plajo" title="Plajo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantai" title="Pantai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pantai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagia" title="Plagia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Plagia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C4%A1ium_si%C3%B1aa" title="Taġium siñaa – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Taġium siñaa" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unxweme" title="Unxweme – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Unxweme" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiaggia" title="Spiaggia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spiaggia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99" title="חוף חולי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוף חולי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasisir" title="Pasisir – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pasisir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0" title="ಕಡಲತೀರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಡಲತೀರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98" title="პლაჟი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლაჟი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Жағажай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жағажай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaj" title="Plaj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Plaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta" title="Acta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pludmale" title="Pludmale – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pludmale" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papl%C5%ABdimys" title="Paplūdimys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paplūdimys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strandj" title="Strandj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Strandj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand" title="Strand – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Strand" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Плажа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плажа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora-pasika" title="Tora-pasika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tora-pasika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="കടവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കടവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81tahi" title="Tātahi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tātahi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98" title="პლაჟი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პლაჟი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B7" title="شط – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شط" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantai" title="Pantai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pantai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantai" title="Pantai – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pantai" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand_(kust)" title="Strand (kust) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Strand (kust)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="बगर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बगर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E6%B5%9C" title="砂浜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="砂浜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strun_(k%C3%BCst)" title="Strun (küst) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Strun (küst)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand" title="Strand – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Strand" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand" title="Strand – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Strand" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ve" title="Grève – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Grève" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaja" title="Plaja – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plaja" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffoo" title="Caffoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Caffoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9A" title="ਬੀਚ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੀਚ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84" title="ساحل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ساحل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plage" title="Plage – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Plage" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C5%BCa" title="Plaża – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plaża" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praia" title="Praia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Praia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaj%C4%83" title="Plajă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plajă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekvan" title="Nekvan – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Nekvan" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challaku" title="Challaku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Challaku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B6" title="Пляж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пляж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/dadipasan" title="dadipasan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="dadipasan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand" title="Strand – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Strand" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazhi" title="Plazhi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Plazhi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praia" title="Praia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Praia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach" title="Beach – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Beach" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1%C5%BE" title="Pláž – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pláž" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C5%BEa" title="Plaža – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plaža" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoori" title="Qoori – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qoori" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C5%BEa" title="Plaža – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Plaža" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C5%BEa" title="Plaža – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plaža" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basisir" title="Basisir – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basisir" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiekkaranta" title="Hiekkaranta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiekkaranta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand" title="Strand – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Strand" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalampasigan" title="Dalampasigan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dalampasigan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="கடற்கரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கடற்கரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="సముద్రతీరం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సముద్రతీరం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="หาด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หาด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Соҳилсаро – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соҳилсаро" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaj" title="Plaj – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plaj" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B6" title="Пляж – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пляж" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A3i_bi%E1%BB%83n" title="Bãi biển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bãi biển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange" title="Strange – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Strange" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamarigusan" title="Pamarigusan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pamarigusan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%A9" title="滩 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="滩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%A2" title="פלאזשע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלאזשע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%98" title="灘 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="灘" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaj" title="Plaj – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Plaj" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%98" title="灘 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="灘" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pant%C3%A9" title="Panté – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Panté" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantai" title="Pantai – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Pantai" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area of loose particles at the edge of the sea or other body of water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Beach_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Beach (disambiguation)">Beach (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sand beach" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sand_Beach_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sand Beach (disambiguation)">Sand Beach (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach_at_Fort_Lauderdale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Beach_at_Fort_Lauderdale.jpg/220px-Beach_at_Fort_Lauderdale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Beach_at_Fort_Lauderdale.jpg/330px-Beach_at_Fort_Lauderdale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Beach_at_Fort_Lauderdale.jpg/440px-Beach_at_Fort_Lauderdale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption>Recreational beaches, such as this one in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida" title="Fort Lauderdale, Florida">Fort Lauderdale, Florida</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_o%27war_cove_near_lulworth_dorset_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Man_o%27war_cove_near_lulworth_dorset_arp.jpg/220px-Man_o%27war_cove_near_lulworth_dorset_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Man_o%27war_cove_near_lulworth_dorset_arp.jpg/330px-Man_o%27war_cove_near_lulworth_dorset_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Man_o%27war_cove_near_lulworth_dorset_arp.jpg/440px-Man_o%27war_cove_near_lulworth_dorset_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2321" /></a><figcaption>St Oswalds Bay, Dorset, England. Wild <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a> beaches are shaped and maintained naturally by wave actions.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>beach</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landform</a> alongside a body of water which consists of loose particles. The particles composing a beach are typically made from <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebbles</a>, etc., or <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a> sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Mollusc_shell" title="Mollusc shell">mollusc shells</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coralline_algae" title="Coralline algae">coralline algae</a>. Sediments settle in different densities and structures, depending on the local <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">wave</a> action and <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a>, creating different textures, colors and gradients or layers of material. </p><p>Though some beaches form on inland freshwater locations such as <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, most beaches are in coastal areas where <a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">wave</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">current</a> action <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposits</a> and reworks sediments. <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Erosion</a> and changing of beach geologies happens through natural processes, like <a href="/wiki/Wave_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave action">wave action</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather events</a>. Where wind conditions are correct, beaches can be backed by <a href="/wiki/Coastal_dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal dunes">coastal dunes</a> which offer protection and regeneration for the beach. However, these natural forces have become more extreme <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">due to climate change</a>, permanently altering beaches at very rapid rates. Some estimates describe as much as 50 percent of the earth's sandy beaches disappearing by 2100 due to climate-change driven sea level rise.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sandy beaches occupy about one third of global coastlines.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These beaches are popular for <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a>, playing important economic and cultural roles—often driving local <a href="/wiki/Tourism_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism industry">tourism</a> industries. To support these uses, some beaches have human-made infrastructure, such as <a href="/wiki/Lifeguard" title="Lifeguard">lifeguard</a> posts, <a href="/wiki/Changing_room" title="Changing room">changing rooms</a>, showers, <a href="/wiki/Shack" title="Shack">shacks</a> and bars. They may also have <a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">hospitality</a> venues (such as resorts, camps, hotels, and restaurants) nearby or housing, both for permanent and seasonal residents. </p><p>Human forces have significantly changed beaches globally: direct impacts include bad construction practices on dunes and coastlines, while indirect human impacts include <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastic pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">coastal management</a> practices are designed to preserve or restore natural beach processes, while some beaches are actively restored through practices like <a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">beach nourishment</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HIHWNMS_trash_on_the_beach_(50093889173).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/HIHWNMS_trash_on_the_beach_%2850093889173%29.jpg/220px-HIHWNMS_trash_on_the_beach_%2850093889173%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/HIHWNMS_trash_on_the_beach_%2850093889173%29.jpg/330px-HIHWNMS_trash_on_the_beach_%2850093889173%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/HIHWNMS_trash_on_the_beach_%2850093889173%29.jpg/440px-HIHWNMS_trash_on_the_beach_%2850093889173%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4990" data-file-height="3327" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a> on a beach in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wild beaches, also known as undeveloped or undiscovered beaches, are not developed for tourism or recreation. Preserved beaches are <a href="/wiki/Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">important biomes</a> with important roles in aquatic or marine biodiversity, such as for breeding grounds for <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a> or nesting areas for <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>. Preserved beaches and their associated dune are important for protection from extreme weather for inland ecosystems and human infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_and_profile">Location and profile</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach_zones.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Beach_zones.png/480px-Beach_zones.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Beach_zones.png/720px-Beach_zones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Beach_zones.png/960px-Beach_zones.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">berm</a> is a nearly horizontal portion that stays dry except during <a href="/wiki/Spring_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring tide">extremely high tides</a> and storms. The <a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">swash</a> zone is alternately covered and exposed by wave run-up. The beach face is the sloping section below the berm that is exposed to the swash of the waves. The <a href="/wiki/Wrack_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrack line">wrack line</a> (not shown here) is the highest reach of the daily tide where organic and <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">inorganic debris</a> is deposited by wave action. May have <a href="/wiki/Sand_dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dunes">sand dunes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Webb2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webb2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore">seashore</a> is most commonly associated with the word <i>beach</i>, beaches are also found by lakes and alongside large rivers. </p><p><i>Beach</i> may refer to: </p> <ul><li>small systems where rock material moves onshore, offshore, or alongshore by the forces of waves and currents; or</li> <li>geological units of considerable size.</li></ul> <p>The former are described in detail below; the larger geological units are discussed elsewhere under <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">bars</a>. </p><p>There are several conspicuous parts to a beach that relate to the processes that form and shape it. The part mostly above water (depending upon tide), and more or less actively influenced by the waves at some point in the tide, is termed the beach berm. The <a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">berm</a> is the deposit of material comprising the active shoreline. The berm has a <i>crest</i> (top) and a <i>face</i>—the latter being the slope leading down towards the water from the crest. At the very bottom of the face, there may be a <i>trough</i>, and further seaward one or more long shore bars: slightly raised, underwater embankments formed where the waves first start to break. </p><p>The sand deposit may extend well inland from the <i>berm crest</i>, where there may be evidence of one or more older crests (the <i>storm beach</i>) resulting from very large storm waves and beyond the influence of the normal waves. At some point the influence of the waves (even storm waves) on the material comprising the beach stops, and if the particles are small enough (sand size or smaller), winds shape the feature. Where wind is the force distributing the grains inland, the deposit behind the beach becomes a <i><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dune</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summer_versus_winter_beach.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Summer_versus_winter_beach.png/350px-Summer_versus_winter_beach.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Summer_versus_winter_beach.png/525px-Summer_versus_winter_beach.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Summer_versus_winter_beach.png/700px-Summer_versus_winter_beach.png 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>The differences between summer and winter on beaches in areas where the winter conditions are rougher and waves have a shorter <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> but <a href="/wiki/Wave_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave energy">higher energy</a>. In winter, sand from the beach is stored offshore.<sup id="cite_ref-Webb2019_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webb2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>These geomorphic features compose what is called the <i>beach profile</i>. The beach profile changes seasonally due to the change in wave energy experienced during summer and winter months. In temperate areas where summer is characterised by calmer seas and longer periods between breaking wave crests, the beach profile is higher in summer. The gentle wave action during this season tends to transport sediment up the beach towards the berm where it is deposited and remains while the water recedes. Onshore winds carry it further inland forming and enhancing dunes. </p><p>Conversely, the beach profile is lower in the storm season (winter in temperate areas) due to the increased wave energy, and the shorter periods between breaking wave crests. Higher energy waves breaking in quick succession tend to mobilise sediment from the shallows, keeping it in suspension where it is prone to be carried along the beach by longshore currents, or carried out to sea to form longshore bars, especially if the longshore current meets an outflow from a river or flooding stream. The removal of sediment from the beach berm and dune thus decreases the beach profile. </p><p>If storms coincide with unusually high tides, or with a freak wave event such as a tidal surge or tsunami which causes significant <a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">coastal flooding</a>, substantial quantities of material may be eroded from the coastal plain or dunes behind the berm by receding water. This flow may alter the shape of the coastline, enlarge the mouths of rivers and create new deltas at the mouths of streams that had not been powerful enough to overcome longshore movement of sediment. </p><p>The line between beach and dune is difficult to define in the field. Over any significant period of time, sediment is always being exchanged between them. The <i>drift line</i> (the high point of material deposited by waves) is one potential demarcation. This would be the point at which significant wind movement of sand could occur, since the normal waves do not wet the sand beyond this area. However, the drift line is likely to move inland under assault by storm waves.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_Witherington_2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Witherington_2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scala_dei_Turchi_Sand_062313.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Scala_dei_Turchi_Sand_062313.jpg/220px-Scala_dei_Turchi_Sand_062313.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Scala_dei_Turchi_Sand_062313.jpg/330px-Scala_dei_Turchi_Sand_062313.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Scala_dei_Turchi_Sand_062313.jpg/440px-Scala_dei_Turchi_Sand_062313.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> particles and shell fragments from a beach. The primary component of typical beach sand is quartz, or <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> (SiO<sub>2</sub>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20100726_Kalamitsi_Beach_Ionian_Sea_Lefkada_island_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/20100726_Kalamitsi_Beach_Ionian_Sea_Lefkada_island_Greece.jpg/220px-20100726_Kalamitsi_Beach_Ionian_Sea_Lefkada_island_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/20100726_Kalamitsi_Beach_Ionian_Sea_Lefkada_island_Greece.jpg/330px-20100726_Kalamitsi_Beach_Ionian_Sea_Lefkada_island_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/20100726_Kalamitsi_Beach_Ionian_Sea_Lefkada_island_Greece.jpg/440px-20100726_Kalamitsi_Beach_Ionian_Sea_Lefkada_island_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4246" data-file-height="2819" /></a><figcaption>Sand and <a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a> is scoured, <a href="/wiki/Particle_size_(grain_size)" class="mw-redirect" title="Particle size (grain size)">graded</a> and moved around by the action of waves and currents</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robberg_Peninsula_-_a_home_of_seals.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Robberg_Peninsula_-_a_home_of_seals.webp/220px-Robberg_Peninsula_-_a_home_of_seals.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Robberg_Peninsula_-_a_home_of_seals.webp/330px-Robberg_Peninsula_-_a_home_of_seals.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Robberg_Peninsula_-_a_home_of_seals.webp/440px-Robberg_Peninsula_-_a_home_of_seals.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Beach formed on a wild, untamed rocky coastline</figcaption></figure> <p>Beaches are the result of wave action by which <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">waves</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">currents</a> move <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> or other loose <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> of which the beach is made as these particles are held in <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspension</a>. Alternatively, sand may be moved by <a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">saltation</a> (a bouncing movement of large particles). Beach materials come from erosion of rocks offshore, as well as from headland <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slumping" title="Slumping">slumping</a> producing deposits of <a href="/wiki/Scree" title="Scree">scree</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">coral reef</a> offshore is a significant source of sand particles. Some species of fish that feed on <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> attached to coral outcrops and rocks can create substantial quantities of sand particles over their lifetime as they nibble during feeding, digesting the <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a>, and discarding the rock and coral particles which pass through their digestive tracts. </p><p>The composition of the beach depends upon the nature and quantity of <a href="/wiki/Sediments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sediments">sediments</a> upstream of the beach, and the speed of flow and turbidity of water and wind. Sediments are moved by moving water and wind according to their particle size and state of compaction. Particles tend to settle and compact in still water. Once compacted, they are more resistant to <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>. Established vegetation (especially species with complex network root systems) will resist erosion by slowing the fluid flow at the surface layer. When affected by moving water or wind, particles that are eroded and held in suspension will increase the erosive power of the fluid that holds them by increasing the average density, viscosity, and volume of the moving fluid. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">Coastlines</a> facing very energetic wind and wave systems will tend to hold only large rocks as smaller particles will be held in suspension in the turbid water column and carried to calmer areas by longshore currents and tides. Coastlines that are protected from waves and winds will tend to allow finer sediments such as <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> and mud to precipitate creating <a href="/wiki/Mud_flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud flat">mud flats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> forests. The shape of a beach depends on whether the waves are constructive or destructive, and whether the material is sand or shingle. Waves are constructive if the period between their <a href="/wiki/Wave_crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave crest">wave crests</a> is long enough for the breaking water to recede and the sediment to settle before the succeeding wave arrives and breaks. </p><p>Fine sediment transported from lower down the beach profile will compact if the receding water percolates or soaks into the beach. Compacted sediment is more resistant to movement by turbulent water from succeeding waves. Conversely, waves are destructive if the period between the wave crests is short. Sediment that remains in suspension when the following wave crest arrives will not be able to settle and compact and will be more susceptible to erosion by <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore currents</a> and receding tides. The nature of sediments found on a beach tends to indicate the energy of the waves and wind in the locality. </p><p>Constructive waves move material up the beach while destructive waves move the material down the beach. During seasons when destructive waves are prevalent, the shallows will carry an increased load of sediment and organic matter in suspension. On sandy beaches, the turbulent backwash of destructive waves removes material forming a gently sloping beach. On <a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a> and shingle beaches the swash is dissipated more quickly because the large particle size allows greater <a href="/wiki/Percolation" title="Percolation">percolation</a>, thereby reducing the power of the backwash, and the beach remains steep. Compacted fine sediments will form a smooth beach surface that resists wind and water erosion. </p><p>During hot calm seasons, a crust may form on the surface of ocean beaches as the heat of the sun evaporates the water leaving the salt which <a href="/wiki/Crystallises" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystallises">crystallises</a> around the sand particles. This crust forms an additional protective layer that resists wind erosion unless disturbed by animals or dissolved by the advancing tide. <a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Cusps</a> and horns form where incoming waves divide, depositing sand as horns and scouring out sand to form cusps. This forms the uneven face on some sand <a href="/wiki/Shoreline" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoreline">shorelines</a>. White sand beaches look white because the quartz or eroded <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> in the sand reflects or <a href="/wiki/Scattering" title="Scattering">scatters</a> sunlight without absorbing other colors. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Tropical_beach"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sand_colors">Sand colors</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:00065_sand_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/00065_sand_collage.jpg/220px-00065_sand_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/00065_sand_collage.jpg/330px-00065_sand_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/00065_sand_collage.jpg/440px-00065_sand_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of sands:<br /> glass, dune, quartz<br /> volcanic, biogenic coral, pink coral<br />volcanic, garnet, olivine</figcaption></figure> <p>The composition of the sand varies depending on the local minerals and geology.<sup id="cite_ref-king_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the types of sand found in beaches around the world are: </p> <ul><li>White sand: Mostly made of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, it can also contain other minerals like <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-king_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tips_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tips-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Light-colored sand: This sand gets its color from quartz and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-king_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the most common sand color in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-sciencing-sand_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencing-sand-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other regions of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-king_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tropical white sand: On tropical islands, the sand is composed of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> from the shells and skeletons of marine organisms, like <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mollusks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusks">mollusks</a>, as found in <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-king_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pink coral sand: Like the above, is composed of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> and gets its pink hue from fragments of coral, such as in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bahama_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahama Islands">Bahama Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-king_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Black sand: Black sand is composed of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rock</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>, which give it its gray-black color.<sup id="cite_ref-king_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Punaluu_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Punaluu Beach">Punaluu Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Praia_Formosa" title="Praia Formosa">Praia Formosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuerteventura" title="Fuerteventura">Fuerteventura</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ajuy,_P%C3%A1jara" title="Ajuy, Pájara">Ajuy</a> beach are examples of this type of sand.<sup id="cite_ref-king_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Red sand: This kind of sand is created by the oxidation of iron from volcanic rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-tips_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tips-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>'s Kokkini Beach or the beaches on <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> in Canada are examples of this kind of sand.<sup id="cite_ref-tips_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tips-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Orange sand: Orange sand is high on iron. It can also be a combination of orange limestone, crushed shells, and volcanic deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-tips_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tips-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ramla_Bay" title="Ramla Bay">Ramla Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a>, Malta or Porto Ferro in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> are examples of each, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-king_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Green sand: In this kind of sand, the mineral <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> has been separated from other volcanic fragments by erosive forces.<sup id="cite_ref-king_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A famous example is Hawaii's <a href="/wiki/Papakolea_Beach" title="Papakolea Beach">Papakolea Beach</a>, which has sand containing basalt and coral fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-king_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivine beaches have a high potential for <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a>, and artificial greensand beaches are being explored for this process by <a href="/wiki/Project_Vesta" title="Project Vesta">Project Vesta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Types of beach sand</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyams_Beach,_Jervis_Bay,_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fine, white sand made up of pure quartz in Hyams Beach, New South Wales, Australia."><img alt="White sand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hyams_Beach%2C_Jervis_Bay%2C_Australia.jpg/315px-Hyams_Beach%2C_Jervis_Bay%2C_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hyams_Beach%2C_Jervis_Bay%2C_Australia.jpg/473px-Hyams_Beach%2C_Jervis_Bay%2C_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hyams_Beach%2C_Jervis_Bay%2C_Australia.jpg/630px-Hyams_Beach%2C_Jervis_Bay%2C_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3395" data-file-height="2263" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fine, white sand made up of pure <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyams_Beach,_New_South_Wales" title="Hyams Beach, New South Wales">Hyams Beach, New South Wales</a>, Australia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castelldefels_September.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Yellow-colored sand in Castelldefels beach, Spain."><img alt="Castelldefels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Castelldefels_September.JPG/280px-Castelldefels_September.JPG" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Castelldefels_September.JPG/420px-Castelldefels_September.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Castelldefels_September.JPG/560px-Castelldefels_September.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yellow-colored sand in <a href="/wiki/Castelldefels" title="Castelldefels">Castelldefels</a> beach, Spain.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 213.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 211.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BDA_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of Bermuda's pink-sand beaches at Astwood Park."><img alt="Bermuda's Pink Sand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/BDA_Bermuda.jpg/317px-BDA_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/BDA_Bermuda.jpg/475px-BDA_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/BDA_Bermuda.jpg/633px-BDA_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="1367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of Bermuda's pink-sand beaches at Astwood Park.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:33_-_Ajuy.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ajuy's beach black sand."><img alt="Black Sand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/33_-_Ajuy.JPG/280px-33_-_Ajuy.JPG" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/33_-_Ajuy.JPG/420px-33_-_Ajuy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/33_-_Ajuy.JPG/560px-33_-_Ajuy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ajuy,_P%C3%A1jara" title="Ajuy, Pájara">Ajuy</a>'s beach black sand.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santorini_97.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red sand from Santorini's Kokkini beach."><img alt="Red Sand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Santorini_97.jpg/327px-Santorini_97.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Santorini_97.jpg/491px-Santorini_97.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Santorini_97.jpg/654px-Santorini_97.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="2572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red sand from <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>'s Kokkini beach.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramla_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orange sand from Ramla Bay, Malta"><img alt="Orange Sand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ramla_Bay.jpg/280px-Ramla_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ramla_Bay.jpg/420px-Ramla_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ramla_Bay.jpg/560px-Ramla_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Orange sand from <a href="/wiki/Ramla_Bay" title="Ramla Bay">Ramla Bay</a>, Malta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_sand_closeup_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close view of Papakolea Beach's green sand."><img alt="Green Sand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Green_sand_closeup_1.jpg/223px-Green_sand_closeup_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Green_sand_closeup_1.jpg/335px-Green_sand_closeup_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Green_sand_closeup_1.jpg/446px-Green_sand_closeup_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close view of <a href="/wiki/Papakolea_Beach" title="Papakolea Beach">Papakolea Beach</a>'s green sand.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carters_Beach-_Sand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grey sand at Carters Beach, New Zealand"><img alt="Grey sand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Carters_Beach-_Sand.jpg/281px-Carters_Beach-_Sand.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Carters_Beach-_Sand.jpg/421px-Carters_Beach-_Sand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Carters_Beach-_Sand.jpg/561px-Carters_Beach-_Sand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1078" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grey sand at <a href="/wiki/Carters_Beach" title="Carters Beach">Carters Beach</a>, New Zealand</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erosion_and_accretion">Erosion and accretion</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_erosion_and_accretion">Natural erosion and accretion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mekong_beach_in_Si_Phan_Don.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mekong_beach_in_Si_Phan_Don.jpg/220px-Mekong_beach_in_Si_Phan_Don.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mekong_beach_in_Si_Phan_Don.jpg/330px-Mekong_beach_in_Si_Phan_Don.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mekong_beach_in_Si_Phan_Don.jpg/440px-Mekong_beach_in_Si_Phan_Don.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">sandspit</a> can form if a beach suddenly changes direction.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hidden_Beach_(15093910956).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hidden_Beach_%2815093910956%29.jpg/220px-Hidden_Beach_%2815093910956%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hidden_Beach_%2815093910956%29.jpg/330px-Hidden_Beach_%2815093910956%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hidden_Beach_%2815093910956%29.jpg/440px-Hidden_Beach_%2815093910956%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Hidden beach in southern <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porto_Covo_July_2011-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Porto_Covo_July_2011-1.jpg/220px-Porto_Covo_July_2011-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Porto_Covo_July_2011-1.jpg/330px-Porto_Covo_July_2011-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Porto_Covo_July_2011-1.jpg/440px-Porto_Covo_July_2011-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3181" data-file-height="1951" /></a><figcaption>Playing in the surf is a popular recreational activity.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_beach_at_North_Seymour_Island_in_the_Galapagos.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_beach_at_North_Seymour_Island_in_the_Galapagos.jpeg/220px-The_beach_at_North_Seymour_Island_in_the_Galapagos.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_beach_at_North_Seymour_Island_in_the_Galapagos.jpeg/330px-The_beach_at_North_Seymour_Island_in_the_Galapagos.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_beach_at_North_Seymour_Island_in_the_Galapagos.jpeg/440px-The_beach_at_North_Seymour_Island_in_the_Galapagos.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Beach in the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a> reserved for marine animals</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anse_Source_d%27Argent_beach_aerial_La_Digue,_Seychellen_(39587432402).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Anse_Source_d%27Argent_beach_aerial_La_Digue%2C_Seychellen_%2839587432402%29.jpg/220px-Anse_Source_d%27Argent_beach_aerial_La_Digue%2C_Seychellen_%2839587432402%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Anse_Source_d%27Argent_beach_aerial_La_Digue%2C_Seychellen_%2839587432402%29.jpg/330px-Anse_Source_d%27Argent_beach_aerial_La_Digue%2C_Seychellen_%2839587432402%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Anse_Source_d%27Argent_beach_aerial_La_Digue%2C_Seychellen_%2839587432402%29.jpg/440px-Anse_Source_d%27Argent_beach_aerial_La_Digue%2C_Seychellen_%2839587432402%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3846" data-file-height="2883" /></a><figcaption>Anse Source d'Argent, <a href="/wiki/La_Digue" title="La Digue">La Digue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malediven_Wasserbungalow_(28800500816).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Malediven_Wasserbungalow_%2828800500816%29.jpg/220px-Malediven_Wasserbungalow_%2828800500816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Malediven_Wasserbungalow_%2828800500816%29.jpg/330px-Malediven_Wasserbungalow_%2828800500816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Malediven_Wasserbungalow_%2828800500816%29.jpg/440px-Malediven_Wasserbungalow_%2828800500816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption>Maldives dream beaches</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Causes">Causes</h4></div> <p>Beaches are changed in shape chiefly by the movement of water and wind. Any weather event that is associated with turbid or fast-flowing water or high winds will erode exposed beaches. Longshore currents will tend to replenish beach sediments and repair storm damage. Tidal waterways generally change the shape of their adjacent beaches by small degrees with every tidal cycle. Over time these changes can become substantial leading to significant changes in the size and location of the beach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_on_flora">Effects on flora</h4></div> <p>Changes in the shape of the beach may undermine the roots of large trees and other flora. Many beach adapted species (such as coconut palms) have a fine root system and large root ball which tends to withstand wave and wind action and tends to stabilize beaches better than other trees with a lesser root ball. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_on_adjacent_land">Effects on adjacent land</h4></div> <p>Erosion of beaches can expose less resilient soils and rocks to wind and wave action leading to undermining of coastal headlands eventually resulting in catastrophic collapse of large quantities of overburden into the shallows. This material may be distributed along the beach front leading to a change in the habitat as sea grasses and corals in the shallows may be buried or deprived of light and nutrients. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanmade_erosion_and_accretion">Humanmade erosion and accretion</h3></div> <p>Coastal areas settled by man inevitably become subject to the effects of human-made structures and processes. Over long periods of time, these influences may substantially alter the shape of the coastline, and the character of the beach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Destruction_of_flora">Destruction of flora</h4></div> <p>Beachfront flora plays a major role in stabilizing the foredunes and preventing beach head erosion and inland movement of dunes. If flora with network root systems (creepers, grasses, and palms) are able to become established, they provide an effective coastal defense as they trap sand particles and rainwater and enrich the surface layer of the dunes, allowing other plant species to become established. They also protect the berm from erosion by high winds, freak waves and subsiding floodwaters. </p><p>Over long periods of time, well-stabilized foreshore areas will tend to accrete, while unstabilized foreshores will tend to erode, leading to substantial changes in the shape of the coastline. These changes usually occur over periods of many years. Freak wave events such as tsunami, tidal waves, and storm surges may substantially alter the shape, profile and location of a beach within hours. </p><p>Destruction of flora on the berm by the use of herbicides, excessive pedestrian or vehicle traffic, or disruption to freshwater flows may lead to erosion of the berm and dunes. While the destruction of flora may be a gradual process that is imperceptible to regular beach users, it often becomes immediately apparent after storms associated with high winds and freak wave events that can rapidly move large volumes of exposed and unstable sand, depositing them further inland, or carrying them out into the permanent water forming offshore bars, lagoons or increasing the area of the beach exposed at low tide. Large and rapid movements of exposed sand can bury and smother flora in adjacent areas, aggravating the loss of habitat for fauna, and enlarging the area of instability. If there is an adequate supply of sand, and weather conditions do not allow vegetation to recover and stabilize the sediment, wind-blown sand can continue to advance, engulfing and permanently altering downwind landscapes. </p><p>Sediment moved by waves or receding floodwaters can be deposited in coastal shallows, engulfing reed beds and changing the character of underwater flora and fauna in the coastal shallows. </p><p>Burning or clearance of vegetation on the land adjacent to the beach head, for farming and residential development, changes the surface wind patterns, and exposes the surface of the beach to wind erosion. </p><p>Farming and residential development are also commonly associated with changes in local surface water flows. If these flows are concentrated in stormwater drains emptying onto the beach head, they may erode the beach creating a lagoon or delta. </p><p>Dense vegetation tends to absorb rainfall reducing the speed of runoff and releasing it over longer periods of time. Destruction by burning or clearance of the natural vegetation tends to increase the speed and erosive power of runoff from rainfall. This runoff will tend to carry more silt and organic matter from the land onto the beach and into the sea. If the flow is constant, runoff from cleared land arriving at the beach head will tend to deposit this material into the sand changing its color, odor and fauna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creation_of_beach_access_points">Creation of beach access points</h4></div> <p>The concentration of pedestrian and vehicular traffic accessing the beach for recreational purposes may cause increased erosion at the access points if measures are not taken to stabilize the beach surface above high-water mark. Recognition of the dangers of loss of beach front flora has caused many local authorities responsible for managing coastal areas to restrict beach access points by physical structures or legal sanctions, and fence off foredunes in an effort to protect the flora. These measures are often associated with the construction of structures at these access points to allow traffic to pass over or through the dunes without causing further damage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concentration_of_runoff">Concentration of runoff</h4></div> <p>Beaches provide a filter for runoff from the coastal plain. If the runoff is naturally dispersed along the beach, water borne silt and organic matter will be retained on the land and will feed the flora in the coastal area. Runoff that is dispersed along the beach will tend to percolate through the beach and may emerge from the beach at low tide. </p><p>The retention of the freshwater may also help to maintain underground water reserves and will resist salt water incursion. If the surface flow of the runoff is diverted and concentrated by drains that create constant flows over the beach above the sea or river level, the beach will be eroded and ultimately form an inlet unless longshore flows deposit sediments to repair the breach. </p><p>Once eroded, an inlet may allow tidal inflows of salt water to pollute areas inland from the beach and may also affect the quality of underground water supplies and the height of the water table. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deprivation_of_runoff">Deprivation of runoff</h4></div> <p>Some flora naturally occurring on the beach head requires freshwater runoff from the land. Diversion of freshwater runoff into drains may deprive these plants of their water supplies and allow sea water incursion, increasing the saltiness of the groundwater. Species that are not able to survive in salt water may die and be replaced by mangroves or other species adapted to salty environments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inappropriate_beach_nourishment">Inappropriate beach nourishment</h4></div> <p>Beach nourishment is the importing and deposition of sand or other sediments in an effort to restore a beach that has been damaged by erosion. Beach nourishment often involves excavation of sediments from riverbeds or sand quarries. This excavated sediment may be substantially different in size and appearance to the naturally occurring beach sand. </p><p>In extreme cases, beach nourishment may involve placement of large pebbles or rocks in an effort to permanently restore a shoreline subject to constant erosion and loss of foreshore. This is often required where the flow of new sediment caused by the longshore current has been disrupted by construction of harbors, breakwaters, causeways or boat ramps, creating new current flows that scour the sand from behind these structures and deprive the beach of restorative sediments. If the causes of the erosion are not addressed, beach nourishment can become a necessary and permanent feature of beach maintenance. </p><p>During beach nourishment activities, care must be taken to place new sediments so that the new sediments compact and stabilize before aggressive wave or wind action can erode them. Material that is concentrated too far down the beach may form a temporary groyne that will encourage scouring behind it. Sediments that are too fine or too light may be eroded before they have compacted or been integrated into the established vegetation. Foreign unwashed sediments may introduce flora or fauna that are not usually found in that locality. </p><p>Brighton Beach, on the south coast of England, is a shingle beach that has been nourished with very large pebbles in an effort to withstand the erosion of the upper area of the beach. These large pebbles made the beach unwelcoming for pedestrians for a period of time until natural processes integrated the naturally occurring shingle into the pebble base. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_for_recreation">Use for recreation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llandudno.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Llandudno.jpeg/220px-Llandudno.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Llandudno.jpeg/330px-Llandudno.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Llandudno.jpeg/440px-Llandudno.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4676" data-file-height="2772" /></a><figcaption>A popular Victorian seaside resort. <a href="/wiki/Llandudno" title="Llandudno">Llandudno</a>, 1856</figcaption></figure> <p>Even in Roman times, wealthy people spent their free time on the coast. They also built large villa complexes with bathing facilities (so-called maritime villas) in particularly beautiful locations. Excavations of Roman architecture can still be found today, for example on the <a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a> near Naples and in <a href="/wiki/Barcola" title="Barcola">Barcola</a> in Trieste.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of the beach as a popular leisure resort from the mid-19th century was the first manifestation of what is now the global tourist industry. The first seaside resorts were opened in the 18th century for the aristocracy, who began to frequent the seaside as well as the then fashionable spa towns, for recreation and health.<sup id="cite_ref-The_business_of_tourism_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_business_of_tourism-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest such seaside resorts, was <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> during the 1720s; it had been a fashionable spa town since a stream of acidic water was discovered running from one of the cliffs to the south of the town in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-The_business_of_tourism_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_business_of_tourism-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first rolling <a href="/wiki/Bathing_machine" title="Bathing machine">bathing machines</a> were introduced by 1735. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brighton,_the_front_and_the_chain_pier_seen_in_the_distance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Brighton%2C_the_front_and_the_chain_pier_seen_in_the_distance.jpg/220px-Brighton%2C_the_front_and_the_chain_pier_seen_in_the_distance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Brighton%2C_the_front_and_the_chain_pier_seen_in_the_distance.jpg/330px-Brighton%2C_the_front_and_the_chain_pier_seen_in_the_distance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Brighton%2C_the_front_and_the_chain_pier_seen_in_the_distance.jpg/440px-Brighton%2C_the_front_and_the_chain_pier_seen_in_the_distance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption><i>Brighton, The Front and the Chain Pier Seen in the Distance</i>, early 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The opening of the resort in <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> and its reception of <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">royal patronage</a> from <a href="/wiki/King_George_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="King George IV">King George IV</a>, extended the seaside as a resort for health and pleasure to the much larger <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> market, and the beach became a centre for upper-class pleasure and frivolity. This trend was praised and artistically elevated by the new <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> ideal of the picturesque landscape; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>'s unfinished novel <i><a href="/wiki/Sanditon" title="Sanditon">Sanditon</a></i> is an example of that. Later, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria</a>'s long-standing patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramsgate" title="Ramsgate">Ramsgate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> ensured that a seaside residence was considered as a highly fashionable possession for those wealthy enough to afford more than one home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seaside_resorts_for_the_working_class">Seaside resorts for the working class</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_promenade,_Blackpool,_Lancashire,_England,_ca._1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_promenade%2C_Blackpool%2C_Lancashire%2C_England%2C_ca._1898.jpg/220px-The_promenade%2C_Blackpool%2C_Lancashire%2C_England%2C_ca._1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_promenade%2C_Blackpool%2C_Lancashire%2C_England%2C_ca._1898.jpg/330px-The_promenade%2C_Blackpool%2C_Lancashire%2C_England%2C_ca._1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_promenade%2C_Blackpool%2C_Lancashire%2C_England%2C_ca._1898.jpg/440px-The_promenade%2C_Blackpool%2C_Lancashire%2C_England%2C_ca._1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3541" data-file-height="2627" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a> <a href="/wiki/Promenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Promenade">Promenade</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1898</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The extension of this form of leisure to the middle and working classes began with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railways</a> in the 1840s, which offered cheap fares to fast-growing resort towns. In particular, the completion of a <a href="/wiki/Blackpool_Branch_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackpool Branch Line">branch line</a> to the small seaside town of <a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a> from <a href="/wiki/Poulton-le-Fylde_railway_station" title="Poulton-le-Fylde railway station">Poulton</a> led to a sustained economic and demographic boom. A sudden influx of visitors, arriving by rail, led entrepreneurs to build accommodation and create new attractions, leading to more visitors and a rapid cycle of growth throughout the 1850s and 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growth was intensified by the practice among the Lancashire <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton mill</a> owners of closing the factories for a week every year to service and repair machinery. These became known as <a href="/wiki/Wakes_week" title="Wakes week">wakes weeks</a>. Each town's mills would close for a different week, allowing Blackpool to manage a steady and reliable stream of visitors over a prolonged period in the summer. A prominent feature of the resort was the <a href="/wiki/Promenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Promenade">promenade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pleasure_pier" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleasure pier">pleasure piers</a>, where an eclectic variety of performances vied for the people's attention. In 1863, the <a href="/wiki/North_Pier,_Blackpool" title="North Pier, Blackpool">North Pier</a> in Blackpool was completed, rapidly becoming a centre of attraction for upper class visitors. <a href="/wiki/Central_Pier,_Blackpool" title="Central Pier, Blackpool">Central Pier</a> was completed in 1868, with a theatre and a large open-air dance floor.<sup id="cite_ref-Rough597_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rough597-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the popular beach resorts were equipped with <a href="/wiki/Bathing_machine" title="Bathing machine">bathing machines</a>, because even the all-covering <a href="/wiki/Swimsuit" title="Swimsuit">beachwear</a> of the period was considered immodest. By the end of the century the English coastline had over 100 large resort towns, some with populations exceeding 50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion_around_the_world">Expansion around the world</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monte_Carlo_Casino_seaside_facade_before_1878_-_Bonillo_2004_p113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Monte_Carlo_Casino_seaside_facade_before_1878_-_Bonillo_2004_p113.jpg/220px-Monte_Carlo_Casino_seaside_facade_before_1878_-_Bonillo_2004_p113.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Monte_Carlo_Casino_seaside_facade_before_1878_-_Bonillo_2004_p113.jpg/330px-Monte_Carlo_Casino_seaside_facade_before_1878_-_Bonillo_2004_p113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Monte_Carlo_Casino_seaside_facade_before_1878_-_Bonillo_2004_p113.jpg/440px-Monte_Carlo_Casino_seaside_facade_before_1878_-_Bonillo_2004_p113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3377" data-file-height="2296" /></a><figcaption>Seaside facade at <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo" title="Monte Carlo">Monte Carlo</a>, 1870s</figcaption></figure> <p>The development of the seaside resort abroad was stimulated by the well-developed English love of the beach. The <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a> alongside the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> had already become a popular destination for the British upper class by the end of the 18th century. In 1864, the first railway to <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> was completed, making the Riviera accessible to visitors from all over Europe. By 1874, residents of foreign enclaves in Nice, most of whom were British, numbered 25,000. The coastline became renowned for attracting the royalty of Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VII of the United Kingdom">King Edward VII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Continental European attitudes towards <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nakedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakedness">nakedness</a> tended to be more lax than in Britain, so British and French entrepreneurs were quick to exploit the possibilities. In 1863, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Charles III, Prince of Monaco">Charles III</a>, Prince of <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanc" title="François Blanc">François Blanc</a>, a French businessman, arranged for <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamships</a> and carriages to take visitors from Nice to Monaco, where large luxury hotels, gardens and casinos were built. The place was renamed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo" title="Monte Carlo">Monte Carlo</a>. </p><p>Commercial sea bathing spread to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> by the end of the 19th century. The first public beach in the United States was <a href="/wiki/Revere_Beach" title="Revere Beach">Revere Beach</a>, which opened in 1896. During that same time, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Flagler" title="Henry Flagler">Henry Flagler</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway" title="Florida East Coast Railway">Florida East Coast Railway</a>, which linked the coastal sea resorts developing at <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a>, FL and <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Beach">Miami Beach</a>, FL, to winter travelers from the northern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="East Coast Railway">East Coast Railway</a>. By the early 20th century surfing was developed in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>; it spread to <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">southern California</a> by the early 1960s. By the 1970s cheap and affordable air travel led to the growth of a truly global tourism market which benefited areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and the coastal <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a> regions of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Today">Today</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla_-_Verano,_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla_-_Verano%2C_1904.jpg/220px-Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla_-_Verano%2C_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla_-_Verano%2C_1904.jpg/330px-Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla_-_Verano%2C_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla_-_Verano%2C_1904.jpg/440px-Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla_-_Verano%2C_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption><i>Summer</i> <br /><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla" title="Joaquín Sorolla">Joaquín Sorolla</a> (1904)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barceloneta_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Barceloneta_2007.jpg/220px-Barceloneta_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Barceloneta_2007.jpg/330px-Barceloneta_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Barceloneta_2007.jpg/440px-Barceloneta_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Tourists at the Mediterranean Sea beach of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bondi_Beach_(2050515990).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bondi_Beach_%282050515990%29.jpg/220px-Bondi_Beach_%282050515990%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bondi_Beach_%282050515990%29.jpg/330px-Bondi_Beach_%282050515990%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bondi_Beach_%282050515990%29.jpg/440px-Bondi_Beach_%282050515990%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bondi_Beach" title="Bondi Beach">Bondi Beach</a>, a popular beach area in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A4rnu_rannapromenaad_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/P%C3%A4rnu_rannapromenaad_2014.jpg/220px-P%C3%A4rnu_rannapromenaad_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/P%C3%A4rnu_rannapromenaad_2014.jpg/330px-P%C3%A4rnu_rannapromenaad_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/P%C3%A4rnu_rannapromenaad_2014.jpg/440px-P%C3%A4rnu_rannapromenaad_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu" title="Pärnu">Pärnu</a>, the summer capital of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, is especially known for its sand beaches by the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, making it one of the most popular travel destinations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Beaches can be popular on warm sunny days. In the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, many popular <a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">beach resorts</a> were equipped with <a href="/wiki/Bathing_machine" title="Bathing machine">bathing machines</a> because even the all-covering <a href="/wiki/Swimsuit" title="Swimsuit">beachwear</a> of the period was considered immodest.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This social standard still prevails in many Muslim countries. At the other end of the spectrum are <a href="/wiki/Toplessness" title="Toplessness">topfree beaches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nude_beach" title="Nude beach">nude beaches</a> where clothing is optional or not allowed. In most countries social norms are significantly different on a beach in hot weather, compared to adjacent areas where similar behavior might not be tolerated and might even be prosecuted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In more than thirty countries in Europe, South Africa, New Zealand, Canada, Costa Rica, South America and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, the best recreational beaches are awarded <a href="/wiki/Blue_Flag_beach" title="Blue Flag beach">Blue Flag</a> status, based on such criteria as water quality and safety provision. Subsequent loss of this status can have a severe effect on tourism revenues. </p><p>Beaches are often dumping grounds for <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> and litter, necessitating the use of <a href="/wiki/Beach_cleaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach cleaner">beach cleaners</a> and other cleanup projects. More significantly, many beaches are a discharge zone for untreated sewage in most <a href="/wiki/Underdeveloped_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Underdeveloped countries">underdeveloped countries</a>; even in <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a> beach closure is an occasional circumstance due to <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer_overflow" title="Sanitary sewer overflow">sanitary sewer overflow</a>. In these cases of marine discharge, waterborne disease from <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">fecal</a> <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> and contamination of certain marine species are a frequent outcome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_beaches">Artificial beaches</h3></div> <p>Some beaches are artificial; they are either permanent or temporary (For examples, see <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaches_of_Hong_Kong" title="Beaches of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Bay Beach">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Singapore" title="List of beaches in Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tianjin#Dongjiang_Port_Area" title="Port of Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>). </p><p>The soothing qualities of a beach and the pleasant environment offered to the beachgoer are replicated in artificial beaches, such as "beach style" pools with zero-depth entry and wave pools that recreate the natural waves pounding upon a beach. In a <a href="/wiki/Zero-entry_swimming_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-entry swimming pool">zero-depth entry pool</a>, the bottom surface slopes gradually from above water down to depth. Another approach involves so-called <a href="/wiki/Urban_beach" title="Urban beach">urban beaches</a>, a form of public park becoming common in large cities. Urban beaches attempt to mimic natural beaches with fountains that imitate surf and mask city noises, and in some cases can be used as a play park. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">Beach nourishment</a> involves pumping sand onto beaches to improve their health. Beach nourishment is common for major beach cities around the world; however the beaches that have been nourished can still appear quite natural and often many visitors are unaware of the works undertaken to support the health of the beach. Such beaches are often not recognized by consumers as artificial. A famous example of beach nourishment came with the replenishment of <a href="/wiki/Waikiki" title="Waikiki">Waikīkī Beach</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, where sand from <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Beach,_California" title="Manhattan Beach, California">Manhattan Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> was transported via ship and barge throughout most of the 20th century in order to combat Waikiki's erosion problems. <a href="/wiki/The_Surfrider_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Surfrider Foundation">The Surfrider Foundation</a> has debated the merits of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">artificial reefs</a> with members torn between their desire to support natural coastal environments and opportunities to enhance the quality of surfing waves. Similar debates surround <a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">beach nourishment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snow_cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow cannon">snow cannon</a> in sensitive environments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restrictions_on_access">Restrictions on access</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_roam" title="Freedom to roam">Freedom to roam</a></div> <p>Public access to beaches is restricted in some parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, most beaches on the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Shore" title="Jersey Shore">Jersey Shore</a> are restricted to people who can purchase <a href="/wiki/Beach_tag" title="Beach tag">beach tags</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-visitnjshore_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visitnjshore-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many beaches in Indonesia, both private and public, require admission fees.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some beaches also restrict dogs for some periods of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private_beaches">Private beaches</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone#Legal_issues" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone § Legal issues</a></div> <p>Some jurisdiction make all beaches public by law. Some allow private ownership (for example by owners of abutting land or neighborhood associations) to the mean high <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tide</a> line or mean low tide line. In some jurisdictions, the public has a general <a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a> to use privately-owned beach land for certain purposes. Signs are sometimes posted where public access ends. </p><p>In some places, such as Florida, it is not always clear which parts of a beach are public or private.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_beaches">Public beaches</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Revere_Beach" title="Revere Beach">first public beach</a> in the United States opened on 12 July 1896, in the town of <a href="/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts" title="Revere, Massachusetts">Revere, Massachusetts</a>, with over 45,000 people attending on the opening day. The beach was run bay the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Park_System_of_Greater_Boston" title="Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston">Metropolitan Parks Commission</a> and the new beach had a bandstand, public bathhouses, shade pavilions, and lined by a broad boulevard that ran along the beach.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public access to beaches is protected by law in the U.S. state of Oregon, thanks to a 1967 state law, the Oregon Beach Bill, which guaranteed public access from the Columbia River to the California state line, "so that the public may have the free and uninterrupted use".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public access to beaches in Hawaii (other than those owned by the U.S. federal government) is also protected by state law.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Access_design">Access design</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Key_West_Beach_Access.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Key_West_Beach_Access.JPG/220px-Key_West_Beach_Access.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Key_West_Beach_Access.JPG/330px-Key_West_Beach_Access.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Key_West_Beach_Access.JPG/440px-Key_West_Beach_Access.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>A beach access path in <a href="/wiki/Key_West" title="Key West">Key West</a>, Florida</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romantic_beach_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Romantic_beach_entrance.jpg/220px-Romantic_beach_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Romantic_beach_entrance.jpg/330px-Romantic_beach_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Romantic_beach_entrance.jpg/440px-Romantic_beach_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The entrance of the Romance Beach in <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Sakura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakura">Sakura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a>-like decor, evoking a romantic sense as its name suggests.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beach access is an important consideration where substantial numbers of pedestrians or vehicles require access to the beach. Allowing random access across delicate foredunes is seldom considered good practice as it is likely to lead to destruction of flora and consequent erosion of the fore dunes. </p><p>A well-designed beach access should: </p> <ul><li>provide a durable surface able to withstand the traffic flow;</li> <li>aesthetically complement the surrounding structures and natural landforms;</li> <li>be located in an area that is convenient for users and consistent with safe traffic flows;</li> <li>be scaled to match the traffic flow (i.e. wide and strong enough to safely carry the size and quantity of pedestrians and vehicles intended to use it);</li> <li>be maintained appropriately; and</li> <li>be signed and lit to discourage beach users from creating their own alternative crossings that may be more destructive to the beachhead.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concrete_ramp_or_steps">Concrete ramp or steps</h3></div> <p>A concrete ramp should follow the natural profile of the beach to prevent it from changing the normal flow of waves, longshore currents, water and wind. A ramp that is below the beach profile will tend to become buried and cease to provide a good surface for vehicular traffic. A ramp or stair that protrudes above the beach profile will tend to disrupt longshore currents creating deposits in front of the ramp, and scouring behind. Concrete ramps are the most expensive vehicular beach accesses to construct requiring use of a quick-drying concrete or a cofferdam to protect them from tidal water during the concrete curing process. Concrete is favored where traffic flows are heavy and access is required by vehicles that are not adapted to soft sand (e.g. road registered passenger vehicles and boat trailers). Concrete stairs are commonly favored on beaches adjacent to population centers where beach users may arrive on the beach in street shoes, or where the foreshore roadway is substantially higher than the beach head and a ramp would be too steep for safe use by pedestrians. A composite stair ramp may incorporate a central or side stair with one or more ramps allowing pedestrians to lead buggies or small boat dollies onto the beach without the aid of a powered vehicle or winch. Concrete ramps and steps should be maintained to prevent a buildup of moss or algae that may make their wet surfaces slippery and dangerous to pedestrians and vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corduroy_(beach_ladder)"><span id="Corduroy_.28beach_ladder.29"></span>Corduroy (beach ladder)</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">corduroy road</a> or beach ladder (or board and chain) is an array of planks (usually hardwood or treated timber) laid close together and perpendicular to the direction of traffic flow, and secured at each end by a chain or cable to form a pathway or ramp over the sand dune. Corduroys are cheap and easy to construct and quick to deploy or relocate. They are commonly used for pedestrian access paths and light duty vehicular access ways. They naturally conform to the shape of the underlying beach or dune profile, and adjust well to moderate erosion, especially longshore drift. However, they can cease to be an effective access surface if they become buried or undermined by erosion by <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> coming from the beach head. If the corduroy is not wide enough for vehicles using it, the sediment on either side may be displaced creating a spoon drain that accelerates surface runoff and can quickly lead to serious erosion. Significant erosion of the sediment beside and under the corduroy can render it completely ineffective and make it dangerous to pedestrian users who may fall between the planks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fabric_ramp">Fabric ramp</h3></div> <p>Fabric ramps are commonly employed by the military for temporary purposes where the underlying sediment is stable and hard enough to support the weight of the traffic. A sheet of porous fabric is laid over the sand to stabilize the surface and prevent vehicles from bogging. Fabric Ramps usually cease to be useful after one tidal cycle as they are easily washed away, or buried in sediment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foliage_ramp">Foliage ramp</h3></div> <p>A foliage ramp is formed by planting resilient species of hardy plants such as grasses over a well-formed sediment ramp. The plants may be supported while they become established by placement of layers of mesh, netting, or coarse organic material such as vines or branches. This type of ramp is ideally suited for intermittent use by vehicles with a low wheel loading such as dune buggies or agricultural vehicles with large tyres. A foliage ramp should require minimal maintenance if initially formed to follow the beach profile, and not overused. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravel_ramp">Gravel ramp</h3></div> <p>A gravel ramp is formed by excavating the underlying loose sediment and filling the excavation with layers of gravel of graduated sizes as defined by <a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">John Loudon McAdam</a>. The gravel is compacted to form a solid surface according to the needs of the traffic. Gravel ramps are less expensive to construct than concrete ramps and are able to carry heavy road traffic provided the excavation is deep enough to reach solid <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a>. Gravel ramps are subject to erosion by water. If the edges are retained with boards or walls and the profile matches the surrounding beach profile, a gravel ramp may become more stable as finer sediments are deposited by percolating water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Longest_beaches">Longest beaches</h2></div> <p>Amongst the world's longest beaches are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Mile_Beach" title="Eighty Mile Beach">Eighty Mile Beach</a> (220 kilometres [140 mi]) in north-west Australia;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praia_do_Cassino" title="Praia do Cassino">Praia do Cassino</a> (212 kilometres [132 mi]) in Brazil;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Island" title="Padre Island">Padre Island</a> beach (about 182 kilometres [113 mi]) in Gulf of Mexico, Texas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninety_Mile_Beach,_Victoria" title="Ninety Mile Beach, Victoria">Ninety Mile Beach, Victoria</a> (151 kilometres [94 mi]) in Victoria, Australia;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Bazar_Beach" title="Cox's Bazar Beach">Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh</a> (150 kilometres [93 mi] unbroken);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naikoon_Provincial_Park" title="Naikoon Provincial Park">Naikoon Provincial Park</a> (100 kilometres [62 mi]) in the north-east of Haida Gwaii, Canada;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playa_Novillera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Playa Novillera (page does not exist)">Playa Novillera</a> beach (about 90 kilometres [56 mi]) in Mexico.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninety_Mile_Beach,_New_Zealand" title="Ninety Mile Beach, New Zealand">90 Mile Beach</a> in New Zealand (88 kilometres [55 mi]);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser Island">Fraser Island</a> beach (about 65 kilometres [40 mi]) in Queensland, Australia;</li> <li>Troia-Sines Beach (63 kilometres [39 mi]) in Portugal;</li> <li>the Jersey Shore, 204 km/127 miles; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_Washington" title="Long Beach, Washington">Long Beach, Washington</a> (which is about 40 kilometres [25 mi]).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kemp%27s_Ridley_sea_turtle_nesting.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kemp%27s_Ridley_sea_turtle_nesting.JPG/220px-Kemp%27s_Ridley_sea_turtle_nesting.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kemp%27s_Ridley_sea_turtle_nesting.JPG/330px-Kemp%27s_Ridley_sea_turtle_nesting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kemp%27s_Ridley_sea_turtle_nesting.JPG/440px-Kemp%27s_Ridley_sea_turtle_nesting.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kemp%27s_ridley_sea_turtle" title="Kemp's ridley sea turtle">Kemp's ridley sea turtle</a> nesting on the berm section of the beach; beyond can be seen <a href="/wiki/Wrack_(seaweed)" title="Wrack (seaweed)">plant debris</a> in the wrack line.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">Seashore wildlife</a></div> <p>A beach is an unstable environment that exposes plants and animals to changeable and potentially harsh conditions. Some animals burrow into the sand and feed on material deposited by the waves. Crabs, insects and <a href="/wiki/Shorebird" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorebird">shorebirds</a> feed on these beach dwellers. The endangered <a href="/wiki/Piping_plover" title="Piping plover">piping plover</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Tern" title="Tern">tern</a> species rely on beaches for nesting. <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">Sea turtles</a> also bury their eggs in ocean beaches. <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrasses</a> and other beach plants grow on undisturbed areas of the beach and dunes. </p><p>Ocean beaches are habitats with organisms adapted to salt spray, tidal overwash, and shifting sands. Some of these organisms are found only on beaches. Examples of these beach organisms in the southeast US include plants like <a href="/wiki/Sea_oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea oats">sea oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea rocket">sea rocket</a>, beach elder, beach morning glory (<i><a href="/wiki/Ipomoea_pes-caprae" title="Ipomoea pes-caprae">Ipomoea pes-caprae</a></i>), and beach peanut, and animals such as mole crabs (<i><a href="/wiki/Hippoidea" title="Hippoidea">Hippoidea</a></i>), coquina clams (<i><a href="/wiki/Donax_(bivalve)" title="Donax (bivalve)">Donax</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Ghost_crab" title="Ghost crab">ghost crabs</a>, and white beach tiger beetles.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_Witherington_2007_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Witherington_2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/32px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/48px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/64px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rivers" title="Portal:Rivers">Rivers portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_advisory" title="Beach advisory">Beach advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ball" title="Beach ball">Beach ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cleaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach cleaner">Beach cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_polo" title="Beach polo">Beach polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches" title="List of beaches">List of beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_art_and_play" title="Sand art and play">Sand art and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore">Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_beach" title="Smart beach">Smart beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_beach" title="Urban beach">Urban beach</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div 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center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Pearson Education. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-273-70161-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-273-70161-4"><bdi>0-273-70161-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+business+of+tourism&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-273-70161-4&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=J.+Christopher&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705082737/http://www.blackpooltourism.com/resources/files/2_Blackpool%20History.pdf">"Blackpool History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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City of Evanston. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofevanston.org/departments/parks/beach_season.shtml">the original</a> on 2 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3F&rft.pub=City+of+Evanston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofevanston.org%2Fdepartments%2Fparks%2Fbeach_season.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080804073912/http://www.cityofevanston.org/departments/parks/beach_dog.shtml">"?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+Tips+-+USA+Today&rft.atitle=Are+All+Beaches+in+Hawaii+Public%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftraveltips.usatoday.com%2Fbeaches-hawaii-public-34704.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2002" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Robert (2002). <i>The Rough Guide to Britain</i>. Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-881-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-881-9"><bdi>978-1-85828-881-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Britain&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-881-9&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeach" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Bascom, W. 1980. <i>Waves and Beaches</i>. Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, New York. 366 p.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1982" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Maurice L. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbe0015unse/page/940"><i>The Encyclopedia of Beaches and Coastal Environments: Volume 15 of Encyclopedia of earth sciences</i></a>. Virginia: Hutchinson Ross Pub. Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbe0015unse/page/940">940</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879332131" title="Special:BookSources/0879332131"><bdi>0879332131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Beaches+and+Coastal+Environments%3A+Volume+15+of+Encyclopedia+of+earth+sciences&rft.place=Virginia&rft.pages=940&rft.pub=Hutchinson+Ross+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0879332131&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Maurice+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofbe0015unse%2Fpage%2F940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeach" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Beaches" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Beaches">Beaches</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Beaches#Q40080" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Beaches">Beaches</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/beach" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/beach">beach</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchialine pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayre_(landform)" title="Ayre (landform)">Ayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">Barrier island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(landform)" title="Gat (landform)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(landform)" title="Geo (landform)">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_(coastal_geography)" title="Gut (coastal geography)">Gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapua" title="Hapua">Hapua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/140px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/210px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/280px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/210px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/280px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_plume" title="River plume">River plume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_geography" title="Category:Coastal geography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40080#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/829107/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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