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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C5%BEelezn%C3%A9_kovy" title="Neželezné kovy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neželezné kovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichteisenmetall" title="Nichteisenmetall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nichteisenmetall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitteraudmetallid" title="Mitteraudmetallid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mitteraudmetallid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Έγχρωμα μέταλλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έγχρωμα μέταλλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_no_ferroso" title="Metal no ferroso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metal no ferroso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefera_metalo" title="Nefera metalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nefera metalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فلز غیرآهنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلز غیرآهنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%B2%A0%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="비철금속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비철금속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_nonfero" title="Logam nonfero – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Logam nonfero" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Түсті металдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түсті металдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-ferrometaal" title="Non-ferrometaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Non-ferrometaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E9%89%84%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="非鉄金属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="非鉄金属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangli_metallar" title="Rangli metallar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rangli metallar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metale_nie%C5%BCelazne" title="Metale nieżelazne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metale nieżelazne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C5%84li_metallar" title="Reńli metallar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Reńli metallar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Цветные металлы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цветные металлы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Обојени метали – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Обојени метали" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obojeni_metali" title="Obojeni metali – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Obojeni metali" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demir_olmayan_metaller" title="Demir olmayan metaller – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Demir olmayan metaller" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кольорові метали – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Metals or alloys which do not contain significant amounts of iron</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, <b>non-ferrous metals</b> are metals or <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> that do not contain <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_iron" title="Allotropes of iron">allotropes of iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrite_(iron)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrite (iron)">ferrite</a>, and so on) in appreciable amounts. </p><p>Generally more costly than <a href="/wiki/Ferrous" title="Ferrous">ferrous</a> metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>), higher <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">conductivity</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-fahlman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fahlman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> non-<a href="/wiki/Magnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic">magnetic</a> properties or <a href="/wiki/Corrosion#Resistance_to_corrosion" title="Corrosion">resistance to corrosion</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some non-ferrous materials are also used in the iron and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> industries. For example, <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> is used as <a href="/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">flux</a> for <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnaces</a>, while others such as <a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">wolframite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrolusite" title="Pyrolusite">pyrolusite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">chromite</a> are used in making ferrous alloys.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important non-ferrous metals include aluminium, copper, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, and zinc, and alloys such as <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>. <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> and exotic or rare metals such as <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a> are also non-ferrous.<sup id="cite_ref-osha_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are usually obtained through minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-ferrous metals are usually refined through <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recycling_and_pollution_control">Recycling and pollution control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-ferrous_metal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Recycling and pollution control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to their extensive use, non-ferrous <a href="/wiki/Scrap_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrap metals">scrap metals</a> are usually <a href="/wiki/Recycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Recycle">recycled</a>. The secondary materials in scrap are vital to the metallurgy industry, as the production of new metals often needs them.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some recycling facilities re-smelt and recast non-ferrous materials; the <a href="/wiki/Dross" title="Dross">dross</a> is collected and stored onsite while the metal fumes are filtered and collected.<sup id="cite_ref-EA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-ferrous scrap metals are sourced from industrial scrap materials, particle emissions and obsolete technology (for example, <a href="/wiki/Copper_wire_and_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper wire and cable">copper cables</a>) scrap.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-ferrous_metal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Non-ferrous_extractive_metallurgy" title="Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy">Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy</a></div> <p>Non-ferrous metals were the first metals used by humans for metallurgy. Gold, silver and copper existed in their native <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a> yet metallic form. These metals, though rare, could be found in quantities sufficient to attract the attention of humans. Less susceptible to oxygen than most other metals, they can be found even in weathered outcroppings. Copper was the first metal to be forged; it was soft enough to be fashioned into various objects by <a href="/wiki/Cold_forging" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold forging">cold forging</a> and could be melted in a <a href="/wiki/Crucible" title="Crucible">crucible</a>. Gold, silver and copper replaced some of the functions of other resources, such as wood and stone, owing to their ability to be shaped into various forms for different uses.<sup id="cite_ref-mac_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their rarity, these gold, silver and copper artifacts were treated as luxury items and handled with great care.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of copper also heralded the transition from the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, which succeeded the Copper Age, was again heralded by the invention of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, an alloy of copper with the non-ferrous metal <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mac_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanical_and_structural_use">Mechanical and structural use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-ferrous_metal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mechanical and structural use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-ferrous metals are used in residential, commercial and industrial applications. Material selection for a mechanical or structural application requires some important considerations, including how easily the material can be shaped into a finished part and how its properties can be either intentionally or inadvertently altered in the process. Depending on the end use, metals can be simply cast into the finished part, or cast into an intermediate form, such as an <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">ingot</a>, then worked, or wrought, by rolling, <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">forging</a>, extruding, or other deformation process. Although the same operations are used with ferrous as well as nonferrous metals and alloys, the reaction of nonferrous metals to these forming processes is often more severe. Consequently, properties may differ considerably between the cast and wrought forms of the same metal or alloy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-ferrous_metal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fahlman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fahlman_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFahlman2011" class="citation book cs1">Fahlman, Bradley D. (18 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKcd0IJDWTsC&pg=PA204"><i>Materials chemistry</i></a> (2nd ed.). Dordrecht [u.a.]: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0692-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0692-7"><bdi>978-94-007-0692-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+chemistry&rft.place=Dordrecht+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011-03-18&rft.isbn=978-94-007-0692-7&rft.aulast=Fahlman&rft.aufirst=Bradley+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzKcd0IJDWTsC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-ferrous+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604174356/http://engineershandbook.com/Materials/nonferrous.htm">"Non-Ferrous Metals"</a>. <i>Engineers Handbook</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineershandbook.com/Materials/nonferrous.htm">the original</a> on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engineers+Handbook&rft.atitle=Non-Ferrous+Metals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineershandbook.com%2FMaterials%2Fnonferrous.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-ferrous+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2010" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, R. C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NplDxN_10DEC&pg=PA6"><i>Theory and laboratory experiments in ferrous metallurgy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: PHI Learning Private Ltd. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3924-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3924-8"><bdi>978-81-203-3924-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+laboratory+experiments+in+ferrous+metallurgy&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Private+Ltd.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-203-3924-8&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNplDxN_10DEC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-ferrous+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osha-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-osha_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3348-metal-scrap-recycling.pdf">"Commonly Recycled Metals and Their Sources"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=LOccupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LOccupational Safety and Health Administration (page does not exist)">lOccupational Safety and Health Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Littleton, Colo.: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87335-266-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87335-266-6"><bdi>978-0-87335-266-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hydrometallurgy+2008+%3A+proceedings+of+the+sixth+international+symposium&rft.place=Littleton%2C+Colo.&rft.pages=416&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Society+for+Mining%2C+Metallurgy%2C+and+Exploration&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87335-266-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1etfSdk55SYC%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-ferrous+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilocis.org/documents/chpt82e.htm">"Chapter 82 – Metal Processing and Metal Working Industry"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th Edition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Noyes Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815513117" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815513117"><bdi>978-0815513117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pollution+Prevention+Technology+Handbook&rft.pub=Noyes+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0815513117&rft.au=Robert+Noyes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__lqGczo9TwC%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-ferrous+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mac-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mac_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mac_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil1990" class="citation book cs1">McNeil, Ian, ed. 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London: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">47–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-19211-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-19211-5"><bdi>978-0-203-19211-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Technology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-203-19211-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfj96Dpp3-5gC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-ferrous+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1971" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, R. 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BRILL. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-02652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-02652-0"><bdi>978-90-04-02652-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Technology%2C+Volume+3%3B+Volume+1965&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-90-04-02652-0&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTLzBF6VxoIC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-ferrous+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924110126/http://www.steelforge.com/literature/ferrousnon-ferrous-materials-textbook/non-ferrous-metals/">"Non-ferrous Metal Applications"</a>. All Metals & Forge Group. 16 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steelforge.com/literature/ferrousnon-ferrous-materials-textbook/non-ferrous-metals/">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Non-ferrous+Metal+Applications&rft.pub=All+Metals+%26+Forge+Group&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.steelforge.com%2Fliterature%2Fferrousnon-ferrous-materials-textbook%2Fnon-ferrous-metals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-ferrous+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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