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searchaux" style="display:none">British economic historian (1860-1927)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">William Ashley</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Willim_Ashley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e4/Sir_Willim_Ashley.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="225" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sir William Ashley<br />by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bassano" title="Alexander Bassano">Bassano</a>, 11 May 1923</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">25 February 1860<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bermondsey" title="Bermondsey">Bermondsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_London" title="South London">South London</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 July 1927<span style="display:none">(1927-07-23)</span> (aged 67)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic history</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or<br />tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical school</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_M._W._Sprague" title="Oliver M. W. Sprague">Oliver M. W. Sprague</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir William James Ashley</b> (25 February 1860 – 23 July 1927) was an English <a href="/wiki/Economic_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic historian">economic historian</a>. His major intellectual influence was in organising economic history in Great Britain and introducing the ideas of the leading German economic historians, especially <a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller">Gustav von Schmoller</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">historical school of economic history</a>. His chief work is <i>The Economic Organisation of England</i>, still a set text on many A-level and University syllabuses. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ashley_(economic_historian)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ashley was born in <a href="/wiki/Bermondsey" title="Bermondsey">Bermondsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_London" title="South London">South London</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 25 February 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marginal life of his early years was shaped by the underemployment of his father, a journeyman hatter; his scepticism of free trade economics may have originated from his observations during his formative years. He was educated at <a href="/wiki/St_Olave%27s_Grammar_School" title="St Olave's Grammar School">St Olave's Grammar School</a> and then at <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He escaped the near-choiceless world of his youth through academic brilliance and, ultimately, by winning the 1878 Brackenbury history scholarship to Balliol College, which was then pursuing social uplift policies under the mastership of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jowett" title="Benjamin Jowett">Benjamin Jowett</a>. At Oxford he was influenced by Jowett, Bishop <a href="/wiki/William_Stubbs" title="William Stubbs">William Stubbs</a>, and especially by the economic historian, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Toynbee_(historian,_born_1852)" title="Arnold Toynbee (historian, born 1852)">Arnold Toynbee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1882, he won the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lothian_Prize_Essay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lothian Prize Essay (page does not exist)">Lothian Prize Essay</a> competition. After Oxford, he studied at Heidelberg University, where he was influenced by the well-developed studies of economic history is developed by Schmoller and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Knies" title="Karl Knies">Karl Knies</a>. </p><p>Ashley was appointed Lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford" title="Lincoln College, Oxford">Lincoln College, Oxford</a> in 1885. In July 1888 he married Margaret Hill, daughter of <a href="/wiki/George_Birkbeck_Norman_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="George Birkbeck Norman Hill">George Birkbeck Hill</a>, and in summer of that year he and his bride sailed to Canada to his new academic post.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1888 to 1892 he was Professor of Political Economy and Constitutional History at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>. At the University of Toronto, he helped establish a new department of Political Science.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inaugural lecture he gave there was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schmoller" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Schmoller">Gustav Schmoller</a>, one of the German scholars in whose hands <a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic history</a> was more developed in Germany than it was in England. In 1892 Ashley moved on to Harvard, becoming the first Professor of Economic History in the English-speaking world. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BirminghamUniversityChancellorsCourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/BirminghamUniversityChancellorsCourt.jpg/150px-BirminghamUniversityChancellorsCourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/BirminghamUniversityChancellorsCourt.jpg/225px-BirminghamUniversityChancellorsCourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/BirminghamUniversityChancellorsCourt.jpg/300px-BirminghamUniversityChancellorsCourt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham University">Birmingham University</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1901 Ashley left Harvard<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to take the Chair of Commerce at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>, where he fostered the development of its commercial programme. Robin Emery was a big influence in his life. From 1902 until 1923, he served as first professor of Commerce and <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">Dean</a> of the Faculty at the university, which he was instrumental in founding. At the time it was England's first Faculty of Commerce, and a hundred years later there are over one hundred Business Schools in the UK; Birmingham can perhaps claim to be the ancestor of them all. Ashley said in 1902 that the aim of the new Faculty was the education not of the "rank and file, but of the officers of the industrial and commercial army: of those who, as principals, directors, managers, secretaries, heads of department, etc., will ultimately guide the business activity of the country." </p><p>In its first year, the annual costs of the Faculty, including staff salaries, were £8,200 – there were six students, a lecture room and two classrooms. By 1908, fifteen men had graduated through the School, many with businesses waiting for their skills. Ashley stated: "I quite expect that before I retire I shall be able to gather round me a room full of Managers and Managing Directors who have been students in the Faculty of Commerce." A large room would be needed now: over the past 100 years it is estimated that more than 15,000 students have passed successfully through the School. </p><p>Ashley was insistent that the course should provide a broad education, with students not only studying commerce but also languages and <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern history</a>. Even then he recognised the importance of the international context in which business operated, wanting his graduates to be able to understand the background to the political and economic policies of other countries. Given Britain's position as a colonial power at the turn of the century, this was a far-sighted approach. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashley_uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/Ashley_uniform.jpg/220px-Ashley_uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/aa/Ashley_uniform.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="182" /></a><figcaption>Ashley in group photograph with other uniformed men and Birmingham University officials – he is the fourth man from the right</figcaption></figure> <p>During his time at the university, he lived in <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a>, Birmingham, and was heavily involved in local affairs, and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> for his work in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1899 to 1920 Ashley was also an <a href="/wiki/Academic_examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic examiner">examiner</a> in history, economics and commerce in the Universities of Cambridge, London, Durham, Wales and Ireland. In 1919 he was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> investigating "the economic prospects of the agricultural industry in Great Britain".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ashley_(economic_historian)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1900 to 1906, Ashley wielded some political influence on the Conservative government's economic policy, notably supporting <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>'s plans for <a href="/wiki/Tariff_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff Reform">Tariff Reform</a>. In his 1903 work, <i>The Tariff Problem</i>, Ashley strongly supported Chamberlain's proposals. Chamberlain wrote to Ashley on 26 April 1904 and said his book was "the best manual we have".<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain's biographer, Peter Marsh, said, "[b]y all accounts the most persuasive book-length rationale for tariff reform, Ashley's work commanded the respect even of <a href="/wiki/John_Morley" title="John Morley">John Morley</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1904 book, <i>The Progress of the German Working Class in the Last Quarter of a Century</i>, Ashley argued that tariffs in Germany had ensured employment and that they had also raised revenue for social insurance and old age pensions.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1925, Ashley retired from the Birmingham University chair of Commerce that he had occupied since 1901. Despite being now very elderly and supposedly retired for the benefit of his health, he was once again instrumental in the founding of a major movement; <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_History_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Economic History Society">The Economic History Society</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Power" title="Eileen Power">Eileen Power</a> came to organise the economic history session at the second Anglo-American Historical Conference at the Institute of Historical Research in July 1926, two strands fell carefully together. Ashley was to give a paper on "the place of economic history in university studies" and there was to be discussion of, as Eileen Power put it, "the new Economic History Society and the Economic History Review and other methods of promoting the subject". </p><p>The meeting, on 14 July 1926, brought the Society into existence. Sir William Ashley duly became the first President of the Society, and his paper at the foundation meeting was published as the first article in the first number of the <i>Economic History Review</i>. He died on 23 July 1927, and his picture hangs in the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Portrait Gallery (London)">National Portrait Gallery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_works">Major works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ashley_(economic_historian)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Major works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1888 – <i>An Introduction to English Economic History and Theory, Part I: The Middle Ages</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-intro1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A book dedicated to the memory of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Toynbee_(historian,_born_1852)" title="Arnold Toynbee (historian, born 1852)">Arnold Toynbee</a>.</li> <li>1891 – '<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rehabilitation_of_Ricardo" class="extiw" title="s:The Rehabilitation of Ricardo">The Rehabilitation of Ricardo</a>' (1891). In: <i>The Economic Journal,</i> Vol. 1, pp. 474–489.</li> <li>1893 – <i>An Introduction to English Economic History and Theory, Part II: The End of the Middle Ages,</i><sup id="cite_ref-intro2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1900 – <i>Surveys historic and economic</i></li> <li>1903 – <i>The Tariff Problem,</i> Westminster, P. J. King<sup id="cite_ref-tariff_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tariff-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1903 – <i>The adjustment of wages: a study in the coal and iron industries of Great Britain and America,</i> London, Longmans, Green</li> <li>1904 – <i>The Progress of the German working classes in the last quarter of the century,</i> London: Longmans, Green & Co.</li> <li>1907 – "The Present Position of Political Economy", <i>Economic Journal,</i> 17(68), pp. 467–89.</li> <li>1912 – <i>Gold and Prices</i></li> <li>1914 – <i>The Economic Organisation of England: An Outline History,</i> London: Longmans, Green & Co.<sup id="cite_ref-outline_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outline-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Ashley wrote a lot of reviews, for instance in <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ashley_(economic_historian)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">historical school of economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">Historiography of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ashley_(economic_historian)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClapham1927" class="citation journal cs1">Clapham, J. H. (1927). "Sir William Ashley". <i>The Economic Journal</i>. <b>37</b> (148): 678. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fej%2F37.148.678">10.1093/ej/37.148.678</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2223631">2223631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Sir+William+Ashley&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=148&rft.pages=678&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fej%2F37.148.678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2223631%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clapham&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ashley+%28economic+historian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne Ashley, <i>William James Ashley: A Life,</i> London, P.S. King (1932).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1928" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, W. R. (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590339">"Memoir: Sir William Ashley"</a>. <i>The Economic History Review</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 319–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1928.tb00767.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.1928.tb00767.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0117">0013-0117</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590339">2590339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Memoir%3A+Sir+William+Ashley&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=319-321&rft.date=1928&rft.issn=0013-0117&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2590339%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1928.tb00767.x&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=W.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2590339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ashley+%28economic+historian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819153357/http://hetsa.fec.anu.edu.au/review/ejournal/pdf/38-A-5.pdf">"Gregory C. G. Moore, "One Hundred Years from Now: W. J. Ashley, The Tariff Problem", <i>History of Economics Review</i>, v. 38 (Summer, 2003) pp. 54–55"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from the original on 19 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gregory+C.+G.+Moore%2C+%22One+Hundred+Years+from+Now%3A+W.+J.+Ashley%2C+The+Tariff+Problem%22%2C+History+of+Economics+Review%2C+v.+38+%28Summer%2C+2003%29+pp.+54%E2%80%9355&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhetsa.fec.anu.edu.au%2Freview%2Fejournal%2Fpdf%2F38-A-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ashley+%28economic+historian%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrump,_Lucy1906" class="citation book cs1">Crump, Lucy, ed. (1906). "marriage of Margaret Hill and W. J. Ashley". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofgeorgeb00hill"><i>Letters of George Birkbeck Hill</i></a>. London: Edward Arnold. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofgeorgeb00hill/page/168">168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=marriage+of+Margaret+Hill+and+W.+J.+Ashley&rft.btitle=Letters+of+George+Birkbeck+Hill&rft.place=London&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersofgeorgeb00hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ashley+%28economic+historian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsher1938" class="citation journal cs1">Usher, A. P. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/136774">"William James Ashley a Pioneer in the Higher Education"</a>. <i>The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 151–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F136774">10.2307/136774</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0315-4890">0315-4890</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/136774">136774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Journal+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=William+James+Ashley+a+Pioneer+in+the+Higher+Education&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-163&rft.date=1938&rft.issn=0315-4890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F136774%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F136774&rft.aulast=Usher&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F136774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ashley+%28economic+historian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At Harvard, he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Francis_Gay" title="Edwin Francis Gay">Edwin Francis Gay</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette30138" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30138/page/6047">"No. 30138"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 19 June 1917. p. 6047.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+30138&rft.pages=6047&rft.date=1917-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F30138%2Fpage%2F6047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ashley+%28economic+historian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette31463" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31463/page/9131">"No. 31463"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 18 July 1919. pp. 9131–9132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+31463&rft.pages=9131-9132&rft.date=1919-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F31463%2Fpage%2F9131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ashley+%28economic+historian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. H. H. Green, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30472">"Ashley, Sir William James (1860–1927)"</a>, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter T. Marsh, <i>Joseph Chamberlain. Entrepreneur in Politics</i> (London: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-intro1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-intro1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/hayhetboo/ashley1909.htm"><i>An Introduction to English Economic History and Theory, Part I: The Middle Ages</i> (1888); 4th ed. (1909)</a>, on line, McMaster University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-intro2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-intro2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/hayhetboo/ashley1906.htm"><i>An Introduction to English Economic History and Theory, Part II: The End of the Middle Ages,</i> (1893); 4th ed., (1906)</a> on line, McMaster University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tariff-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tariff_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qKQfJROiP5kC&q=the+tariff+problem"><i>The Tariff Problem,</i> (1903)</a> in Google-books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-outline-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-outline_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716181653/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102002561">"<i>The Economic Organisation of England: An Outline History,</i>(1914)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102002561">the original</a> on 16 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Organisation+of+England%3A+An+Outline+History%2C%281914%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D102002561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ashley+%28economic+historian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rev_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AW.J.+Ashley+so%3AThe+American+Historical+Review&qt=advanced&dblist=638">Reviews by Ashley</a> in <i>The American Historical Review</i>. In 1895 Ashley wrote a review of <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Sir_William_Petty_1623_-_1687" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Sir William Petty 1623 - 1687">Life of Sir William Petty 1623 - 1687</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Edmond_Fitzmaurice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice">Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ashley_(economic_historian)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_James_Ashley" class="extiw" title="s:Author:William James Ashley">William James Ashley</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Ashley%2C%20William%20James%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ashley%2C%20William%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ashley%2C%20W%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20James%20Ashley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20J%2E%20Ashley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22W%2E%20J%2E%20Ashley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ashley%2C%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Ashley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20James%20Ashley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20J%2E%20Ashley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20J%2E%20Ashley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20James%20Ashley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ashley%2C%20William%20James%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ashley%2C%20William%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ashley%2C%20W%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ashley%2C%20W%2E%20James%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Ashley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ashley%2C%20William%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20James%20Ashley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20J%2E%20Ashley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22W%2E%20J%2E%20Ashley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Ashley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20James%20Ashley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20J%2E%20Ashley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22W%2E%20J%2E%20Ashley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ashley%2C%20William%20James%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ashley%2C%20William%20J%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Ashley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ashley%2C%20William%22%29%20OR%20%28%221860-1927%22%20AND%20Ashley%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about William Ashley</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehs.org.uk/">Economic History Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business.bham.ac.uk/">Birmingham Business School</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719161500/http://www.business.bham.ac.uk/">Archived</a> 19 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/archiveViewFrameSetup.asp?webType=0&PageDuplicate=n%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&issueNumber=31463&pageNumber=0&SearchFor=william%20james%20ashley&selMedalType=&selHonourType=">Notice of Knighthood in an edition of the London Gazette</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314103747/http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/archiveViewFrameSetup.asp?webType=0&PageDuplicate=n%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&issueNumber=31463&pageNumber=0&SearchFor=william%20james%20ashley&selMedalType=&selHonourType=">Archived</a> 14 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discoverarchives.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/william-james-ashley-fonds">William James Ashley archival papers</a> held at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utarms.library.utoronto.ca/">University of Toronto Archives and Record Management Services</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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