CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cooking - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f783e69b-4945-4fef-9bd3-3e868a09f2da","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cooking","wgTitle":"Cooking","wgCurRevisionId":1259255492,"wgRevisionId":1259255492,"wgArticleId":5355,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn)","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2021","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from February 2013","Articles needing additional references from March 2017","All articles needing additional references","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Articles containing video clips","Cooking","Home economics","Survival skills"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cooking","wgRelevantArticleId":5355,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Cookery","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir": "ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Cooking","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q38695","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Agdz-rosino-05.jpg/1200px-Agdz-rosino-05.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1805"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Agdz-rosino-05.jpg/800px-Agdz-rosino-05.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1203"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Agdz-rosino-05.jpg/640px-Agdz-rosino-05.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="963"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cooking - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cooking rootpage-Cooking skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cooking" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cooking" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cooking" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cooking" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ingredients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ingredients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ingredients</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ingredients-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ingredients subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ingredients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carbohydrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbohydrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Carbohydrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbohydrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proteins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proteins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Proteins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vitamins_and_minerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vitamins_and_minerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Vitamins and minerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vitamins_and_minerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Health and safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health and safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indoor_air_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indoor_air_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Indoor air pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indoor_air_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_while_cooking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_while_cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Security while cooking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_while_cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Food safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_nutritional_content_of_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_nutritional_content_of_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Effects on nutritional content of food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_nutritional_content_of_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carcinogens_and_AGEs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carcinogens_and_AGEs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Carcinogens and AGEs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carcinogens_and_AGEs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Scientific aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home-cooking_and_commercial_cooking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home-cooking_and_commercial_cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Home-cooking and commercial cooking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home-cooking_and_commercial_cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cooking</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kookkuns" title="Kookkuns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kookkuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A0%E1%88%B3%E1%88%B0%E1%88%8D" title="አበሳሰል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አበሳሰል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE" title="طبخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طبخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocci%C3%B3n" title="Cocción – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cocción" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fpazl%C4%B1q" title="Aşpazlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aşpazlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="آشپازلیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آشپازلیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobilin%C9%94" title="Tobilinɔ – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Tobilinɔ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="রান্না – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রান্না" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BA-chia%CC%8Dh" title="Chú-chia̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chú-chia̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кулінарыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кулінарыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кулінарыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кулінарыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पाकशास्‍त्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पाकशास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagluto" title="Pagluto – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagluto" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Готварство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Готварство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhanje" title="Kuhanje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kuhanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kegina%C3%B1" title="Keginañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Keginañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocci%C3%B3" title="Cocció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cocció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubika" title="Kubika – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kubika" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucina" title="Cucina – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cucina" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coginio" title="Coginio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coginio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madlavning" title="Madlavning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Madlavning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochen" title="Kochen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kochen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokandus" title="Kokandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kokandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Μαγειρική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαγειρική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocci%C3%B3n" title="Cocción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cocción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuirado" title="Kuirado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kuirado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukaldaritza_(janari_eta_edarien_prestaketa)" title="Sukaldaritza (janari eta edarien prestaketa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sukaldaritza (janari eta edarien prestaketa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="آشپزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آشپزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisson_des_aliments" title="Cuisson des aliments – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuisson des aliments" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusine" title="Cusine – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cusine" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3caireacht" title="Cócaireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cócaireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagyraght" title="Coagyraght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Coagyraght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2caireachd" title="Còcaireachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Còcaireachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocedura" title="Cocedura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cocedura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%87%B6%E8%8F%9C" title="燶菜 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="燶菜" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%8Dt" title="Met-sṳ̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Met-sṳ̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A6%AC_(%EC%9D%8C%EC%8B%9D)" title="조리 (음식) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조리 (음식)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafa_abinci" title="Dafa abinci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dafa abinci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limea" title="Limea – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Limea" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Խոհարարություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խոհարարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पाकशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाकशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhanje" title="Kuhanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kuhanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koquarto" title="Koquarto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Koquarto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memasak" title="Memasak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Memasak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocina" title="Cocina – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cocina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matarger%C3%B0" title="Matargerð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Matargerð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottura" title="Cottura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cottura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C" title="בישול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בישול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olah-olah" title="Olah-olah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Olah-olah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iganeq" title="Iganeq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Iganeq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ಅಡುಗೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಡುಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%8F%D9%86" title="رَنُن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رَنُن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Аспаздық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аспаздық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapishi" title="Mapishi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mapishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizin" title="Kizin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kizin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchwizin" title="Tchwizin – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tchwizin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_coquinaria" title="Ars coquinaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ars coquinaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulin%C4%81rija" title="Kulinārija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kulinārija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachen" title="Kachen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kachen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulinarija" title="Kulinarija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kulinarija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaokkuns" title="Kaokkuns – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kaokkuns" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C5%91z%C3%A9s" title="Főzés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Főzés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Готвење – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Готвење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="പാചകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാചകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="स्वयंपाक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्वयंपाक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masak" title="Masak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Masak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ချက်ပြုတ်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချက်ပြုတ်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koken_(voedselverhitting)" title="Koken (voedselverhitting) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koken (voedselverhitting)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="पचति – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पचति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E7%90%86" title="調理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="調理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlaging" title="Matlaging – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Matlaging" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosina" title="Cosina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cosina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE" title="ਖਾਣਾ ਪਕਾਉਣਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖਾਣਾ ਪਕਾਉਣਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushina" title="Cushina – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Cushina" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پخلی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پخلی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukin" title="Kukin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kukin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuk" title="Kuk – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kuk" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuka_kulinarna" title="Sztuka kulinarna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sztuka kulinarna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozedura" title="Cozedura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cozedura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buc%C4%83t%C4%83rie" title="Bucătărie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bucătărie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanuy" title="Yanuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yanuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кулинария – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кулинария" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangcang" title="Cangcang – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Cangcang" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="पाकशास्त्रम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पाकशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuikin" title="Cuikin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cuikin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatimi" title="Gatimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gatimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucina" title="Cucina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cucina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Cooking" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cooking" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepeln%C3%A1_%C3%BAprava_potrav%C3%ADn" title="Tepelná úprava potravín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tepelná úprava potravín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhanje" title="Kuhanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kuhanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karinta" title="Karinta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Karinta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8E%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D9%84%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چێشت لێنان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چێشت لێنان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Кување – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кување" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhanje" title="Kuhanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kuhanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruoanlaitto" title="Ruoanlaitto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruoanlaitto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlagning" title="Matlagning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Matlagning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagluluto" title="Pagluluto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagluluto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சமையல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமையல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/phapuy" title="phapuy – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="phapuy" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F" title="వంట – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వంట" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="การทำอาหาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทำอาหาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9F%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Aşçılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aşçılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fpezlik" title="Aşpezlik – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Aşpezlik" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Кулінарія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кулінарія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%88%D8%B4" title="مەرزەنجۈش – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مەرزەنجۈش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajrung" title="Dajrung – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dajrung" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuzina" title="Cuzina – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cuzina" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5u_%C4%83n" title="Nấu ăn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nấu ăn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagluluto" title="Pagluluto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pagluluto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%A7%E9%A5%AD" title="烧饭 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="烧饭" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vusweki" title="Vusweki – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vusweki" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%B9%E9%A3%AA" title="烹飪 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="烹飪" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fxaneci" title="Aşxaneci – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Aşxaneci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%B4ke" title="Koôke – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Koôke" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%B9%E9%A5%AA" title="烹饪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="烹饪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masak" title="Masak – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Masak" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogonsok" title="Mogonsok – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Mogonsok" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1boz%C9%99ti" title="Ašbozəti – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ašbozəti" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38695#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cooking" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cooking"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cooking"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cooking" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cooking" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&oldid=1259255492" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cooking&id=1259255492&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCooking"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCooking"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cooking&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cooking" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cooking" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cooking" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38695" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cookery&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cookery">Cookery</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Preparing food using heat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the preparation of food specifically via heat. For a general outline, see <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_food_preparation" title="Outline of food preparation">Outline of food preparation</a>. For varied styles of international food, see <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisine</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Coking" title="Coking">Coking</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agdz-rosino-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Agdz-rosino-05.jpg/220px-Agdz-rosino-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Agdz-rosino-05.jpg/330px-Agdz-rosino-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Agdz-rosino-05.jpg/440px-Agdz-rosino-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>A man cooking in a <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurant</a> kitchen, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cooking</b>, also known as <b>cookery</b> or professionally as the <b>culinary arts</b>, is the art, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and craft of using <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> more <a href="/wiki/Palatable" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatable">palatable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digestible" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestible">digestible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutritious" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritious">nutritious</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">safe</a>. Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely, from grilling food over an open <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>, to using <a href="/wiki/Electric_stove" title="Electric stove">electric stoves</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a> in various types of <a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">ovens</a>, reflecting local conditions. Cooking is an aspect of all human societies and a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">cultural universal</a>. </p><p>Types of cooking also depend on the skill levels and training of the <a href="/wiki/Cook_(profession)" title="Cook (profession)">cooks</a>. Cooking is done both by people in their own dwellings and by professional cooks and <a href="/wiki/Chef" title="Chef">chefs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a> and other food establishments. </p><p>Preparing food with heat or fire is an activity unique to <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>. Archeological evidence of cooking fires from at least 300,000 years ago exists, but some estimate that humans started cooking up to 2 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expansion of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transportation</a> between <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a> in different regions offered cooks many new ingredients. New inventions and technologies, such as the invention of <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> for holding and <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">boiling</a> of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, expanded cooking techniques. Some modern cooks apply advanced <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific</a> techniques to food preparation to further enhance the <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">flavor</a> of the dish served.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooking_in_Villages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cooking_in_Villages.jpg/220px-Cooking_in_Villages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cooking_in_Villages.jpg/330px-Cooking_in_Villages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cooking_in_Villages.jpg/440px-Cooking_in_Villages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cookware_and_bakeware" title="Cookware and bakeware">Pots</a> being heated with a <a href="/wiki/Wood-burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-burning">wood-burning</a> fire in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetic analysis</a> suggests that early hominids may have adopted cooking 1 million to 2 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">Re-analysis</span> of burnt bone fragments and plant ashes from the <a href="/wiki/Wonderwerk_Cave" title="Wonderwerk Cave">Wonderwerk Cave</a> in South Africa has provided evidence supporting <a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">control of fire by early humans</a> by 1 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his seminal work <i><a href="/wiki/Catching_Fire:_How_Cooking_Made_Us_Human" title="Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human">Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wrangham" title="Richard Wrangham">Richard Wrangham</a> suggested that evolution of bipedalism and a large cranial capacity meant that early <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> regularly cooked food.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pollard_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollard-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unequivocal evidence in the archaeological record for the controlled use of fire begins at 400,000 BCE, long after <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Luke_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luke-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-discovermagazine.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discovermagazine.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Archaeological evidence from 300,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the form of ancient hearths, <a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">earth ovens</a>, burnt animal bones, and <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>, are found across Europe and the Middle East. The oldest evidence (via heated fish teeth from a deep cave) of controlled use of fire to cook food <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution#Homo" title="Timeline of human evolution">by archaic humans was dated to ~780,000 years ago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">Anthropologists</a> think that widespread cooking fires began about 250,000 years ago when <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearths</a> first appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently, the earliest hearths have been reported to be at least 790,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-SI-2016cook_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-2016cook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Communication between the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a> influenced the history of cooking. The movement of foods across the Atlantic from the New World, such as <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">bell pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">pumpkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">pecan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">blueberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helianthus" title="Helianthus">sunflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gourd" title="Gourd">gourds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_bean" title="Green bean">green beans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">squash</a>, had a profound effect on Old World cooking. The movement of foods across the Atlantic from the Old World, such as <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrots</a>, similarly changed New World cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-history_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th and 18th centuries, food was a classic marker of identity in Europe. In the 19th-century "Age of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a>", <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisine</a> became a defining symbol of national identity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> brought mass-production, mass-marketing, and standardization of food. Factories processed, preserved, canned, and packaged a wide variety of foods, and processed cereals quickly became a defining feature of the American breakfast.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">freezing methods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cafeteria" title="Cafeteria">cafeterias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fast_food_restaurant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast food restaurant">fast food restaurants</a> emerged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ingredients">Ingredients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ingredients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most ingredients in cooking are derived from living <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>. Vegetables, fruits, grains and nuts as well as herbs and <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a> come from plants, while meat, eggs, and dairy products come from animals. Mushrooms and the yeast used in baking are kinds of <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>. Cooks also use <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>. Cooks can also use <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">spirits</a>. </p><p>Naturally occurring ingredients contain various amounts of molecules called <i><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">proteins</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a></i>. They also contain water and minerals. Cooking involves a manipulation of the chemical properties of these molecules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbohydrates">Carbohydrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Carbohydrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrate</a></div> <p>Carbohydrates include the common sugar, <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> (table sugar), a <a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">disaccharide</a>, and such simple sugars as <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> (made by enzymatic splitting of sucrose) and <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a> (from fruit), and <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starches</a> from sources such as cereal flour, rice, <a href="/wiki/Arrowroot" title="Arrowroot">arrowroot</a> and potato.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interaction of heat and carbohydrate is complex. <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">Long-chain sugars</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> tend to break down into more digestible <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">simpler sugars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the sugars are heated so that all water of <a href="/wiki/Crystallisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystallisation">crystallisation</a> is driven off, <a href="/wiki/Caramelization" title="Caramelization">caramelization</a> starts, with the sugar undergoing thermal decomposition with the formation of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, and other breakdown products producing <a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">caramel</a>. Similarly, the heating of sugars and proteins causes the <a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard reaction</a>, a basic flavor-enhancing technique. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a> of starch with fat or water can, when gently heated, provide thickening to the dish being cooked. In <a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> cooking, a mixture of butter and flour called a <a href="/wiki/Roux" title="Roux">roux</a> is used to thicken liquids to make stews or sauces.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Asian cooking, a similar effect is obtained from a mixture of rice or <a href="/wiki/Corn_starch" title="Corn starch">corn starch</a> and water. These techniques rely on the properties of starches to create simpler mucilaginous <a href="/wiki/Saccharide" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccharide">saccharides</a> during cooking, which causes the familiar thickening of <a href="/wiki/Sauce" title="Sauce">sauces</a>. This thickening will break down, however, under additional heat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fats">Fats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frying_doughnuts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Frying_doughnuts.jpg/220px-Frying_doughnuts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Frying_doughnuts.jpg/330px-Frying_doughnuts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Frying_doughnuts.jpg/440px-Frying_doughnuts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut">Doughnuts</a> frying in oil</figcaption></figure> <p>Types of fat include <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oils</a>, animal products such as butter and <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">lard</a>, as well as fats from grains, including <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> oils. Fats are used in a number of ways in cooking and baking. To prepare <a href="/wiki/Stir_fry" class="mw-redirect" title="Stir fry">stir fries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grilled_cheese" title="Grilled cheese">grilled cheese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancakes</a>, the pan or griddle is often coated with fat or oil. Fats are also used as an ingredient in baked goods such as <a href="/wiki/Cookies" class="mw-redirect" title="Cookies">cookies</a>, cakes and pies. Fats can reach temperatures higher than the boiling point of water, and are often used to conduct high heat to other ingredients, such as in frying, deep frying or sautéing. Fats are used to add flavor to food (e.g., butter or bacon fat), prevent food from sticking to pans and create a desirable texture. </p><p>Fats are one of the three main <a href="/wiki/Macronutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Macronutrient">macronutrient</a> groups in human <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-webster2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webster2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mckin20142_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mckin20142-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the main components of common food products like <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">lard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_pork" title="Salt pork">salt pork</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oils</a>. They are a major and dense source of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> for many animals and play important structural and <a href="/wiki/Metabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic">metabolic</a> functions, in most living beings, including energy storage, waterproofing, and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-khan00002_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan00002-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human body can produce the fat it requires from other food ingredients, except for a few <a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">essential fatty acids</a> that must be included in the diet. Dietary fats are also the carriers of some <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">flavor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aroma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma">aroma</a> ingredients and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">not water-soluble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sand20162_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sand20162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proteins">Proteins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein (nutrient)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_denaturation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein denaturation">Protein denaturation</a></div> <p>Edible animal material, including <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a>, milk, <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egg_white" title="Egg white">egg whites</a>, contains substantial amounts of protein.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nih1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:01_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:01-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all vegetable matter (in particular <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>) also includes proteins, although generally in smaller amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mushrooms have high protein content.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any of these may be sources of <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> are heated they become <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denatured</a> (unfolded) and change texture. In many cases, this causes the structure of the material to become softer or more <a href="/wiki/Friable" class="mw-redirect" title="Friable">friable</a> – meat becomes <i>cooked</i> and is more friable and less flexible. In some cases, proteins can form more rigid structures, such as the coagulation of <a href="/wiki/Albumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Albumen">albumen</a> in egg whites. The formation of a relatively rigid but flexible matrix from egg white provides an important component in baking cakes, and also underpins many desserts based on <a href="/wiki/Meringue" title="Meringue">meringue</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuisson_des_pates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cuisson_des_pates.jpg/220px-Cuisson_des_pates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cuisson_des_pates.jpg/330px-Cuisson_des_pates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cuisson_des_pates.jpg/440px-Cuisson_des_pates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Water is often used to cook foods such as <a href="/wiki/Noodle" title="Noodle">noodles</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></div> <p>Cooking often involves water, and water-based liquids. These can be added in order to immerse the substances being cooked (this is typically done with water, <a href="/wiki/Stock_(food)" title="Stock (food)">stock</a> or wine). Alternatively, the foods themselves can release water. A favorite method of adding flavor to dishes is to save the liquid for use in other <a href="/wiki/Recipe" title="Recipe">recipes</a>. Liquids are so important to cooking that the name of the cooking method used is often based on how the liquid is combined with the food, as in <a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">steaming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simmering" title="Simmering">simmering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">boiling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">braising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blanching_(cooking)" title="Blanching (cooking)">blanching</a>. Heating liquid in an open container results in rapidly increased <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Concentrate" title="Concentrate">concentrates</a> the remaining <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">flavor</a> and ingredients; this is a critical component of both <a href="/wiki/Stewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewing">stewing</a> and sauce making. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vitamins_and_minerals">Vitamins and minerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vitamins and minerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:November_15,_2012,_The_Right_Cut_(8223639251).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/November_15%2C_2012%2C_The_Right_Cut_%288223639251%29.jpg/220px-November_15%2C_2012%2C_The_Right_Cut_%288223639251%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/November_15%2C_2012%2C_The_Right_Cut_%288223639251%29.jpg/330px-November_15%2C_2012%2C_The_Right_Cut_%288223639251%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/November_15%2C_2012%2C_The_Right_Cut_%288223639251%29.jpg/440px-November_15%2C_2012%2C_The_Right_Cut_%288223639251%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Vegetables contain important vitamins and minerals.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Mineral (nutrient)</a></div> <p>Vitamins and minerals are required for normal <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>; and what the body cannot manufacture itself must come from external sources. Vitamins come from several sources including fresh fruit and vegetables (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a>), carrots, <a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">liver</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a>), cereal bran, bread, liver (B vitamins), fish liver oil (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a>) and fresh green vegetables (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a>). Many minerals are also essential in small quantities including iron, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>; and in very small quantities copper, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>. The micronutrients, minerals, and vitamins<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in fruit and vegetables may be destroyed or eluted by cooking. Vitamin C is especially prone to oxidation during cooking and may be completely destroyed by protracted cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2013)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> of some vitamins such as <a href="/wiki/Thiamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamin">thiamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">vitamin B6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">niacin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> are increased with cooking by being freed from the food microstructure.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blanching or steaming vegetables is a way of minimizing vitamin and mineral loss in cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_techniques" title="List of cooking techniques">List of cooking techniques</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cooking" title="Special:EditPage/Cooking">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are many methods of cooking, most of which have been known since antiquity. These include baking, roasting, frying, grilling, barbecuing, smoking, boiling, steaming and braising. A more recent innovation is microwaving. Various methods use differing levels of heat and moisture and vary in cooking time. The method chosen greatly affects the result. Some major hot cooking techniques include: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sautee_onions_and_peppers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sautee_onions_and_peppers.jpg/220px-Sautee_onions_and_peppers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sautee_onions_and_peppers.jpg/330px-Sautee_onions_and_peppers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sautee_onions_and_peppers.jpg/440px-Sautee_onions_and_peppers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A cook sautees onions and <a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">green peppers</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Frying_pan" title="Frying pan">skillet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Roasting</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasting</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barbecuing" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbecuing">Barbecuing</a> – <a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">Grilling</a>/<a href="/wiki/Broiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Broiling">Broiling</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rotisserie" title="Rotisserie">Rotisserie</a> – <a href="/wiki/Searing" title="Searing">Searing</a></dd> <dt>Baking</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">Baking</a> – <a href="/wiki/Blind_Baking" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind Baking">Baking Blind</a></dd> <dt>Boiling</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boiling_in_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling in cooking">Boiling</a> – <a href="/wiki/Blanching_(cooking)" title="Blanching (cooking)">Blanching</a> – <a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braising</a> – <a href="/wiki/Coddling" title="Coddling">Coddling</a> – <a href="/wiki/Double_steaming" title="Double steaming">Double steaming</a> – <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">Infusion</a> – <a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poaching</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">Pressure cooking</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simmering" title="Simmering">Simmering</a> – <a href="/wiki/Smothering_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smothering (food)">Smothering</a> – <a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">Steaming</a> – <a href="/wiki/Steeping" title="Steeping">Steeping</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewing">Stewing</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stone_boiling" title="Stone boiling">Stone boiling</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_flask_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum flask cooking">Vacuum flask cooking</a></dd> <dt>Frying</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fry</a> – <a href="/wiki/Air_fryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Air fryer">Air frying</a> — <a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">Deep frying</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gentle_frying" title="Gentle frying">Gentle frying</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hot_salt_frying" title="Hot salt frying">Hot salt frying</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hot_sand_frying" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot sand frying">Hot sand frying</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pan_frying" title="Pan frying">Pan frying</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pressure_frying" title="Pressure frying">Pressure frying</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saut%C3%A9ing" title="Sautéing">Sautéing</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shallow_frying" title="Shallow frying">Shallow frying</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">Stir frying</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_fryer" title="Vacuum fryer">Vacuum frying</a></dd> <dt>Steaming</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">Steaming</a> works by boiling water continuously, causing it to vaporise into steam; the steam then carries heat to the nearby food, thus cooking the food. By many it is considered a healthy form of cooking, holding nutrients within the vegetable or meat being cooked.</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/En_papillote" title="En papillote">En papillote</a> – The food is put into a pouch and then baked, allowing its own moisture to steam the food.</dd> <dt>Smoking</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoking</a> is the process of flavoring, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to smoke from burning or smoldering material, most often wood.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_safety">Health and safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Health and safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indoor_air_pollution">Indoor air pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indoor air pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Household_air_pollution" title="Household air pollution">Household air pollution</a></div> <p>As of 2021, over 2.6 billion people cook using open fires or inefficient stoves using <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> as fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cooking practices use fuels and technologies that produce high levels of household air pollution, causing 3.8 million premature deaths annually. Of these deaths, 27% are from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, 27% from <a href="/wiki/Ischaemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischaemic heart disease">ischaemic heart disease</a>, 20% from <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>, 18% from <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, and 8% from <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>. Women and young children are disproportionately affected, since they spend the most time near the hearth.<sup id="cite_ref-who-airpollution_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-airpollution-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_while_cooking">Security while cooking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Security while cooking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hazards while cooking can include </p> <ul><li>Unseen slippery surfaces (such as from oil stains, water droplets, or items that have fallen on the floor)</li> <li>Cuts; about a third of the US's estimated annual 400,000 knife injuries are kitchen-related.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Burns or fires</li></ul> <p>To prevent those injuries there are protections such as cooking clothing, anti-slip shoes, fire extinguisher and more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_safety">Food safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Food safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></div> <p>Cooking can prevent many <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">foodborne illnesses</a> that would otherwise occur if raw food is consumed. When heat is used in the preparation of food, it can kill or inactivate harmful organisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and viruses, as well as various parasites such as <a href="/wiki/Tapeworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworm">tapeworms</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii" title="Toxoplasma gondii">Toxoplasma gondii</a></i>. Food poisoning and other illness from uncooked or poorly prepared food may be caused by bacteria such as <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7">pathogenic strains</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella_typhimurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmonella typhimurium">Salmonella typhimurium</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter">Campylobacter</a></i>, viruses such as <a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">noroviruses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Entamoeba_histolytica" title="Entamoeba histolytica">Entamoeba histolytica</a></i>. Bacteria, viruses and parasites may be introduced through salad, meat that is uncooked or done <a href="/wiki/Doneness" title="Doneness">rare</a>, and unboiled water.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilizing</a> effect of cooking depends on temperature, cooking time, and technique used. Some <a href="/wiki/Food_spoilage" title="Food spoilage">food spoilage</a> bacteria such as <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum">Clostridium botulinum</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_cereus" title="Bacillus cereus">Bacillus cereus</a></i> can form spores that survive cooking or boiling, which then <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germinate</a> and regrow after the food has cooled. This makes it unsafe to reheat cooked food more than once.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooking increases the digestibility of many foods which are inedible or poisonous when raw. For example, raw <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> grains are hard to digest, while <a href="/wiki/Kidney_bean" title="Kidney bean">kidney beans</a> are toxic when raw or improperly cooked due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Phytohaemagglutinin" title="Phytohaemagglutinin">phytohaemagglutinin</a>, which is inactivated by cooking for at least ten minutes at 100 °C (212 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Food safety depends on the safe preparation, handling, and storage of food. Food spoilage bacteria proliferate in the "<a href="/wiki/Danger_zone_(food_safety)" title="Danger zone (food safety)">Danger zone</a>" temperature range from 40 to 140 °F (4 to 60 °C), food therefore should not be stored in this temperature range. <a href="/wiki/Washing_of_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Washing of hands">Washing of hands</a> and surfaces, especially when handling different meats, and keeping raw food separate from cooked food to avoid cross-contamination,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are good practices in food preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foods prepared on plastic cutting boards may be less likely to harbor bacteria than wooden ones.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReluctantGourmet_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReluctantGourmet-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washing and <a href="/wiki/Disinfecting" class="mw-redirect" title="Disinfecting">disinfecting</a> cutting boards, especially after use with raw meat, poultry, or seafood, reduces the risk of contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-ReluctantGourmet_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReluctantGourmet-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_nutritional_content_of_food">Effects on nutritional content of food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Effects on nutritional content of food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">Raw foodism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rawtomatopasta1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rawtomatopasta1.jpg/220px-Rawtomatopasta1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rawtomatopasta1.jpg/330px-Rawtomatopasta1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rawtomatopasta1.jpg/440px-Rawtomatopasta1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption>A raw <a href="/wiki/Tomato_sauce" title="Tomato sauce">tomato sauce</a> with <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnuts</a> on <a href="/wiki/Zucchini" title="Zucchini">zucchini</a> noodles.</figcaption></figure> <p>Proponents of <a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">raw foodism</a> argue that cooking food increases the risk of some of the detrimental effects on food or health. They point out that during cooking of vegetables and fruit containing <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, the vitamin elutes into the cooking water and becomes degraded through oxidation. Peeling vegetables can also substantially reduce the vitamin C content, especially in the case of potatoes where most vitamin C is in the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, research has shown that in the specific case of <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> a greater proportion is absorbed from cooked vegetables than from raw vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sulforaphane" title="Sulforaphane">Sulforaphane</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Glucosinolate" title="Glucosinolate">glucosinolate</a> breakdown product, is present in vegetables such as <a href="/wiki/Broccoli" title="Broccoli">broccoli</a>, and is mostly destroyed when the vegetable is boiled.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there has been some basic research on how <a href="/wiki/Sulforaphane" title="Sulforaphane">sulforaphane</a> might exert beneficial effects in vivo, there is no high-quality evidence for its efficacy against human diseases. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> has studied retention data for 16 vitamins, 8 minerals, and alcohol for approximately 290 foods across various cooking methods.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carcinogens_and_AGEs">Carcinogens and AGEs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Carcinogens and AGEs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BBQ_Food.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BBQ_Food.jpg/220px-BBQ_Food.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BBQ_Food.jpg/330px-BBQ_Food.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BBQ_Food.jpg/440px-BBQ_Food.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chicken_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken (food)">Chicken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a>-wrapped <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> cooking in a <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecue</a> smoker. Barbecuing and smoking generate carcinogens.</figcaption></figure> <p>In a human epidemiological analysis by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Doll" title="Richard Doll">Richard Doll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Peto" title="Richard Peto">Richard Peto</a> in 1981, diet was estimated to cause a large percentage of cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies suggest that around 32% of cancer deaths may be avoidable by changes to the diet.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these cancers may be caused by carcinogens in food generated during the cooking process, although it is often difficult to identify the specific components in diet that serve to increase cancer risk.<sup id="cite_ref-carcinogens_and_anticarcinogens_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carcinogens_and_anticarcinogens-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several studies published since 1990 indicate that cooking meat at high temperature creates <a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_amine" title="Heterocyclic amine">heterocyclic amines</a> (HCA's), which are thought to increase cancer risk in humans. Researchers at the <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a> found that human subjects who ate beef rare or medium-rare had less than one third the risk of stomach cancer than those who ate beef medium-well or well-done.<sup id="cite_ref-amines_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amines-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While avoiding meat or eating meat raw may be the only ways to avoid HCA's in meat fully, the National Cancer Institute states that cooking meat below 212 °F (100 °C) creates "negligible amounts" of HCA's. Also, <a href="/wiki/Microwaving" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwaving">microwaving</a> meat before cooking may reduce HCAs by 90% by reducing the time needed for the meat to be cooked at high heat.<sup id="cite_ref-amines_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amines-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">Nitrosamines</a> are found in some food, and may be produced by some cooking processes from proteins or from nitrites used as food preservatives; cured meat such as bacon has been found to be carcinogenic, with links to colon cancer. <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Ascorbate</a>, which is added to cured meat, however, reduces nitrosamine formation.<sup id="cite_ref-carcinogens_and_anticarcinogens_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carcinogens_and_anticarcinogens-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baking, grilling or broiling food, especially starchy foods, until a toasted crust is formed generates significant concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">acrylamide</a>. This discovery in 2002 led to international health concerns. Subsequent research has however found that it is not likely that the acrylamides in burnt or well-cooked food cause cancer in humans; <a href="/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK" title="Cancer Research UK">Cancer Research UK</a> categorizes the idea that burnt food causes cancer as a "myth".<sup id="cite_ref-cruk_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cruk-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooking food at high temperature may create <a href="/wiki/Advanced_glycation_end-product" title="Advanced glycation end-product">advanced glycation end-products</a> (AGEs) that are believed to be involved in a number of diseases, including diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cancer and cardiovascular diseases, as well as in ageing. AGEs are a group of compounds that are formed between reducing sugars and amino acids via <a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard reaction</a>. These compounds impart colors, tastes and smells that are specific to these food, but may also be deleterious to health.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry heat (e.g. in roasting or grilling) can significantly increase the production of AGEs, as well as food rich in animal protein and fats. The production of AGEs during cooking can be significantly reduced by cooking in water or moist heat, reducing the cooking times and temperatures, as well as by first marinating the meat in acidic ingredients such as lemon juice and vinegar.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_aspects">Scientific aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scientific aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></div> <p>The scientific study of cooking has become known as molecular gastronomy. This is a subdiscipline of <a href="/wiki/Food_science" title="Food science">food science</a> concerning the physical and chemical transformations that occur during cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important contributions have been made by scientists, chefs and authors such as <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_This" title="Hervé This">Hervé This</a> (chemist), <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kurti" title="Nicholas Kurti">Nicholas Kurti</a> (physicist), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Barham" title="Peter Barham">Peter Barham</a> (physicist), <a href="/wiki/Harold_McGee" title="Harold McGee">Harold McGee</a> (author), <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Corriher" title="Shirley Corriher">Shirley Corriher</a> (biochemist, author), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wolke" title="Robert Wolke">Robert Wolke</a> (chemist, author.) It is different for the application of scientific knowledge to cooking, that is "molecular cooking" (for the technique) or "molecular cuisine" (for a culinary style), for which chefs such as Raymond Blanc, Philippe and Christian Conticini, <a href="/wiki/Ferran_Adria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferran Adria">Ferran Adria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heston_Blumenthal" title="Heston Blumenthal">Heston Blumenthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gagnaire" title="Pierre Gagnaire">Pierre Gagnaire</a> (chef).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chemical processes central to cooking include hydrolysis (in particular beta elimination of pectins, during the thermal treatment of plant tissues), pyrolysis, and glycation reactions wrongly named <a href="/wiki/Maillard_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Maillard reactions">Maillard reactions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooking foods with heat depends on many factors: the <a href="/wiki/Specific_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific heat">specific heat</a> of an object, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a>, and (perhaps most significantly) the difference in temperature between the two objects. <a href="/wiki/Thermal_diffusivity" title="Thermal diffusivity">Thermal diffusivity</a> is the combination of specific heat, conductivity and <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> that determines how long it will take for the food to reach a certain temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Home-cooking_and_commercial_cooking">Home-cooking and commercial cooking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Home-cooking and commercial cooking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%93_Oberbayern_%E2%80%94_M%C3%BCnchen_%E2%80%94_Stadtbezirk_1_%E2%80%94_Altstadt_%E2%80%94_Sparkassenstr._6_%E2%80%94_EG_(Haxnbauer_%C2%B7_K%C3%BCche)_%E2%80%94_2005-05-07_%E2%80%94_Mattes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%93_Oberbayern_%E2%80%94_M%C3%BCnchen_%E2%80%94_Stadtbezirk_1_%E2%80%94_Altstadt_%E2%80%94_Sparkassenstr._6_%E2%80%94_EG_%28Haxnbauer_%C2%B7_K%C3%BCche%29_%E2%80%94_2005-05-07_%E2%80%94_Mattes.jpg/220px-GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%93_Oberbayern_%E2%80%94_M%C3%BCnchen_%E2%80%94_Stadtbezirk_1_%E2%80%94_Altstadt_%E2%80%94_Sparkassenstr._6_%E2%80%94_EG_%28Haxnbauer_%C2%B7_K%C3%BCche%29_%E2%80%94_2005-05-07_%E2%80%94_Mattes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%93_Oberbayern_%E2%80%94_M%C3%BCnchen_%E2%80%94_Stadtbezirk_1_%E2%80%94_Altstadt_%E2%80%94_Sparkassenstr._6_%E2%80%94_EG_%28Haxnbauer_%C2%B7_K%C3%BCche%29_%E2%80%94_2005-05-07_%E2%80%94_Mattes.jpg/330px-GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%93_Oberbayern_%E2%80%94_M%C3%BCnchen_%E2%80%94_Stadtbezirk_1_%E2%80%94_Altstadt_%E2%80%94_Sparkassenstr._6_%E2%80%94_EG_%28Haxnbauer_%C2%B7_K%C3%BCche%29_%E2%80%94_2005-05-07_%E2%80%94_Mattes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%93_Oberbayern_%E2%80%94_M%C3%BCnchen_%E2%80%94_Stadtbezirk_1_%E2%80%94_Altstadt_%E2%80%94_Sparkassenstr._6_%E2%80%94_EG_%28Haxnbauer_%C2%B7_K%C3%BCche%29_%E2%80%94_2005-05-07_%E2%80%94_Mattes.jpg/440px-GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%93_Oberbayern_%E2%80%94_M%C3%BCnchen_%E2%80%94_Stadtbezirk_1_%E2%80%94_Altstadt_%E2%80%94_Sparkassenstr._6_%E2%80%94_EG_%28Haxnbauer_%C2%B7_K%C3%BCche%29_%E2%80%94_2005-05-07_%E2%80%94_Mattes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A restaurant kitchen in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany (Haxnbauer restaurant)</figcaption></figure> <p>Home cooking has traditionally been a process carried out informally in a home or around a <a href="/wiki/Communal_oven" title="Communal oven">communal fire</a>, and can be enjoyed by all members of the family, although in many cultures women bear primary responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooking is also often carried out outside of personal quarters, for example at restaurants, or schools. <a href="/wiki/Bakeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakeries">Bakeries</a> were one of the earliest forms of cooking outside the home, and bakeries in the past often offered the cooking of pots of food provided by their customers as an additional service. In the present day, factory food preparation has become common, with many "ready-to-eat" as well as "ready-to-cook" foods being prepared and cooked in factories and home cooks using a mixture of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/from_scratch" class="extiw" title="wikt:from scratch">scratch made</a>, and factory made foods together to make a <a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">meal</a>. The nutritional value of including more commercially prepared foods has been found to be inferior to home-made foods.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Home-cooked meals tend to be healthier with fewer calories, and less <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_embolism" title="Cholesterol embolism">cholesterol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> on a per calorie basis while providing more <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">fiber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ingredients are also directly sourced, so there is control over authenticity, taste, and nutritional value. The superior nutritional quality of home-cooking could therefore play a role in preventing <a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">chronic disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cohort studies following the elderly over 10 years show that adults who cook their own meals have significantly lower mortality, even when controlling for confounding variables.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Home-cooking" may be associated with <a href="/wiki/Comfort_food" title="Comfort food">comfort food</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some commercially produced foods and restaurant meals are presented through advertising or <a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">packaging</a> as having been "home-cooked", regardless of their actual origin. This trend began in the 1920s and is attributed to people in urban areas of the U.S. wanting homestyle food even though their schedules and smaller kitchens made cooking harder.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_food_preparation" title="Outline of food preparation">Outline of food preparation</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carryover_cooking" title="Carryover cooking">Carryover cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooker" title="Cooker">Cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_weights_and_measures" title="Cooking weights and measures">Cooking weights and measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_profession" class="mw-redirect" title="Culinary profession">Culinary profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_school" title="Cooking school">Cooking school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwashing" title="Dishwashing">Dishwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_cooking_hygiene" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and cooking hygiene">Food and cooking hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">Food industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_writing" title="Food writing">Food writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodpairing" class="mw-redirect" title="Foodpairing">Foodpairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gourmet_Museum_and_Library" title="Gourmet Museum and Library">Gourmet Museum and Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_altitude_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="High altitude cooking">High altitude cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_food_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="International food terms">International food terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_appliances" title="List of cooking appliances">List of cooking appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films about cooking">List of films about cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_preparation_utensils" title="List of food preparation utensils">List of food preparation utensils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ovens" title="List of ovens">List of ovens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoves" title="List of stoves">List of stoves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scented_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Scented water">Scented water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staple (cooking)">Staple (cooking)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRupp2015" class="citation web cs1">Rupp, Rebecca (2 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325112804/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/people-and-culture/food/the-plate/2015/09/02/a-brief-history-of-cooking-with-fire/">"A Brief History of Cooking With Fire"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/people-and-culture/food/the-plate/2015/09/02/a-brief-history-of-cooking-with-fire/">the original</a> on 25 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Cooking+With+Fire&rft.date=2015-09-02&rft.aulast=Rupp&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fpeople-and-culture%2Ffood%2Fthe-plate%2F2015%2F09%2F02%2Fa-brief-history-of-cooking-with-fire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrangham2009" class="citation book cs1">Wrangham, Richard (2009). <i>Catching Fire: How cooking made us human</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catching+Fire%3A+How+cooking+made+us+human&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wrangham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Wayt_GibbsNathan_Myhrvold2011" class="citation journal cs1">W. Wayt Gibbs; Nathan Myhrvold (2011). "A New Spin on Cooking". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>304</b> (3): 23. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SciAm.304c..23G">2011SciAm.304c..23G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0311-23a">10.1038/scientificamerican0311-23a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21438483">21438483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=A+New+Spin+on+Cooking&rft.volume=304&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21438483&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0311-23a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011SciAm.304c..23G&rft.au=W.+Wayt+Gibbs&rft.au=Nathan+Myhrvold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNAS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrgan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Organ, Chris (22 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3167533">"Phylogenetic rate shifts in feeding time during the evolution of Homo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a></i>. <b>108</b> (35): 14555–14559. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..10814555O">2011PNAS..10814555O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1107806108">10.1073/pnas.1107806108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3167533">3167533</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21873223">21873223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+rate+shifts+in+feeding+time+during+the+evolution+of+Homo&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=14555-14559&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3167533%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21873223&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1107806108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..10814555O&rft.aulast=Organ&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3167533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringle2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pringle2012_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle,_Heather2012" class="citation cs2">Pringle, Heather (2 April 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415203914/http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/04/quest-for-fire-began-earlier-tha.html?ref=em">"Quest for Fire Began Earlier Than Thought"</a>, <i>ScienceNOW</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/04/quest-for-fire-began-earlier-tha.html?ref=em">the original</a> on 15 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScienceNOW&rft.atitle=Quest+for+Fire+Began+Earlier+Than+Thought&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft.au=Pringle%2C+Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sciencemag.org%2Fsciencenow%2F2012%2F04%2Fquest-for-fire-began-earlier-tha.html%3Fref%3Dem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wrangham, R. and Conklin-Brittain, N., 2003. Cooking as a biological trait. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 136(1), pp. 35–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pollard-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pollard_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2015" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, Elizabeth (2015). <i>Worlds Together, Worlds Apart</i>. New York: Norton. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92207-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92207-3"><bdi>978-0-393-92207-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+Together%2C+Worlds+Apart&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-393-92207-3&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luke-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luke_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuke" class="citation web cs1">Luke, Kim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120402162548.htm">"Evidence That Human Ancestors Used Fire One Million Years Ago"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2013</span>. <q>An international team led by the University of Toronto and Hebrew University has identified the earliest known evidence of the use of fire by human ancestors. Microscopic traces of wood ash, alongside animal bones and stone tools, were found in a layer dated to one million years ago</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evidence+That+Human+Ancestors+Used+Fire+One+Million+Years+Ago&rft.aulast=Luke&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2012%2F04%2F120402162548.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-discovermagazine.com-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-discovermagazine.com_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227181202/http://discovermagazine.com/2013/may/09-archaeologists-find-earliest-evidence-of-humans-cooking-with-fire">"Archaeologists Find Earliest Evidence of Humans Cooking With Fire"</a>. <i>DiscoverMagazine.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2013/may/09-archaeologists-find-earliest-evidence-of-humans-cooking-with-fire">the original</a> on 27 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DiscoverMagazine.com&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+Find+Earliest+Evidence+of+Humans+Cooking+With+Fire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F2013%2Fmay%2F09-archaeologists-find-earliest-evidence-of-humans-cooking-with-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Roff2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Smith, Roff (29 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201022042/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/01/140129-oldest-hearth-israel-cave-new-human-species-discovery-archaeology-science/">"Oldest Known Hearth Found in Israel Cave"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/01/140129-oldest-hearth-israel-cave-new-human-species-discovery-archaeology-science/">the original</a> on 1 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Oldest+Known+Hearth+Found+in+Israel+Cave&rft.date=2014-01-29&rft.au=Smith%2C+Roff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F01%2F140129-oldest-hearth-israel-cave-new-human-species-discovery-archaeology-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/12/05/homo-naledi-fire-evolution/">"Ancient human relative used fire, surprising discoveries suggest"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ancient+human+relative+used+fire%2C+surprising+discoveries+suggest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fscience%2F2022%2F12%2F05%2Fhomo-naledi-fire-evolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoharAlperson-AfilGoren-InbarPrévost2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zohar, Irit; Alperson-Afil, Nira; Goren-Inbar, Naama; Prévost, Marion; Tütken, Thomas; Sisma-Ventura, Guy; Hershkovitz, Israel; Najorka, Jens (December 2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365369121">"Evidence for the cooking of fish 780,000 years ago at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel"</a></span>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>6</b> (12): 2016–2028. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatEE...6.2016Z">2022NatEE...6.2016Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01910-z">10.1038/s41559-022-01910-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X">2397-334X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36376603">36376603</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253522354">253522354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+the+cooking+of+fish+780%2C000+years+ago+at+Gesher+Benot+Ya%27aqov%2C+Israel&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2016-2028&rft.date=2022-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253522354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatEE...6.2016Z&rft.issn=2397-334X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01910-z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36376603&rft.aulast=Zohar&rft.aufirst=Irit&rft.au=Alperson-Afil%2C+Nira&rft.au=Goren-Inbar%2C+Naama&rft.au=Pr%C3%A9vost%2C+Marion&rft.au=T%C3%BCtken%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Sisma-Ventura%2C+Guy&rft.au=Hershkovitz%2C+Israel&rft.au=Najorka%2C+Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F365369121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Abstracts/Pennisi_99.html">"Pennisi: Did Cooked Tubers Spur the Evolution of Big Brains?"</a>. Cogweb.ucla.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pennisi%3A+Did+Cooked+Tubers+Spur+the+Evolution+of+Big+Brains%3F&rft.pub=Cogweb.ucla.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcogweb.ucla.edu%2FAbstracts%2FPennisi_99.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI-2016cook-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SI-2016cook_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/hearths-shelters">"What Does It Mean To Be Human? – Hearths & Shelters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></i>. 12 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=What+Does+It+Mean+To+Be+Human%3F+%E2%80%93+Hearths+%26+Shelters&rft.date=2016-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanorigins.si.edu%2Fevidence%2Fbehavior%2Fhearths-shelters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunnQian2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives" title="Journal of Economic Perspectives">Journal of Economic Perspectives</a></i>. <b>24</b> (2): 163–188. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.232.9242">10.1.1.232.9242</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.24.2.163">10.1257/jep.24.2.163</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25703506">25703506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Columbian+Exchange%3A+A+History+of+Disease%2C+Food%2C+and+Ideas&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-188&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.232.9242%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25703506%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.24.2.163&rft.aulast=Nunn&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft.au=Qian%2C+Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131116012256/http://www.nordion.com/documents/The-History-of-Food-Irradiation.pdf">"The History of Food Irradiation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordion.com/documents/the-history-of-food-irradiation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Food+Irradiation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordion.com%2Fdocuments%2Fthe-history-of-food-irradiation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002469.htm">"Carbohydrates: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>medlineplus.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medlineplus.gov&rft.atitle=Carbohydrates%3A+MedlinePlus+Medical+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fency%2Farticle%2F002469.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖste1991" class="citation cs2">Öste, Rickard E. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2626-5_27">"Digestibility of Processed Food Protein"</a>, <i>Nutritional and Toxicological Consequences of Food Processing</i>, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 289, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 371–388, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4899-2626-5_27">10.1007/978-1-4899-2626-5_27</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-2628-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-2628-9"><bdi>978-1-4899-2628-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Digestibility+of+Processed+Food+Protein&rft.btitle=Nutritional+and+Toxicological+Consequences+of+Food+Processing&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.series=Advances+in+Experimental+Medicine+and+Biology&rft.pages=371-388&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4899-2626-5_27&rft.isbn=978-1-4899-2628-9&rft.aulast=%C3%96ste&rft.aufirst=Rickard+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4899-2626-5_27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guide.michelin.com/sg/dining-in/what-is-roux-sg/news">"What is...roux?"</a>. <i>MICHELIN Guide</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MICHELIN+Guide&rft.atitle=What+is...roux%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguide.michelin.com%2Fsg%2Fdining-in%2Fwhat-is-roux-sg%2Fnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webster2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-webster2_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry for <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fat" class="extiw" title="mwod:fat">"fat"</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725084302/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fat">"Fat | Definition of Fat by Merriam-Webster"</a>. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fat+%26%23124%3B+Definition+of+Fat+by+Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ffat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> in the online Merriam-Webster disctionary, sense 3.2. Accessed on 2020-08-09</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mckin20142-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mckin20142_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140921024358/http://www.mckinley.illinois.edu/handouts/macronutrients.htm">"Macronutrients: the Importance of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat"</a>. <i>McKinley Health Center</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mckinley.illinois.edu/handouts/macronutrients.htm">the original</a> on 21 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McKinley+Health+Center&rft.atitle=Macronutrients%3A+the+Importance+of+Carbohydrate%2C+Protein%2C+and+Fat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinley.illinois.edu%2Fhandouts%2Fmacronutrients.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khan00002-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-khan00002_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/fat-and-protein-metabolism/v/introduction-to-energy-storage">"Introduction to Energy Storage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Energy+Storage&rft.pub=Khan+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Ftest-prep%2Fmcat%2Fbiomolecules%2Ffat-and-protein-metabolism%2Fv%2Fintroduction-to-energy-storage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sand20162-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sand20162_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas A. B. Sanders (2016): "The Role of Fats in Human Diet". Pages 1-20 of <i>Functional Dietary Lipids</i>. Woodhead/Elsevier, 332 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78242-247-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78242-247-1">978-1-78242-247-1</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-1-78242-247-1.00001-6">10.1016/B978-1-78242-247-1.00001-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsCaminitiEdmundsonGao2022" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, Daman; Caminiti, Jeff; Edmundson, Scott; Gao, Song; Wick, Macdonald; Huesemann, Michael (12 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2Fnqac190">"Seaweed proteins are nutritionally valuable components in the human diet"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>. <b>116</b> (4): 855–861. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2Fnqac190">10.1093/ajcn/nqac190</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9165">0002-9165</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35820048">35820048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Seaweed+proteins+are+nutritionally+valuable+components+in+the+human+diet&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=855-861&rft.date=2022-07-12&rft.issn=0002-9165&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35820048&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fajcn%2Fnqac190&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Daman&rft.au=Caminiti%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Edmundson%2C+Scott&rft.au=Gao%2C+Song&rft.au=Wick%2C+Macdonald&rft.au=Huesemann%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fajcn%252Fnqac190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nih1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nih1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm">"Protein in diet"</a>. United States National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protein+in+diet&rft.pub=United+States+National+Library+of+Medicine%2C+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fency%2Farticle%2F002467.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:01-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:01_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getpocket.com/explore/item/high-protein-alternatives-to-meat">"High-Protein Alternatives to Meat"</a>. <i>Pocket</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pocket&rft.atitle=High-Protein+Alternatives+to+Meat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgetpocket.com%2Fexplore%2Fitem%2Fhigh-protein-alternatives-to-meat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/funwithwords/p/16615263.html">"cooking - Fun_with_Words - 博客园"</a>. <i>www.cnblogs.com</i> (in Chinese (China))<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cnblogs.com&rft.atitle=cooking+-+Fun_with_Words+-+%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%A2%E5%9B%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnblogs.com%2Ffunwithwords%2Fp%2F16615263.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangZhao2023" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Meiqi; Zhao, Ruilin (1 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jfutfo.2022.09.001">"A review on nutritional advantages of edible mushrooms and its industrialization development situation in protein meat analogues"</a>. <i>Journal of Future Foods</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jfutfo.2022.09.001">10.1016/j.jfutfo.2022.09.001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2772-5669">2772-5669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Future+Foods&rft.atitle=A+review+on+nutritional+advantages+of+edible+mushrooms+and+its+industrialization+development+situation+in+protein+meat+analogues&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jfutfo.2022.09.001&rft.issn=2772-5669&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Meiqi&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Ruilin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jfutfo.2022.09.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahiMalik2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rahi, Deepak K.; Malik, Deepika (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/61123496">"Diversity of Mushrooms and Their Metabolites of Nutraceutical and Therapeutic Significance"</a>. <i>Journal of Mycology</i>. <b>2016</b>: 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2016%2F7654123">10.1155/2016/7654123</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2356-7481">2356-7481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mycology&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+Mushrooms+and+Their+Metabolites+of+Nutraceutical+and+Therapeutic+Significance&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2016%2F7654123&rft.issn=2356-7481&rft.aulast=Rahi&rft.aufirst=Deepak+K.&rft.au=Malik%2C+Deepika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F61123496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaofu2013" class="citation book cs1">Baofu, Peter (3 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J7QwBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Any+of+these+may+be+sources+of+essential+amino+acids%22&pg=PA6"><i>The Future of Post-Human Culinary Art: Towards a New Theory of Ingredients and Techniques</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4484-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4484-0"><bdi>978-1-4438-4484-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Post-Human+Culinary+Art%3A+Towards+a+New+Theory+of+Ingredients+and+Techniques&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-4484-0&rft.aulast=Baofu&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ7QwBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Any%2Bof%2Bthese%2Bmay%2Bbe%2Bsources%2Bof%2Bessential%2Bamino%2Bacids%2522%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090909071119/http://www.brighthub.com/health/diet-nutrition/articles/44825.aspx">"Loss of nutrients when vegetables are cooked"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brighthub.com/health/diet-nutrition/articles/44825.aspx">the original</a> on 9 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loss+of+nutrients+when+vegetables+are+cooked&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brighthub.com%2Fhealth%2Fdiet-nutrition%2Farticles%2F44825.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/359175.stm">"Cooking vegetables 'improves benefits'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2 June 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Cooking+vegetables+%27improves+benefits%27&rft.date=1999-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F359175.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHotzGibson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hotz, Christine; Gibson, Rosalind S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F137.4.1097">"Traditional food-processing and preparation practices to enhance the bioavailability of micronutrients in plant-based diets"</a>. <i>The Journal of Nutrition</i>. <b>137</b> (4): 1097–1100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F137.4.1097">10.1093/jn/137.4.1097</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17374686">17374686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Traditional+food-processing+and+preparation+practices+to+enhance+the+bioavailability+of+micronutrients+in+plant-based+diets&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1097-1100&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjn%2F137.4.1097&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17374686&rft.aulast=Hotz&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Rosalind+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjn%252F137.4.1097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeChoiJeongLee2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, S.; Choi, Y.; Jeong, H. S.; Lee, J.; Sung, J. (12 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6049644">"Effect of different cooking methods on the content of vitamins and true retention in selected vegetables"</a>. <i>Food Science and Biotechnology</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 333–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10068-017-0281-1">10.1007/s10068-017-0281-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6049644">6049644</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30263756">30263756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Science+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Effect+of+different+cooking+methods+on+the+content+of+vitamins+and+true+retention+in+selected+vegetables&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=333-342&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6049644%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30263756&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10068-017-0281-1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Choi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Jeong%2C+H.+S.&rft.au=Lee%2C+J.&rft.au=Sung%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6049644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health">"Household air pollution"</a>. <i>www.who.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.who.int&rft.atitle=Household+air+pollution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fhousehold-air-pollution-and-health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.equaltimes.org/polluting-cooking-methods-used-by">"Polluting cooking methods, used by billions of people around the world, remain a threat to women's health"</a>. <i>Equal Times</i>. 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Equal+Times&rft.atitle=Polluting+cooking+methods%2C+used+by+billions+of+people+around+the+world%2C+remain+a+threat+to+women%27s+health&rft.date=2023-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.equaltimes.org%2Fpolluting-cooking-methods-used-by&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-who-airpollution-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-who-airpollution_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health">"Household air pollution and health"</a>. World Health Organization. 22 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Household+air+pollution+and+health&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fhousehold-air-pollution-and-health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://staysafe.org/safety/cooking/">"A Guide to Keeping Safe While Cooking"</a>. <i>StaySafe.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StaySafe.org&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+Keeping+Safe+While+Cooking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstaysafe.org%2Fsafety%2Fcooking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/foodborne-illnesses">"Foodborne Illnesses"</a>. <i>National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Diabetes+and+Digestive+and+Kidney+Diseases&rft.atitle=Foodborne+Illnesses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niddk.nih.gov%2Fhealth-information%2Fdigestive-diseases%2Ffoodborne-illnesses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100922234817/http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/complete_safefood.pdf">"Safe Food Australia – A Guide to the Food Safety Standards"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/complete_safefood.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safe+Food+Australia+%E2%80%93+A+Guide+to+the+Food+Safety+Standards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodstandards.gov.au%2F_srcfiles%2Fcomplete_safefood.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoahBenderReaidiGilbert1980" class="citation journal cs1">Noah ND, Bender AE, Reaidi GB, Gilbert RJ (July 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1713670">"News, Notes, And Epidemiology"</a>. <i>Br Med J</i>. <b>281</b> (6234): 236–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.281.6234.235">10.1136/bmj.281.6234.235</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1713670">1713670</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7407532">7407532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br+Med+J&rft.atitle=News%2C+Notes%2C+And+Epidemiology&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=6234&rft.pages=236-237&rft.date=1980-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1713670%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7407532&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.281.6234.235&rft.aulast=Noah&rft.aufirst=ND&rft.au=Bender%2C+AE&rft.au=Reaidi%2C+GB&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1713670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/d468f3d9-fb6c-4109-88d7-2931f7132098/Barbecue_Food_Safety.pdf?MOD=AJPERES">"Grilling and Food Safety"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USDA. June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grilling+and+Food+Safety&rft.pub=USDA&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsis.usda.gov%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fd468f3d9-fb6c-4109-88d7-2931f7132098%2FBarbecue_Food_Safety.pdf%3FMOD%3DAJPERES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040928210429/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/factsheets/Basics_for_Handling_Food_Safely/index.asp">"Basics for Handling Food Safely"</a>. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/Factsheets/Basics_for_Handling_Food_Safely/index.asp">the original</a> on 28 September 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basics+for+Handling+Food+Safely&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsis.usda.gov%2FFactsheets%2FBasics_for_Handling_Food_Safely%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613074257/http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/health/foodsafety/az1076.html">"Cutting Boards (Plastic Versus Wood)"</a>. <i>Food Safety, Preparation and Storage Tips</i>. Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, the University of Arizona. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/health/foodsafety/az1076.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+Safety%2C+Preparation+and+Storage+Tips&rft.atitle=Cutting+Boards+%28Plastic+Versus+Wood%29&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fag.arizona.edu%2Fpubs%2Fhealth%2Ffoodsafety%2Faz1076.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReluctantGourmet-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReluctantGourmet_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReluctantGourmet_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060702142255/http://www.reluctantgourmet.com/cutting_board.htm">"Cutting Boards – wood or plastic?"</a>. <i>ReluctantGourmet.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reluctantgourmet.com/cutting_board.htm">the original</a> on 2 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReluctantGourmet.com&rft.atitle=Cutting+Boards+%E2%80%93+wood+or+plastic%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reluctantgourmet.com%2Fcutting_board.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071105095547/http://www.potato2008.org/en/potato/factsheets.html">"Potato, nutrition and diet – International Year of the Potato 2008"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.potato2008.org/en/potato/factsheets.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Potato%2C+nutrition+and+diet+%E2%80%93+International+Year+of+the+Potato+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.potato2008.org%2Fen%2Fpotato%2Ffactsheets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJinWangRosenHo1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jin, Y.; Wang, M.; Rosen, R. T.; Ho, C. T. (1999). "Thermal Degradation of Sulforaphane in Aqueous Solution". <i>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</i>. <b>47</b> (8): 3121–3123. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JAFC...47.3121J">1999JAFC...47.3121J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf990082e">10.1021/jf990082e</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10552618">10552618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Thermal+Degradation+of+Sulforaphane+in+Aqueous+Solution&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3121-3123&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10552618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf990082e&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JAFC...47.3121J&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Rosen%2C+R.+T.&rft.au=Ho%2C+C.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBongoniVerkerkSteenbekkersDekker2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bongoni, R; Verkerk, R; Steenbekkers, B; Dekker, M; Stieger (2014). "Evaluation of Different Cooking Conditions on Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) to Improve the Nutritional Value and Consumer Acceptance". <i>Plant Foods for Human Nutrition</i>. <b>69</b> (3): 228–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11130-014-0420-2">10.1007/s11130-014-0420-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24853375">24853375</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35228794">35228794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Foods+for+Human+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+Different+Cooking+Conditions+on+Broccoli+%28Brassica+oleracea+var.+italica%29+to+Improve+the+Nutritional+Value+and+Consumer+Acceptance.&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=228-234&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35228794%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24853375&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11130-014-0420-2&rft.aulast=Bongoni&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Verkerk%2C+R&rft.au=Steenbekkers%2C+B&rft.au=Dekker%2C+M&rft.au=Stieger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400525/Data/retn/retn06.pdf">"USDA Table of Nutrient Retention Factors, Release 6"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>USDA</i>. USDA. December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400525/Data/retn/retn06.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USDA&rft.atitle=USDA+Table+of+Nutrient+Retention+Factors%2C+Release+6&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2FSP2UserFiles%2FPlace%2F80400525%2FData%2Fretn%2Fretn06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollPeto1981" class="citation journal cs1">Doll, R.; Peto, R. (1981). "The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today". <i>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</i>. <b>66</b> (6): 1191–1308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2F66.6.1192">10.1093/jnci/66.6.1192</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7017215">7017215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=The+causes+of+cancer%3A+Quantitative+estimates+of+avoidable+risks+of+cancer+in+the+United+States+today&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1191-1308&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjnci%2F66.6.1192&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7017215&rft.aulast=Doll&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Peto%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillett_WC1995" class="citation journal cs1">Willett WC (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1518978">"Diet, nutrition, and avoidable cancer"</a>. <i>Environ Health Perspect</i>. <b>103</b> (Suppl 8): 165–170. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995EnvHP.103S.165W">1995EnvHP.103S.165W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.95103s8165">10.1289/ehp.95103s8165</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1518978">1518978</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8741778">8741778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environ+Health+Perspect&rft.atitle=Diet%2C+nutrition%2C+and+avoidable+cancer&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=Suppl+8&rft.pages=165-170&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1518978%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8741778&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.95103s8165&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995EnvHP.103S.165W&rft.au=Willett+WC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1518978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carcinogens_and_anticarcinogens-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carcinogens_and_anticarcinogens_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carcinogens_and_anticarcinogens_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carcinogensantic0000nati"><i>Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet</i></a></span>. National Academy Press. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-05391-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-05391-4"><bdi>978-0-309-05391-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carcinogens+and+Anticarcinogens+in+the+Human+Diet&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-309-05391-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarcinogensantic0000nati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amines-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amines_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amines_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/heterocyclic-amines">"Heterocyclic Amines in Cooked Meats"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a>. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heterocyclic+Amines+in+Cooked+Meats&rft.pub=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fcancertopics%2Ffactsheet%2FRisk%2Fheterocyclic-amines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScanlan_RA.1983" class="citation journal cs1">Scanlan RA. (1983). "Formation and occurrence of nitrosamines in food". <i>Cancer Res</i>. <b>43</b> (5 Suppl): 2435s–2440s. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6831466">6831466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Res.&rft.atitle=Formation+and+occurrence+of+nitrosamines+in+food&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5+Suppl&rft.pages=2435s-2440s&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6831466&rft.au=Scanlan+RA.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cruk-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cruk_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/cancer-myths/can-eating-burnt-foods-cause-cancer">"Can eating burnt foods cause cancer?"</a>. Cancer Research UK. 15 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+eating+burnt+foods+cause+cancer%3F&rft.pub=Cancer+Research+UK&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerresearchuk.org%2Fabout-cancer%2Fcauses-of-cancer%2Fcancer-myths%2Fcan-eating-burnt-foods-cause-cancer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasadDavisImrhanJuma2017" class="citation journal cs1">Prasad, Chandan; Davis, Kathleen E; Imrhan, Victorine; Juma, Shanil; Vijayagopal, Parakat (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6600625">"Advanced Glycation End Products and Risks for Chronic Diseases: Intervening Through Lifestyle Modification"</a>. <i>Am J Lifestyle Med</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 384–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1559827617708991">10.1177/1559827617708991</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6600625">6600625</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31285723">31285723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Lifestyle+Med&rft.atitle=Advanced+Glycation+End+Products+and+Risks+for+Chronic+Diseases%3A+Intervening+Through+Lifestyle+Modification&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=384-404&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6600625%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31285723&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1559827617708991&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Chandan&rft.au=Davis%2C+Kathleen+E&rft.au=Imrhan%2C+Victorine&rft.au=Juma%2C+Shanil&rft.au=Vijayagopal%2C+Parakat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6600625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUribarriWoodruffGoodmanCai2010" class="citation journal cs1">Uribarri, Jaime; Woodruff, Sandra; Goodman, Susan; Cai, Weijing; Chen, Xue; Pyzik, Renata; Yong, Angie; Striker, Gary E; Vlassara, Helen (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3704564">"Advanced Glycation End Products in Foods and a Practical Guide to Their Reduction in the Diet"</a>. <i>J Am Diet Assoc</i>. <b>110</b> (6): 911–16.e12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jada.2010.03.018">10.1016/j.jada.2010.03.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3704564">3704564</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20497781">20497781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Am+Diet+Assoc&rft.atitle=Advanced+Glycation+End+Products+in+Foods+and+a+Practical+Guide+to+Their+Reduction+in+the+Diet&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=911-16.e12&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3704564%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20497781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jada.2010.03.018&rft.aulast=Uribarri&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rft.au=Woodruff%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Susan&rft.au=Cai%2C+Weijing&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xue&rft.au=Pyzik%2C+Renata&rft.au=Yong%2C+Angie&rft.au=Striker%2C+Gary+E&rft.au=Vlassara%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3704564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/molecular-gastronomy#:~:text=Molecular%20gastronomy%2C%20the%20scientific%20discipline,new%20dishes%20and%20culinary%20techniques.">Molecular Gastronomy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019161107/https://www.britannica.com/topic/molecular-gastronomy#:~:text=Molecular%20gastronomy%2C%20the%20scientific%20discipline,new%20dishes%20and%20culinary%20techniques.">Archived</a> 19 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuler2019" class="citation book cs1">Guler, Ozan (2019). <i>The Harmony of Science and Food:Molecular Gastronomy</i>. Strategic Researchers Academy Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-69709-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-69709-1-7"><bdi>978-605-69709-1-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harmony+of+Science+and+Food%3AMolecular+Gastronomy&rft.pub=Strategic+Researchers+Academy+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-605-69709-1-7&rft.aulast=Guler&rft.aufirst=Ozan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.food-info.net/uk/colour/maillard.htm">"Food-Info.net : Maillard reactions"</a>. <i>www.food-info.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.food-info.net&rft.atitle=Food-Info.net+%3A+Maillard+reactions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.food-info.net%2Fuk%2Fcolour%2Fmaillard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handbook of Molecular Gastronomy, CRC Press, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarham" class="citation book cs1">Barham, Peter. <i>The Science of Cooking</i>. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Cooking&rft.pages=39&rft.aulast=Barham&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2013" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Cecile (2013). <i>Men at Work: Labour, Maculinities, Development</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+at+Work%3A+Labour%2C+Maculinities%2C+Development&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Cecile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinGuthrie" class="citation web cs1">Lin, Biing-Hwan; Guthrie, Joanne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122104524/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib-economic-information-bulletin/eib105.aspx">"Nutritional Quality of Food Prepared at Home and Away From Home, 1977–2008"</a>. <i>www.ers.usda.gov</i>. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib-economic-information-bulletin/eib105.aspx">the original</a> on 22 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ers.usda.gov&rft.atitle=Nutritional+Quality+of+Food+Prepared+at+Home+and+Away+From+Home%2C+1977%E2%80%932008&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Biing-Hwan&rft.au=Guthrie%2C+Joanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ers.usda.gov%2Fpublications%2Feib-economic-information-bulletin%2Feib105.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReicksTrofholzStangLaska2014" class="citation journal cs1">Reicks, Marla; Trofholz, Amanda C.; Stang, Jamie S.; Laska, Melissa N. (1 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4063875">"Impact of cooking and home food preparation interventions among adults: outcomes and implications for future programs"</a>. <i>Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 259–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jneb.2014.02.001">10.1016/j.jneb.2014.02.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1878-2620">1878-2620</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4063875">4063875</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24703245">24703245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nutrition+Education+and+Behavior&rft.atitle=Impact+of+cooking+and+home+food+preparation+interventions+among+adults%3A+outcomes+and+implications+for+future+programs&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=259-276&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4063875%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1878-2620&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24703245&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jneb.2014.02.001&rft.aulast=Reicks&rft.aufirst=Marla&rft.au=Trofholz%2C+Amanda+C.&rft.au=Stang%2C+Jamie+S.&rft.au=Laska%2C+Melissa+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4063875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoliahWalterJones2012" class="citation journal cs1">Soliah, Lu Ann Laurice; Walter, Janelle Marshall; Jones, Sheila Ann (1 March 2012). "Benefits and Barriers to Healthful Eating What Are the Consequences of Decreased Food Preparation Ability?". <i>American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 152–158. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1026.8612">10.1.1.1026.8612</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1559827611426394">10.1177/1559827611426394</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1559-8276">1559-8276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71797396">71797396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Lifestyle+Medicine&rft.atitle=Benefits+and+Barriers+to+Healthful+Eating+What+Are+the+Consequences+of+Decreased+Food+Preparation+Ability%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=152-158&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.1026.8612%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71797396%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1559-8276&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1559827611426394&rft.aulast=Soliah&rft.aufirst=Lu+Ann+Laurice&rft.au=Walter%2C+Janelle+Marshall&rft.au=Jones%2C+Sheila+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenLeeChangWahlqvist2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Rosalind Chia-Yu; Lee, Meei-Shyuan; Chang, Yu-Hung; Wahlqvist, Mark L. (1 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.nhri.org.tw/bitstream/3990099045/6476/1/PUB22578892.pdf">"Cooking frequency may enhance survival in Taiwanese elderly"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Public Health Nutrition</i>. <b>15</b> (7): 1142–1149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS136898001200136X">10.1017/S136898001200136X</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-2727">1475-2727</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22578892">22578892</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ir.nhri.org.tw/bitstream/3990099045/6476/1/PUB22578892.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Health+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Cooking+frequency+may+enhance+survival+in+Taiwanese+elderly&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1142-1149&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft.issn=1475-2727&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22578892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS136898001200136X&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Rosalind+Chia-Yu&rft.au=Lee%2C+Meei-Shyuan&rft.au=Chang%2C+Yu-Hung&rft.au=Wahlqvist%2C+Mark+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.nhri.org.tw%2Fbitstream%2F3990099045%2F6476%2F1%2FPUB22578892.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesLong2017" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Michael Owen; Long, Lucy M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6VMmDwAAQBAJ&q=Home-cooking+may+be+associated+with+comfort+food&pg=PT106"><i>Comfort Food: Meaning and Memories</i></a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-1086-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-1086-1"><bdi>978-1-4968-1086-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comfort+Food%3A+Meaning+and+Memories&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4968-1086-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael+Owen&rft.au=Long%2C+Lucy+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VMmDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHome-cooking%2Bmay%2Bbe%2Bassociated%2Bwith%2Bcomfort%2Bfood%26pg%3DPT106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbas2002" class="citation journal cs1">Barbas, Samantha (Fall 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=articles">"Just Like Home: "Home Cooking" and the Domestication of the American Restaurant"</a>. <i>Gastronomica</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 43–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fgfc.2002.2.4.43">10.1525/gfc.2002.2.4.43</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/gfc.2002.2.4.43">10.1525/gfc.2002.2.4.43</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastronomica&rft.atitle=Just+Like+Home%3A+%22Home+Cooking%22+and+the+Domestication+of+the+American+Restaurant&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=43-52&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fgfc.2002.2.4.43&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fgfc.2002.2.4.43%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barbas&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1016%26context%3Darticles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooking&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cookery"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cookery">"Cookery" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cookery&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=74-76&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> (1861), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49833">Directions for Cooking by Troops, in Camp and Hospital</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cooking_techniques" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cooking_techniques" title="Template:Cooking techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cooking_techniques" title="Template talk:Cooking techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cooking_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cooking techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cooking_techniques" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cooking</a> techniques</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_techniques" title="List of cooking techniques">List of cooking techniques</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Conduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_roasting" title="Dry roasting">Dry roasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_salt_frying" title="Hot salt frying">Hot salt frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searing" title="Searing">Searing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Convection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">Baking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasting (modern)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Radiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbroiler" title="Charbroiler">Charbroiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">Grilling (charbroiling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasting (traditional)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotisserie" title="Rotisserie">Rotisserie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_(food)" title="Toast (food)">Toasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">High heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanching_(cooking)" title="Blanching (cooking)">Blanching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling#In_cooking" title="Boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parboiling" title="Parboiling">Parboiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shocking_(cooking)" title="Shocking (cooking)">Shocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduction_(cooking)" title="Reduction (cooking)">Reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Low heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coddling" title="Coddling">Coddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creaming_(cooking)" title="Creaming (cooking)">Creaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">Infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmering" title="Simmering">Simmering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow cooking">Slow cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smothering_(cooking)" title="Smothering (cooking)">Smothering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeping" title="Steeping">Steeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">Stewing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Indirect heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bain-marie" title="Bain-marie">Bain-marie (Double boiling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sous-vide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sous-vide">Sous-vide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_steaming" title="Double steaming">Double steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">Steaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fat-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">High heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basting_(cooking)" title="Basting (cooking)">Basting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackening_(cooking)" title="Blackening (cooking)">Blackening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browning_(cooking)" title="Browning (cooking)">Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">Deep frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_frying" title="Pan frying">Pan frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_frying" title="Shallow frying">Shallow frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">Stir frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saut%C3%A9ing" title="Sautéing">Sautéing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Low heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentle_frying" title="Gentle frying">Gentle frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweating_(cooking)" title="Sweating (cooking)">Sweating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed medium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carryover_cooking" title="Carryover cooking">Carryover cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecuing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramelization" title="Caramelization">Caramelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglazing_(cooking)" title="Deglazing (cooking)">Deglazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamb%C3%A9" title="Flambé">Flambé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fricassee" title="Fricassee">Fricassee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_grilling" title="Indirect grilling">Indirect grilling/Plank cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stir_frying#Chao_technique" title="Stir frying">Stir frying (chao)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Device-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_fryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Air fryer">Air frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">Pressure cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_frying" title="Pressure frying">Pressure frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooker" title="Slow cooker">Slow cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_cooking" title="Thermal cooking">Thermal cooking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_(food)" title="Aging (food)">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brining" title="Brining">Brining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igunaq" title="Igunaq">Burying in ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_drying" title="Food drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicing" title="Juicing">Juicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e" title="Purée">Purée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souring" title="Souring">Souring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_appliances" title="List of cooking appliances">List of cooking appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_vessels" title="List of cooking vessels">List of cooking vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_cooking" title="Outdoor cooking">Outdoor cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_food_preparation" title="Outline of food preparation">Food preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_history" title="Food history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meals_navbox" title="Template:Meals navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meals_navbox" title="Template talk:Meals navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meals_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meals navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common meals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suhur" title="Suhur">Suhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">Breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_breakfast" title="Second breakfast">Second breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevenses" title="Elevenses">Elevenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunch" title="Brunch">Brunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch" title="Lunch">Lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_(meal)" title="Tea (meal)">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merienda" title="Merienda">Merienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffin" title="Tiffin">Tiffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinner" title="Dinner">Dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supper" title="Supper">Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siu_yeh" title="Siu yeh">Siu yeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components<br />and <a href="/wiki/Course_(food)" title="Course (food)">courses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">Apéritif and digestif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre" title="Hors d'oeuvre">Hors d'oeuvre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amuse-bouche" title="Amuse-bouche">Amuse-bouche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">Soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entr%C3%A9e" title="Entrée">Entrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_course" title="Main course">Main course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">Salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_dish" title="Side dish">Side dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entremets" class="mw-redirect" title="Entremets">Entremets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">Dessert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoury_(dish)" title="Savoury (dish)">Savoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_replacement" title="Meal replacement">Meal replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">Snack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foodservice#Table_service" title="Foodservice">Table service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffet" title="Buffet">Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt_sushi" title="Conveyor belt sushi">Conveyor belt sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_(food)" title="Dish (food)">Dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_food" title="Finger food">Finger food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-course_dinner" title="Full-course dinner">Full-course dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platter_(dinner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Platter (dinner)">Platter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod%C3%ADzio" title="Rodízio">Rodízio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_%C3%A0_la_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Service à la française">Service à la française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_%C3%A0_la_russe" title="Service à la russe">Service à la russe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_service" title="Silver service">Silver service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_plates" title="Small plates">Small plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_reservation" title="Table reservation">Table reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_fresco_dining" class="mw-redirect" title="Al fresco dining">Al fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eating_utensils" title="List of eating utensils">Eating utensils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_presentation" title="Food presentation">Food presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnish_(cooking)" title="Garnish (cooking)">Garnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyotaimori" title="Nyotaimori">Nyotaimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%A8ce_mont%C3%A9e" title="Pièce montée">Pièce montée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serving_size" title="Serving size">Serving size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_setting" title="Table setting">Table setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablecloth" title="Tablecloth">Tablecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableware" title="Tableware">Tableware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_manners" title="Table manners">Table manners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eating_utensil_etiquette" title="Eating utensil etiquette">Eating utensil etiquette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_(honor)" title="Toast (honor)">Toast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_staff" title="Waiting staff">Waiting staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anju_(food)" title="Anju (food)">Anju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipasto" title="Antipasto">Antipasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicchetti" title="Cicchetti">Cicchetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">Banchan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Korean_table_d%27h%C3%B4te" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean table d'hôte">Korean table d'hôte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandeja_paisa" title="Bandeja paisa">Bandeja paisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastarkh%C4%81n" title="Dastarkhān">Dastarkhān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">Yum cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fika_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fika (Sweden)">Fika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izakaya" title="Izakaya">Izakaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sakana" title="Sakana">Sakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_and_three" title="Meat and three">Meat and three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okazuya" title="Okazuya">Okazuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_lunch" title="Plate lunch">Plate lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_pu_platter" title="Pu pu platter">Pu pu platter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_and_three" title="Rice and three">Rice and three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijsttafel" title="Rijsttafel">Rijsttafel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhya">Sadhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas" title="Tapas">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">Thali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffin" title="Tiffin">Tiffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakuski" title="Zakuski">Zakuski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bento" title="Bento">Bento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">Convenience food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosirak" title="Dosirak">Dosirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiben" title="Ekiben">Ekiben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_rations" title="Emergency rations">Emergency rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_ration" title="Field ration">Field ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_meal" title="Frozen meal">Frozen meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_breakfast" title="Instant breakfast">Instant breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABbako" title="Jūbako">Jūbako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninja diet">Ninja diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packed_lunch" title="Packed lunch">Packed lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Space food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take-out" title="Take-out">Take-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menu" title="Menu">Menus</a> and<br />meal deals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_la_carte" title="À la carte">À la carte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-plate_special" title="Blue-plate special">Blue-plate special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_meal" title="Combination meal">Combination meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_lunch" title="Free lunch">Free lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_refill" title="Free refill">Free refill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kids%27_meal" title="Kids' meal">Kids' meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_meal" title="School meal">School meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_meal" title="Suspended meal">Suspended meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_d%27h%C3%B4te" title="Table d'hôte">Table d'hôte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasting_menu" title="Tasting menu">Tasting menu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Degustation" title="Degustation">Degustation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_menu" title="Value menu">Value menu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communal_meal" title="Communal meal">Communal meals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">Banquet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_banquet" title="State banquet">State banquet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercium" title="Commercium">Commercium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_in" title="Dining in">Dining in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potluck" title="Potluck">Potluck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder">Seder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittning" title="Sittning">Sittning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">Soup kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supra_(feast)" title="Supra (feast)">Supra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableround" class="mw-redirect" title="Tableround">Tableround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_party" title="Tea party">Tea party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catering" title="Catering">Catering</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">food delivery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">Food delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_food_ordering" title="Online food ordering">Online food ordering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_restaurant" title="Virtual restaurant">Virtual restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places to eat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafeteria" title="Cafeteria">Cafeteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_truck" title="Food truck">Food truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess" title="Mess">Mess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnic_table" title="Picnic table">Picnic table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">Soup kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">Street food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traiteur_(culinary_profession)" title="Traiteur (culinary profession)">Traiteur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_(profession)" title="Cook (profession)">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chef" title="Chef">Chef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating" title="Eating">Eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_food_and_beverage_topics" title="Lists of food and beverage topics">Lists of food and beverage topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_food_preparation" title="Outline of food preparation">Outline of food preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumeria" title="Salumeria">Salumeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Tea culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meals" title="Category:Meals">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Meals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Meals">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/21px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/42px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Cooking</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cooking" class="extiw" title="wikt:cooking">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cooking" class="extiw" title="c:Cooking">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cooking" class="extiw" title="q:Cooking">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Cookbooks" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Cookbooks">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cooking" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Cooking">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cooking" class="extiw" title="v:Cooking">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38695#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38695#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38695#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4031445-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2010008400">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569854">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kuchařství"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115027&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10675369">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooking&oldid=1259255492">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooking&oldid=1259255492</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cooking" title="Category:Cooking">Cooking</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Home_economics" title="Category:Home economics">Home economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Survival_skills" title="Category:Survival skills">Survival skills</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese_(China)-language_sources_(zh-cn)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn)">CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2023">Articles with dead external links from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2021">Use dmy dates from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_February_2013" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from February 2013">Articles with failed verification from February 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2017">Articles needing additional references from March 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 05:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooking&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d94db5ff4-nkllb","wgBackendResponseTime":383,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.380","walltime":"1.719","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5996,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":304677,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3766,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":294912,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1321.622 1 -total"," 44.10% 582.770 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.10% 225.993 31 Template:Cite_web"," 12.26% 162.035 21 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.09% 133.360 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.90% 117.653 6 Template:Navbox"," 7.82% 103.386 1 Template:Cooking_Techniques"," 7.44% 98.264 1 Template:Subject_bar"," 5.58% 73.753 10 Template:Main_other"," 5.27% 69.659 1 Template:SDcat"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.776","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9303680,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-8467977cd8-dfddb","timestamp":"20241128120207","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cooking","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cooking","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q38695","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q38695","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-09T16:33:23Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T05:54:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f8\/Agdz-rosino-05.jpg","headline":"preparing food for consumption by the application of heat"}</script> </body> </html>