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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Communicative behaviors</b> are <a href="/wiki/Construct_(philosophy)" title="Construct (philosophy)">psychological constructs</a> that influence individual differences in expressing <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">feelings</a>, needs, and thoughts as a substitute for more direct and open <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, communicative behaviors refer to people's tendency to express themselves using indirect messages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of our communication is, in fact, non-verbal. </p><p>Any behavior (or absence of it) may be judged as communicative if it intends to convey a message. For example, an expressive hairstyle, a show of a particular emotion, or simply doing (or not doing) the dishes can be means by which people may convey messages to each other. </p><p>Behavioral communication can be understood as a variable of <a href="/wiki/Individual_Differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual Differences">individual differences</a>. Some people, more than others, tend to engage in indirect or behavioral communication, whether consciously or unconsciously, despite the different alternatives to <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">verbal communication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An individual's behavioral style significantly affects verbal and nonverbal communication.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Someone rarely utilizes all behavioral communication styles. Identifying one's behavioral style requires a high level of self-awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are different way to communicate such as direct and indirect communication. Direct communication clear states what their intentions or instructions are, while indirect communication relies on different forms of communication to relay their meaning or intentions. </p><p>Direct communication strategies: using imperatives, statement of prohibition, instructions, statement of permission/preference, or suggestions. </p><p>Indirect communication strategies: using questions, attributed directions, appeal to feelings, or rationals/hints. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Different_types_of_communication_behavior">Different types of communication behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_communication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Different types of communication behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four types of communication behavior: <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggressive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">assertive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passivity_(behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passivity (behavior)">passive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive-aggressive">passive-aggressive</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aggressive">Aggressive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_communication&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aggressive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aggression is defined as a random act of anger in which the aggressor intends to hurt someone or something.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aggressive communicators typically create avoidable conflict by engaging in personal attacks and put-downs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aggressive communicators create a win-lose situation and use intimidation to get their own needs met, often at the expense of others.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aggressive communicators typically feel a strong sense of <a href="/wiki/Inferiority_complex" title="Inferiority complex">inadequacy</a>, lack <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a>, and believe the only way to meet their needs is through power and control.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aggressive communicators are usually <a href="/wiki/Ignorance" title="Ignorance">close-minded</a>, are poor listeners, and tend to monopolize others.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Behaviors often seen during aggressive communication include: putting others down, overpowering others, not showing appreciation, rushing others unnecessarily, ignoring others, not considering others' feelings, intimidating others, and speaking condescendingly.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonverbal behaviors exhibited during aggressive communication include:<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Frowning, critical glares, rigid posture</li> <li>Trying to stand over others</li> <li>Using a loud voice and fast speech</li></ul> <p>While engaging in this type of communication, individuals typically feel <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superiority_complex" title="Superiority complex">superiority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">frustration</a>, and impatience.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aggressive communication often results in counter-aggression, alienation, and the creation of resistance or defiance.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, individuals receiving aggressive communication typically feel resentful, defensive, humiliated, hurt, and afraid.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, there are times when aggressive communication is pertinent, however. For example, an aggressive communication style is essential during emergencies or when decisions must be made quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assertive">Assertive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_communication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Assertive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">Assertiveness</a> is the ability to express one's desires and feelings appropriately.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assertive communication is the halfway point between passive communication and aggressive communication.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assertive communication is based on the belief that each individual is responsible for their problems; therefore, they are responsible for directly communicating these problems to the other parties involved.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assertive communication is direct communication that respects both the communicator's and the receiver's rights and opinions without being argumentative.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engaging in assertive communication helps individuals avoid conflict, maintain relationships, and usually end in a compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assertive communication is the communication style that is least utilized, however.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals who engage in assertive communication are open to hearing the opinions of others without criticizing and feel comfortable enough to express their views.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assertive communicators generally have high self-esteem, as they have the confidence to communicate effectively with others without getting offended or being manipulative.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While conversing, assertive communicators will state limits and expectations, state observations without judgment, be active listeners, and check on others' feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essential problem-solving skills that assertive communicators acquire include negotiations, confronting problems as soon as they arise, and not letting negative emotions build up.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Behaviors that may be present when an individual is engaging in assertive communication include: being open when expressing their thoughts and feelings, encouraging others to openly express their own opinions and feelings, listening to other's opinions and appropriately responding to them, accepting responsibilities, being action-orientated, being able to admit mistakes, setting realistic goals, maintaining self-control, and acting as an equal to those who are on the receiving end of the communication.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many nonverbal behaviors represent assertive communication as well. Individuals engaging in assertive communication convey open and receptive body language with upright posture and relaxed movements.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assertive communicators have a clear tone of voice and make appropriate eye contact.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assertive communicators typically feel more confident and self-respecting while engaging in this type of communication.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People on the receiving end of assertive communication usually feel as though they can believe the communicator, know where they stand with the communicator, and possess a sense of respect for the communicator.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assertive communication has positive effects on both the communicator and the receiver. Some positive effects include the communicator feeling connected to others, feeling in control of their lives, and can grow as individuals because they can address and solve issues as they arise and create a respectful environment for others.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive">Passive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_communication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Passive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Passive communication involves not expressing one's thoughts or feelings and putting their needs last in an attempt to keep others happy.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passive communicators will internalize their discomfort to avoid conflict and to be liked by others. This communication style is typically exhibited when individuals feel as if their needs do not matter and that if they voice their concerns, they will be rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals who demonstrate a predominately passive communication style usually have low <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a> and may not be able to recognize their own needs effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They tend to trust others, but they do not trust themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many behavioral characteristics identified with this communication style. These behavioral characteristics include, but are not limited to: actively avoiding confrontation, difficulty taking responsibility or making decisions, agreeing with someone else's preferences, refusing compliments, sighing a lot, asking permission unnecessarily, and blaming others.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many non-verbal behaviors reflect passive communication. Typically, individuals engaging in a passive communication style have a soft voice, speak hesitantly, and make themselves very small.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also tend to fidget and avoid eye contact.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passive communicators elicit numerous feelings in themselves as well as in others. They typically possess feelings of anxiety, depression, resentfulness, feelings of powerlessness, and confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They feel anxious because their life seems to be out of their control, and they acquire depressive feelings from a perceived sense of hopelessness.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passive communicators may become resentful because they feel as if their own needs are not being met and may become confused because they cannot identify their feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People on the receiving end of passive communication typically feel frustrated, guilty, and may discount the passive communicator for not knowing what they want.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While engaging in this type of communication, passive individuals typically feel anxious during the conversation and hurt or angry later.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passive communicators tend to build dependent relationships; they often do not know where they stand in situations and will over-promote others, all resulting in the depletion of their self-esteem.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passive communicators do not regularly respond to hurtful situations but instead let their discomfort build until they have an explosive outburst.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This outburst causes shame and confusion, leading the individual back into a passive communication style.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are, however, numerous instances in which passive communication is necessary. A few situations may include: when an issue is minor, when the problems caused by the conflict are worse than the actual conflict, and when emotions are running high.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive-Aggressive">Passive-Aggressive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_communication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Passive-Aggressive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">The Passive-Aggressive</a> style incorporates aspects of both passive and aggressive communication styles. Individuals utilizing this style appear passive but act out their anger indirectly.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who develop this communication style usually feel powerless, resentful, and stuck.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passive-aggressive individuals expose their anger through procrastination, being exaggeratedly forgetful, and or being intentionally inefficient, among other things.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many behavioral characteristics are identified with this communication style. These behavioral characteristics include but are not limited to sarcasm, being unreliable, frequent complaining, sulking, patronizing, and gossiping.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-verbal behaviors, such as posture or facial expression, can also reflect passive-aggressive communication. </p><p>Typically, individuals engaging in passive-aggressive communication display asymmetrical postures and jerky or quick gestures.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also have an innocent facial expression and act excessively friendly to conceal their anger or frustration.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People on the receiving end of passive-aggressive communication are usually left confused, angry, and hurt.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They tend to be alienated from others because they elicit these unpleasant feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A passive-aggressive communication style does not adequately address pertinent issues or problems. This maladaptive problem-solving style keeps passive-aggressive communicators in a state of powerlessness, resulting in continued passive-aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of Passive-Aggressive Language/Behavior include wistful statements, backhanded compliments, purposefully ignoring or saying nothing, leaving someone out, sabotaging someone, and muttering to oneself instead of confronting the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_communication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivanov, M. 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Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ps/assertiveness.html">http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ps/assertiveness.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">ReachOut.Com. (2013, October 8). Communication styles. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ie.reachout.com/help-a-friend/communication/communication-styles/">http://ie.reachout.com/help-a-friend/communication/communication-styles/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benedict, C. (n.d.). Assertiveness and the Four Styles of Communication. Retrieved July 1, 2015, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://serenityonlinetherapy.com/assertiveness.htm">http://serenityonlinetherapy.com/assertiveness.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newton, C. (n.d.). The Five Communication Styles. Retrieved July 1, 2015, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.clairenewton.co.za/my-articles/the-five-communication-styles.html">http://www.clairenewton.co.za/my-articles/the-five-communication-styles.html</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_communication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nycpsychological.com/research/behavioral-communication">NYCpsychological.com/research/behavioral-communication</a> is the official research website for the construct of behavioral communication.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nycpsychological.com/research/behavioral-communication/debrief">NYCpsychological.com/research/behavioral-communication/debrief</a> features debrief information for research participants who took part in the first study (2006-2007) of behavioral communication.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blushing" title="Blushing">Blushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">Body language</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kinesics" title="Kinesics">Kinesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body-to-body_communication" title="Body-to-body communication">Body-to-body communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_Action_Coding_System" title="Facial Action Coding System">Facial Action Coding System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_expression" title="Subtle expression">Subtle expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">Gesture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gestures" title="List of gestures">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-independent_gestures" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-independent gestures">Speech-independent gestures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_communication" title="Haptic communication">Haptic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization#Human_movement" title="Synchronization">Interpersonal synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculesics" title="Oculesics">Oculesics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">Eye contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupillary_response" title="Pupillary response">Pupil dilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactic_communication" title="Olfactic communication">Olfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posture_(psychology)" title="Posture (psychology)">Posture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxemics" title="Proxemics">Proxemics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">Emotional prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">Paralanguage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">Intonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">Rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Voice quality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social context</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-context_and_low-context_cultures" title="High-context and low-context cultures">High-context and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-bit_message" title="One-bit message">One-bit message</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missed_call" title="Missed call">Missed call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_service_code" title="Silent service code">Silent service code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_communication" title="Unconscious communication">Unconscious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage" title="Non-verbal leakage">Non-verbal leakage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-faceted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Affect display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">Emotion recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impression_(psychology)" title="First impression (psychology)">First impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Broader_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Broader concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_interpersonal_communicative_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic interpersonal communicative skills">Basic interpersonal communicative skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunchi" title="Nunchi">Nunchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_skills" title="People skills">People skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cue" title="Social cue">Social cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_competence" title="Social competence">Social competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">Social skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsaid" title="Unsaid">Unsaid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_information" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further information</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aprosodia" title="Aprosodia">Aprosodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">Childhood disintegrative disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssemia" title="Dyssemia">Dyssemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_learning_disorder" title="Nonverbal learning disorder">Nonverbal learning disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_(pragmatic)_communication_disorder" title="Social (pragmatic) communication disorder">Social (pragmatic) communication disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">Limbic system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">Mirror neuron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_detection" title="Lie detection">Lie detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(poker)" title="Tell (poker)">Poker tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(advertising)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention (advertising)">Targeted advertising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_processing_of_body_language" title="Computer processing of body language">Computer processing of body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">Emotion recognition in conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">List of facial expression databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Birdwhistell" title="Ray Birdwhistell">Ray Birdwhistell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Behavioral communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">Assertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deference" title="Deference">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">Passive-aggressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">Impression management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign lexicons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Verbal communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-verbal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadoma" title="Tadoma">Tadoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimoplastic_art" title="Mimoplastic art">Mimoplastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtext" title="Subtext">Subtext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_communication&oldid=1257862549">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_communication&oldid=1257862549</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_communication" title="Category:Human communication">Human communication</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> 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