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id="toc-Unit_and_gesture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternation_and_repetition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternation_and_repetition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Alternation and repetition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternation_and_repetition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tempo_and_duration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tempo_and_duration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tempo and duration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tempo_and_duration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhythm–tempo_interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhythm–tempo_interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Rhythm–tempo interaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhythm–tempo_interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metric_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metric_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Metric structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metric_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composite_rhythm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composite_rhythm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Composite rhythm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composite_rhythm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter_rhythm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter_rhythm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Counter rhythm</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Counter_rhythm-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Counter rhythm subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Counter_rhythm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>African music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Indian music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Western music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Linguistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhythm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritme" title="Ritme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ritme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmus_(Musik)" title="Rhythmus (Musik) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rhythmus (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="إيقاع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيقاع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmu" title="Ritmu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ritmu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritm" title="Ritm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ritm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Ритъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ритъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritam" title="Ritam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ritam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritme" title="Ritme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ritme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%C4%95" title="Çемĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çемĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytmus_(hudba)" title="Rytmus (hudba) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rytmus (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytme" title="Rytme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rytme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmus_(Musik)" title="Rhythmus (Musik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rhythmus (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCtm_(muusika)" title="Rütm (muusika) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rütm (muusika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ρυθμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρυθμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo" title="Ritmo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ritmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo_(muziko)" title="Ritmo (muziko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ritmo (muziko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erritmo" title="Erritmo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erritmo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ضرب‌آهنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ضرب‌آهنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rythme_(musique)" title="Rythme (musique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rythme (musique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rithim" title="Rithim – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rithim" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo" title="Ritmo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ritmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2" title="તાલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તાલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%AC" title="리듬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리듬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="लय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritam_(glazba)" title="Ritam (glazba) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ritam (glazba)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo" title="Ritmo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ritmo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritme" title="Ritme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ritme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC" title="Ритм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ритм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo" title="Ritmo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ritmo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%91_(%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="קצב (מוזיקה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קצב (מוזיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რიტმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რიტმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Ырғақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ырғақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AEtm" title="Rîtm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rîtm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC" title="Ритм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ритм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmus" title="Rhythmus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rhythmus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritms" title="Ritms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ritms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmas" title="Ritmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ritmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo" title="Ritmo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ritmo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogbata" title="Mogbata – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mogbata" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ритам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ритам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadona" title="Gadona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gadona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82" title="താളം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താളം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რიტმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რიტმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentak" title="Rentak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rentak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="စည်းချက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စည်းချက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritme" title="Ritme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ritme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="リズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytme" title="Rytme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rytme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytme" title="Rytme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rytme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritme_(solfegi)" title="Ritme (solfegi) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ritme (solfegi)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukuttaa" title="Rukuttaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Rukuttaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritm" title="Ritm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ritm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%85" title="ਲੈਅ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੈਅ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytm_(muzyka)" title="Rytm (muzyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rytm (muzyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo" title="Ritmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ritmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritm_(muzic%C4%83)" title="Ritm (muzică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ritm (muzică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC" title="Ритм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ритм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="तालः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तालः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rhythm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytmus_(hudba)" title="Rytmus (hudba) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rytmus (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritem" title="Ritem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ritem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%85" title="ڕیتم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیتم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Ритам (музика) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ритам (музика)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritam" title="Ritam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ritam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytmi" title="Rytmi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rytmi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytm" title="Rytm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rytm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo" title="Ritmo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ritmo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AF" title="లయ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లయ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0" title="จังหวะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จังหวะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritim" title="Ritim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ritim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC" title="Ритм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ритм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87u" title="Điệu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo" title="Ritmo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ritmo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E5%A5%8F" title="节奏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="节奏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E5%A5%8F" title="節奏 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="節奏" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aspect of music</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rhythm (disambiguation)">Rhythm (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/counterrhythm" class="extiw" title="wikt:counterrhythm">counter-rhythm</a> .<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Rhythm" title="Talk:Rhythm">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rhythm</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ῥυθμός</span></span>, <i>rhythmos</i>, "any regular <a href="/wiki/Repetition_(music)" title="Repetition (music)">recurring</a> motion, <a href="/wiki/Symmetry#Symmetry_in_music" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddell_and_Scott1996_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_and_Scott1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) generally means a "<a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">movement</a> marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.19712537_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.19712537-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This general meaning of regular recurrence or pattern in time can apply to a wide variety of cyclical natural phenomena having a <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">periodicity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> of anything from microseconds to several seconds (as with the <a href="/wiki/Riff" title="Riff">riff</a> in a rock music song); to several minutes or hours, or, at the most extreme, even over many years. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> defines rhythm as <i>"The measured flow of words or phrases in verse, forming various patterns of sound as determined by the relation of long and short or stressed and unstressed syllables in a metrical foot or line; an instance of this"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rhythm is related to and distinguished from pulse, meter, and beats: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Rhythm may be defined as the way in which one or more unaccented beats are grouped in relation to an accented one. ... A rhythmic group can be apprehended only when its elements are distinguished from one another, rhythm...always involves an interrelationship between a single, accented (strong) beat and either one or two unaccented (weak) beats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperMeyer19606_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperMeyer19606-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Performance_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance arts">performance arts</a>, rhythm is the timing of events on a human scale; of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">musical sounds and silences</a> that occur over time, of the steps of a dance, or the meter of spoken <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> and poetry. In some performing arts, such as <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a>, the rhythmic delivery of the lyrics is one of the most important elements of the style. Rhythm may also refer to visual presentation, as "timed movement through space"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJirousek1995_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJirousek1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a common language of <a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">pattern</a> unites rhythm with geometry. For example, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architects</a> often speak of the rhythm of a building, referring to patterns in the spacing of windows, columns, and other elements of the <a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In recent years, rhythm and meter have become an important area of research among music scholars. Recent work in these areas includes books by <a href="/wiki/Maury_Yeston" title="Maury Yeston">Maury Yeston</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeston1976_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeston1976-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Lerdahl" title="Fred Lerdahl">Fred Lerdahl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Jackendoff" title="Ray Jackendoff">Ray Jackendoff</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELerdahl_and_Jackendoff1983_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELerdahl_and_Jackendoff1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kramer" title="Jonathan Kramer">Jonathan Kramer</a>, Christopher Hasty,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasty1997_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasty1997-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Godfried_Toussaint" title="Godfried Toussaint">Godfried Toussaint</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToussaint2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToussaint2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Rothstein,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothstein1989_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothstein1989-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joel Lester,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELester1986_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELester1986-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Guerino_Mazzola" title="Guerino Mazzola">Guerino Mazzola</a> and Steffen Krebber.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebber2023_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebber2023-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthropology">Anthropology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg/300px-Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg/450px-Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg/600px-Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Percussion instruments have clearly defined sounds that aid the creation and perception of complex rhythms.</figcaption></figure> <p>In his television series <i>How Music Works</i>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Goodall" title="Howard Goodall">Howard Goodall</a> presents theories that human rhythm recalls the regularity with which we walk and the heartbeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodall20060:03:10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall20060:03:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other research suggests that it does not relate to the heartbeat directly, but rather the speed of emotional affect, which also influences heartbeat. Yet other researchers suggest that since certain features of human music are widespread, it is "reasonable to suspect that beat-based rhythmic processing has ancient evolutionary roots".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel20141_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatel20141-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justin London writes that musical metre "involves our initial <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> as well as subsequent anticipation of a series of beats that we abstract from the rhythm surface of the music as it unfolds in time".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELondon20044_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELondon20044-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "perception" and "abstraction" of rhythmic measure is the foundation of human instinctive musical participation, as when we divide a series of identical clock-ticks into "tick-tock-tick-tock".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1977b_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes1977b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1977c_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes1977c-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:300px;"> <div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/q/7/q7zgk58fk50qw5gy319yyae70kywto9/q7zgk58f.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/q/7/q7zgk58fk50qw5gy319yyae70kywto9/q7zgk58f.png" width="224" height="92" alt="
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" /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/q/7/q7zgk58fk50qw5gy319yyae70kywto9/q7zgk58f.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/q/7/q7zgk58fk50qw5gy319yyae70kywto9/q7zgk58f.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">A simple [quadr]<a href="/wiki/Duple_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Duple meter">duple</a> <a href="/wiki/Drum_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum pattern">drum pattern</a>, which lays a foundation of duration common in popular music</div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jordania" title="Joseph Jordania">Joseph Jordania</a> recently suggested that the sense of rhythm was developed in the early stages of <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominid</a> evolution by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordania201199–101_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordania201199–101-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plenty of animals walk rhythmically and hear the sounds of the heartbeat in the womb, but only humans have the ability to be engaged (<a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(biomusicology)" title="Entrainment (biomusicology)">entrained</a>) in rhythmically coordinated vocalizations and other activities. According to Jordania, development of the sense of rhythm was central for the achievement of the specific neurological state of the battle trance, crucial for the development of the effective defense system of early hominids. Rhythmic <a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">war cry</a>, rhythmic drumming by <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamans</a>, rhythmic <a href="/wiki/Drilling" title="Drilling">drilling</a> of the soldiers and contemporary professional combat forces listening to the heavy rhythmic rock music<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPieslak2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2016)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPieslak2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2016)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all use the ability of rhythm to unite human individuals into a shared <a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">collective identity</a> where group members put the interests of the group above their individual interests and safety. </p><p>Some types of parrots can know rhythm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neurologist <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Oliver Sacks</a> states that <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> and other animals show no similar appreciation of rhythm yet posits that human affinity for rhythm is fundamental, so that a person's sense of rhythm cannot be lost (e.g. by stroke). "There is not a single report of an animal being trained to tap, peck, or move in synchrony with an auditory beat",<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sacks write, "No doubt many pet lovers will dispute this notion, and indeed many animals, from the <a href="/wiki/Lipizzan" title="Lipizzan">Lipizzaner</a> horses of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Riding_School" title="Spanish Riding School">Spanish Riding School</a> of Vienna to performing circus animals appear to 'dance' to music. It is not clear whether they are doing so or are responding to subtle visual or tactile cues from the humans around them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESacks2007239–240_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESacks2007239–240-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human rhythmic arts are possibly to some extent rooted in courtship ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMithen2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithen2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compound_triple_drum_pattern.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Compound_triple_drum_pattern.png/220px-Compound_triple_drum_pattern.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Compound_triple_drum_pattern.png/330px-Compound_triple_drum_pattern.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Compound_triple_drum_pattern.png/440px-Compound_triple_drum_pattern.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption>Compound triple drum pattern: divides three beats into three; contains repetition on three levels <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-mwtitle="Compound_triple_drum_pattern.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Compound_triple_drum_pattern.mid"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Compound_triple_drum_pattern.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/Compound_triple_drum_pattern.mid/Compound_triple_drum_pattern.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/Compound_triple_drum_pattern.mid/Compound_triple_drum_pattern.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></figcaption></figure> <p>The establishment of a basic beat requires the perception of a regular sequence of distinct short-duration pulses and, as a subjective perception of loudness is relative to background noise levels, a pulse must decay to silence before the next occurs if it is to be really distinct. For this reason, the fast-transient sounds of percussion instruments lend themselves to the definition of rhythm. Musical cultures that rely upon such instruments may develop multi-layered <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">polyrhythm</a> and simultaneous rhythms in more than one time signature, called <a href="/wiki/Polymeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymeter">polymeter</a>. Such are the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa#Cross-rhythm" title="Rhythm in Sub-Saharan Africa">cross-rhythms of Sub-Saharan Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kotekan" title="Kotekan">interlocking <i>kotekan</i></a> rhythms of the <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a>. </p><p>For information on rhythm in <a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Indian music</a> see <a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a>. For other Asian approaches to rhythm see <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Persian_music" title="Rhythm in Persian music">Rhythm in Persian music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Arabic_music" title="Rhythm in Arabic music">Rhythm in Arabic music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Usul_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usul (music)"><i>Usul</i>—Rhythm in Turkish music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dumbek_rhythms" title="Dumbek rhythms">Dumbek rhythms</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulse,_beat_and_measure"><span id="Pulse.2C_beat_and_measure"></span>Pulse, beat and measure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pulse, beat and measure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(music)" title="Pulse (music)">Pulse (music)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">Beat (music)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metric_levels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Metric_levels.svg/250px-Metric_levels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Metric_levels.svg/375px-Metric_levels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Metric_levels.svg/500px-Metric_levels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Metric_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric level">Metric levels</a>: beat level shown in middle with division levels above and multiple levels below.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As a piece of music unfolds, its rhythmic structure is perceived not as a series of discrete independent units strung together in a mechanical, additive, way like beads [or "pulses"], but as an organic process in which smaller rhythmic motives, whole possessing a shape and structure of their own, also function as integral parts of a larger ["architectonic"] rhythmic organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperMeyer19602_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperMeyer19602-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Most music, dance and oral poetry establishes and maintains an underlying "metric level", a basic unit of time that may be audible or implied, the <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(music)" title="Pulse (music)">pulse</a> or <i>tactus</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Mensural_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Mensural level">mensural level</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry1987349_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry1987349-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELerdahl_and_Jackendoff1983_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELerdahl_and_Jackendoff1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitch_and_Rosenfeld200744_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitch_and_Rosenfeld200744-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>beat level</i>, sometimes simply called the <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">beat</a>. This consists of a (repeating) series of identical yet distinct <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">periodic</a> short-duration <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimuli</a> perceived as points in time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinold1975213_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinold1975213-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "beat" pulse is not necessarily the fastest or the slowest component of the rhythm but the one that is perceived as fundamental: it has a <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a> to which listeners <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(biomusicology)" title="Entrainment (biomusicology)">entrain</a> as they tap their foot or dance to a piece of music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandel1989_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandel1989-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently most often designated as a crotchet or <a href="/wiki/Quarter_note" title="Quarter note">quarter note</a> in western notation (see <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a>). Faster levels are <i>division levels</i>, and slower levels are <i>multiple levels</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinold1975213_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinold1975213-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maury_Yeston" title="Maury Yeston">Maury Yeston</a> clarified "Rhythms of recurrence" arise from the interaction of two levels of motion, the faster providing the pulse and the slower organizing the beats into repetitive groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeston197650–52_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeston197650–52-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Once a metric hierarchy has been established, we, as listeners, will maintain that organization as long as minimal evidence is present".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELester198677_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELester198677-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unit_and_gesture">Unit and gesture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unit and gesture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">durational pattern</a> that synchronises with a <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(music)" title="Pulse (music)">pulse</a> or pulses on the underlying <a href="/wiki/Metric_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric level">metric level</a> may be called a <i>rhythmic unit</i>. These may be classified as: </p> <ul><li>Metric – even patterns, such as steady <a href="/wiki/Eighth_note" title="Eighth note">eighth notes</a> or pulses;</li> <li>Intrametric – confirming patterns, such as <a href="/wiki/Dotted_note" title="Dotted note">dotted</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_note" title="Eighth note">eighth</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_note" title="Sixteenth note">sixteenth note</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swung_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Swung note">swing</a> patterns;</li> <li>Contrametric – non-confirming, or <a href="/wiki/Syncopated" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncopated">syncopated</a> patterns; and</li> <li>Extrametric – irregular patterns, such as <a href="/wiki/Tuplet" title="Tuplet">tuplets</a>.</li></ul> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="center noresize" style="width:auto;"> <div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/j/4/j47w9zvefbqcgebbm892pb7rsy3iogx/j47w9zve.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/j/4/j47w9zvefbqcgebbm892pb7rsy3iogx/j47w9zve.png" width="626" height="102" alt="
<<
 \new RhythmicStaff {
 \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 8 = 108
 \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"woodblock"
 \xNotesOn
 \time 2/4
 \bar "||" [c16 16 16 16] [16 16 16 16] \bar "||" [16 16 16 16] [16 16 16 16] |
 \bar "||" [16 16 16 16] [16 16 16 16] \bar "||" [16 16 16 16] [16 16 16 16]
 }
 \new RhythmicStaff {
 \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"agogo"
 [c8 8 8 8] | 8. 16 8. 16 |
 16 8 16~16 8 16 | \tuplet 3/4{16 16 16} \tuplet 3/4{16 16 16}
 }
>>" /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/j/4/j47w9zvefbqcgebbm892pb7rsy3iogx/j47w9zve.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/j/4/j47w9zvefbqcgebbm892pb7rsy3iogx/j47w9zve.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">From left to right: <i>metric</i>, <i>intrametric</i>, <i>contrametric</i>, and <i>extrametric</i> rhythmic units</div></div></div></div> <p>A rhythmic gesture is any <a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">durational pattern</a> that, in contrast to the rhythmic unit, does not occupy a period of time equivalent to a pulse or pulses on an underlying metric level. It may be described according to its beginning and ending or by the rhythmic units it contains. Rhythms that begin on a strong pulse are <i>thetic</i>, those beginning on a weak pulse are <i>anacrustic</i> and those beginning after a rest or tied-over note are called <i>initial rest</i>. Endings on a strong pulse are <i>strong</i>, on a weak pulse, <i>weak</i> and those that end on a strong or weak upbeat are <i>upbeat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinold1975239_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinold1975239-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternation_and_repetition">Alternation and repetition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alternation and repetition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rhythm is marked by the regulated succession of opposite elements: the <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">dynamics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Accent_(music)" title="Accent (music)">strong and weak</a> beat, the played beat and the inaudible but implied <a href="/wiki/Rest_(music)" title="Rest (music)">rest beat</a>, or the long and short note. As well as perceiving rhythm humans must be able to anticipate it. This depends on <a href="/wiki/Repetition_(music)" title="Repetition (music)">repetition</a> of a pattern that is short enough to memorize. </p><p>The alternation of the strong and weak beat is fundamental to the ancient language of poetry, dance and music. The common <a href="/wiki/Foot_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (prosody)">poetic term "foot"</a> refers, as in dance, to the <a href="/wiki/Arsis_and_thesis" title="Arsis and thesis">lifting and tapping</a> of the foot in time. In a similar way musicians speak of an <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Upbeat" title="Beat (music)">upbeat</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Downbeat" title="Beat (music)">downbeat</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#On-beat_and_off-beat" title="Beat (music)">"on" and "off" beat</a>. These contrasts naturally facilitate a dual hierarchy of rhythm and depend on repeating patterns of duration, accent and rest forming a "pulse-group" that corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Foot_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (poetry)">poetic foot</a>. Normally such pulse-groups are defined by taking the most accented beat as the first and <a href="/wiki/Counting_(music)" title="Counting (music)">counting</a> the pulses until the next accent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacPherson19305_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacPherson19305-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="#CITEREFScholes1977b">Scholes 1977b</a> A rhythm that accents another beat and de-emphasises the downbeat as established or assumed from the melody or from a preceding rhythm is called <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopated</a> rhythm. </p><p>Normally, even the most complex of meters may be broken down into a chain of duple and triple pulses<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacPherson19305_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacPherson19305-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1977b_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes1977b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either by <a href="/wiki/Additive_and_divisive_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive and divisive rhythm">addition or division</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, beat structures beyond four, in western music, are "simply not natural".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlatkinn.d.at_5:05_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlatkinn.d.at_5:05-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tempo_and_duration">Tempo and duration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tempo and duration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">Tempo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Duration (music)</a></div> <p>The tempo of the piece is the speed or frequency of the <i>tactus</i>, a measure of how quickly the beat flows. This is often measured in 'beats per minute' (<a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">bpm</a>): 60 bpm means a speed of one beat per second, a frequency of 1 Hz. A <a href="#Unit_and_gesture">rhythmic unit</a> is a durational pattern that has a period equivalent to a pulse or several pulses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinold1975237_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinold1975237-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duration of any such unit is inversely related to its tempo. </p><p>Musical sound may be analyzed on five different time scales, which Moravscik has arranged in order of increasing duration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoravcsik2002114_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoravcsik2002114-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Supershort: a single cycle of an audible wave, approximately <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">30</span></span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10,000</span></span> second (30–10,000 Hz or more than 1,800 bpm). These, though rhythmic in nature, are not perceived as separate events but as continuous <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">musical pitch</a>.</li> <li>Short: of the order of one second (1 Hz, 60 bpm, 10–100,000 audio cycles). Musical tempo is generally specified in the range 40 to 240 beats per minute. A continuous pulse cannot be perceived as a musical beat if it is faster than 8–10 per second (8–10 Hz, 480–600 bpm) or slower than 1 per 1.5–2 seconds (0.6–0.5 Hz, 40–30 bpm). Too fast a beat becomes a <a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">drone</a>, too slow a succession of sounds seems unconnected.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This time frame roughly corresponds to the human <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a> and to the duration of a single step, syllable or <a href="#Unit_and_gesture">rhythmic gesture</a>.</li> <li>Medium: ≥ few seconds, this median durational level "defines rhythm in music"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoravcsik2002114_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoravcsik2002114-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it allows the definition of a rhythmic unit, the arrangement of an entire sequence of accented, unaccented and silent or "<a href="/wiki/Rest_(music)" title="Rest (music)">rest</a>" pulses into the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(music)" title="Cell (music)">cells</a> of a <i>measure</i> that may give rise to the "briefest intelligible and self-existent musical unit",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1977c_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes1977c-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <i><a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motif</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Figure_(music)" title="Figure (music)">figure</a></i>. This may be further organized, by repetition and variation, into a definite <i>phrase</i> that may characterise an entire genre of music, dance or poetry and that may be regarded as the fundamental formal unit of music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacPherson1930[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacPherson1930[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Long: ≥ many seconds or a minute, corresponding to a durational unit that "consists of musical phrases"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoravcsik2002114_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoravcsik2002114-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—which may make up a melody, a formal section, a poetic <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanza</a> or a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Sequence_dance" title="Sequence dance">sequence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dance_move" title="Dance move">dance moves and steps</a>. Thus the temporal regularity of musical organisation includes the most elementary levels of <a href="/wiki/Form_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (music)">musical form</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacPherson19303_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacPherson19303-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Very long: ≥ minutes or many hours, musical compositions or subdivisions of compositions.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Roads" title="Curtis Roads">Curtis Roads</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoads2001_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoads2001-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> takes a wider view by distinguishing nine-time scales, this time in order of decreasing duration. The first two, the <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinite</a> and the supra musical, encompass natural periodicities of months, years, decades, centuries, and greater, while the last three, the <a href="/wiki/Sample_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample (music)">sample</a> and subsample, which take account of digital and electronic rates "too brief to be properly recorded or perceived", measured in millionths of seconds (<a href="/wiki/Microsecond" title="Microsecond">microseconds</a>), and finally the <a href="/wiki/Infinitesimal" title="Infinitesimal">infinitesimal</a> or infinitely brief, are again in the extra-musical domain. Roads' Macro level, encompassing "overall musical architecture or <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">form</a>" roughly corresponds to Moravcsik's "very long" division while his Meso level, the level of "divisions of form" including <a href="/wiki/Movement_(music)" title="Movement (music)">movements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Section_(music)" title="Section (music)">sections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrase_(music)" title="Phrase (music)">phrases</a> taking seconds or minutes, is likewise similar to Moravcsik's "long" category. Roads' <a href="/wiki/Sound_object" title="Sound object">Sound object</a>:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "a basic unit of musical structure" and a generalization of <a href="/wiki/Note_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Note (music)">note</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Xenakis'</a> mini structural time scale); fraction of a second to several seconds, and his <a href="/wiki/Microsound" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsound">Microsound</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Granular_synthesis" title="Granular synthesis">granular synthesis</a>) down to the threshold of audible perception; thousandths to millionths of seconds, are similarly comparable to Moravcsik's "short" and "supershort" levels of duration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhythm–tempo_interaction"><span id="Rhythm.E2.80.93tempo_interaction"></span>Rhythm–tempo interaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rhythm–tempo interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Undue_weight_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies</b>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STRUCTURE">create a more balanced presentation</a>. Discuss and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">resolve</a> this issue before removing this message. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One difficulty in defining rhythm is the dependence of its perception on tempo, and, conversely, the dependence of tempo perception on rhythm. Furthermore, the rhythm–tempo interaction is context dependent, as explained by Andranik Tangian using an example of the leading rhythm of "Promenade" from <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Moussorgsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pictures_at_an_Exhibition" title="Pictures at an Exhibition">Pictures at an Exhibition</a></i>:(<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanguiane1993_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanguiane1993-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanguiane1994465–502_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanguiane1994465–502-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 1em;margin: 3px;"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 0.2em;margin: 3px;"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></div> <p>This rhythm is perceived as it is rather than as the first three events repeated at a double tempo (denoted as <b>R012</b> = repeat from 0, one time, twice faster): </p> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 1em;margin: 3px;"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 0em;margin: 3px;"><b>R012</b></div> <p>However, the motive with this rhythm in the Moussorgsky's piece </p> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 1em;margin: 3px;"><sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sup></sup> <sub><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sub></div><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 0.2em;margin: 3px;"><sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sup></sup> <sub><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sub></div> <p>is rather perceived as a repeat </p> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 1em;margin: 3px;"><sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sup></sup> <sub><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sub></div><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 0em;margin: 3px;"><b>R012</b></div> <p>This context-dependent perception of rhythm is explained by the principle of correlative perception, according to which data are perceived in the simplest way. From the viewpoint of <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kolmogorov" title="Andrey Kolmogorov">Kolmogorov</a>'s complexity theory, this means such a representation of the data that minimizes the amount of memory. </p><p>The example considered suggests two alternative representations of the same rhythm: as it is, and as the rhythm-tempo interaction – a two-level representation in terms of a generative rhythmic pattern and a "tempo curve". Table 1 displays these possibilities both with and without pitch, assuming that one duration requires one byte of information, one byte is needed for the pitch of one tone, and invoking the repeat algorithm with its parameters <b>R012</b> takes four bytes. As shown in the bottom row of the table, the rhythm without pitch requires fewer bytes if it is "perceived" as it is, without repetitions and tempo leaps. On the contrary, its melodic version requires fewer bytes if the rhythm is "perceived" as being repeated at a double tempo. </p> <table class="wikitable" width="auto" style="text-align:left;"> <caption>Complexity of representation of time events </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th colspan="2">Rhythm only </th> <td> </td> <th colspan="2">Rhythm with pitch </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <th>Complete coding </th> <th>Coding as repeat </th> <td> </td> <th>Complete coding </th> <th>Coding as repeat </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <th><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 1em;margin: 3px;"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 0.2em;margin: 3px;"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></div> </th> <th><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 1em;margin: 3px;"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></div> R012 </th> <td> </td> <th><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 1em;margin: 3px;"><sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sup></sup> <sub><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sub></div> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 0.2em;margin: 3px;"><sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sup></sup> <sub><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sub></div> </th> <th><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 1em;margin: 3px;"><sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sup></sup> <sub><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sub></div> R012 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Complexity of rhythmic pattern </th> <td>6 bytes</td> <td>3 bytes</td> <td></td> <td>12 bytes</td> <td>6 bytes </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Complexity of its transformation </th> <td>0 bytes</td> <td>4 bytes</td> <td></td> <td>0 bytes</td> <td>4 bytes </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Total complexity </th> <td>6 bytes</td> <td>7 bytes</td> <td></td> <td>12 bytes</td> <td>10 bytes </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Thus, the loop of interdependence of rhythm and tempo is overcome due to the simplicity criterion, which "optimally" distributes the complexity of perception between rhythm and tempo. In the above example, the repetition is recognized because of additional repetition of the melodic contour, which results in a certain redundancy of the musical structure, making the recognition of the rhythmic pattern "robust" under tempo deviations. Generally speaking, the more redundant the "musical support" of a rhythmic pattern, the better its recognizability under augmentations and diminutions, that is, its distortions are perceived as tempo variations rather than rhythmic changes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By taking into account melodic context, homogeneity of accompaniment, harmonic pulsation, and other cues, the range of admissible tempo deviations can be extended further, yet still not preventing musically normal perception. For example, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Skrjabin</a>'s own performance of his <i>Poem</i> op. 32 no. 1 transcribed from a piano-roll recording contains tempo deviations within <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="dotted quarter note"><img alt="dotted quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span>.</span></span> = 19/119, a span of 5.5 times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkrjabin1960_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkrjabin1960-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such tempo deviations are strictly prohibited, for example, in Bulgarian or Turkish music based on so-called additive rhythms with complex duration ratios, which can also be explained by the principle of correlativity of perception. If a rhythm is not structurally redundant, then even minor tempo deviations are not perceived as <i>accelerando</i> or <i>ritardando</i> but rather given an impression of a change in rhythm, which implies an inadequate perception of musical meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanguiane1994480_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanguiane1994480-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metric_structure">Metric structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Metric structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Metre_(music)" title="Metre (music)">Metre (music)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">Bar (music)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">Metre (poetry)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claves-detail.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Claves-detail.gif/300px-Claves-detail.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Claves-detail.gif/450px-Claves-detail.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Claves-detail.gif/600px-Claves-detail.gif 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption>Notation of a <a href="/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)" title="Clave (rhythm)">clave rhythm pattern</a>: Each cell of the grid corresponds to a fixed duration of time with a resolution fine enough to capture the timing of the pattern, which may be counted as two bars of four beats in divisive (metrical or symmetrical) rhythm, each beat divided into two cells. The first bar of the pattern may also usefully be counted additively (in measured or <a href="/wiki/Asymmetrical_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetrical rhythm">asymmetrical rhythm</a>) as <span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><b>3 + 3 + 2</b></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The study of rhythm, stress, and <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(music)" title="Prosody (music)">prosody (music)</a>): it is a topic in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poetics" title="Poetics">poetics</a>, where it means the number of lines in a <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verse</a>, the number of syllables in each line and the arrangement of those syllables as long or short, accented or unaccented. Music inherited the term "<a href="/wiki/Meter_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (music)">meter or metre</a>" from the terminology of poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1977b_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes1977b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1977c_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes1977c-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatham2002_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatham2002-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>The metric structure of music includes meter, tempo and all other rhythmic aspects that produce temporal regularity against which the foreground details or <a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">durational patterns</a> of the music are projected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinold1975209–210_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinold1975209–210-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terminology of western music is notoriously imprecise in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1977b_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes1977b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacPherson preferred to speak of "time" and "rhythmic shape",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacPherson19303_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacPherson19303-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Imogen_Holst" title="Imogen Holst">Imogen Holst</a> of "measured rhythm".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolst196317_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolst196317-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phenakistoscope_3g07690d.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Phenakistoscope_3g07690d.gif/220px-Phenakistoscope_3g07690d.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Phenakistoscope_3g07690d.gif/330px-Phenakistoscope_3g07690d.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Phenakistoscope_3g07690d.gif/440px-Phenakistoscope_3g07690d.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Phenakistoscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenakistoscope">early moving picture</a> demonstrates the <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltz</a>, a dance in triple metre.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dance music has instantly recognizable patterns of beats built upon a characteristic tempo and measure. The Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing defines the <a href="/wiki/Tango_music" title="Tango music">tango</a>, for example, as to be danced in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time at approximately 66 beats per minute. The basic slow step forwards or backwards, lasting for one beat, is called a "slow", so that a full "right–left" step is equal to one <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> measure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImperial_Society_of_Teachers_of_Dancing1977[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperial_Society_of_Teachers_of_Dancing1977[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>See <a href="/wiki/Dance#Rhythm" title="Dance">Rhythm and dance</a></i>.) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clavepattern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Clavepattern.svg/300px-Clavepattern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Clavepattern.svg/450px-Clavepattern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Clavepattern.svg/600px-Clavepattern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="75" /></a><figcaption>Notation of three measures of a clave pattern preceded by one measure of steady quarter notes. This pattern is noted in <a href="/wiki/Double_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Double time">double time</a> relative to the one above, in one instead of two four-beat measures.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Clave_pattern.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Clave_pattern.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Clave_pattern.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Clave_pattern.ogg/Clave_pattern.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Four beats followed by three clave patterns</figcaption></figure></figcaption></figure> <p>The general classifications of <i>metrical rhythm</i>, <i>measured rhythm</i>, and <i>free rhythm</i> may be distinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper197330_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper197330-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metrical or divisive rhythm, by far the most common in Western music calculates each time value as a multiple or fraction of the beat. Normal accents re-occur regularly providing systematical grouping (measures). Measured rhythm (<a href="/wiki/Additive_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive rhythm">additive rhythm</a>) also calculates each time value as a multiple or fraction of a specified time unit but the accents do not recur regularly within the cycle. Free rhythm is where there is neither,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper197330_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper197330-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as in Christian <a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">chant</a>, which has a basic pulse but a freer rhythm, like the rhythm of prose compared to that of verse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1977c_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes1977c-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>See <a href="/wiki/Free_time_(music)" title="Free time (music)">Free time (music)</a></i>. </p><p>Finally some music, such as some graphically scored works since the 1950s and non-European music such as <a href="/wiki/Honkyoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Honkyoku">Honkyoku</a> repertoire for <a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">shakuhachi</a>, may be considered <i>ametric</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarpinski200019_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarpinski200019-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Senza misura</i> is an Italian musical term for "without meter", meaning to play without a beat, using time to measure how long it will take to play the bar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForney_and_Machlis2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2009]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2009)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForney_and_Machlis2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2009]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2009)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composite_rhythm">Composite rhythm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Composite rhythm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach,_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795,_mm._1-3a_composite_rhythm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bach%2C_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795%2C_mm._1-3a_composite_rhythm.png/300px-Bach%2C_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795%2C_mm._1-3a_composite_rhythm.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bach%2C_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795%2C_mm._1-3a_composite_rhythm.png/450px-Bach%2C_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795%2C_mm._1-3a_composite_rhythm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bach%2C_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795%2C_mm._1-3a_composite_rhythm.png/600px-Bach%2C_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795%2C_mm._1-3a_composite_rhythm.png 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Inventions_and_Sinfonias" title="Inventions and Sinfonias">Sinfonia in F minor</a></i> BWV 795, mm. 1–3 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-mwtitle="Bach,_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795,_mm._1-3a.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bach,_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795,_mm._1-3a.mid"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Bach%2C_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795%2C_mm._1-3a.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Bach%2C_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795%2C_mm._1-3a.mid/Bach%2C_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795%2C_mm._1-3a.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Bach%2C_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795%2C_mm._1-3a.mid/Bach%2C_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795%2C_mm._1-3a.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Original</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-mwtitle="Bach,_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795,_mm._1-3a_composite_rhythm.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bach,_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795,_mm._1-3a_composite_rhythm.mid"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Bach%2C_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795%2C_mm._1-3a_composite_rhythm.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Bach%2C_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795%2C_mm._1-3a_composite_rhythm.mid/Bach%2C_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795%2C_mm._1-3a_composite_rhythm.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Bach%2C_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795%2C_mm._1-3a_composite_rhythm.mid/Bach%2C_Sinfonia_in_F_minor_BWV_795%2C_mm._1-3a_composite_rhythm.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>With composite</figcaption></figure></figcaption></figure> <p>A <i><b>composite rhythm</b></i> is the <a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">durations</a> and patterns (rhythm) produced by amalgamating all sounding <a href="/wiki/Part_(music)" title="Part (music)">parts</a> of a musical <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">texture</a>. In music of the <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">common practice period</a>, the composite rhythm usually confirms the <a href="/wiki/Meter_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (music)">meter</a>, often in metric or even-note patterns identical to the <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(music)" title="Pulse (music)">pulse</a> on a specific metric level. White defines <i>composite rhythm</i> as, "the resultant overall rhythmic <a href="/wiki/Articulation_(music)" title="Articulation (music)">articulation</a> among all the voices of a <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">contrapuntal</a> texture".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1976136_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1976136-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept was concurrently defined as "attack point rhythm" by <a href="/wiki/Maury_Yeston" title="Maury Yeston">Maury Yeston</a> in 1976 as "the extreme rhythmic foreground of a composition – the absolute surface of articulated movement".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeston197641–42_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeston197641–42-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counter_rhythm">Counter rhythm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Counter rhythm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1927 and forward the recognized definition of "Counter Rhythm<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" is "A subordinate rhythm acting as a counterbalance to the main rhythm" (OED<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Counter Rhythm is not a common word or phrase in the English Language, appearing approximately 0.01 times per million words in modern written English. Counter Rhythm has been on a steady decrease in usage since its conception, with the exception of a spike in usage in the 1970s. Previous definitions that have been phased out include, "The musical counter-rhythms which Marlowe introduced" and "Splashes of counter-rhythms, flashing tremolos" (OED<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).   </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_music">African music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: African music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diffa_Niger_Griot_DSC_0177.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Diffa_Niger_Griot_DSC_0177.jpg/170px-Diffa_Niger_Griot_DSC_0177.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Diffa_Niger_Griot_DSC_0177.jpg/255px-Diffa_Niger_Griot_DSC_0177.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Diffa_Niger_Griot_DSC_0177.jpg/340px-Diffa_Niger_Griot_DSC_0177.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A Griot performs at Diffa, Niger, West Africa. The Griot is playing a Ngoni or Xalam.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Griot</a> tradition of Africa everything related to music has been passed on orally. <a href="/wiki/Babatunde_Olatunji" title="Babatunde Olatunji">Babatunde Olatunji</a> (1927–2003) developed a simple series of spoken sounds for teaching the rhythms of the hand-drum, using six vocal sounds, "Goon, Doon, Go, Do, Pa, Ta", for three basic sounds on the drum, each played with either the left or the right hand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The debate about the appropriateness of staff notation for African music is a subject of particular interest to outsiders while African scholars from Kyagambiddwa to Kongo have, for the most part, accepted the conventions and limitations of staff notation, and produced transcriptions to inform and enable discussion and debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgawu200352_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgawu200352-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Miller<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernoff1979_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernoff1979-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has argued that West African music is based on the tension between rhythms, <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">polyrhythms</a> created by the simultaneous sounding of two or more different rhythms, generally one dominant rhythm interacting with one or more independent competing rhythms. These often oppose or complement each other and the dominant rhythm. Moral values underpin a musical system based on repetition of relatively simple patterns that meet at distant <a href="/wiki/Cross-beat" title="Cross-beat">cross-rhythmic</a> intervals and on <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call-and-response form</a>. Collective utterances such as proverbs or lineages appear either in phrases translated into "drum talk" or in the words of songs. People expect musicians to stimulate participation by reacting to people dancing. Appreciation of musicians is related to the effectiveness of their upholding community values.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernoff1979[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernoff1979[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_music">Indian music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indian music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bol_(music)" title="Bol (music)">Bol (music)</a></div> <p>Indian music has also been passed on orally. Tabla players would learn to speak complex rhythm patterns and phrases before attempting to play them. <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Chandra" title="Sheila Chandra">Sheila Chandra</a>, an English pop singer of Indian descent, made performances based on her singing these patterns. In <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala</a> of a composition is the rhythmic pattern over which the whole piece is structured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_music">Western music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Western music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 20th century, composers like <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a> wrote more rhythmically complex music using <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_in_unusual_time_signatures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of works in unusual time signatures">odd meters</a>, and techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Phasing_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phasing (music)">phasing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Additive_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive rhythm">additive rhythm</a>. At the same time, modernists such as <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> and his pupils used increased complexity to disrupt the sense of a regular beat, leading eventually to the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Irrational_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrational rhythm">irrational rhythms</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a>. This use may be explained by a comment of <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>'s where he notes that regular rhythms cause sounds to be heard as a group rather than individually; the irregular rhythms highlight the rapidly changing pitch relationships that would otherwise be subsumed into irrelevant rhythmic groupings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandow2004257_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandow2004257-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a> also wrote music in which the sense of a regular beat is absent because the music consists only of long sustained tones (<a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">drones</a>). In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a> wrote music involving multiple simultaneous periodic rhythms and collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Leon_Theremin" title="Leon Theremin">Leon Theremin</a> to invent the <a href="/wiki/Rhythmicon" title="Rhythmicon">rhythmicon</a>, the first electronic <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">rhythm machine</a>, in order to perform them. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Conlon_Nancarrow" title="Conlon Nancarrow">Conlon Nancarrow</a> wrote for the <a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">player piano</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistics">Linguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isochrony" title="Isochrony">Isochrony</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, rhythm or isochrony is one of the three aspects of <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a>. Languages can be categorized according to whether they are syllable-timed, mora-timed, or stress-timed. Speakers of syllable-timed languages such as Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> put roughly equal time on each syllable; in contrast, speakers of stressed-timed languages such as English and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> put roughly equal time lags between stressed syllables, with the timing of the unstressed syllables in between them being adjusted to accommodate the stress timing. </p><p>Narmour<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes three categories of prosodic rules that create rhythmic successions that are additive (same duration repeated), cumulative (short-long), or countercumulative (long-short). Cumulation is associated with closure or relaxation, countercumulation with openness or tension, while additive rhythms are open-ended and repetitive. Richard Middleton points out this method cannot account for <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopation</a> and suggests the concept of <a href="/wiki/Transformation_(music)" title="Transformation (music)">transformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_and_Scott1996-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddell_and_Scott1996_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiddell_and_Scott1996">Liddell and Scott 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.19712537-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.19712537_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon.1971">Anon. 1971</a>, p. 2537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oed.com/dictionary/rhythm_n">"rhythm, n."</a>, <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (3 ed.), Oxford University Press, 2023-03-02, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foed%2F4307024692">10.1093/oed/4307024692</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=rhythm%2C+n.&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foed%2F4307024692&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foed.com%2Fdictionary%2Frhythm_n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperMeyer19606-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperMeyer19606_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooperMeyer1960">Cooper & Meyer 1960</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJirousek1995-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJirousek1995_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJirousek1995">Jirousek 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeston1976-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeston1976_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYeston1976">Yeston 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELerdahl_and_Jackendoff1983-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELerdahl_and_Jackendoff1983_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELerdahl_and_Jackendoff1983_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLerdahl_and_Jackendoff1983">Lerdahl and Jackendoff 1983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasty1997-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasty1997_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasty1997">Hasty 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToussaint2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToussaint2005_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToussaint2005">Toussaint 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothstein1989-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothstein1989_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothstein1989">Rothstein 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELester1986-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELester1986_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLester1986">Lester 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebber2023-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebber2023_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrebber2023">Krebber 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall20060:03:10-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodall20060:03:10_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodall2006">Goodall 2006</a>, 0:03:10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatel20141-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel20141_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatel2014">Patel 2014</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELondon20044-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELondon20044_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLondon2004">London 2004</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes1977b-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1977b_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1977b_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1977b_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1977b_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScholes1977b">Scholes 1977b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes1977c-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1977c_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1977c_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1977c_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1977c_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScholes1977c">Scholes 1977c</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordania201199–101-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordania201199–101_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordania2011">Jordania 2011</a>, pp. 99–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPieslak2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2016)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPieslak2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2016)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPieslak2009">Pieslak 2009</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2009-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2009_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon.2009">Anon. 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatel2006">Patel 2006</a>, cited in <a href="#CITEREFSacks2007">Sacks 2007</a>, pp. 239–240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESacks2007239–240-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESacks2007239–240_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSacks2007">Sacks 2007</a>, pp. 239–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithen2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMithen2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMithen2005">Mithen 2005</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperMeyer19602-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperMeyer19602_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooperMeyer1960">Cooper & Meyer 1960</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry1987349-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry1987349_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerry1987">Berry 1987</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitch_and_Rosenfeld200744-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitch_and_Rosenfeld200744_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitch_and_Rosenfeld2007">Fitch and Rosenfeld 2007</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinold1975213-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinold1975213_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinold1975213_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinold1975">Winold 1975</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandel1989-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandel1989_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandel1989">Handel 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeston197650–52-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeston197650–52_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYeston1976">Yeston 1976</a>, p. 50–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELester198677-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELester198677_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLester1986">Lester 1986</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinold1975239-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinold1975239_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinold1975">Winold 1975</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacPherson19305-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacPherson19305_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacPherson19305_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacPherson1930">MacPherson 1930</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlatkinn.d.at_5:05-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlatkinn.d.at_5:05_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlatkinn.d.">Slatkin n.d.</a>, at 5:05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinold1975237-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinold1975237_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinold1975">Winold 1975</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoravcsik2002114-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoravcsik2002114_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoravcsik2002114_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoravcsik2002114_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoravcsik2002">Moravcsik 2002</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraisse1956">Fraisse 1956</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; <a href="#CITEREFWoodrow1951">Woodrow 1951</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, both quoted in <a href="#CITEREFCovaciu-Pogorilowskin.d.">Covaciu-Pogorilowski n.d.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacPherson1930[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacPherson1930[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacPherson1930">MacPherson 1930</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacPherson19303-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacPherson19303_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacPherson19303_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacPherson1930">MacPherson 1930</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoads2001-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoads2001_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoads2001">Roads 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETanguiane1993-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanguiane1993_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTanguiane1993">Tanguiane 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETanguiane1994465–502-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanguiane1994465–502_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTanguiane1994">Tanguiane 1994</a>, pp. 465–502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkrjabin1960-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkrjabin1960_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkrjabin1960">Skrjabin 1960</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETanguiane1994480-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanguiane1994480_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTanguiane1994">Tanguiane 1994</a>, p. 480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELatham2002-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatham2002_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLatham2002">Latham 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinold1975209–210-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinold1975209–210_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinold1975">Winold 1975</a>, pp. 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolst196317-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolst196317_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolst1963">Holst 1963</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperial_Society_of_Teachers_of_Dancing1977[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImperial_Society_of_Teachers_of_Dancing1977[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Society_of_Teachers_of_Dancing1977">Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing 1977</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper197330-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper197330_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper197330_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1973">Cooper 1973</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarpinski200019-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarpinski200019_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarpinski2000">Karpinski 2000</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForney_and_Machlis2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2009]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2009)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForney_and_Machlis2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2009]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2009)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForney_and_Machlis2007">Forney and Machlis 2007</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2009)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1976136-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1976136_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1976">White 1976</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeston197641–42-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeston197641–42_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYeston1976">Yeston 1976</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/counter-rhythm_n?tab=meaning_and_use#8096096">"Counter-Rhythm: Oxford English Dictionary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Counter-Rhythm%3A+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcounter-rhythm_n%3Ftab%3Dmeaning_and_use%238096096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgawu200352-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgawu200352_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgawu2003">Agawu 2003</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernoff1979-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernoff1979_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChernoff1979">Chernoff 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernoff1979[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernoff1979[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChernoff1979">Chernoff 1979</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandow2004257-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandow2004257_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandow2004">Sandow 2004</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarmour1977">Narmour 1977</a>, cited in <a href="#CITEREFWinold1975">Winold 1975</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddleton1990">Middleton 1990</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAgawu2003"><a href="/wiki/V._Kofi_Agawu" title="V. Kofi Agawu">Agawu, Kofi</a>. 2003. <i>Representing African Music: Postcolonial Notes, Queries, Positions</i>. New York: Routledge.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAnon.1971">Anon. <i>The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary II</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAnon.2009">Anon. 2009. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-science.net/othernews/090430_rhythm.htm">Parrots Have Got Rhythm, Studies Find</a>", <i>World-Science.net</i> (April 30).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBerry1987"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Berry" title="Wallace Berry">Berry, Wallace</a> (1987). <i>Structural Functions in Music</i>, second edition. 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Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press.</cite></li> <li>“Counter-rhythm, N.” Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, September 2024, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/3107711216">https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/3107711216</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFRoads2001"><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Roads" title="Curtis Roads">Roads, Curtis</a> (2001). <i>Microsound</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-18215-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-18215-7">978-0-262-18215-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-68154-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-68154-4">978-0-262-68154-4</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFRothstein1989">Rothstein, William (1989). <i>Phrase Rhythm in Tonal Music</i>. New York: Schirmer Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028721910" title="Special:BookSources/9780028721910">9780028721910</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Sacks, Oliver</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicophilia00oliv/page/232/mode/2up">"19. Keeping Time: Rhythm and Movement"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Musicophilia" title="Musicophilia">Musicophilia</a>, Tales of Music and the Brain</i>. New York and Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. <span class="nowrap">233–</span>247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4081-0"><bdi>978-1-4000-4081-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=19.+Keeping+Time%3A+Rhythm+and+Movement&rft.btitle=Musicophilia%2C+Tales+of+Music+and+the+Brain&rft.place=New+York+and+Toronto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4081-0&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicophilia00oliv%2Fpage%2F232%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSandow2004"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Sandow" title="Greg Sandow">Sandow, Greg</a> (2004). "A Fine Madness". In <i>The Pleasure of Modernist Music: Listening, Meaning, Intention, Ideology</i>, edited by Arved Mark Ashby, 253–258. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58046-143-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58046-143-3">1-58046-143-3</a>. Reprinted from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i> (16 March 1982).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFScholes1977b"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Scholes" title="Percy Scholes">Scholes, Percy</a> (1977b). "Metre", in <i>The Oxford Companion to Music</i>, 6th corrected reprint of the 10th ed. (1970), revised and reset, edited by John Owen Ward. London and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-311306-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-311306-6">0-19-311306-6</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFScholes1977c">Scholes, Percy (1977c). "Rhythm", in <i>The Oxford Companion to Music</i>, 6th corrected reprint of the 10th ed. (1970), revised and reset, edited by John Owen Ward. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216021405/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/discoveringmusic/ram/cdm0401slat1of4.ram">Discovering Music: Rhythm</a> with Leonard Slatkin"</cite>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkrjabin1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Skrjabin, Alexander</a> (1960). <i>Poem for piano, Op. 32, No. 1. Transcribed by P. Lobanov</i>. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoye Muzykalnoye Izdatelstvo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poem+for+piano%2C+Op.+32%2C+No.+1.+Transcribed+by+P.+Lobanov&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Gosudarstvennoye+Muzykalnoye+Izdatelstvo&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Skrjabin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanguiane1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andranik_Tangian" title="Andranik Tangian">Tanguiane, Andranick</a> (1993). <i>Artificial Perception and Music Recognition</i>. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence. Vol. 746. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-57394-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-57394-4"><bdi>978-3-540-57394-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Perception+and+Music+Recognition&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-540-57394-4&rft.aulast=Tanguiane&rft.aufirst=Andranick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanguiane1994" class="citation journal cs1">Tanguiane, Andranick (1994). "A principle of correlativity of perception and its application to music recognition". <i><a href="/wiki/Music_Perception" title="Music Perception">Music Perception</a></i>. <b>11</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">465–</span>502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40285634">10.2307/40285634</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40285634">40285634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Perception&rft.atitle=A+principle+of+correlativity+of+perception+and+its+application+to+music+recognition&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E465-%3C%2Fspan%3E502&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40285634&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40285634%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tanguiane&rft.aufirst=Andranick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFToussaint2005"><a href="/wiki/Godfried_Toussaint" title="Godfried Toussaint">Toussaint, Godfried T.</a> 2005. "The Geometry of Musical Rhythm". In <i>Proceedings of the Japan Conference on Discrete and Computational Geometry, vol. 3742: Lecture Notes in Computer Science</i>, edited by J. Akiyama, M. Kano, and X. Tan, 198–212. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFWhite1976">White, John David. (1976). <i>The Analysis of Music</i>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-033233-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-033233-X">0-13-033233-X</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFWinold1975">Winold, Allen (1975). "Rhythm in Twentieth-Century Music". In <i>Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music</i>, edited by Gary Wittlich, 208–269. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-049346-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-049346-5">0-13-049346-5</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFWoodrow1951"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Woodrow" title="Herbert Woodrow">Woodrow, Herbert</a>. "Time Perception". In <i>A Handbook of Experimental Psychology</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Smith_Stevens" title="Stanley Smith Stevens">Stanley Smith Stevens</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. New York: Wiley, 1951.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFYeston1976"><a href="/wiki/Maury_Yeston" title="Maury Yeston">Yeston, Maury</a>. 1976. <i>The Stratification of Musical Rhythm</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01884-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-01884-3">0-300-01884-3</a>.</cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Giger, Peter (1993). <i>Die Kunst des Rhythmus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Schott_Music" title="Schott Music">Schott Music</a>. A theoretical approach to western and non-western rhythms. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7957-1862-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7957-1862-6">978-3-7957-1862-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosseTovey1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Gosse, Edmund William</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Francis_Tovey" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Francis Tovey">Tovey, Donald Francis</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhythm"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rhythm">"Rhythm" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">277–</span>280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhythm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund+William&rft.au=Tovey%2C+Donald+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henkjan_Honing" title="Henkjan Honing">Honing, H.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121208235344/http://www.hum.uva.nl/mmm/abstracts/mmm-TvM.html">"Structure and interpretation of rhythm and timing"</a>. <i>Tijdschrift voor Muziektheorie [Dutch Journal of Music Theory]</i>. <b>7</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>232. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hum.uva.nl/mmm/abstracts/mmm-TvM.html">the original</a> on 2012-12-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tijdschrift+voor+Muziektheorie+%5BDutch+Journal+of+Music+Theory%5D&rft.atitle=Structure+and+interpretation+of+rhythm+and+timing&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Honing&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hum.uva.nl%2Fmmm%2Fabstracts%2Fmmm-TvM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Humble, M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/25227226/The-Development-of-Rhythmic-Organization-in-Indian-Classical-Music">The Development of Rhythmic Organization in Indian Classical Music</a>, MA dissertation, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.</li> <li>Lewis, Andrew (2005). <i>Rhythm—What it is and How to Improve Your Sense of It</i>. San Francisco: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121208135233/http://rhythmsource.com/dev/books/">RhythmSource</a> Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9754667-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9754667-0-4">978-0-9754667-0-4</a>.</li> <li>Mazzola, Guerino (2017). <i>The Topos of Music, Vol. I</i>. Heidelberg: Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-64364-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-64364-9">978-3-319-64364-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_W._Percival" title="Harold W. Percival">Percival, Harold W.</a> (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thinkingdestinyw00percrich"><i>Thinking and Destiny</i></a>. The Word Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911650-06-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911650-06-8"><bdi>978-0-911650-06-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+and+Destiny&rft.pub=The+Word+Foundation&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-0-911650-06-8&rft.aulast=Percival&rft.aufirst=Harold+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthinkingdestinyw00percrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Palmer_(composer)" title="John Palmer (composer)">Palmer, John</a> (2013). <i>Rhythm to Go</i>, Vision Edition and CE Books. A fast-track collection of graded exercises from elementary to advanced level divided in four sections and including an additional chapter with rhythmic structures used in contemporary music. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISMN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISMN (identifier)">ISMN</a> 979-0-9002315-1-2</li> <li>Petersen, Peter (2013). <i>Music and Rhythm: Fundamentals, History, Analysis.</i> New York: Peter Lang. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-64393-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-64393-8">978-3-631-64393-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Scholes" title="Percy Scholes">Scholes, Percy</a> (1977a). "Form", in <i>The Oxford Companion to Music</i>, 6th corrected reprint of the 10th ed. (1970), revised and reset, edited by John Owen Ward. London and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-311306-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-311306-6">0-19-311306-6</a>.</li> <li>Williams, C. F. A., <i>The Aristoxenian Theory of Musical Rhythm</i>, (Cambridge Library Collection—Music), Cambridge University Press; first edition, 2009.</li> <li>Van Der, Horst F. (1963). <i>Maat en Ritme</i>, <a href="/wiki/Broekmans_%26_Van_Poppel" title="Broekmans & Van Poppel">Broekmans & Van Poppel</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789491906008" title="Special:BookSources/9789491906008">9789491906008</a>. A collection of graded exercises in two volumes, from elementary to advanced level.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maury_Yeston" title="Maury Yeston">Yeston, Maury</a> (Autumn 1975). "Rubato and the Middleground". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Music_Theory" title="Journal of Music Theory">Journal of Music Theory</a></i>. <b>19</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">286–</span>301. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/843592">843592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Music+Theory&rft.atitle=Rubato+and+the+Middleground&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E286-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F843592%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yeston&rft.aufirst=Maury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/rhythm" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/rhythm">rhythm</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rhythmofproseexp00pattiala/rhythmofproseexp00pattiala_djvu.txt">'Rhythm of Prose', William Morrison Patterson, Columbia University Press 1917</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melodyhound.com/query_by_tapping.0.html">Melodyhound has a "Query by Tapping" search that allows users to identify music based on rhythm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signosemio.com/semiotics-of-rhythm.asp">Louis Hébert, "A Little Semiotics of Rhythm. Elements of Rhythmology", in <i>Signo</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolke-verlag.de/musikbuecher/sinusoidal-run-rhythm-steffen-krebber/">'sinusoidal run rhythm', Steffen Krebber, Wolke Verlag 2023</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhythm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metre_(music)" title="Metre (music)">meter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_rhythm_and_divisive_rhythm" title="Additive rhythm and divisive rhythm">Additive and divisive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacrusis" title="Anacrusis">Anacrusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">Beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canter_rhythm" title="Canter rhythm">Canter rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colotomy" title="Colotomy">Colotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counting_(music)" title="Counting (music)">Counting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_off" title="Count off">Count off</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-beat" title="Cross-beat">Cross-beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Duration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Note_value" title="Note value">Note value</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gatra_(music)" title="Gatra (music)">Gatra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(music)" title="Groove (music)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-time_(music)" title="Half-time (music)">Half-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_rhythm" title="Harmonic rhythm">Harmonic rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiola" title="Hemiola">Hemiola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homorhythm" title="Homorhythm">Homorhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Arabic_music" title="Rhythm in Arabic music">Iqa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isorhythm" title="Isorhythm">Isorhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_modulation" title="Metric modulation">Metric modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_(music)" title="Retrograde (music)">Non-retrogradable rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_in%C3%A9gales" title="Notes inégales">Notes inégales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_value" title="Note value">Note value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">Polyrhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolation" title="Prolation">Prolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(music)" title="Prosody (music)">Prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_(music)" title="Pulse (music)">Pulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_mode" title="Rhythmic mode">Rhythmic mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop-time" title="Stop-time">Stop-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(jazz_performance_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (jazz performance style)">Swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">Syncopation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">Tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_point" title="Time point">Time point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">Time signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuplet" title="Tuplet">Tuplet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Melody10" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#dbc3a3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Melody" title="Template:Melody"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">Ornament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trill_(music)" title="Trill (music)">Trill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_pattern" title="Melodic pattern">Pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_phrasing" title="Musical phrasing">Phrasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_(music)" title="Sequence (music)">Sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steps_and_skips" title="Steps and skips">Steps and skips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melody_type" title="Melody type">Type</a> (figure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ululation" title="Ululation">Ululation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part_(music)" title="Part (music)">Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_leading" title="Voice leading">Voice leading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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title="Clef">Clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_capo" title="Da capo">Da capo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_segno" title="Dal segno">Dal segno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_signature" title="Key signature">Key signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledger_line" title="Ledger line">Ledger line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossia" title="Ossia">Ossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehearsal_letter" title="Rehearsal letter">Rehearsal letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeat_sign" title="Repeat sign">Repeat sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">Tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">Time signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposition_(music)" title="Transposition (music)">Transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">Transposing instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">Musical notes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_(music)" title="Accidental (music)">Accidental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(music)" title="Flat (music)">flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_(music)" title="Natural (music)">natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_(music)" title="Sharp (music)">sharp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cue_note" title="Cue note">Cue note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotted_note" title="Dotted note">Dotted note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_note" title="Grace note">Grace note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_value" title="Note value">Note value</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(music)" title="Beam (music)">beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notehead" title="Notehead">Notehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(music)" title="Stem (music)">stem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_(music)" title="Rest (music)">Rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacet" title="Tacet">Tacet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuplet" title="Tuplet">Tuplet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">Interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_pitch_notation" title="Helmholtz pitch notation">Helmholtz pitch notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_notation" title="Letter notation">Letter notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">Scientific pitch notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(music)" title="Articulation (music)">Articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accent_(music)" title="Accent (music)">Accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesura" title="Caesura">Caesura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damping_(music)" title="Damping (music)">Damping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermata" title="Fermata">Fermata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(music)" title="Fingering (music)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">Legato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcato" title="Marcato">Marcato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">Ornament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appoggiatura" title="Appoggiatura">Appoggiatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">Glissando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_note" title="Grace note">Grace note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordent" title="Mordent">Mordent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_(musical_ornament)" title="Slide (musical ornament)">Slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trill_(music)" title="Trill (music)">Trill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portato" title="Portato">Portato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slur_(music)" title="Slur (music)">Slur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staccato" title="Staccato">Staccato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenuto" title="Tenuto">Tenuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_(music)" title="Tie (music)">Tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonguing" title="Tonguing">Tonguing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">Sheet music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_publishing" title="History of music publishing">History of music publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_engraving" title="Music engraving">Music engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">Music publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_chart" title="Chord chart">Chord chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_diagram_(music)" title="Chord diagram (music)">Chord diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_music" title="Eye music">Eye music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">Figured bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_notation_(music)" title="Graphic notation (music)">Graphic notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_sheet" title="Lead sheet">Lead sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Number_System" title="Nashville Number System">Nashville Number System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_musical_notation" title="Numbered musical notation">Numbered musical notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klavarskribo" title="Klavarskribo">Klavarskribo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablature" title="Tablature">Tablature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsons_code" title="Parsons code">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_notation" title="Percussion notation">Percussion notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_music_notation" title="Simplified music notation">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_musical_notation" title="Chinese musical notation">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekphonetic_notation" title="Ekphonetic notation">Ekphonetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan_notation" title="Gamelan notation">Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunkunshi" title="Kunkunshi">Kunkunshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neume" title="Neume">Neume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaralipi" title="Swaralipi">Swaralipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi_musical_notation" title="Shakuhachi musical notation">Shakuhachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znamenny_chant#Notation" title="Znamenny chant">Znamenny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mensural_notation" title="Mensural notation">Mensural notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_stand" title="Music stand">Music stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_pitch" title="Absolute pitch">Perfect pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sight-reading" title="Sight-reading">Sight-reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(music)" title="Transcription (music)">Transcription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_symbols" title="List of musical symbols">List of musical symbols</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Musical_notation" title="Category:Musical notation">Category:Musical notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nonverbal_communication97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template talk:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nonverbal_communication97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modalities97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">Modalities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blushing" title="Blushing">Blushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">Body language</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kinesics" title="Kinesics">Kinesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body-to-body_communication" title="Body-to-body communication">Body-to-body communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_Action_Coding_System" title="Facial Action Coding System">Facial Action Coding System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_expression" title="Subtle expression">Subtle expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">Gesture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gestures" title="List of gestures">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-independent_gestures" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-independent gestures">Speech-independent gestures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_communication" title="Haptic communication">Haptic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization#Human_movement" title="Synchronization">Interpersonal synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculesics" title="Oculesics">Oculesics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">Eye contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupillary_response" title="Pupillary response">Pupil dilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactic_communication" title="Olfactic communication">Olfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posture_(psychology)" title="Posture (psychology)">Posture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxemics" title="Proxemics">Proxemics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">Emotional prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">Paralanguage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">Intonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Voice quality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social context</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-context_and_low-context_cultures" title="High-context and low-context cultures">High-context and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-bit_message" title="One-bit message">One-bit message</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missed_call" title="Missed call">Missed call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_service_code" title="Silent service code">Silent service code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_communication" title="Unconscious communication">Unconscious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage" title="Non-verbal leakage">Non-verbal leakage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-faceted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Affect display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">Emotion recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impression_(psychology)" title="First impression (psychology)">First impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Broader_concepts97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Broader concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_interpersonal_communicative_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic interpersonal communicative skills">Basic interpersonal communicative skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunchi" title="Nunchi">Nunchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_skills" title="People skills">People skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cue" title="Social cue">Social cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_competence" title="Social competence">Social competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">Social skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsaid" title="Unsaid">Unsaid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_information97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further information</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aprosodia" title="Aprosodia">Aprosodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">Childhood disintegrative disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssemia" title="Dyssemia">Dyssemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_learning_disorder" title="Nonverbal learning disorder">Nonverbal learning disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_(pragmatic)_communication_disorder" title="Social (pragmatic) communication disorder">Social (pragmatic) communication disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">Limbic system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">Mirror neuron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_detection" title="Lie detection">Lie detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(poker)" title="Tell (poker)">Poker tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(advertising)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention (advertising)">Targeted advertising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_processing_of_body_language" title="Computer processing of body language">Computer processing of body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">Emotion recognition in conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">List of facial expression databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Birdwhistell" title="Ray Birdwhistell">Ray Birdwhistell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_communication" title="Behavioral 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Template:Wikicite"," 11.95% 219.229 15 Template:Fix"," 10.09% 185.093 11 Template:Page_needed"," 9.20% 168.886 25 Template:Delink"," 8.57% 157.294 2 Template:Image_frame"," 8.47% 155.403 1 Template:Reflist"," 8.31% 152.551 29 Template:ISBN"," 7.33% 134.597 1 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.961","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23567141,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAgawu2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon.1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerry1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChernoff1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooperMeyer1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCovaciu-Pogorilowskin.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitch_and_Rosenfeld2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForney_and_Machlis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraisse1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodall2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGosseTovey1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandel1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasty1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolst1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImperial_Society_of_Teachers_of_Dancing1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJirousek1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordania2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarpinski2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrebber2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatham2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLerdahl_and_Jackendoff1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLester1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddell_and_Scott1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLondon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacPherson1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddleton1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMithen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoravcsik2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarmour1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPieslak2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoads2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothstein1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSacks2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandow2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScholes1977b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScholes1977c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkrjabin1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlatkinn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanguiane1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanguiane1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToussaint2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinold1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodrow1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeston1976\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"=\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Box\"] = 14,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 40,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 8,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 29,\n [\"ISMN\"] = 1,\n [\"Image frame\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Melody\"] = 1,\n [\"Missing information\"] = 1,\n [\"Music\"] = 39,\n [\"Musical notation\"] = 1,\n [\"Nonverbal communication\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 11,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rhythm and meter\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Serif\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 67,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Undue weight section\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikicite\"] = 40,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-7fxl2","timestamp":"20250214040651","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Rhythm","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rhythm","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170406","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170406","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-12T05:31:30Z","dateModified":"2024-12-03T12:35:52Z","headline":"aspect of music"}</script> </body> </html>