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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Dimensions_of_the_controversy_over_modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimensions_of_the_controversy_over_modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Dimensions of the controversy over modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dimensions_of_the_controversy_over_modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_modernist_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_modernist_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of the modernist controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_modernist_controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of the modernist controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_modernist_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-history:_Liberal_Catholicism_in_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-history:_Liberal_Catholicism_in_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-history: Liberal Catholicism in the 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-history:_Liberal_Catholicism_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_beginning_of_the_modernist_controversy_under_Leo_XIII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_beginning_of_the_modernist_controversy_under_Leo_XIII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The beginning of the modernist controversy under Leo XIII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_beginning_of_the_modernist_controversy_under_Leo_XIII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marie-Joseph_Lagrange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Marie-Joseph Lagrange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marie-Joseph_Lagrange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duchesne_and_Loisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duchesne_and_Loisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Duchesne and Loisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duchesne_and_Loisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_climax_of_the_controversy_under_Pius_X" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_climax_of_the_controversy_under_Pius_X"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>The climax of the controversy under Pius X</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_climax_of_the_controversy_under_Pius_X-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>In America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-history_in_the_20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-history_in_the_20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Post-history in the 20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-history_in_the_20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_persons_involved_in_the_Modernist_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_persons_involved_in_the_Modernist_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable persons involved in the Modernist controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_persons_involved_in_the_Modernist_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Modernism in the Catholic Church</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحداثة في الكنيسة الكاثوليكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحداثة في الكنيسة الكاثوليكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernisme_(filosofia)" title="Modernisme (filosofia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Modernisme (filosofia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismus_(teologie)" title="Modernismus (teologie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Modernismus (teologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformkatolicisme" title="Reformkatolicisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Reformkatolicisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismus_(Katholizismus)" title="Modernismus (Katholizismus) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Modernismus (Katholizismus)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismo_teol%C3%B3gico" title="Modernismo teológico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modernismo teológico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismo_teologia" title="Modernismo teologia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Modernismo teologia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernisme_dans_l%27%C3%89glise_catholique" title="Modernisme dans l'Église catholique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modernisme dans l'Église catholique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernisme_dalam_Gereja_Katolik" title="Modernisme dalam Gereja Katolik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Modernisme dalam Gereja Katolik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismo_teologico" title="Modernismo teologico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modernismo teologico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernizmus_(katolikus)" title="Modernizmus (katolikus) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Modernizmus (katolikus)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4dernisma_ao_amin%27_ny_Eglizy_Kat%C3%B4lika" title="Môdernisma ao amin' ny Eglizy Katôlika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Môdernisma ao amin' ny Eglizy Katôlika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernisme_(rooms-katholiek)" title="Modernisme (rooms-katholiek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Modernisme (rooms-katholiek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF)" title="近代主義 (カトリック) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="近代主義 (カトリック)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernisme_(teologi)" title="Modernisme (teologi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Modernisme (teologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernizm_katolicki" title="Modernizm katolicki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Modernizm katolicki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismo_(teologia)" title="Modernismo (teologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modernismo (teologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC)" title="Модернизм (католицизм) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Модернизм (католицизм)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernizmus_(n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstvo)" title="Modernizmus (náboženstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Modernizmus (náboženstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoli%C5%A1ki_modernizem" title="Katoliški modernizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Katoliški modernizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism_(teologi)" title="Modernism (teologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Modernism (teologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Мудернизм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мудернизм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of<br />Christian theology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium"><img alt="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/220px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/330px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/440px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Background</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity in early Christian theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity">Template:History of Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Theological hermeneutics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="African American biblical hermeneutics">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="Asian American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theology" title="Philosophical theology">Philosophical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Persecution and tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_creeds" title="Ecumenical creeds">Ecumenical Creeds</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><br /> <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Post-Nicene development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Palamas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">95 Theses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">From the Reformation to the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a 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theology">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_theology" title="Postcolonial theology">Postcolonial</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template talk:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Modernism in the Catholic Church</b> describes attempts to reconcile <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> with modern culture,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically an understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and Catholic tradition in light of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">historical-critical method</a> and new philosophical and political developments of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. </p><p>The term <i>modernism</i>—generally used by critics of rather than adherents to positions associated with it—came to prominence in <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>'s 1907 <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pascendi_Dominici_gregis" title="Pascendi Dominici gregis">Pascendi Dominici gregis</a></i>. The Pope condemned modernism as "the synthesis of all <a href="/wiki/Heresies" class="mw-redirect" title="Heresies">heresies</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> in 1911, the Jesuit Arthur Vermeersch gave a definition of modernism in the perspective of the Catholic heresiology of his time:</p><blockquote><p>"In general we may say that modernism aims at that radical transformation of human thought in relation to God, man, the world, and life, here and hereafter, which was prepared by <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> and eighteenth-century philosophy, and solemnly promulgated at the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The modernist movement was influenced and accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> theologians and clergy like <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(theologian)" title="Paul Sabatier (theologian)">Paul Sabatier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Julius_Holtzmann" title="Heinrich Julius Holtzmann">Heinrich Julius Holtzmann</a>. On the other hand, modernist theologians were critical of Protestant theology and engaged in apologetics of the Catholic Church against a Protestant understanding of Christianity, as in the famous attack of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Loisy" title="Alfred Loisy">Alfred Loisy</a> in <i>L'Évangile et l'Église</i> (1902) on <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a>'s <i>Das Wesen des Christentums</i> (1900).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoulat199646-102_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoulat199646-102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modernist movement has a parallel in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> where the journal <i><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Churchman" class="mw-redirect" title="The Modern Churchman">The Modern Churchman</a></i> was founded in 1911. </p><p>The controversy on modernism was prominent in French and British intellectual circles and, to a lesser extent, in Italy, but, in one way or another, concerned most of Europe and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell1994_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell1994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Pius X saw modernism as a universal threat which required a global reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dimensions_of_the_controversy_over_modernism">Dimensions of the controversy over modernism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dimensions of the controversy over modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the so-called modernists did not form a uniform movement, they responded to a common grouping of religious problems which transcended Catholicism alone around 1900: first of all the problem of <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">historicism</a>, which seemed to render all historical forms of faith and tradition relative; secondly, through the reception of modern philosophers like <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a>, the neo-scholastic philosophical and theological framework set up by <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Theology of Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> had become fragile. The assertion that objective truth is received subjectively is fundamental for the entire controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortier2013xx_(introduction)_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortier2013xx_(introduction)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This focus on the religious subject engendered a renewed interest in mysticism, sanctity<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and religious experience in general.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aversion against a religious "extrinsicism" also led to a new hermeneutics for doctrinal definitions which were seen as secondary formulations of an antecedent (immanent) religious experience (<a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a>; cfr. also the Christian <a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">personalism</a> of Lucien Laberthonnière).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romolo_Murri_(thumb).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Romolo_Murri_%28thumb%29.jpeg/220px-Romolo_Murri_%28thumb%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Romolo_Murri_%28thumb%29.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Romolo Murri (1870–1944)</figcaption></figure> <p>The controversy was not restricted to the field of philosophy and theology. On the level of politics, <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian Democrats</a> like the layman <a href="/wiki/Marc_Sangnier" title="Marc Sangnier">Marc Sangnier</a> in France and the priest <a href="/wiki/Romolo_Murri" title="Romolo Murri">Romolo Murri</a> in Italy, but also the left wing of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> and the Christian Unions in Germany, opted for a political agenda which was no more completely controlled by the hierarchy. Pope Pius X reacted by excommunicating Murri in 1909, by <a href="/wiki/Notre_charge_apostolique" title="Notre charge apostolique">dissolving</a> Sangnier's <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Sillon" title="Le Sillon">Le Sillon</a></i> movement in 1910, and by issuing the encyclical <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Singulari quadam</i></span> in 1912 which clearly favoured the German Catholic workers' associations over and against the Christian Unions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, antimodernists like Albert Maria Weiss <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Decurtins" title="Caspar Decurtins">Caspar Decurtins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were both favoured by Pius X, would even find "literary modernism" on the field of the Catholic belles-lettres which did not meet their standards of orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the eyes of the antimodernist reaction, the "modernists" were a uniform and secret sect within the church. In a historical perspective, one can discern networks of personal contacts between "modernists", especially around <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(theologian)" title="Paul Sabatier (theologian)">Paul Sabatier</a>. On the other hand, there was a great bandwidth of opinions within the "movement", from people ending up in rationalism (e.g. Marcel Hébert,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Houtin" title="Albert Houtin">Albert Houtin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Loisy" title="Alfred Loisy">Alfred Loisy</a>, Salvatore Minocchi, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Turmel" title="Joseph Turmel">Joseph Turmel</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a mild religious reformism, even including neo-scholastic theologians like Romolo Murri.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perception of a broad movement from left to right was already shaped by the protagonists themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold1999245–250_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1999245–250-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Liberal Catholicism</a></i> originally designated a current of thought within the Catholic Church that was influential in the 19th century, particularly in France, that aimed to reconcile the church with <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>. It was largely identified with French political theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Felicit%C3%A9_Robert_de_Lamennais" class="mw-redirect" title="Felicité Robert de Lamennais">Felicité Robert de Lamennais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Lacordaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Forbes_Ren%C3%A9_de_Montalembert" title="Charles Forbes René de Montalembert">Charles Forbes René de Montalembert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second half of the 19th century the term was also applied to theologians and intellectuals like <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._George_Jackson_Mivart" title="St. George Jackson Mivart">St. George Jackson Mivart</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Zahm" class="mw-redirect" title="John Zahm">John Zahm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Kraus" title="Franz Xaver Kraus">Franz Xaver Kraus</a> who wanted to reconcile the Catholic faith with the standards of modern science and society in general. </p><p>In 1881, the Belgian economist <a href="/wiki/Charles_P%C3%A9rin" title="Charles Périn">Charles Périn</a>, a conservative Catholic layman, published a volume titled <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le modernisme dans l'église d'après les lettres inédites de La Mennais</i></span>. Périn was the first author to use the term <i>modernism</i> in a Catholic context – before him the Dutch Calvinist <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Abraham Kuyper</a> had attacked the rationalist German theology of the Protestant <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Tübingen School">Tübingen School</a> as "modernism" (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Het modernisme een fata morgana op christelijk gebied</i></span>, 1871). For Périn, 'modernism' was a label for the attempts of Liberal Catholics to reconcile Catholicism with the ideals of the French Revolution and of democracy in general. He saw a danger that humanitarian tendencies in secular society would be received within the Catholic Church. This "social" definition of Catholic modernism would be taken up again later by <a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a>. Périn's usage of the term <i>modernism</i> was accepted by the Roman journal of the Jesuits, the semi-official <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Civiltà Cattolica</i></span>, which added the aspect of an exaggerated trust in modern science to this concept. When five exegetical books of the French theologian <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Loisy" title="Alfred Loisy">Alfred Loisy</a> were placed on the <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Forbidden_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Forbidden Books">Index of Forbidden Books</a> in December 1903, the official papal paper <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">L'Osservatore Romano</i></span> distinguished between "modernity" and "modernism", which entailed heresy in religion, revolution in politics, and error in philosophy. The term <i>modernism</i> now began to replace older labels like 'Liberal Catholicism' or (especially in Germany) 'Reform Catholicism'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold200712–14_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold200712–14-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Tyrrell_(1861-1909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/George_Tyrrell_%281861-1909%29.jpg/220px-George_Tyrrell_%281861-1909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/George_Tyrrell_%281861-1909%29.jpg/330px-George_Tyrrell_%281861-1909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/George_Tyrrell_%281861-1909%29.jpg/440px-George_Tyrrell_%281861-1909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>George Tyrrell (1861–1909)</figcaption></figure> <p>The connection between 'Liberal Catholicism' and 'modernism' has been subject to controversial discussion. In 1979, Thomas Michael Loome stressed the continuity between the two and talked of a "vertical dimension" of the modernist controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoome1979_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoome1979-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "invention of tradition" was criticized – amongst others – by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lash" title="Nicholas Lash">Nicholas Lash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is clear, however, that the Joint Pastoral of the English episcopate against "Liberal Catholicism" (December 1900) did not only react on <a href="/wiki/St._George_Jackson_Mivart" title="St. George Jackson Mivart">St. George Jackson Mivart</a>, but also on the writings of the later "modernist" <a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a>. The letter had been prepared in Rome and was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Merry_del_Val" title="Rafael Merry del Val">Rafael Merry del Val</a> who became Tyrrell's chief opponent under Pius X.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, "modernists" like Tyrrell compared their own difficulties after the publication of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Pascendi</i></span> with the difficulties of "liberal Catholics" like <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a> after <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Council_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Council I">Vatican I</a>. In December 1907, Tyrrell wrote to a German correspondent: "Is it not time to reconsider the pseudo-council of 1870 and to ask whether the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Alt-Katholiks</a> were not, after all, in the right? <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ex fructibus eorum</i></span> etc. ["You will know them by their fruits"; Matthew 7:16] may surely be used as a criterion of <a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a>. Individuals, like myself, can afford to stand aloof as Döllinger did. But can multitudes live without sacraments and external communion? And yet now no educated man or woman will be able to remain in communion with Pius X."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold1999209–210_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1999209–210-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyrrell was also inspired by the posthumous publication of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Acton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Acton">Lord Acton</a>'s <i>History of Freedom and Other Essays</i> in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoome197940–48_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoome197940–48-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_modernist_controversy">History of the modernist controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of the modernist controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the so-called "Modernist Crisis"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell1994_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell1994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is usually dated between 1893 (the publication date of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>'s encyclical <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Providentissimus_Deus" title="Providentissimus Deus">Providentissimus Deus</a></i></span>) and 1914 (the death of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVian2012_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVian2012-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the controversy had, and continues to have, both a pre-history and a post-history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-history:_Liberal_Catholicism_in_the_19th_century">Pre-history: Liberal Catholicism in the 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-history: Liberal Catholicism in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With notable exceptions like <a href="/wiki/Richard_Simon_(priest)" title="Richard Simon (priest)">Richard Simon</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Bollandist" title="Bollandist">Bollandists</a>, Catholic studies in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries had tended to avoid the use of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">critical methodology</a> because of its rationalist tendencies. Frequent political revolutions, the bitter opposition of "liberalism" to the Church and the expulsion of religious orders from France and Germany had made the church understandably suspicious of the new intellectual currents.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the subsequentt coming to power of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a> had enacted harsh condemnations against <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">indifferentism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and other popular philoosophies.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Catholic Bible translations and interpretations had been met with similar scorn.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Renan...jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ernest_Renan...jpg/220px-Ernest_Renan...jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ernest_Renan...jpg/330px-Ernest_Renan...jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ernest_Renan...jpg/440px-Ernest_Renan...jpg 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Ernest Renan</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1863, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a> published <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Vie de Jésus</i></span> (Life of Jesus). Renan had trained for the priesthood before choosing a secular career as a philologist and historian. His book described Jesus as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">un homme incomparable</i></span> – a man, no doubt extraordinary, but only a man. The book was very popular, but cost him his chair of Hebrew at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a>. Among Renan's most controversial ideas was that "a miracle does not count as a historical event; people believing in a miracle does." Renan's Jesus is a man of simple piety and almost unimaginable charisma whose main historical significance was his legion of followers.<sup id="cite_ref-Theiss_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theiss-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same year 1863, the Church historian <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a> invited about 100 German theologians to meet in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Münchener Gelehrtenversammlung</i></span>, 1863)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to discuss the state of Catholic theology. In his address, "On the Past and Future of Catholic Theology", Döllinger advocated greater academic freedom of theology within the church, formulating a critique of <a href="/wiki/Neo-scholastic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-scholastic theology">neo-scholastic theology</a> and championing the historical method in theology.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in the year 1863, Döllinger's friend <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Montalembert" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Montalembert">Charles de Montalembert</a> gave two powerful speeches at the Catholic Congress in <a href="/wiki/Malines" class="mw-redirect" title="Malines">Malines</a>, insisting that the church had to reconcile itself with civil equality and religious freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 December 1864 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> issued the encyclical <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Quanta_cura" title="Quanta cura">Quanta cura</a></i></span>, decrying what he considered significant errors afflicting the modern age. It condemned certain propositions such as: "the people's will, manifested by what is called public opinion<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] constitutes a supreme law, free from all divine and human control"; on civil law alone depend all rights of parents over their children, and especially that of providing for education; and that <a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">religious orders</a> have no legitimate reason for being permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these condemnations were aimed at anticlerical governments in various European countries, which were in the process of secularizing education and taking over Catholic schools, as well as suppressing religious orders and confiscating their property.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attached to the encyclical was a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Syllabus_of_Errors" title="Syllabus of Errors">Syllabus Errorum</a></i></span>, which had been condemned in previous papal documents, requiring recourse to the original statements to be understood. The Syllabus reacted not only to modern atheism, materialism, and agnosticism, but also to Liberal Catholicism and the new critical study of the Bible. It was also a direct reaction to Döllinger's speech in Munich and Montalembert's speeches in Malines.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the propositions condemned in the Syllabus were: </p> <ul><li>"7. The prophecies and miracles set forth and recorded in the Sacred Scriptures are the fiction of poets, and the mysteries of the Christian faith the result of philosophical investigations. In the books of the Old and the New Testament there are contained mythical inventions, and Jesus Christ is Himself a myth."</li> <li>"13. The method and principles by which the old scholastic doctors cultivated theology are no longer suitable to the demands of our times and to the progress of the sciences." – Letter to the Archbishop of Munich, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Tuas libenter</i></span>, December 21, 1863.</li> <li>"15. Every man is free to embrace and profess the Religion he shall believe true, guided by the light of reason." – Apostolic Letter, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Multiplices inter</i></span>, 10 June 1851. Allocution <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Maxima quidem</i></span>, 9 June 1862.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a> was held from December 1869 to October 1870. The council provoked a degree of controversy even before it met. In anticipation that the subject of papal infallibility would be discussed, many bishops, especially in France and Germany, expressed the opinion that the time was "inopportune". <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a> led a movement in Germany hostile to the definition of infallibility. In Döllinger's view, there was no foundation for this definition in Catholic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the definition, Döllinger was excommunicated by the Archbishop of Munich <a href="/wiki/Gregor_von_Scherr" title="Gregor von Scherr">Gregor von Scherr</a> in 1871. Montalembert died before the end of the Council. </p><p>The dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dei_Filius" title="Dei Filius">Dei Filius</a></i></span>, tried to steer a middle way between <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">fideism</a>. It presented a concept of <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a> which highlighted the aspect of divine instruction by revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dogmatic Constitution <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pastor_aeternus" title="Pastor aeternus">Pastor Aeternus</a></i></span> addressed the primacy of the pope and rejected the idea that decrees issued by the pope for the guidance of the church are not valid unless confirmed by the secular power. It also declared the infallibility of the pope when speaking "ex cathedra" on matters of faith and morals.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other matters were deferred when <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">the Italian infantry entered Rome</a> and the council was prorogued.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council remained formally open until 1960, when it was officially closed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>, in order to convene the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The First Vatican Council's decisions were so controversial that they even caused a schism of some German, Swiss, Austrian and Dutch liberal Catholics, who broke away from the Vatican and merged with the <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a> (who had maintained a somewhat precarious hierarchy in the Netherlands) into the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a>, which still exists to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_beginning_of_the_modernist_controversy_under_Leo_XIII">The beginning of the modernist controversy under Leo XIII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The beginning of the modernist controversy under Leo XIII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_XIII._Le%C3%B3_p%C3%A1pa_-_3206_-_Hungarian_National_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_XIII._Le%C3%B3_p%C3%A1pa_-_3206_-_Hungarian_National_Gallery.jpg/220px-F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_XIII._Le%C3%B3_p%C3%A1pa_-_3206_-_Hungarian_National_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_XIII._Le%C3%B3_p%C3%A1pa_-_3206_-_Hungarian_National_Gallery.jpg/330px-F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_XIII._Le%C3%B3_p%C3%A1pa_-_3206_-_Hungarian_National_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_XIII._Le%C3%B3_p%C3%A1pa_-_3206_-_Hungarian_National_Gallery.jpg/440px-F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_XIII._Le%C3%B3_p%C3%A1pa_-_3206_-_Hungarian_National_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Pope Leo XIII</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>, Pius IX's successor, wanted to advance <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Theology of Pope Leo XIII">what he understood as the true Christian science</a> in every way: he worked for a revival of <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> as Christian philosophy, he encouraged the study of history and archaeology, and in 1881 he opened up the Vatican Archives for researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1887 he encouraged the study of the natural sciences, and in 1891 opened a new <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Observatory" title="Vatican Observatory">Vatican Observatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leo's response to the rationalist trend to undermine the authority of sacred scripture, was for the church to have its own trained experts. In 1893, with <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Providentissimus_Deus" title="Providentissimus Deus">Providentissimus Deus</a></i></span>, Pope Leo gave the first formal authorization for the use of critical methods in biblical scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-Prior_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prior-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Hence it is most proper that Professors of Sacred Scripture and theologians should master those tongues in which the sacred Books were originally written,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProvidentissimus_Deus§17_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvidentissimus_Deus§17-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have a knowledge of natural science.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProvidentissimus_Deus§18_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvidentissimus_Deus§18-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recommended that the student of scripture be first given a sound grounding in the interpretations of the Fathers such as <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProvidentissimus_Deus§7_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvidentissimus_Deus§7-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and understand what they interpreted literally, and what allegorically; and note what they lay down as belonging to faith and what is opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProvidentissimus_Deus§19_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvidentissimus_Deus§19-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Providentissimus_Deus" title="Providentissimus Deus">Providentissimus Deus</a></i></span> tried to encourage Catholic biblical studies, it also created problems. In the encyclical, Leo XIII excluded the possibility of restricting the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">inspiration and inerrancy of the bible</a> to matters of faith and morals. Thus, he interfered in the lively discussion about biblical inspiration in France, where <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Le_Sage_d%27Hauteroche_d%27Hulst" title="Maurice Le Sage d'Hauteroche d'Hulst">Maurice d'Hulst</a>, the founder of the Institut Catholique de Paris, had opted for a more open solution in his article on <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La question biblique</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only exegetes of this "école large" were now in trouble, but also the prominent French theologian <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Loisy" title="Alfred Loisy">Alfred Loisy</a> who worked for a thoroughly historical understanding of the Bible,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to open up spaces for theological reform.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman Congregation of the Index began to prepare a censuring of Loisy's main works, but until the death of Leo XIII in 1903 no decision was taken, as there was also considerable resistance within the Roman Curia against a premature judgment on matters of biblical interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnoldLosito2009_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldLosito2009-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the whole, the official Catholic attitude to the study of Scripture at the turn of the 20th century was one of cautious advance, and at the same time of a growing appreciation of what had promise for the future.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, Pope Leo XIII instituted the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Commission" title="Pontifical Biblical Commission">Pontifical Biblical Commission</a>, which was to adapt Catholic Biblical studies to modern scholarship and to protect Scripture against attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marie-Joseph_Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marie-Joseph Lagrange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1890 the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Biblique" title="École Biblique">École Biblique</a>, the first Catholic school specifically dedicated to the critical study of the bible, was established in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> by Dominican <a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a>. In 1892 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> gave his official approval. While many of Lagrange's contemporaries criticized the new scientific and critical approach to the Bible, he made use of it. Lagrange founded the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Revue_Biblique" title="Revue Biblique">Revue Biblique</a></i></span>, and his first articles drew sharp criticism, but Pope Leo was not inclined to discourage new ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-Becker_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As long as Pope Leo lived, Lagrange's work quietly progressed, but after Leo's death, an ultra-conservative reaction set in.<sup id="cite_ref-Becker_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">historical-critical method</a> was considered suspect by the Vatican. Père Lagrange, like other scholars involved in the 19th-century renaissance of biblical studies, was suspected of being a modernist.<sup id="cite_ref-ecole_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecole-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912 Lagrange was given an order for the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Revue Biblique</i></span> to cease publication and to return to France. The École itself was closed for a year, and then Lagrange was sent back to Jerusalem to continue his work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duchesne_and_Loisy">Duchesne and Loisy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Duchesne and Loisy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Duchesne_(1843-1922),_peint_par_Rahauts_en_1899..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Louis_Duchesne_%281843-1922%29%2C_peint_par_Rahauts_en_1899..jpg/220px-Louis_Duchesne_%281843-1922%29%2C_peint_par_Rahauts_en_1899..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Louis_Duchesne_%281843-1922%29%2C_peint_par_Rahauts_en_1899..jpg/330px-Louis_Duchesne_%281843-1922%29%2C_peint_par_Rahauts_en_1899..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Louis_Duchesne_%281843-1922%29%2C_peint_par_Rahauts_en_1899..jpg/440px-Louis_Duchesne_%281843-1922%29%2C_peint_par_Rahauts_en_1899..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1487" /></a><figcaption>Louis Duchesne, 1899</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Duchesne" title="Louis Duchesne">Louis Duchesne</a> was a French priest, philologist, teacher, and amateur archaeologist. Trained at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_pratique_des_Hautes_%C3%89tudes" class="mw-redirect" title="École pratique des Hautes Études">École pratique des Hautes Études</a> in Paris, he applied modern methods to church history, drawing together archaeology and topography to supplement literature and setting ecclesiastical events within the contexts of social history. Duchesne held the chair of ecclesiastical history at the <a href="/wiki/Institut_Catholique_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Catholique de Paris">Institut Catholique de Paris</a>, and was frequently in contact with like-minded historians among the <a href="/wiki/Bollandist" title="Bollandist">Bollandists</a>, with their long history of critical editions of <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duchesne gained fame as a demythologizing critical historian of the popular, pious lives of saints produced by <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a> publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Histoire ancienne de l'Église</i></span>, 1906–1911 (translated as <i>Early History of the Christian Church</i>) was considered too modernist by the church at the time, and was placed on the <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Forbidden_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Forbidden Books">Index of Forbidden Books</a> in 1912. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Loisy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Alfred_Loisy.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Alfred Loisy</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Loisy" title="Alfred Loisy">Alfred Loisy</a> was a French Catholic priest, professor and theologian generally credited as the "father of Catholic Modernism".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LoisyB_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoisyB-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had studied at the Institut Catholique under Duchesne and attended the course on Hebrew by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a>. Harvey Hill says that the development of Loisy's theories have to be seen also in the context of France's Church-State conflict, which contributed to Loisy's crisis of faith in the 1880s. In November 1893, Loisy published the last lecture of his course, in which he summed up his position on <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">biblical criticism</a> in five propositions: the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a> was not the work of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, the first five chapters of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> were not literal history, the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> did not possess equal historical value, there was a development in scriptural doctrine, and Biblical writings were subject to the same limitations as those by other authors of the ancient world.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When his attempts at theological reform had failed, Loisy came to regard the Christian religion more as a system of humanistic ethics than as divine revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was excommunicated in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_climax_of_the_controversy_under_Pius_X">The climax of the controversy under Pius X</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The climax of the controversy under Pius X"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pius_X_pope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Pius_X_pope.jpg/220px-Pius_X_pope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Pius_X_pope.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Pope Pius X</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>, who succeeded Leo XIII in August 1903, engaged almost immediately in the ongoing controversy. Reacting on pressure from the Parisian Archbishop Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie-Benjamin_Richard" title="François-Marie-Benjamin Richard">François-Marie-Benjamin Richard</a>, he transferred the censuring of Loisy from the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Index">Congregation of the Index</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Sacred_Congregation_of_the_Holy_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office">Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office</a>. Already in December 1903, Loisy's main exegetical works were censured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnoldLosito2009_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldLosito2009-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time the Holy Office began to prepare a syllabus of errors contained in the works of Loisy. Due to ongoing internal resistance, especially from the Master of the Sacred Palace, the papal theologian Alberto Lepidi <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>, this Syllabus was published only in July 1907 as the decree <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Lamentabili_sane_exitu" title="Lamentabili sane exitu">Lamentabili sane exitu</a></i></span>, which condemned sixty-five propositions from the field of biblical interpretation and the history of dogma.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnoldLosito2011_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldLosito2011-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lamentabili</i></span> did not mention the term <i>modernism</i>, and it seems that Pius X and his close collaborators like Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Merry_del_Val" title="Rafael Merry del Val">Rafael Merry del Val</a> and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Calasanz_Vives_y_Tut%C3%B3" title="José de Calasanz Vives y Tutó">José de Calasanz Vives y Tutó</a> were not satisfied with the document. </p><p>Therefore, in the summer of 1907, another document was prepared in a small circle around the pope and already in September 1907 Pius X promulgated the encyclical <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pascendi_dominici_gregis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascendi dominici gregis">Pascendi dominici gregis</a></i></span>, which formulated a synthesis of modernism and popularized the term itself. The encyclical condemned modernism as embracing every <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Pascendi</i></span> described the "modernist" in seven "roles": as purely immanentist philosopher, as believer who relies only on their own religious experience, as theologian who understands dogma symbolically, as historian and biblical scholar who dissolves divine revelation by means of the historical-critical method into purely immanent processes of development, as apologete who justifies the Christian truth only from immanence, and as reformer who wants to change the church in a radical way. <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanentism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">evolutionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a> are the keywords used by the pope to describe the philosophical and theological system of modernism. The encyclical describes the modernist as an enemy of scholastic philosophy and theology and resistant to the teachings of the magisterium; their moral qualities are curiosity, arrogance, ignorance, and falsehood. Modernists deceive the simple believers by not presenting their entire system, but only parts of it. Therefore, the encyclical wants to reveal the secret system of modernism. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Pascendi</i></span> contained also disciplinary measures for the promotion of scholastic philosophy and theology in the seminaries, for the removal of suspect professors and candidates for the priesthood, for a more rigid censuring of publications and for the creation of an antimodernist control group in every diocese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2007105–107_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2007105–107-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All bishops and superiors of religious orders had to report regularly on the execution of these measures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnoldVian2017_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldVian2017-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pius frequently condemned the movement, and was deeply concerned that its adherents could go on believing themselves strict Catholics while understanding dogma in a markedly untraditional sense (a consequence of the notion of evolution of dogma). Therefore, in 1910, he introduced an <a href="/wiki/Oath_Against_Modernism" title="Oath Against Modernism">anti-modernist oath</a> to be taken by all Catholic priests.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To ensure enforcement of these decisions, Monsignor <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Benigni" title="Umberto Benigni">Umberto Benigni</a> organized, through his personal contacts with theologians and laymen in various European countries, a secret network of informants who would report to him those thought to be teaching condemned doctrine or engaging in political activities (like Christian Democratic Parties, Christian Unions) which were also deemed to be "modernist" because they were not controlled by the Catholic hierarchy. This group was called the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sodalitium_Pianum" title="Sodalitium Pianum">Sodalitium Pianum</a></i></span>, i.e. Fellowship of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius (V)</a>, the code name was <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Sapinière</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its frequently overzealous and clandestine methods often hindered rather than helped the Church in its combat with modernism.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benigni also published the journal <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">La Corrispondenza Romana</i></span>/<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Correspondance de Rome</i></span>, which initiated press campaigns against practical and social modernism throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benigni fell out with Cardinal Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Merry_del_Val" title="Rafael Merry del Val">Rafael Merry del Val</a> in 1911. The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sodalitium</i></span> was eventually dissolved in 1921. Recent research has stressed the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> character of Benigni's antimodernism.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_America">In America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ireland_(archbishop_of_Saint_Paul).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_Ireland_%28archbishop_of_Saint_Paul%29.jpg/220px-John_Ireland_%28archbishop_of_Saint_Paul%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/John_Ireland_%28archbishop_of_Saint_Paul%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Archbishop John Ireland (1838−1918)</figcaption></figure> <p>With his slogan "Church and Age unite!",<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archbishop <a href="/wiki/John_Ireland_(bishop)" title="John Ireland (bishop)">John Ireland</a> of Saint Paul, Minnesota, became the hero of reformers in France (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Klein" title="Félix Klein">Félix Klein</a>), Italy<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Germany (<a href="/wiki/Herman_Schell" title="Herman Schell">Herman Schell</a>) in the 1890s. The modernist controversy in the United States was thus initially dominated by the conflict on "<a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism</a>", which after <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Pascendi</i></span> was also presented as a "forerunner" of modernism in Catholic heresiology.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Americanism" was perceived as an influence of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholic Church in the United States</a>, particularly regarding the concept of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of Church and State</a>. Such tendencies alarmed Pope Leo XIII, who condemned them, at the urging of Archbishop Ireland's old opponent from <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> Archbishop <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Frederick_Otto_Zardetti" title="John Joseph Frederick Otto Zardetti">John Joseph Frederick Otto Zardetti</a>, in the apostolic letter <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Testem_benevolentiae_nostrae" title="Testem benevolentiae nostrae">Testem benevolentiae nostrae</a></i></span> (1899).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archbishop Ireland had to be extremely careful to avoid condemnation for his views.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the issuing of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Pascendi</i></span>, the antimodernist measures were especially felt in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_York" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York">Archdiocese of New York</a>: The <i>New York Review</i> was a journal produced by <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Seminary_and_College" title="St. Joseph's Seminary and College">Saint Joseph's Seminary</a>. It printed papers by leading Catholic Biblical experts who were part of the newly emerging schools of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a>, which raised eyebrows in Rome. Around 1908, the <i>Review</i> was discontinued, ostensibly for financial reasons, although there is strong evidence that it was suppressed for modernist tendencies.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his support for modernization, Archbishop Ireland actively campaigned against modernism following the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Pascendi</i></span> encyclical: this apparently inconsistent behavior stemmed from Ireland's concept of a "golden mean" between "ultraconservatism", rendering the Church irrelevant, and "ultraliberalism," discarding the Church's message.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-history_in_the_20th_and_21st_centuries">Post-history in the 20th and 21st centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-history in the 20th and 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the pontificate of Pius X, there was a gradual abatement of attacks against modernists. The new <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a>, who was elected to succeed Pius X in 1914, once again condemned modernism in his encyclical <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ad_beatissimi_Apostolorum" title="Ad beatissimi Apostolorum">Ad beatissimi Apostolorum</a></i></span>, but also urged Catholics to cease condemning fellow believers.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, theological antimodernism continued to influence the climate within the church.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Holy Office, until 1930 under the guidance of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Merry_del_Val" title="Rafael Merry del Val">Rafael Merry del Val</a>, continued to censure modernist theologians and rationalist exegesis was once again condemned by the Pontiff in his encyclical <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Spiritus Paraclitus</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, Loisy's <i>opera omnia</i> were placed on the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a></i></span>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, French propaganda claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Catholic Church in Germany">Catholic Church in Germany</a> was infested with modernism.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already in 1913 it had been claimed by the French academic <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Vermeil" title="Edmond Vermeil">Edmond Vermeil</a> that the Catholic <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Tübingen School">Tübingen School</a> in the mid-19th century, with its interest for the "organic development" of the church in history, was a "forerunner" of "modernism"<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a claim which has been debated ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between World War I and the Second Vatican Council, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span> was a "torchbearer of orthodox <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a>" against modernism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garrigou-Lagrange, who was a professor of philosophy and theology at the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Angelicum</i></span>, is commonly held to have influenced the decision in 1942 to place the privately circulated book <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Une école de théologie: le Saulchoir</i></span> (Étiolles-sur-Seine 1937) by <a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the Vatican's "Index of Forbidden Books" as the culmination of a polemic within the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a> between the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Angelicum</i></span> supporters of a speculative scholasticism and the French revival Thomists who were more attentive to historical hermeneutics, such as <a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 1930s, Congar read the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mémoires</i></span> of Loisy and realised that modernism had addressed problems in theology which were still not resolved by neo-scholastic theology. Chenu and Congar, two protagonists of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMettepenningen2010_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettepenningen2010-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began to prepare a dossier on this topic. In 1946, Congar wrote to Chenu that neo-scholastic theology had already begun to "liquidate" itself on a daily basis and that the Jesuits were among the fiercest "liquidators".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congar's <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Chrétiens désunis</i></span> was also suspected of modernism because its methodology derived more from religious experience than from syllogistic analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A first relaxation of the strict anti-modernist measures imposed on biblical scholars by Pius X came in 1943: on that year, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> issued the encyclical <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Divino_afflante_Spiritu" title="Divino afflante Spiritu">Divino afflante Spiritu</a></i></span>, regulating the issue of biblical exegesis. The encyclical inaugurated the modern period of Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a> by encouraging the study of <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a> (or 'lower criticism'), pertaining to text of the Scriptures themselves and transmission thereof (for example, to determine correct readings) and permitted the use of the <a href="/wiki/Historical-critical_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical-critical method">historical-critical method</a> (or 'higher criticism') to be informed by <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Tradition">Sacred Tradition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical history">ecclesiastical history</a> on the historical circumstances of the text, hypothesizing about matters such as authorship, dating, and similar concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholic biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sulpicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulpicians">SS</a></span> described the encyclical as a "<a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> for biblical progress".<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his cautious openings on the issue of biblical criticism, Pius XII was suspicious of the new theological trends, which he feared could cause a modernist revival: in 1950, he published the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Humani_generis" title="Humani generis">Humani generis</a></i>, in which he condemned "certain new intellectual currents" in the Church, accusing them of relativism and attacking them for reformulating dogmas in a way that was not consistent with Church tradition and for following <a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">biblical hermeneutics</a> that deviated from the teachings of <i>Providentissimus Deus</i>, <i>Spiritus Paraclitus</i> and <i>Divino afflante Spiritu</i>. The encyclical specifically accused these new "trends" of having embraced the modernist heresy condemned by Pius X in <i>Pascendi Dominici gregis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The encyclical did not mention any particular theologian but was widely interpreted as a condemnation of the <i>Nouvelle théologie</i> and was followed by an anti-modernist purge in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Saulchoir" title="Le Saulchoir">Le Saulchoir</a></i> and Fourvière.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> and the calling of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, anti-modernist polemics declined and many theologians associated with the <i>Nouvelle théologie</i> were gradually rehabilitated and many of them took part in the Council with the qualification of <i><a href="/wiki/Peritus" title="Peritus">peritus</a></i>. However, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> once again condemned modernism in his encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiam_Suam" title="Ecclesiam Suam">Ecclesiam Suam</a></i> (1964), calling it "an error which is still making its appearance under various new guises, wholly inconsistent with any genuine religious expression" and described it as "an attempt on the part of secular philosophies and secular trends to vitiate the true teaching and discipline of the Church of Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the Oath Against Modernism was abolished on 17 July 1967 by the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> with the approval of Paul VI.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Council, the more <a href="/wiki/Communio" title="Communio">conservative supporters</a> of <i>Nouvelle théologie</i> had important careers in the Church: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">SJ</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">SJ</a></span> were made cardinals by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, while Joseph Ratzinger was elected as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> in 2005. The same could not be said for the more <a href="/wiki/Concilium_(journal)" title="Concilium (journal)">liberal members</a>, who were gradually marginalised due to their extreme views: <a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a> was stripped from his theological license by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in 1979 for questioning <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span> was repeatedly condemned by the Congregation and even by Pope Paul VI himself (encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Mysterium_fidei_(encyclical)" title="Mysterium fidei (encyclical)">Mysterium fidei</a></i>) due to his heterodox views about <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">eucharist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reference to modernism continues to be frequent among conservative and <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">traditionalist Catholics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_persons_involved_in_the_Modernist_controversy">Notable persons involved in the Modernist controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable persons involved in the Modernist controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ireland_(bishop)" title="John Ireland (bishop)">John Ireland</a> (1838–1918), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis">Archbishop of Saint Paul</a>. Considered one of the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism</a>, he later turned against modernism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Kraus" title="Franz Xaver Kraus">Franz Xaver Kraus</a> (1840–1901), church historian, "Liberal Catholic"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Duchesne" title="Louis Duchesne">Louis Duchesne</a> (1843–1922), priest and philologist; one of his books was placed on the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schell" title="Herman Schell">Herman Schell</a> (1850–1906), German theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Loisy" title="Alfred Loisy">Alfred Loisy</a> (1857–1940), priest and theologian, excommunicated for his views in 1908 and his <i>opera omnia</i> were placed on the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Index</i></span>. Later became an agnostic and a secular scholar at the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a></i></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Turmel" title="Joseph Turmel">Joseph Turmel</a> (1859-1943), priest and church historian, excommunicated in 1930 and his opera omnia placed on the <i>Index</i> in 1931.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a> (1861–1909), expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> in 1906 for his views and excommunicated in 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maude_Petre" title="Maude Petre">Maude Petre</a> (1863–1942), English nun, close friend of Tyrrell, and a participant in the modernist movement as well as one of its first historians and critics; some of her works were placed on the <i>Index Librorum Prohibitorum</i></li> <li>Salvatore Minocchi (1869–1943), priest and biblical scholar, <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(Catholic_canonical_penalty)" title="Suspension (Catholic canonical penalty)">suspended <i>a divinis</i></a> in 1908, later left the priesthood and became an agnostic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Batiffol" title="Pierre Batiffol">Pierre Batiffol</a> (1861–1929), historian of dogma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a> (1852–1925), philosopher of religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Ward" title="Wilfrid Ward">Wilfrid Ward</a> (1856–1916), English essayist and biographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bremond" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Bremond">Henri Bremond</a> (1865–1933), French literary scholar, sometime Jesuit, and Catholic philosopher<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schnitzer" title="Joseph Schnitzer">Joseph Schnitzer</a> (1859–1939), historian of dogma in Munich<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Semeria" title="Giovanni Semeria">Giovanni Semeria</a> (1867–1931), Barnabite priest, preacher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Muth" title="Carl Muth">Carl Muth</a> (1867–1944), editor of the cultural and religious journal <i><a href="/wiki/Hochland_(magazine)" title="Hochland (magazine)">Hochland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Buonaiuti" title="Ernesto Buonaiuti">Ernesto Buonaiuti</a> (1881–1946), who as a scholar of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">history of Christianity</a> and of religious philosophy, was a leader in the Italian modernist movement and was excommunicated in 1925<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> comedian <a href="/wiki/Dermot_Morgan" title="Dermot Morgan">Dermot Morgan</a> parodied the Modernist trend of the Post-<a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholic Church in Ireland</a> while appearing on the <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a> television show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Live_Mike" title="The Live Mike">The Live Mike</a></i> between 1979 and 1982. On the show, Morgan played a range of comic characters, including Father Trendy, a trying-to-be-cool <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a>-<a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">priest</a>, who wore an Elvis haircut, a leather jacket and who was given to drawing ludicrous parallels between religious and non-religious life in two-minute 'sermons' to the camera. Morgan created the character as a <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brian_D%27Arcy" title="Brian D'Arcy">Father Brian D'Arcy</a>, a left-wing <a href="/wiki/Passionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Passionist">Passionist</a> priest who was trying to be the chaplain to the show business community in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>.</li> <li>In the episode "The Bishop's Gambit" of the British TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Yes_Minister" title="Yes Minister">Yes Minister</a></i> (season 1, episode 7), Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hacker" title="Jim Hacker">Jim Hacker</a> discusses candidates for an Anglican bishopric with Cabinet Secretary <a href="/wiki/Sir_Humphrey_Appleby" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Humphrey Appleby">Sir Humphrey Appleby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church Commissioners have suggested a candidate who is a "modernist". Sir Humphrey later explains to the PM that "modernist" is ecclesiastical code for an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_clergyman" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican clergyman">Anglican clergyman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism (heresy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrism">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mal%C3%A8gue" title="Joseph Malègue">Joseph Malègue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Liberal Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Th%C3%A9ologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouvelle Théologie">Nouvelle Théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit of Vatican II">Spirit of Vatican II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3160168?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Bella, Julius I. "Father Tyrrell's Dogmas." <i>Church History</i>, vol. 8, no. 4, 1939, pp. 316–341. JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPope_Pius_X1907" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-x/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-x_enc_19070908_pascendi-dominici-gregis.html">"Pascendi Dominici gregis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Sanctae Sedis</a></i>. <b>40</b>: 593–650.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Sanctae+Sedis&rft.atitle=Pascendi+Dominici+gregis&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=593-650&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Pope+Pius+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-x%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-x_enc_19070908_pascendi-dominici-gregis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeersch1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vermeersch, Arthur (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10415a.htm">"Modernism"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modernism&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Vermeersch&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F10415a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoulat199646-102-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoulat199646-102_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoulat1996">Poulat 1996</a>, p. 46-102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell1994-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell1994_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell1994_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connell1994">O'Connell 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVian" class="citation book cs1">Vian, Giovanni. "Un mondo modernista? Note a partire dai rapporti a norma della Pascendi". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/libri/978-88-6969-131-7/un-mondo-modernista/"><i>The Reception and Application of the Encyclical Pascendi</i></a>. pp. 265–296.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Un+mondo+modernista%3F+Note+a+partire+dai+rapporti+a+norma+della+Pascendi&rft.btitle=The+Reception+and+Application+of+the+Encyclical+Pascendi&rft.pages=265-296&rft.aulast=Vian&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedizionicafoscari.unive.it%2Flibri%2F978-88-6969-131-7%2Fun-mondo-modernista%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortier2013xx_(introduction)-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortier2013xx_(introduction)_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPortier2013">Portier 2013</a>, p. xx (introduction).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarmannTalar1999" class="citation book cs1">Barmann, Lawrence; Talar, Charles J T, eds. (1999). <i>Sanctity and Secularity during the Modernist Period: Six perspectives on hagiography around 1900</i>. Paris: Société des Bollandistes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782873650070" title="Special:BookSources/9782873650070"><bdi>9782873650070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanctity+and+Secularity+during+the+Modernist+Period%3A+Six+perspectives+on+hagiography+around+1900&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Bollandistes&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9782873650070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLositoTalar2017" class="citation book cs1">Losito, Giacomo; Talar, Charles J T, eds. (2017). <i>Modernisme, mystique, mysticisme</i>. Paris: Honoré Champion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782745344496" title="Special:BookSources/9782745344496"><bdi>9782745344496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernisme%2C+mystique%2C+mysticisme&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Honor%C3%A9+Champion&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9782745344496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosito2014" class="citation book cs1">Losito, Giacomo (2014). <i>Dio soggetto della storia: Loisy, Blondel, Laberthonnière</i>. Naples: Loffredo Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788875646691" title="Special:BookSources/9788875646691"><bdi>9788875646691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dio+soggetto+della+storia%3A+Loisy%2C+Blondel%2C+Laberthonni%C3%A8re&rft.place=Naples&rft.pub=Loffredo+Editore&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788875646691&rft.aulast=Losito&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacchi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Tacchi, Francesco (2018). "Curia romana e "Gewerkschaftsstreit": Prime considerazioni sull'origine dell'enciclica "Singulari quadam" (1912)". <i>Rivista di storia e letteratura religiosa</i>. <b>54</b>: 351–388. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-6573">0035-6573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+di+storia+e+letteratura+religiosa&rft.atitle=Curia+romana+e+%22Gewerkschaftsstreit%22%3A+Prime+considerazioni+sull%27origine+dell%27enciclica+%22Singulari+quadam%22+%281912%29&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=351-388&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0035-6573&rft.aulast=Tacchi&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1998" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Otto (1998). <i>Modernismus und Antimodernismus im Dominikanerorden: Zugleich ein Beitrag zum "Sodalitium Pianum"</i>. Pustet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783791716190" title="Special:BookSources/9783791716190"><bdi>9783791716190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernismus+und+Antimodernismus+im+Dominikanerorden%3A+Zugleich+ein+Beitrag+zum+%22Sodalitium+Pianum%22&rft.pub=Pustet&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9783791716190&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger2000" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Franziska (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpsjsDFFq3cC&q=franziska+metzger+schildwache"><i>Die "Schildwache": eine integralistisch-rechtskatholische Zeitung 1912-1945</i></a>. Fribourg: Universitätsverlag Freiburg/Schweiz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783727812996" title="Special:BookSources/9783727812996"><bdi>9783727812996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+%22Schildwache%22%3A+eine+integralistisch-rechtskatholische+Zeitung+1912-1945&rft.place=Fribourg&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+Freiburg%2FSchweiz&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9783727812996&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Franziska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjpsjsDFFq3cC%26q%3Dfranziska%2Bmetzger%2Bschildwache&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusemann2017" class="citation book cs1">Busemann, Jan Dirk (2017). <i>Katholische Laienemanzipation und römische Reaktion: Die Indexkongregation im Literatur-, Gewerkschafts- und Zentrumsstreit</i>. Paderborn: Schöningh. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30965%2F9783657777891">10.30965/9783657777891</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783657777891" title="Special:BookSources/9783657777891"><bdi>9783657777891</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Katholische+Laienemanzipation+und+r%C3%B6mische+Reaktion%3A+Die+Indexkongregation+im+Literatur-%2C+Gewerkschafts-+und+Zentrumsstreit&rft.place=Paderborn&rft.pub=Sch%C3%B6ningh&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30965%2F9783657777891&rft.isbn=9783657777891&rft.aulast=Busemann&rft.aufirst=Jan+Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalar2011" class="citation book cs1">Talar, Charles J. T., ed. (2011). <i>The Modernist as Philosopher: Selected Writings of Marcel Hebert</i>. Washington D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813218793" title="Special:BookSources/9780813218793"><bdi>9780813218793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modernist+as+Philosopher%3A+Selected+Writings+of+Marcel+Hebert&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780813218793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalar2012" class="citation book cs1">Talar, Charles J. T. (2012). <i>Martyr to the Truth: The Autobiography of Joseph Turmel</i>. Eugene OR: Pickwick Publicationes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610978378" title="Special:BookSources/9781610978378"><bdi>9781610978378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyr+to+the+Truth%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Joseph+Turmel&rft.place=Eugene+OR&rft.pub=Pickwick+Publicationes&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781610978378&rft.aulast=Talar&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulat2000" class="citation book cs1">Poulat, Émile (2000). <i>Modernistica: horizons, physionomies, débats</i>. Paris: Nouvelles édition latines. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782723301794" title="Special:BookSources/9782723301794"><bdi>9782723301794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernistica%3A+horizons%2C+physionomies%2C+d%C3%A9bats&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Nouvelles+%C3%A9dition+latines&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9782723301794&rft.aulast=Poulat&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillSardellaTalar2008" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Harvey; Sardella, Louis-Pierre; Talar, Charles J. T. (2008). <i>By Those Who Knew Them: French Modernists Left, Right, and Center</i>. Washington D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813215372" title="Special:BookSources/9780813215372"><bdi>9780813215372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+Those+Who+Knew+Them%3A+French+Modernists+Left%2C+Right%2C+and+Center&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780813215372&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Sardella%2C+Louis-Pierre&rft.au=Talar%2C+Charles+J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1999245–250-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold1999245–250_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold1999">Arnold 1999</a>, p. 245–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jRQ9AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Liberal+Catholic+movement%22&pg=PA77">Bury, J.P.T., "Religion and Relations of Churches and States", <i>The New Cambridge Modern History</i>, Vol. 10, CUP Archive, 1960</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521045483" title="Special:BookSources/9780521045483">9780521045483</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold200712–14-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold200712–14_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold2007">Arnold 2007</a>, p. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoome1979-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoome1979_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoome1979">Loome 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLash1980" class="citation journal cs1">Lash, Nicholas (1980). 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Gregory_XVI1832" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Pope Gregory XVI</a> (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/greg16/g16mirar.htm">"Mirari Vos"</a>. <i>Papal Encyclicals</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Papal+Encyclicals&rft.atitle=Mirari+Vos&rft.date=1832&rft.au=Pope+Gregory+XVI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2Fgreg16%2Fg16mirar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Pius_IX1846" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius09/p9quiplu.htm">"Qui Pluribus"</a>. <i>Papal Encyclicals</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Papal+Encyclicals&rft.atitle=Qui+Pluribus&rft.date=1846&rft.au=Pope+Pius+IX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2Fpius09%2Fp9quiplu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Pius_VIII1829" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pope Pius VIII</a> (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius08/p8tradit.htm">"Traditi Humilitati"</a>. <i>Papal Encyclicals</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Papal+Encyclicals&rft.atitle=Traditi+Humilitati&rft.date=1829&rft.au=Pope+Pius+VIII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2Fpius08%2Fp8tradit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Gregory_XVI1844" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Pope Gregory XVI</a> (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/greg16/g16inter.htm">"Inter Praecipuas"</a>. <i>Papal Encyclicals</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Papal+Encyclicals&rft.atitle=Inter+Praecipuas&rft.date=1844&rft.au=Pope+Gregory+XVI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2Fgreg16%2Fg16inter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theiss-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Theiss_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam2018" class="citation web cs1">Adam, Alex (2018-03-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themarginaliareview.com/pale-galilean-ernest-renan-jesus-modern-history/">"The Pale Galilean: Ernest Renan, Jesus, and Modern History"</a>. <i>The Marginalia Review of Books</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Marginalia+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Pale+Galilean%3A+Ernest+Renan%2C+Jesus%2C+and+Modern+History&rft.date=2018-03-16&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemarginaliareview.com%2Fpale-galilean-ernest-renan-jesus-modern-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBischofEssen2015" class="citation book cs1">Bischof, Franz Xaver; Essen, Georg (2015). <i>Theologie, kirchliches Lehramt und öffentliche Meinung: Die Münchener Gelehrtenversammlung von 1863 und ihre Folgen</i>. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783170289499" title="Special:BookSources/9783170289499"><bdi>9783170289499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theologie%2C+kirchliches+Lehramt+und+%C3%B6ffentliche+Meinung%3A+Die+M%C3%BCnchener+Gelehrtenversammlung+von+1863+und+ihre+Folgen&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Kohlhammer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9783170289499&rft.aulast=Bischof&rft.aufirst=Franz+Xaver&rft.au=Essen%2C+Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/question-conscience">Howard, Thomas Albert. "A Question of Conscience", <i>Commonweal</i>, September 29, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Malley, John W. <i>Vatican I: The Council and the Making of the Ultramontane Church</i> Harvard University Press 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lecanuet, Edouard 1902, p. 356 : <i>Discours de Malines</i>, 20-21 août 1863, Tome 3 : <i>L'Église et le second Empire</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/condemning-current-errors-3608">Pope Pius IX. <i>Quanta Cura</i>, §4, December 8, 1864</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/E.E.Y._Hales" class="mw-redirect" title="E.E.Y. Hales">Hales, E.E.Y.</a> <i>The Catholic Church in the Modern World</i>, (Doubleday, 1958)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartina1998" class="citation journal cs1">Martina, Giacomo (1998). "Verso il sillabo: Il parere del barnabita Bilio sul discorso di Montalembert a Malines nell'Agosto 1863". <i>Archivum Historiae Pontificiae</i>. <b>36</b>: 137–181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivum+Historiae+Pontificiae&rft.atitle=Verso+il+sillabo%3A+Il+parere+del+barnabita+Bilio+sul+discorso+di+Montalembert+a+Malines+nell%27Agosto+1863&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=137-181&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Martina&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBischof1997" class="citation book cs1">Bischof, Franz Xaver (1997). <i>Theologie und Geschichte: Ignaz von Döllinger (1799–1890) in der zweiten Hälfte seines Lebens</i>. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783170148451" title="Special:BookSources/9783170148451"><bdi>9783170148451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theologie+und+Geschichte%3A+Ignaz+von+D%C3%B6llinger+%281799%E2%80%931890%29+in+der+zweiten+H%C3%A4lfte+seines+Lebens&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Kohlhammer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9783170148451&rft.aulast=Bischof&rft.aufirst=Franz+Xaver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaticani_Concilii1870" class="citation journal cs1">Vaticani Concilii (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/i-vatican-council/documents/vat-i_const_18700424_dei-filius_la.html">"Dei Filius"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Sanctae Sedis</a></i>. <b>5</b> (5): 481–493.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Sanctae+Sedis&rft.atitle=Dei+Filius&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=481-493&rft.date=1870&rft.au=Vaticani+Concilii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fi-vatican-council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-i_const_18700424_dei-filius_la.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeckler2000" class="citation book cs1">Seckler, Max (2000). 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 97–103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicism+and+History%3A+The+Opening+of+the+Vatican+Archives&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=97-103&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffliphtml5.com%2Folzd%2Fskgz%2Fbasic%2F104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43718495?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Murphy, Richard T. "The Teachings of the Encyclical ‘Providentissimus Deus’", <i>The Catholic Biblical Quarterly</i>, vol. 5, no. 2, 1943, pp. 125–140. JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prior-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prior_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bYlS2ZgbQV0C&dq=providentissimus+deus&pg=PA90">Prior, Joseph G., <i>The Historical Critical Method in Catholic Exegesis</i>, Gregorian Biblical BookShop, 1999</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788876528255" title="Special:BookSources/9788876528255">9788876528255</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvidentissimus_Deus§17-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProvidentissimus_Deus§17_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProvidentissimus_Deus">Providentissimus Deus</a>, §17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvidentissimus_Deus§18-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProvidentissimus_Deus§18_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProvidentissimus_Deus">Providentissimus Deus</a>, §18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvidentissimus_Deus§7-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProvidentissimus_Deus§7_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProvidentissimus_Deus">Providentissimus Deus</a>, §7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Leo_XIII1893" class="citation journal cs1">Pope Leo XIII (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_18111893_providentissimus-deus.html">"Providentissimus Deus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Sanctae Sedis</a></i>. <b>26</b>: 269–292.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Sanctae+Sedis&rft.atitle=Providentissimus+Deus&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=269-292&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Pope+Leo+XIII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fleo-xiii%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_l-xiii_enc_18111893_providentissimus-deus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvidentissimus_Deus§19-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProvidentissimus_Deus§19_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProvidentissimus_Deus">Providentissimus Deus</a>, §19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeretta1996" class="citation book cs1">Beretta, Francesco (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tuqDVKzGhHcC"><i>Monseigneur d'Hulst et la science chrétienne: Portrait d'un intellectuel</i></a>. Paris: Beauchesne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782701013435" title="Special:BookSources/9782701013435"><bdi>9782701013435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monseigneur+d%27Hulst+et+la+science+chr%C3%A9tienne%3A+Portrait+d%27un+intellectuel&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Beauchesne&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9782701013435&rft.aulast=Beretta&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtuqDVKzGhHcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2016" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Claus (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/303589">"Alfred Loisy. Études bibliques (1903)"</a>. In Wischmeyer, Oda (ed.). <i>Handbuch der Bibelhermeneutiken</i>. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 593–602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110330274-051">10.1515/9783110330274-051</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110330274" title="Special:BookSources/9783110330274"><bdi>9783110330274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfred+Loisy.+%C3%89tudes+bibliques+%281903%29&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+Bibelhermeneutiken&rft.place=Berlin%2FBoston&rft.pages=593-602&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110330274-051&rft.isbn=9783110330274&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Claus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F303589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeretta1999" class="citation journal cs1">Beretta, Francesco (1999). 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Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Becker-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Becker_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becker_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dominicanajournal.org/wp-content/files/old-journal-archive/vol44/no4/dominicanav44n4perelagrange.pdf">Becker O.P., John Vianney. 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March 15, 2013</a><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrenski2003" class="citation book cs1">Strenski, Ivan (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uvt5DwAAQBAJ&dq=Louis+Duchesne&pg=PA220"><i>Theology and the First Theory of Sacrifice</i></a>. BRILL. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047402732" title="Special:BookSources/9789047402732"><bdi>9789047402732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+and+the+First+Theory+of+Sacrifice&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2003-11&rft.isbn=9789047402732&rft.aulast=Strenski&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duvt5DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLouis%2BDuchesne%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiler1947" class="citation book cs1">Heiler, Friedrich (1947). <i>Alfred Loisy: Der Vater des katholischen Modernismus</i>. 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Vol. 5. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 190–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-043-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-88309-043-3"><bdi>3-88309-043-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Loisy%2C+Alfred+Firmin&rft.btitle=Biographisch-Bibliographisches+Kirchenlexikon+%28BBKL%29&rft.place=Herzberg&rft.pages=cols.+190-196&rft.pub=Bautz&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=3-88309-043-3&rft.au=Wolfgang+Wei%C3%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbkl.de%2Fl%2Floisy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoynton1918" class="citation journal cs1">Boynton, Richard Wilson (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1507392">"The Catholic Career of Alfred Loisy"</a>. <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 36–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000012049">10.1017/S0017816000012049</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1507392">1507392</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163885356">163885356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Catholic+Career+of+Alfred+Loisy&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-73&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163885356%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1507392%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000012049&rft.aulast=Boynton&rft.aufirst=Richard+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1507392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow2019" class="citation book cs1">Morrow, Jeffrey L. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CeeEDwAAQBAJ"><i>Alfred Loisy and Modern Biblical Studies</i></a>. Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813231211" title="Special:BookSources/9780813231211"><bdi>9780813231211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Loisy+and+Modern+Biblical+Studies&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=The+Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780813231211&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCeeEDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultenover2003" class="citation journal cs1">Schultenover, David G. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/40596">"The Politics of Modernism: Alfred Loisy and the Scientific Study of Religion (Review)"</a>. <i>The Catholic Historical Review</i>. <b>89</b>: 114–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcat.2003.0082">10.1353/cat.2003.0082</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143994770">143994770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Modernism%3A+Alfred+Loisy+and+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion+%28Review%29&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=114-115&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcat.2003.0082&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143994770%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schultenover&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F40596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a> (Volume 17: 1969), pages 707–708. Article by Francis J. Hemelt of <a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_University_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic University of America">The Catholic University of America</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEx_S._Congr._S._R._et_U._Inquisitionis1907" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Sacred_Congregation_of_the_Roman_and_Universal_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition">Ex S. Congr. S. R. et U. Inquisitionis</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius10/p10lamen.htm">"Lamentabili Sane exitu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Sanctae Sedis</a></i>. <b>40</b>: 470–478.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Sanctae+Sedis&rft.atitle=Lamentabili+Sane+exitu&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=470-478&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Ex+S.+Congr.+S.+R.+et+U.+Inquisitionis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2FPius10%2Fp10lamen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldLosito2011-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnoldLosito2011_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnoldLosito2011">Arnold & Losito 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldVian2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arnold, Claus; Vian, Giovanni (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xXrFzQEACAAJ"><i>La redazione dell'Enciclica Pascendi: studi e documenti sull'antimodernismo di Papa Pio X</i></a> (in Italian). Anton Hiersemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7772-2035-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7772-2035-2"><bdi>978-3-7772-2035-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+redazione+dell%27Enciclica+Pascendi%3A+studi+e+documenti+sull%27antimodernismo+di+Papa+Pio+X&rft.pub=Anton+Hiersemann&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-7772-2035-2&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Claus&rft.au=Vian%2C+Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxXrFzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2007105–107-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2007105–107_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold2007">Arnold 2007</a>, p. 105–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldVian2017-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnoldVian2017_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnoldVian2017">Arnold & Vian 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchepers2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schepers, Judith (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0NDngEACAAJ"><i>Streitbare Brüder: ein parallelbiographischer Zugriff auf Modernismuskontroverse und Antimodernisteneid am Beispiel von Franz und Konstantin Wieland</i></a> (in German). Ferdinand Schöningh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-506-77790-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-506-77790-4"><bdi>978-3-506-77790-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Streitbare+Br%C3%BCder%3A+ein+parallelbiographischer+Zugriff+auf+Modernismuskontroverse+und+Antimodernisteneid+am+Beispiel+von+Franz+und+Konstantin+Wieland&rft.pub=Ferdinand+Sch%C3%B6ningh&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-506-77790-4&rft.aulast=Schepers&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0NDngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulat1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poulat, Émile (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fmERAQAAIAAJ"><i>Intégrisme et catholicisme intégral: un réseau secret international antimoderniste: La "Sapinière," (1909-1921)</i></a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Casterman" title="Casterman">Casterman</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Int%C3%A9grisme+et+catholicisme+int%C3%A9gral%3A+un+r%C3%A9seau+secret+international+antimoderniste%3A+La+%22Sapini%C3%A8re%2C%22+%281909-1921%29&rft.pub=Casterman&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Poulat&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfmERAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Modernism-Roman-Catholicism">"Modernism (Roman Catholicism)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 8 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modernism+%28Roman+Catholicism%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2006-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FModernism-Roman-Catholicism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Marschler2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thomas Marschler (2002). "Benigni, Umberto". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbkl.de/b/benigni_u"><i>Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)</i></a></span> (in German). Vol. 20. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 113–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-091-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-88309-091-3"><bdi>3-88309-091-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Benigni%2C+Umberto&rft.btitle=Biographisch-Bibliographisches+Kirchenlexikon+%28BBKL%29&rft.place=Nordhausen&rft.pages=cols.+113-116&rft.pub=Bautz&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-88309-091-3&rft.au=Thomas+Marschler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbkl.de%2Fb%2Fbenigni_u&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulat1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poulat, Emile (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RjYvAAAAYAAJ"><i>Catholicisme, démocratie et socialisme: le mouvement catholique et Mgr Benigni de la naissance du socialisme à la victoire du fascisme</i></a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Casterman" title="Casterman">Casterman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-203-29054-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-203-29054-9"><bdi>978-2-203-29054-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicisme%2C+d%C3%A9mocratie+et+socialisme%3A+le+mouvement+catholique+et+Mgr+Benigni+de+la+naissance+du+socialisme+%C3%A0+la+victoire+du+fascisme&rft.pub=Casterman&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-2-203-29054-9&rft.aulast=Poulat&rft.aufirst=Emile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRjYvAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValbousquet2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Valbousquet, Nina (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CvDcDwAAQBAJ"><i>Catholique et antisémite. Le réseau Mgr Begnini, 1918-1934</i></a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/CNRS_Editions" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS Editions">CNRS Editions</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-271-13271-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-271-13271-0"><bdi>978-2-271-13271-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholique+et+antis%C3%A9mite.+Le+r%C3%A9seau+Mgr+Begnini%2C+1918-1934&rft.pub=CNRS+Editions&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-2-271-13271-0&rft.aulast=Valbousquet&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCvDcDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleby1992" class="citation book cs1">Appleby, R. Scott (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HiPZAAAAMAAJ"><i>"Church and Age Unite!": The Modernist Impulse in American Catholicism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Press" title="University of Notre Dame Press">University of Notre Dame Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-268-00782-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-268-00782-9"><bdi>978-0-268-00782-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Church+and+Age+Unite%21%22%3A+The+Modernist+Impulse+in+American+Catholicism&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-268-00782-9&rft.aulast=Appleby&rft.aufirst=R.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHiPZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConfessore1984" class="citation book cs1">Confessore, Ornella (1984). <i>L'americanismo cattolico in Italia</i>. 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Yzermans (1988), <i>Frontier Bishop of Saint Cloud</i>, Park Press, <a href="/wiki/Waite_Park,_Minnesota" title="Waite Park, Minnesota">Waite Park, Minnesota</a>. Pages 175–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorch1985" class="citation journal cs1">Storch, Neil T. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3165660">"John Ireland and the Modernist Controversy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(journal)" title="Church History (journal)">Church History</a></i>. <b>54</b> (3): 353–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3165660">10.2307/3165660</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407">0009-6407</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3165660">3165660</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162776098">162776098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=John+Ireland+and+the+Modernist+Controversy&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353-365&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0009-6407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162776098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3165660%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3165660&rft.aulast=Storch&rft.aufirst=Neil+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3165660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeVito, Michael J., "The New York Review (1905-1908)", (New York: United States Catholic Historical Society, 1977), Chapter 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalar2017" class="citation journal cs1">Talar, Charles J. T. (2017). "The Reception of Pascendi dominici gregis in North America". Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14277%2F6969-130-0%2FStStor-3-9">10.14277/6969-130-0/StStor-3-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Reception+of+Pascendi+dominici+gregis+in+North+America&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14277%2F6969-130-0%2FStStor-3-9&rft.aulast=Talar&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Benedict_XV1914" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xv/it/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xv_enc_01111914_ad-beatissimi-apostolorum.html">"Ad Beatissimi Apostolorum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i>. <b>6</b>: 565–581.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Apostolicae+Sedis&rft.atitle=Ad+Beatissimi+Apostolorum&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=565-581&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Pope+Benedict+XV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xv%2Fit%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xv_enc_01111914_ad-beatissimi-apostolorum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Nach dem Antimodernismus? Wege der katholischen Theologie 1918-1958". <i>Rottenburger Jahrbuch für Kirchengeschichte</i>. <b>32</b>. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10900%2F81807">10900/81807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rottenburger+Jahrbuch+f%C3%BCr+Kirchengeschichte&rft.atitle=Nach+dem+Antimodernismus%3F+Wege+der+katholischen+Theologie+1918-1958&rft.volume=32&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10900%2F81807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Benedict_XV1920" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xv/it/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xv_enc_15091920_spiritus-paraclitus.html">"Spiritus Paraclitus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i>. <b>12</b> (10): 385–423.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Apostolicae+Sedis&rft.atitle=Spiritus+Paraclitus&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=385-423&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Pope+Benedict+XV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xv%2Fit%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xv_enc_15091920_spiritus-paraclitus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2017" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold, Claus (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morcelliana.net/img/cms/Modernism/2017/01-Sommario.pdf">"La Guerre Allemande et le Catholicisme (1915): Catholic Theological War Propaganda and the Modernist Crisis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Modernism</i>. <b>3</b>. Brescia: Morcelliana: 193–212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modernism&rft.atitle=La+Guerre+Allemande+et+le+Catholicisme+%281915%29%3A+Catholic+Theological+War+Propaganda+and+the+Modernist+Crisis&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=193-212&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Claus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morcelliana.net%2Fimg%2Fcms%2FModernism%2F2017%2F01-Sommario.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeil1913" class="citation book cs1">Vermeil, Edmond (1913). <i>Jean-Adam Möhler et l'école catholique de Tubingue (1815–1840). Étude sur la théologie romantique en Wurtemberg et les origines germaniques du modernisme</i>. Paris: Colin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Adam+M%C3%B6hler+et+l%27%C3%A9cole+catholique+de+Tubingue+%281815%E2%80%931840%29.+%C3%89tude+sur+la+th%C3%A9ologie+romantique+en+Wurtemberg+et+les+origines+germaniques+du+modernisme&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Colin&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Vermeil&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarthmann2011" class="citation book cs1">Warthmann, Stefan (2011). <i>Die Katholische Tübinger Schule. Zur Geschichte ihrer Wahrnehmung</i>. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515098564" title="Special:BookSources/9783515098564"><bdi>9783515098564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Katholische+T%C3%BCbinger+Schule.+Zur+Geschichte+ihrer+Wahrnehmung&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783515098564&rft.aulast=Warthmann&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosito2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Losito, Giacomo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/le-eredita-2-i-postumi-della-crisi-modernista-1914-1958_%28Cristiani-d%27Italia%29/">"Le eredità/2: i postumi della crisi modernista [1914-1958]"</a> [Inheritances / 2: The Aftermath of the Modernist Crisis [1914–1958]]. <i>Treccani</i> (in Italian). l'Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+eredit%C3%A0%2F2%3A+i+postumi+della+crisi+modernista+%5B1914-1958%5D&rft.btitle=Treccani&rft.pub=l%27Istituto+della+Enciclopedia+Italiana&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Losito&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fle-eredita-2-i-postumi-della-crisi-modernista-1914-1958_%2528Cristiani-d%2527Italia%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On Chenu's role in intra-thomist controversies see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcInerny2006" class="citation book cs1">McInerny, Ralph (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FY1gtVu37sC"><i>Praeambula Fidei: Thomism and the God of the Philosophers</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. pp. 108–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813214580" title="Special:BookSources/9780813214580"><bdi>9780813214580</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praeambula+Fidei%3A+Thomism+and+the+God+of+the+Philosophers&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=108-125&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780813214580&rft.aulast=McInerny&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3FY1gtVu37sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFouilloux2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fouilloux, Étienne (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-des-sciences-philosophiques-et-theologiques-2012-1-page-93.htm#">"Première alerte sur le Saulchoir (1932)"</a>. <i>Revue des sciences philosophiques et théologiques</i>. <b>96</b>: 93–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frspt.961.0093">10.3917/rspt.961.0093</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170242402">170242402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+sciences+philosophiques+et+th%C3%A9ologiques&rft.atitle=Premi%C3%A8re+alerte+sur+le+Saulchoir+%281932%29&rft.volume=96&rft.pages=93-105&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Frspt.961.0093&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170242402%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fouilloux&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-des-sciences-philosophiques-et-theologiques-2012-1-page-93.htm%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettepenningen2010-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMettepenningen2010_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMettepenningen2010">Mettepenningen 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongar2005" class="citation book cs1">Congar, Yves (2005). Fouilloux, Étienne (ed.). <i>Journal d'un Théologien (1946-1956)</i>. Paris: CERF. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782204065313" title="Special:BookSources/9782204065313"><bdi>9782204065313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+d%27un+Th%C3%A9ologien+%281946-1956%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=CERF&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9782204065313&rft.aulast=Congar&rft.aufirst=Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongar1937" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Congar, Yves (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LR0sAAAAIAAJ"><i>Chrétiens désunis: principes d'un "oecuménisme" catholique</i></a> [<i>Disunited Christians: Principles of a Catholic "Ecumenism"</i>]. Unam sanctam (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Éditions du Cerf<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tiens+d%C3%A9sunis%3A+principes+d%27un+%22oecum%C3%A9nisme%22+catholique&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Unam+sanctam&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Cerf&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Congar&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLR0sAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBrien1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McBrien, Richard P., ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DmZB8fy_wcC">"Modernism"</a>. <i>The HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism</i> (1st ed.). New York: Harper Collins. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060653385" title="Special:BookSources/9780060653385"><bdi>9780060653385</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modernism&rft.btitle=The+HarperCollins+Encyclopedia+of+Catholicism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=304&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780060653385&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DmZB8fy_wcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Pius_XII1943" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/it/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_30091943_divino-afflante-spiritu.html">"Divino afflante Spiritu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i>. <b>35</b> (2): 297–325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Apostolicae+Sedis&rft.atitle=Divino+afflante+Spiritu&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=297-325&rft.date=1943&rft.au=Pope+Pius+XII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-xii%2Fit%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xii_enc_30091943_divino-afflante-spiritu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoulenSoulen2002" class="citation book cs1">Soulen, Richard N.; Soulen, R. Kendall (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1fZMtoU7s8EC"><i>Handbook of Biblical Criticism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox_Press" title="Westminster John Knox Press">Westminster John Knox Press</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-17037-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-17037-3"><bdi>978-0-227-17037-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Biblical+Criticism&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-227-17037-3&rft.aulast=Soulen&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rft.au=Soulen%2C+R.+Kendall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1fZMtoU7s8EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond Edward; Fitzmyer, Joseph A.; Murphy, Roland Edmund (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ui8OAQAAMAAJ"><i>The New Jerome Biblical Commentary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Prentice-Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Prentice-Hall">Prentice-Hall</a>. p. 1167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-614934-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-614934-7"><bdi>978-0-13-614934-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Jerome+Biblical+Commentary&rft.pages=1167&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-13-614934-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rft.au=Fitzmyer%2C+Joseph+A.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Roland+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dui8OAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Pius_XII1950" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis.html">"Humani Generis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i>. <b>42</b> (2): 561–578.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Apostolicae+Sedis&rft.atitle=Humani+Generis&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=561-578&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Pope+Pius+XII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-xii%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViotto2016" class="citation journal cs1">Viotto, Piero (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26504860">"Filosofia E Teologia Nella Corrispondenza Henri De Lubac - Jacques Maritain"</a>. <i>Rivista di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica</i>. <b>108</b> (4): 1013–1026. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-6247">0035-6247</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26504860">26504860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+di+Filosofia+Neo-Scolastica&rft.atitle=Filosofia+E+Teologia+Nella+Corrispondenza+Henri+De+Lubac+-+Jacques+Maritain&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1013-1026&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26504860%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0035-6247&rft.aulast=Viotto&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26504860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubac1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lubac, Henri de (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ccMlAQAAIAAJ"><i>Mémoire sur l'occasion de mes écrits</i></a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Cerf" title="Éditions du Cerf">Éditions du Cerf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-204-07916-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-204-07916-7"><bdi>978-2-204-07916-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moire+sur+l%27occasion+de+mes+%C3%A9crits&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Cerf&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-2-204-07916-7&rft.aulast=Lubac&rft.aufirst=Henri+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DccMlAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Paul_VI1964" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_06081964_ecclesiam.html">"Ecclesiam Suam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i>. <b>56</b> (3): 609–659.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Apostolicae+Sedis&rft.atitle=Ecclesiam+Suam&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=609-659&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Pope+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpaul-vi%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_enc_06081964_ecclesiam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Paul_VI" class="citation web cs1">Pope Paul VI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_06081964_ecclesiam.html">"Ecclesiam Suam (August 6, 1964)"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. 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Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783170234260" title="Special:BookSources/9783170234260"><bdi>9783170234260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Katholischer+Historismus%3F+Zum+historischen+Denken+in+der+deutschsprachigen+Kirchengeschichte+um+1900%3A+Heinrich+Schr%C3%B6rs+%E2%80%93+Albert+Ehrhard+%E2%80%93+Joseph+Schnitzer&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Kohlhammer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783170234260&rft.aulast=Klapczynski&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuonaiuti,_Ernesto,_1881-1946.1908" class="citation book cs1">Buonaiuti, Ernesto, 1881-1946. (1908). <i>The programme of modernism : a reply to the encyclical of Pius X, Pascendi dominici gregis</i>. T. Fisher Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7905-7208-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7905-7208-7"><bdi>0-7905-7208-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/689131918">689131918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+programme+of+modernism+%3A+a+reply+to+the+encyclical+of+Pius+X%2C+Pascendi+dominici+gregis&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F689131918&rft.isbn=0-7905-7208-7&rft.au=Buonaiuti%2C+Ernesto%2C+1881-1946.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0751836/">"IMDb Yes, Prime Minister (TV Series) The Bishops Gambit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=IMDb+Yes%2C+Prime+Minister+%28TV+Series%29+The+Bishops+Gambit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0751836%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0751836/quotes/?tab=qt&ref_=tt_trv_qu">"IMDb: Yes, Prime Minister (TV Series) The Bishops Gambit. Quotes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=IMDb%3A+Yes%2C+Prime+Minister+%28TV+Series%29+The+Bishops+Gambit.+Quotes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0751836%2Fquotes%2F%3Ftab%3Dqt%26ref_%3Dtt_trv_qu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltholz1962" class="citation book cs1">Altholz, Josef L. (1962). <i>The Liberal Catholic Movement in England: The 'Rambler' and its Contributors, 1848-1864</i>. London: Burns & Oates.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liberal+Catholic+Movement+in+England%3A+The+%27Rambler%27+and+its+Contributors%2C+1848-1864&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Burns+%26+Oates&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Altholz&rft.aufirst=Josef+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1999" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Claus (1999). <i>Katholizismus als Kulturmacht. Der Freiburger Theologe Joseph Sauer (1872-1949) und das Erbe des Franz Xaver Kraus</i>. Paderborn: Schöningh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783506799913" title="Special:BookSources/9783506799913"><bdi>9783506799913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Katholizismus+als+Kulturmacht.+Der+Freiburger+Theologe+Joseph+Sauer+%281872-1949%29+und+das+Erbe+des+Franz+Xaver+Kraus&rft.place=Paderborn&rft.pub=Sch%C3%B6ningh&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9783506799913&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Claus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2007" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Claus (2007). <i>Kleine Geschichte des Modernismus</i>. Freiburg: Herder. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783451291067" title="Special:BookSources/9783451291067"><bdi>9783451291067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kleine+Geschichte+des+Modernismus&rft.place=Freiburg&rft.pub=Herder&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783451291067&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Claus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldLosito2009" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Claus; Losito, Giacomo (2009). <i>La censure d'Alfred Loisy (1903). Les documents des Congrégations de l´Index et du Saint Office (Fontes Archivi Sancti Officii Romani 4)</i>. Vatican City: Libreria editrice vaticana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+censure+d%27Alfred+Loisy+%281903%29.+Les+documents+des+Congr%C3%A9gations+de+l%C2%B4Index+et+du+Saint+Office+%28Fontes+Archivi+Sancti+Officii+Romani+4%29&rft.place=Vatican+City&rft.pub=Libreria+editrice+vaticana&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Claus&rft.au=Losito%2C+Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldLosito2011" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Claus; Losito, Giacomo (2011). <i>"Lamentabili sane exitu" (1907): Les documents préparatoires du Saint Office</i>. Vatican City: Libreria editrice vaticana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Lamentabili+sane+exitu%22+%281907%29%3A+Les+documents+pr%C3%A9paratoires+du+Saint+Office&rft.place=Vatican+City&rft.pub=Libreria+editrice+vaticana&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Claus&rft.au=Losito%2C+Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldVian2017" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Claus; Vian, Giovanni (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/it/edizioni4/libri/978-88-6969-131-7/"><i>The Reception and Application of the Encyclical Pascendi: The Reports of the Diocesan Bishops and the Superiors of the Religious Orders until 1914</i></a>. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14277%2F978-88-6969-130-0">10.14277/978-88-6969-130-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788869691300" title="Special:BookSources/9788869691300"><bdi>9788869691300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reception+and+Application+of+the+Encyclical+Pascendi%3A+The+Reports+of+the+Diocesan+Bishops+and+the+Superiors+of+the+Religious+Orders+until+1914&rft.place=Venice&rft.pub=Edizioni+Ca%27+Foscari&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14277%2F978-88-6969-130-0&rft.isbn=9788869691300&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Claus&rft.au=Vian%2C+Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedizionicafoscari.unive.it%2Fit%2Fedizioni4%2Flibri%2F978-88-6969-131-7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerio1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romano_Amerio" title="Romano Amerio">Amerio, Romano</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0CEOAAAACAAJ"><i>Iota Unum: A Study of Changes in the Catholic Church in the XXth Century</i></a>. Kansas City, Missouri: Sarto House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780963903211" title="Special:BookSources/9780963903211"><bdi>9780963903211</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iota+Unum%3A+A+Study+of+Changes+in+the+Catholic+Church+in+the+XXth+Century&rft.place=Kansas+City%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Sarto+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780963903211&rft.aulast=Amerio&rft.aufirst=Romano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0CEOAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBottiCerrato2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Botti, Alfonso; Cerrato, Rocco, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8enYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Il Modernismo Tra Cristianitā e Secolarizzazione: Atti Del Convegno Internazionale Di Urbino, 1-4 Ottobre 1997</i></a> [<i>Modernism between Christianity and Secularization: Proceedings of the International Conference of Urbino, 1–4 October 1997</i>]. Studi e testi (in Italian). Vol. 6. QuattroVenti. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788839205452" title="Special:BookSources/9788839205452"><bdi>9788839205452</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Modernismo+Tra+Cristianit%C4%81+e+Secolarizzazione%3A+Atti+Del+Convegno+Internazionale+Di+Urbino%2C+1-4+Ottobre+1997&rft.series=Studi+e+testi&rft.pub=QuattroVenti&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788839205452&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8enYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBottiCerratoBiagioli2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Botti, Alfonso; Cerrato, Rocco; Biagioli, Ilaria, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wXjZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Romolo Murri e i murrismi in Italia e in Europa cent'anni dopo: atti del Convegno internazionale di Urbino, 24-26 settembre 2001</i></a> [<i>Romolo Murri and the Murrismi in Italy and in Europe One Hundred Years Later: Proceedings of the International Conference of Urbino, 24–26 September 2001</i>]. Studi e testi (in Italian). Vol. 7. QuattroVenti. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788839206817" title="Special:BookSources/9788839206817"><bdi>9788839206817</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kansas City, Missouri: Angelus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781892331434" title="Special:BookSources/9781892331434"><bdi>9781892331434</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/72871306">72871306</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Forgotten Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781331562054" title="Special:BookSources/9781331562054"><bdi>9781331562054</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3307790">3307790</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Éditions du Cerf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782204028547" title="Special:BookSources/9782204028547"><bdi>9782204028547</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newman+et+Blondel%3A+tradition+et+d%C3%A9veloppement+du+dogme&rft.series=Cogitatio+fidei&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Cerf&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9782204028547&rft.aulast=Gauthier&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcRURAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHales1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._E._Y._Hales" title="E. E. Y. Hales">Hales, Edward Elton Young</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0ssAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Catholic Church in the Modern World: A Survey from the French Revolution to the Present</i></a>. Image Books. Vol. 95. Garden City, New York: Doubleday<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church+in+the+Modern+World%3A+A+Survey+from+the+French+Revolution+to+the+Present&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.series=Image+Books&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.aufirst=Edward+Elton+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0ssAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHales1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._E._Y._Hales" title="E. E. Y. Hales">Hales, Edward Elton Young</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQnZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Pio Nono: A Study in European Politics and Religion in the Nineteenth Century</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Eyre and Spottiswoode<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pio+Nono%3A+A+Study+in+European+Politics+and+Religion+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Eyre+and+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.aufirst=Edward+Elton+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQnZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzquierdo1990" class="citation book cs1">Izquierdo, César (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpczAAAACAAJ"><i>Blondel y la crisis modernista: análysis de "Historia y dogma"</i></a> [<i>Blondel and the Modernist Crisis: Analysis of "History and Dogma"</i>]. Colección teológica de la Universidad de Navarra. Vol. 71 (Illustrated ed.). Pamplona: Ediciones Universidad de Navarra. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788431310998" title="Special:BookSources/9788431310998"><bdi>9788431310998</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blondel+y+la+crisis+modernista%3A+an%C3%A1lysis+de+%22Historia+y+dogma%22&rft.place=Pamplona&rft.series=Colecci%C3%B3n+teol%C3%B3gica+de+la+Universidad+de+Navarra&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Ediciones+Universidad+de+Navarra&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9788431310998&rft.aulast=Izquierdo&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9sar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzpczAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJodock2000" class="citation book cs1">Jodock, Darrell, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=015XHt7sAm0C"><i>Catholicism Contending with Modernity: Roman Catholic Modernism and Anti-Modernism in Historical Context</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521770712" title="Special:BookSources/9780521770712"><bdi>9780521770712</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicism+Contending+with+Modernity%3A+Roman+Catholic+Modernism+and+Anti-Modernism+in+Historical+Context&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521770712&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D015XHt7sAm0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoome1979" class="citation book cs1">Loome, Thomas Michael (1979). <i>Liberal Catholicism, Reform Catholicism, Modernism: A Contribution to a New Orientation in Modernist Research</i>. Tübinger theologische Studien. Vol. 14. Mainz: Matthias-Grünewald-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3786706603" title="Special:BookSources/3786706603"><bdi>3786706603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberal+Catholicism%2C+Reform+Catholicism%2C+Modernism%3A+A+Contribution+to+a+New+Orientation+in+Modernist+Research&rft.place=Mainz&rft.series=T%C3%BCbinger+theologische+Studien&rft.pub=Matthias-Gr%C3%BCnewald-Verlag&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=3786706603&rft.aulast=Loome&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMettepenningen2010" class="citation book cs1">Mettepenningen, Jürgen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etbeBAAAQBAJ"><i>Nouvelle Théologie - New Theology: Inheritor of Modernism, Precursor of Vatican II</i></a>. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567299918" title="Special:BookSources/9780567299918"><bdi>9780567299918</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/676696271">676696271</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouvelle+Th%C3%A9ologie+-+New+Theology%3A+Inheritor+of+Modernism%2C+Precursor+of+Vatican+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F676696271&rft.isbn=9780567299918&rft.aulast=Mettepenningen&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DetbeBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2010" class="citation news cs1">Kerr, Fergus (2 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.yudu.com/A1pb81/TheTablet/resources/24.htm">"Shock of the new"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tablet" title="The Tablet">The Tablet</a></i>. DeSales Media Group, Inc. p. 24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tablet&rft.atitle=Shock+of+the+new&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2010-10-02&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.yudu.com%2FA1pb81%2FTheTablet%2Fresources%2F24.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell1994" class="citation book cs1">O'Connell, Marvin Richard (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D1fnY64FfWUC"><i>Critics on Trial: An Introduction to the Catholic Modernist Crisis</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813208008" title="Special:BookSources/9780813208008"><bdi>9780813208008</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critics+on+Trial%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Catholic+Modernist+Crisis&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780813208008&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Marvin+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD1fnY64FfWUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortier2013" class="citation book cs1">Portier, William L. (2013). <i>Divided Friends: Portraits of the Roman Catholic Modernist Crisis in the United States</i>. CUA Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813221649" title="Special:BookSources/9780813221649"><bdi>9780813221649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+Friends%3A+Portraits+of+the+Roman+Catholic+Modernist+Crisis+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780813221649&rft.aulast=Portier&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulat1996" class="citation book cs1">Poulat, Émile (1996). <i>Histoire, dogme et critique dans la crise moderniste</i>. Paris: Albin Michel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782226084644" title="Special:BookSources/9782226084644"><bdi>9782226084644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire%2C+dogme+et+critique+dans+la+crise+moderniste&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9782226084644&rft.aulast=Poulat&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProvidentissimus_Deus" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_18111893_providentissimus-deus.html"><i>Providentissimus Deus</i></a>. Leo XIII. 18 November 1893.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Providentissimus+Deus&rft.pub=Leo+XIII&rft.date=1893-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw2.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fleo-xiii%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_l-xiii_enc_18111893_providentissimus-deus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinke_Guimarães1999" class="citation book cs1">Sinke Guimarães, Atila (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMWMAAAACAAJ"><i>In the Murky Waters of Vatican II</i></a>. Eli, Eli, Lamma sabacthani?. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Tan Books and Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780895556363" title="Special:BookSources/9780895556363"><bdi>9780895556363</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Murky+Waters+of+Vatican+II&rft.series=Eli%2C+Eli%2C+Lamma+sabacthani%3F&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Tan+Books+and+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780895556363&rft.aulast=Sinke+Guimar%C3%A3es&rft.aufirst=Atila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMWMAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVian2012" class="citation book cs1">Vian, Giovanni (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=29F2tgAACAAJ&q=il+modernismo.+la+chiesa+cattolica+in+conflitto+con+la+modernit%C3%A0"><i>Il modernismo. La Chiesa cattolica in conflitto con la modernità</i></a>. Rome: Carocci. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788843063444" title="Special:BookSources/9788843063444"><bdi>9788843063444</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+modernismo.+La+Chiesa+cattolica+in+conflitto+con+la+modernit%C3%A0&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Carocci&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788843063444&rft.aulast=Vian&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D29F2tgAACAAJ%26q%3Dil%2Bmodernismo.%2Bla%2Bchiesa%2Bcattolica%2Bin%2Bconflitto%2Bcon%2Bla%2Bmodernit%25C3%25A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirgoulay1980" class="citation book cs1">Virgoulay, René (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hygtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Blondel et le modernisme: la philosophie de l'action et les sciences religieuses, 1896-1913</i></a>. Paris: Éditions du Cerf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782204015097" title="Special:BookSources/9782204015097"><bdi>9782204015097</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blondel+et+le+modernisme%3A+la+philosophie+de+l%27action+et+les+sciences+religieuses%2C+1896-1913&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Cerf&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9782204015097&rft.aulast=Virgoulay&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhygtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bourmaud, Fr. Dominique, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angeluspress.org/oscatalog/item/5242/100-years-of-modernism"><i>One Hundred Years of Modernism: A Genealogy of the Principles of the Second Vatican Council</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrigou-Lagrange2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange, Réginald</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://216.27.62.241/shop/réginald-garrigou-lagrange-op/the-essence-topicality-of-thomism/hardcover/product-21199740.html"><i>The Essence & Topicality of Thomism</i></a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781304416186" title="Special:BookSources/9781304416186"><bdi>9781304416186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essence+%26+Topicality+of+Thomism&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781304416186&rft.aulast=Garrigou-Lagrange&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9ginald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F216.27.62.241%2Fshop%2Fr%C3%A9ginald-garrigou-lagrange-op%2Fthe-essence-topicality-of-thomism%2Fhardcover%2Fproduct-21199740.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span> — <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Fr. Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange, O.P.</a>, explains why Thomism is the solution to the present crisis of Modernism in the Church.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/leo13/l13provi.htm"><i>Providentissimus Deus</i></a>, Leo XIII, 18 November 1893</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius10/p10lamen.htm"><i>Lamentabili sane</i></a>, Pius X, 3 July 1907</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius10/p10pasce.htm"><i>Pascendi dominici gregis</i></a>, Pius X, 8 September 1907</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.comcast.net/~icuweb/c03400.htm">International Catholic University: James Hitchcock, Introduction to Modernism</a>: Essays with bibliography arranged by subjects, headed "Note: Most of the works dealing with Modernism are sympathetic to the Modernists, and students should maintain a critical stance towards the assigned readings."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050429015315/http://www.sofn.org.uk/DOCTRINE/catholic_modernism.htm">Fr. Michael Morton, "Catholic Modernism (1896-1914)"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Modernism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Modernism">"Modernism" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modernism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernism+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Modernism in the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Modernism in the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism in the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modernism in the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_exegesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical exegesis">Biblical exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical-critical exegesis of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic problem">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Alfaric" class="extiw" title="fr:Prosper Alfaric">Prosper Alfaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Batiffol" title="Pierre Batiffol">Pierre Batiffol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bonsirven" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph Bonsirven">Joseph Bonsirven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Br%C3%A9mond" title="Henri Brémond">Henri Brémond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Buonaiuti" title="Ernesto Buonaiuti">Ernesto Buonaiuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Duchesne" title="Louis Duchesne">Louis Duchesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Fogazzaro" title="Antonio Fogazzaro">Antonio Fogazzaro</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_H%C3%A9bert" class="extiw" title="fr:Marcel Hébert">Marcel Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Houtin" title="Albert Houtin">Albert Houtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Laberthonni%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="fr:Lucien Laberthonnière">Lucien Laberthonnière</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Lacroix" class="extiw" title="fr:Lucien Lacroix">Lucien Lacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Loisy" title="Alfred Loisy">Alfred Loisy</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudoxe_Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_Mignot" class="extiw" title="fr:Eudoxe Irénée Mignot">Eudoxe Irénée Mignot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romolo_Murri" title="Romolo Murri">Romolo Murri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maude_Petre" title="Maude Petre">Maude Petre</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Portal" class="extiw" title="fr:Fernand Portal">Fernand Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Sertillanges" title="Antonin Sertillanges">Dalmace Sertillanges</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Turmel" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph Turmel">Joseph Turmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Anti-modernist<br /> reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quanta_cura" title="Quanta cura">Quanta cura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syllabus_of_Errors" title="Syllabus of Errors">Syllabus of Errors</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Commission" title="Pontifical Biblical Commission">Pontifical Biblical Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamentabili_sane_exitu" title="Lamentabili sane exitu">Lamentabili sane exitu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pascendi_Dominici_gregis" title="Pascendi Dominici gregis">Pascendi Dominici gregis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Against_Modernism" title="Oath Against Modernism">Oath Against Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalitium_Pianum" title="Sodalitium Pianum">Sodalitium Pianum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism#Aeterni_Patris_to_Vatican_II" title="Thomism">Twenty-four Thomistic theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Billot" title="Louis Billot">Louis Billot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Benigni" title="Umberto Benigni">Umberto Benigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Merry_del_Val" title="Rafael Merry del Val">Rafael Merry del Val</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Calasanz_Vives_y_Tut%C3%B3" title="José de Calasanz Vives y Tutó">José de Calasanz Vives y Tutó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_de_philosophie_chr%C3%A9tienne" class="extiw" title="fr:Annales de philosophie chrétienne">Annales de philosophie chrétienne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Justice_sociale" class="extiw" title="fr:La Justice sociale">La Justice sociale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Quinzaine" class="extiw" title="fr:La Quinzaine">La Quinzaine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_du_clerg%C3%A9_fran%C3%A7ais" class="extiw" title="fr:Revue du clergé français">Revue du clergé français</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temps_pr%C3%A9sent_(hebdomadaire_de_presse_%C3%A9crite)" class="extiw" title="fr:Temps présent (hebdomadaire de presse écrite)">Temps présent</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Sillon" title="Le Sillon">Le Sillon</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Marc_Sangnier" title="Marc Sangnier">Marc Sangnier</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Protestant<br />equivalents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Alberigo" title="Giuseppe Alberigo">Giuseppe Alberigo</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Colin_(philosophe)" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Colin (philosophe)">Pierre Colin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Dulles" title="Avery Dulles">Avery Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fouilloux" title="Étienne Fouilloux">Étienne Fouilloux</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurilio_Guasco" class="extiw" title="fr:Maurilio Guasco">Maurilio Guasco</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Laplanche" class="extiw" title="fr:François Laplanche">François Laplanche</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Marl%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:René Marlé">René Marlé</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Mayeur" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Marie Mayeur">Jean-Marie Mayeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Poulat" title="Émile Poulat">Émile Poulat</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Theobald" class="extiw" title="fr:Christoph Theobald">Christoph Theobald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Catholicism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Catholicism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" 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style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traditionalist_Catholicism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Template:Traditionalist Catholicism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Template talk:Traditionalist Catholicism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Traditionalist Catholicism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traditionalist_Catholicism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Liturgy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preconciliar_rites_after_the_Second_Vatican_Council" title="Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council">Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_using_the_Tridentine_Mass" title="List of communities using the Tridentine Mass">List of communities using the Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quattuor_abhinc_annos" title="Quattuor abhinc annos">Quattuor abhinc annos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Dei" title="Ecclesia Dei">Ecclesia Dei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_Ecclesia_Dei" title="Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei">Pontifical Commission <i>Ecclesia Dei</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum" title="Summorum Pontificum">Summorum Pontificum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Traditionis_custodes" title="Traditionis custodes">Traditionis custodes</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Doctrine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modernism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pascendi_Dominici_gregis" title="Pascendi Dominici gregis">Pascendi Dominici gregis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syllabus_of_Errors" title="Syllabus of Errors">Syllabus of Errors</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dignitatis_humanae" title="Dignitatis humanae">Dignitatis humanae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89c%C3%B4ne_consecrations" title="Écône consecrations">Écône consecrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Siri thesis">Siri thesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">Movements<br />within the<br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_consecrated_life" title="Institute of consecrated life">Institutes</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Cantius_Church_(Chicago)" title="St. John Cantius Church (Chicago)">Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternity_of_Saint_Vincent_Ferrer" title="Fraternity of Saint Vincent Ferrer">Fraternity of Saint Vincent Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Christ_the_King_Sovereign_Priest" title="Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest">Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Institute of the Good Shepherd">Institute of the Good Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_Fraternity_of_Saint_Peter" title="Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter">Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_the_Holy_Family" title="Servants of the Holy Family">Servants of the Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Most_Holy_Redeemer" title="Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer">Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaves_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Still River, Massachusetts)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Jurisdictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Apostolic_Administration_of_Saint_John_Mary_Vianney" title="Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney">Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_New_Jerusalem" title="Canons Regular of the New Jerusalem">Canons Regular of the New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventutem" title="Juventutem">Juventutem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Mass_Society_of_England_and_Wales" title="Latin Mass Society of England and Wales">Latin Mass Society of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Templi" title="Militia Templi">Militia Templi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_to_Chartres" title="Pilgrimage to Chartres">Notre-Dame de Chrétienté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Una_Voce" title="Una Voce">Una Voce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Angelica" title="Mother Angelica">Mother Angelica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Aulagnier" title="Paul Aulagnier">Paul Aulagnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Marie_de_Bligni%C3%A8res" title="Louis-Marie de Blignières">Louis-Marie de Blignières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Leo_Burke" title="Raymond Leo Burke">Raymond Leo Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Calvet" title="Gérard Calvet">Gérard Calvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Coulombe" title="Charles A. Coulombe">Charles A. Coulombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Davies_(Catholic_writer)" title="Michael Davies (Catholic writer)">Michael Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gommar_DePauw" title="Gommar DePauw">Gommar DePauw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria-Anna_Galitzine" title="Maria-Anna Galitzine">Maria-Anna Galitzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Imkamp" title="Wilhelm Imkamp">Wilhelm Imkamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Joseph_Jugis" title="Peter Joseph Jugis">Peter Joseph Jugis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Kurz" title="Blaise Kurz">Blaise Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lagu%C3%A9rie" title="Philippe Laguérie">Philippe Laguérie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Marshall" title="Taylor Marshall">Taylor Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi_Martin" title="Malachi Martin">Malachi Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_de_Mattei" title="Roberto de Mattei">Roberto de Mattei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Ripperger" title="Chad Ripperger">Chad Ripperger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Schneider" title="Athanasius Schneider">Athanasius Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tschugguel" title="Alexander Tschugguel">Alexander Tschugguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis">Princess Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Gloria von Thurn und Taxis">Gloria, Princess of Thurn and Taxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Vigan%C3%B2" title="Carlo Maria Viganò">Carlo Maria Viganò</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Wach" title="Gilles Wach">Gilles Wach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zuhlsdorf" title="John Zuhlsdorf">John Zuhlsdorf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Excommunicated<br />but later reconciled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Feeney" title="Leonard Feeney">Leonard Feeney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Fellay" title="Bernard Fellay">Bernard Fellay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_de_Galarreta" title="Alfonso de Galarreta">Alfonso de Galarreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin%C3%A9s_Jes%C3%BAs_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Ginés Jesús Hernández">Ginés Jesús Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lic%C3%ADnio_Rangel" title="Licínio Rangel">Licínio Rangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Tissier_de_Mallerais" title="Bernard Tissier de Mallerais">Bernard Tissier de Mallerais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Th%E1%BB%A5c" title="Ngô Đình Thục">Ngô Đình Thục</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">Independent<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Independent, but no<br />public renunciation<br />of papal legitimacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operating_with_partial_papal_faculties" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Operating with partial papal faculties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Pius_X" title="Society of Saint Pius X">Society of Saint Pius X</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SSPX-affiliated_religious_orders" title="SSPX-affiliated religious orders">Affiliated religious orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_situation_of_the_Society_of_Saint_Pius_X" title="Canonical situation of the Society of Saint Pius X">Canonical situation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_Jubilee_of_Mercy#Concessions" title="Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy">Faculties</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraternit%C3%A9_Notre-Dame" title="Fraternité Notre-Dame">Fraternité Notre-Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_Society_of_Saint_Josaphat" title="Priestly Society of Saint Josaphat">Priestly Society of Saint Josaphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaves_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Richmond, New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_Union_Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Priestly Union Marcel Lefebvre">Priestly Union Marcel Lefebvre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Castro_Mayer" title="Antônio de Castro Mayer">Antônio de Castro Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Williamson_(bishop)" title="Richard Williamson (bishop)">Richard Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Sedeprivationism" title="Sedeprivationism">Sedeprivationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Mater_Boni_Consilii" title="Istituto Mater Boni Consilii">Istituto Mater Boni Consilii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Roman_Catholic_Movement" title="Orthodox Roman Catholic Movement">Orthodox Roman Catholic Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9rard_des_Lauriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Guérard des Lauriers">Guérard des Lauriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McKenna" title="Robert McKenna">Robert McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Sanborn" title="Donald Sanborn">Donald Sanborn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Mary_Immaculate_Queen" title="Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen">Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Holy_Family_Monastery" title="Most Holy Family Monastery">Most Holy Family Monastery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Pius_V" title="Society of Saint Pius V">Society of Saint Pius V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Baker" title="Oswald Baker">Oswald Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Q._Brown" title="Daniel Q. Brown">Daniel Q. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s_Carmona" title="Moisés Carmona">Moisés Carmona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cekada" title="Anthony Cekada">Anthony Cekada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_D%C3%A1vila_Gandara" title="Martín Dávila Gandara">Martín Dávila Gandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dolan" title="Daniel Dolan">Daniel Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutton_Gibson" title="Hutton Gibson">Hutton Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Kelly" title="Clarence Kelly">Clarence Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pivarunas" title="Mark Pivarunas">Mark Pivarunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_S%C3%A1enz_y_Arriaga" title="Joaquín Sáenz y Arriaga">Joaquín Sáenz y Arriaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schuckardt" title="Francis Schuckardt">Francis Schuckardt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Conclavism" title="Conclavism">Conclavist<br />or Mysticalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Christian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmarian Christian Church">Palmarian Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Greek_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic">Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_of_Infinite_Love" title="Apostles of Infinite Love">Apostles of Infinite Love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Odermatt" title="Joseph Odermatt">Joseph Odermatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Pulvermacher" title="Lucian Pulvermacher">Lucian Pulvermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogelio_del_Rosario_Martinez" title="Rogelio del Rosario Martinez">Rogelio del Rosario Martinez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of heresies in the Catholic Church">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinarism" title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomoeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidicomarianite">Antidicomarianites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Euchites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_of_Cagliari" title="Lucifer of Cagliari">Luciferianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Macedonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Melchisedechians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Modalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">Modalistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novatianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patripassianism" title="Patripassianism">Patripassianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">Psilanthropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire."><img alt="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/100px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/150px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/200px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinians" title="Dulcinians">Dulcinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Free Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliati" title="Humiliati">Humiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impanation" title="Impanation">Impanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephines" title="Josephines">Josephines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migetians" title="Migetians">Migetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasagians" title="Pasagians">Pasagians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Adoptionism" title="Spanish Adoptionism">Spanish Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">Consubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quietism (Christian philosophy)">Quietism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Lady_of_All_Nations" title="Community of the Lady of All Nations">Community of the Lady of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">Indifferentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-saint" title="Narco-saint">Narco-saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%C3%B3n" title="Maximón">Maximón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnationism">Reincarnationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold;background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1024450/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4133275-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85086442">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126518019">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126518019">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="katolický modernismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117413&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541018505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/026990">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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