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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Patriology as a discipline in Christian theology. For patriological aspects of various gods and deities in some other religions, see <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>. For other uses of the term in some social sciences and humanities, see <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a>. 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class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a 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title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene 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title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paterology</b>, or <b>patriology</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarackman2001129_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarackman2001129-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERippee20181-2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERippee20181-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>, refers to the study of <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">God the Father</a>. Both terms are derived from two <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> words: πατήρ (<i>patḗr</i>, father) and λογος (<i>logos</i>, teaching). As a distinctive theological discipline, within <a href="/wiki/Theology_proper" title="Theology proper">Theology proper</a>, Paterology is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> (study of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> as <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Son (Christianity)">God the Son</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pneumatology_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatology (Christianity)">Pneumatology</a> (study of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> as <a href="/wiki/God_the_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Spirit">God the Spirit</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarackman200116_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarackman200116-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERippee2018X_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERippee2018X-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studies_of_God_the_Father">Studies of God the Father</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paterology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Studies of God the Father"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waldburg-Gebetbuch_158.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Waldburg-Gebetbuch_158.jpg/210px-Waldburg-Gebetbuch_158.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Waldburg-Gebetbuch_158.jpg/315px-Waldburg-Gebetbuch_158.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Waldburg-Gebetbuch_158.jpg/420px-Waldburg-Gebetbuch_158.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="1502" /></a><figcaption>Representation of <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">God the Father</a>, in Medieval German prayer book (about 1486)</figcaption></figure> <p>Christian Paterology is primarily based on the study and interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> verses that refer to God as "Father". In the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, God is called by the title "Father". God is seen as "Father" to all men because he created the world (and in that sense "fathered" the world). In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Scripture">Hebrew Scriptures</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> 63:16 (JP) it reads: "For You are our father, for <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> did not know us, neither did <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Israel</a> recognize us; You, O Lord, are our father; our redeemer of old is your name." According to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, God is attributed with fatherly role of protector. He is titled the Father of the poor, of the widows and orphans. He is also titled the Father of the king, as the teacher and helper over the judge of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson200035_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson200035-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three basic forms of the name of <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>: <i>Theos</i> (θεός the Greek word for God), <i><a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">Kyrios</a></i> (i.e. Lord in Greek) and <i>Patḗr</i> (Πατήρ i.e. Father in Greek). Also, the Aramaic word <a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">"Abba"</a> (אבא; Father), is used in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#14:36" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 14:36</a> and in Romans 8:15 and Galatians 4:6.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills19902_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills19902-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word for <i>Father</i> was chosen to coin the name of the discipline because Paterology involves particular studies of the person of God the Father, and the works of the Father. In both the Old Testament and New Testament the term "Father" when used for God is a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a>. It is not a proper <a href="/wiki/Name_of_God_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of God in Judaism">name for God</a>, but just one of many titles by which <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> speak of and to God. </p><p>In Christian theology, fatherhood of God is seen in a more substantive sense, centered around <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> rather than metaphorical interpretations of various questions about relations between the Father and the Son. Christian sense of participation in the eternal relationship of Father and Son, through Jesus Christ, is symbolically represented by the notion that Christians are <i>adopted</i> children of God:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2008159–160_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2008159–160-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Grady1992162_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Grady1992162-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But when the fullness of time had come, God sent forth his Son, born of woman, born under the law, to redeem those who were under the law, so that we might receive adoption as sons. And because you are sons, God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying, “Abba! Father!” So you are no longer a slave, but a son, and if a son, then an heir through God.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%204:4–7&version=nrsv">Galatians 4:4–7</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In Christianity, the concept of God as the Father of Jesus differs from the concept of God as the Creator and Father of all people. </p><p>At the end of the first century, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a> was referring to the Father regarding creation, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/CLEMENT_OF_ROME/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians/Chapter_XIX" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/CLEMENT OF ROME/First Epistle to the Corinthians/Chapter XIX">1 Clement 19.2</a> stating: "let us look steadfastly to the Father and Creator of the universe".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKärkkäinen200470-74_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKärkkäinen200470-74-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around AD 213 in <i>Adversus Praxeas</i> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_III/Anti-Marcion/Against_Praxeas/III" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Anti-Marcion/Against Praxeas/III">chapter 3</a>) <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> was developing a formal representation of the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, meaning that God exists as one "substance" but three "Persons": The Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, and with God the Father being the Head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsonHall200229-31_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsonHall200229-31-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborn2003116-117_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborn2003116-117-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, however, is disputed by other scholars, according to whom Tertullian taught only the Father is truly God, as only he is eternal and not derived from any other substance, as the Son and Holy Spirit are. Tertullian was also discussing the relations of Holy Spirit to the Father and the Son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsonHall200229-31_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsonHall200229-31-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the notion of procession "from the Father through the Son".<sup id="cite_ref-TertullianAdversusPraxea4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TertullianAdversusPraxea4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'CollinsFarrugia2015157_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'CollinsFarrugia2015157-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> have different theological approaches to various <i>paterological</i> or <i>patriological</i> issues, concerning the person and works of God the Father. </p><p>Early <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creeds</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Church">Western Church</a> were affirming the belief in "God the Father (Almighty)", the primary reference being to "God in his capacity as Father and creator of the universe".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006136_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006136-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This did not exclude the fact that "eternal father of the universe was also the Father of Jesus the Christ" nor that he had even "vouchsafed to adopt [the believer] as his son by grace".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006139_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006139-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Creeds in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Church">Eastern Church</a> began with an affirmation of faith in "one God" and usually expanded this by adding "the Father Almighty, Maker of all things visible and invisible" or similar words to that effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006195_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006195-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, which dates to 325 and 381, states that the Son (Jesus Christ) is "eternally begotten of the Father", indicating that their <i>divine</i> Father-Son relationship is seen as not tied to an event within time or human history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paterology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father" class="extiw" title="commons:God the Father"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">God the Father</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patriology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:patriology">patriology</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patripassianism" title="Patripassianism">Patripassianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paterology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarackman2001129-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarackman2001129_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarackman2001">Barackman 2001</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERippee20181-2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERippee20181-2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRippee2018">Rippee 2018</a>, p. 1-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarackman200116-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarackman200116_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarackman2001">Barackman 2001</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERippee2018X-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERippee2018X_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRippee2018">Rippee 2018</a>, p. X.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson200035-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson200035_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson2000">Thompson 2000</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills19902-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills19902_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMills1990">Mills 1990</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2008159–160-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2008159–160_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott2008">Scott 2008</a>, p. 159–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Grady1992162-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Grady1992162_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Grady1992">O'Grady 1992</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKärkkäinen200470-74-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKärkkäinen200470-74_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKärkkäinen2004">Kärkkäinen 2004</a>, p. 70-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsonHall200229-31-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsonHall200229-31_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsonHall200229-31_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsonHall2002">Olson & Hall 2002</a>, p. 29-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborn2003116-117-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborn2003116-117_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsborn2003">Osborn 2003</a>, p. 116-117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TertullianAdversusPraxea4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TertullianAdversusPraxea4_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertullian <i>Adversus Praxeas</i> 4 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_III/Anti-Marcion/Against_Praxeas/IV" class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Anti-Marcion/Against Praxeas/IV">ANF 3:599–600</a>): "I believe the Spirit to proceed from no other source than from the Father through the Son"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertullian <i>Adversus Praxeas</i> 5 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_III/Anti-Marcion/Against_Praxeas/V" class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Anti-Marcion/Against Praxeas/V">ANF 3:600–601</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'CollinsFarrugia2015157-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'CollinsFarrugia2015157_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'CollinsFarrugia2015">O'Collins & Farrugia 2015</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006136-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006136_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006139-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006139_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006195-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006195_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paterology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarackman2001" class="citation book cs1">Barackman, Floyd H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb5aRB7OxWsC"><i>Practical Christian Theology: Examining the Great Doctrines of the Faith</i></a> (4th ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Christian+Theology%3A+Examining+the+Great+Doctrines+of+the+Faith&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Kregel+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Barackman&rft.aufirst=Floyd+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJb5aRB7OxWsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaterology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Beeley, Christopher A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4495113">"Divine Causality and the Monarchy of God the Father in Gregory of Nazianzus"</a>. <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>100</b> (2): 199–214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Divine+Causality+and+the+Monarchy+of+God+the+Father+in+Gregory+of+Nazianzus&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-214&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Beeley&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4495113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaterology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKärkkäinen2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Veli-Matti_K%C3%A4rkk%C3%A4inen" title="Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen">Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfygBeFoldcC"><i>The Doctrine of God: A Global Introduction</i></a>. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+God%3A+A+Global+Introduction&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=K%C3%A4rkk%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Veli-Matti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfygBeFoldcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaterology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Norman_Davidson_Kelly" title="John Norman Davidson Kelly">Kelly, John N. D.</a> (2006) [1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Titk-TEYqD4C"><i>Early Christian Creeds</i></a> (3rd ed.). London-New York: Continuum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Creeds&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=John+N.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTitk-TEYqD4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaterology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalina2008" class="citation journal cs1">Malina, Artur (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rebus.us.edu.pl/bitstream/20.500.12128/10085/1/Malina_Image_of_God_the_Father.pdf">"Image of God the Father in the New Testament: Introductory Issues"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Śląskie Studia Historyczno-Teologiczne</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 351–360.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85skie+Studia+Historyczno-Teologiczne&rft.atitle=Image+of+God+the+Father+in+the+New+Testament%3A+Introductory+Issues&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=351-360&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Malina&rft.aufirst=Artur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frebus.us.edu.pl%2Fbitstream%2F20.500.12128%2F10085%2F1%2FMalina_Image_of_God_the_Father.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaterology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills1990" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Watson E., ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC"><i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Macon: Mercer University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Macon&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaterology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'CollinsFarrugia2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_O%27Collins" title="Gerald O'Collins">O'Collins, Gerald</a>; Farrugia, Mario (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0mPBQAAQBAJ"><i>Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicism%3A+The+Story+of+Catholic+Christianity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=O%27Collins&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Farrugia%2C+Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ0mPBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaterology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Grady1992" class="citation book cs1">O'Grady, John F. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkPfRjFq5BMC"><i>Pillars of Paul's Gospel: Galatians and Romans</i></a>. New York: Paulist Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pillars+of+Paul%27s+Gospel%3A+Galatians+and+Romans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=O%27Grady&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQkPfRjFq5BMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaterology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonHall2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_E._Olson" title="Roger E. Olson">Olson, Roger E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hall_(theologian)" title="Christopher Hall (theologian)">Hall, Christopher A.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SUAidAp8AgEC"><i>The Trinity</i></a>. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Christopher+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSUAidAp8AgEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaterology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Osborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric F. Osborn">Osborn, Eric F.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW7O0D9E4xQC"><i>Tertullian, First Theologian of the West</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tertullian%2C+First+Theologian+of+the+West&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=Eric+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZW7O0D9E4xQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaterology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRippee2018" class="citation book cs1">Rippee, Ryan L. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HkZPDwAAQBAJ"><i>That God May Be All in All: A Paterology Demonstrating That the Father Is the Initiator of All Divine Activity</i></a>. Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+God+May+Be+All+in+All%3A+A+Paterology+Demonstrating+That+the+Father+Is+the+Initiator+of+All+Divine+Activity&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pub=Pickwick+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Rippee&rft.aufirst=Ryan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHkZPDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaterology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2008" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Ian W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m96VFOxBKlkC"><i>Paul's Way of Knowing: Story, Experience, and the Spirit</i></a>. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%27s+Way+of+Knowing%3A+Story%2C+Experience%2C+and+the+Spirit&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Ian+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm96VFOxBKlkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaterology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_M._Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianne M. Thompson">Thompson, Marianne M.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJmQortbOQgC"><i>The Promise of the Father: Jesus and God in the New Testament</i></a>. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promise+of+the+Father%3A+Jesus+and+God+in+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Louisville&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Marianne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkJmQortbOQgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaterology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">Systematic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliology" title="Bibliology">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_plenary_preservation" title="Verbal plenary preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocentricism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocentricism">Theocentricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_proper" title="Theology proper">Theology proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">Immutability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impassibility" title="Impassibility">Impassibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">Social trinitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Christocentric">Christocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Angelic hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption in Christianity">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">Regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">Union with Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam#The_New_Testament" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">The Fall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incurvatus_in_se" title="Incurvatus in se">Incurvatus in se</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasion_of_sin" title="Occasion of sin">Occasion of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarity" title="Conciliarity">Conciliarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Pre-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Post-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">A-millennialism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_theology" title="New Covenant theology">New Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Soul sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Biblical law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgics" title="Liturgics">Liturgics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_theology" title="Pastoral theology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_theology_by_tradition" title="Template:Christian theology by tradition">By tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">Dogmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacerdotalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotalism">Sacerdotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration#Roman_Catholic,_Orthodox" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomic_will" title="Gnomic will">Gnomic will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Phyletism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">Proskynesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphthartodocetae" title="Aphthartodocetae">Aphthartodocetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Protestantism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theologian">Protestantism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theology">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphora_in_Christianity" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soli_Deo_gloria" title="Soli Deo gloria">Soli Deo gloria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solus_Christus" title="Solus Christus">Solus Christus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Protestant ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_covenant" title="Church covenant">Church covenant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity#Protestantism" title="Salvation in Christianity">Protestant Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_theory" title="Branch theory">Branch theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">Center church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">Immersion baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Haugean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loci_Theologici" class="mw-redirect" title="Loci Theologici">Loci Theologici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Lutheran scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed <span class="nobold">(Calvinist)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_grace_theology" title="Free grace theology">Free Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_salvation_controversy" title="Lordship salvation controversy">Lordship salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic Jewish theology">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_mercy" title="Divine mercy">Divine mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">Love of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christian_theologians" title="Lists of Christian theologians">Lists of Christian theologians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline of Christian theology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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