WELLENS v. DILLON | 371 U.S. 11 (1962) | Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html xml:lang="en" lang="en" dir="ltr">  <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns/fb# website: http://ogp.me/ns/website#"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://justatic.com"> <link href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/branding/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" /> <title> WELLENS v. DILLON | 371 U.S. 11 (1962) | Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center</title><meta name="robots" content="index,follow"><meta name="referrer" content="unsafe-url"><meta name="is-li" content="0"><meta name="page-type" content="Law: Cases: Case"><meta name="description" content="WELLENS v. DILLON"><meta property="og:title" content="WELLENS v. DILLON, 371 U.S. 11 (1962)" /><meta property="og:type" content="article" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Justia Law" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/social-media/law.jpg" /><meta property="og:admins" content="656268335,686786921,25900864" /><meta property="og:app_id" content="119529808075661" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/371/11/" /><meta property="og:description" content="WELLENS v. DILLON" /><meta property="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta property="twitter:site" content="@JustiaCom" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/371/11/" /><meta name="trigger-ga" content="1" /><script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-P2QTGCR');</script><link href="https://company.justia.com" rel="publisher" /> <script>window.jshides = [];</script> <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_144.svg" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="144x144" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_144.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="128x128" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_128.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="16x16 24x24 32x32 48x48 64x64 96x96 128x128" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/justia.ico" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="57x57" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_57.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="72x72" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="114x114" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="144x144" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_144.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="57x57" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_57.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="72x72" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="114x114" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="144x144" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_144.png" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" sizes="16x16 24x24 32x32 48x48 64x64 96x96 128x128" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/justia.ico" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memvYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVTS-mu0SC55I.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/css/supreme.css" /> <style> .grecaptcha-badge { visibility: hidden; height: 0 !important;} </style> </head> <body class=" content-left-sidebar sticky-footer bg-white sticky-sidebar" data-directive="j-gdpr" data-privacy-policy-url="https://www.justia.com/privacy-policy/" data-project="law">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-P2QTGCR" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <header id="header" class="header-wrapper portal" data-directive="j-topnav"> <div id="sticky-nav"> <div class="burger-wrapper"> <div id="hamburger" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header" data-gtm-label="Hamburger" class="hamburger"> <div class="inner-ham" style="pointer-events:none"> <span class="lns ln2-1" style="pointer-events:none"></span> <span class="lns ln2-2" style="pointer-events:none"></span> </div> </div> <div id="header-nav"> <div class="inner-wrapper"> <div class="logo-wrapper"> <a href="/" title="Justia" class="logo"> <img data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header" data-gtm-label="Logo" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/branding/logos/sites/justia.svg" alt="Justia"> <img data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header" data-gtm-label="Logo - Subdomain" class="sub-domain" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/branding/logos/sites/us-supreme-court.svg" alt="Case Law"> </a> </div> <div class="buttons-wrapper"> <div class="topnav-button search-icon" id="search-icon-button"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/white/search.svg" alt="search" width="22" height="22"/> </div> <div class="topnav-button sign-in-icon" id="sign-in-icon-button"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/white/profile.svg" alt="My Account" width="20" height="20"> </div> <div id="accounts-buttons-wrapper"> <span class="topnav-button login-buttons" id="login-buttons-wrapper"> <span class="login-buttons-wrapper"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Account" data-gtm-label="Log In" data- data-directive="j-login" href="https://accounts.justia.com/signin?destination=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F371%2F11" class="login">Log In</a> <a href="https://accounts.justia.com/" class="sign-up">Sign Up</a> </span> </span> </div> <div id="search-form-wrapper"> <form action="https://law.justia.com/lawsearch/redirect-from-header" method="get" class="search-form jform" id="search-form"> <div class="input-wrapper"> <input type="text" name="query" value="" id="querybox" title="Search" placeholder="Search"> </div> <button type="submit"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/search.svg" alt="search" width="22" height="22"/> </button> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="subnavigation"> <div class="subnavigation-wrapper"> <ul> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">Find a Lawyer</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Ask a Lawyer" href="https://answers.justia.com/">Ask a Lawyer </a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Research the Law" href="https://www.justia.com/">Research the Law</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Law Schools" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/">Law Schools</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Law & Regs" href="https://law.justia.com/">Laws & Regs</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Newsletters" href="https://connect.justia.com/case-law-summary-newsletters">Newsletters</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">Marketing Solutions</a> <div class="sublist"> <div class="sublist-section"> <ul> <li class="sublist-section-title"><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Connect" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/">Justia Connect</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Pro Membership" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/#pro-membership">Pro Membership</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Basic Membership" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/#basic-membership">Basic Membership</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="sublist-section"> <ul> <li class="sublist-section-title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Lawyer Directory" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/">Justia Lawyer Directory</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Platinum Placements" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/platinum/">Platinum Placements</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Gold Placements" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/gold/">Gold Placements</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sublist-section"> <ul> <li class="sublist-section-title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Elevate" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/">Justia Elevate</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="SEO" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/search-engine-optimization/">SEO</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Websites & LSA Management" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/law-firm-websites/">Websites</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Blogs" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/law-blogs/">Blogs</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sublist-section"> <ul> <li class="sublist-section-title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Amplify" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/">Justia Amplify</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="PPC Management" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/cpc-ppc/">PPC Management</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Google Business Profile" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/google-business-profile/">Google Business Profile</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Social Media" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/social-media-networking/">Social Media</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sublist-section"> <ul> <li class="sublist-section-title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Onward Blog" href="https://onward.justia.com/">Justia Onward Blog</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </header> <div class="has-topnav-padding font-opensans" data-directive="j-announcement" data-project="law"></div> <div class="main-content font-opensans" id="main-content"> <nav class="breadcrumbs font-helvetica small-font"> <a href="//www.justia.com/">Justia</a> <span class="breadcrumb-sep"> &rsaquo; </span> <a href="//law.justia.com/">U.S. Law</a> <span class="breadcrumb-sep"> &rsaquo; </span> <a href="//law.justia.com/cases/">U.S. Case Law</a> <span class="breadcrumb-sep"> &rsaquo; </span> <a href="//supreme.justia.com/">U.S. Supreme Court</a> <span class="breadcrumb-sep"> &rsaquo; </span> <a href="/cases/federal/us/volume/">Opinions by Volume</a> <span class="breadcrumb-sep"> &rsaquo; </span> <a href="/cases/federal/us/371/">Volume 371</a> <span class="breadcrumb-sep"> &rsaquo; </span> WELLENS v. DILLON </nav> <div class="primary-content-wrapper case-overview"> <div class="primary-content"> <div class="wrapper has-padding-content-block-x2large has-no-top-padding blocks clearfix"> <div class="set-maxlimit -max-landscape-tablet reset-max-width-below-desktop half-centered has-no-left-margin"> <div class="title-wrapper"> <h1 id="text-a" class="heading-1 has-margin-top-10 has-margin-bottom-10"> WELLENS v. DILLON, 371 U.S. 11 (1962)</h1> <div class="nav-wrap -show-desktop"> <ul class="tab-nav list-inline-block list-no-styles has-no-margin has-no-padding" data-directive="j-jump-to" data-jump-element=".nav-item" data-extra-gap=".title-wrapper"> <li><a href="#top" class="highlight nav-item -active" data-go-to="top" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Overview" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Sticky Nav">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="#opinions" class="highlight nav-item" data-go-to="opinions" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Opinions" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Sticky Nav">Opinions</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="top"> <div class="flex-columns has-margin-top-20 -cols-gap-50 -cols-in-tablet width-100-v2 case-details"> <div class="flex-col-wrapper"> </div> </div> <div class="block syllabus" id="tab-opinion-1943956"> <strong id="syllabus2" class="heading-4 has-no-margin"> Syllabus </strong> <div class="large clear-both"> <div class="text-diminished x2large -overflow-x-visible white -collapsed set-maxlimit -max-landscape-tablet has-margin-bottom-20" id="diminished-text4"> <p> <p> <h2><span class="headertext">U.S. Supreme Court</span></h2> <strong class="heading-5 font-w-bold"><span class="headertext">WELLENS v. DILLON, 371 U.S. 11 (1962)</span></strong> <span class="headertext"><strong>371 U.S. 11</strong></span> <p><span class="headertext">WELLENS v. DILLON, SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, ET AL.<br> APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT.<br> No. 122.<br> Decided October 8, 1962.<br></span></p> <p>Appeal dismissed and certiorari denied.</p> <p>Reported below: <a class="appeallink" href= "http://cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F2/302/442/">302 F.2d 442</a>.</p> <p>Appellant pro se.</p> <p>Solicitor General Cox, Acting Assistant Attorney General Guilfoyle and Morton Hollander for appellees.</p> <p>PER CURIAM.</p> <p>The appeal is dismissed. Treating the papers whereon the appeal was taken as a petition for writ of certiorari, certiorari is denied.</p> <p>MR. JUSTICE GOLDBERG took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.</p> <p><a name="12" class="page-number">Page 371 U.S. 11, 12</a></p> <p> <br> <br> <br></p> </p> </div> <div class="has-padding-full-10 has-no-right-padding has-no-left-padding has-no-bottom-padding"> <a href="#" class="font-w-bold expand-v2 cursor-pointer -display-block" data-go_to="#syllabus2" data-expanded_text="Show Less <img class='down-arrow -fill-blue jicon -medium' role='img' title='Mobile Navigation' viewbox='0 0 270 270' src='//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down2.svg'/>" data-collapsed_text="Read More <img class='down-arrow -fill-blue jicon -medium' role='img' title='Mobile Navigation' viewbox='0 0 270 270' src='//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down2.svg'/>" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="diminished-text4" data-collapsed_class="text-diminished" data-expanded_class="text-extended" id="syllabus-read-more" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Syllabus - Read More" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Content" data-extra-gap=".title-wrapper">Read More <span style="pointer-events:none"> <img class='down-arrow -fill-blue jicon -medium' style="pointer-events:none" role='img' title='Mobile Navigation' viewbox='0 0 270 270' src='//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down2.svg'/> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <hr class="divider-v2"> </div> <div class="block tabbed-content opinions" id="opinions"> <strong class="heading-4 has-no-margin"> Opinions </strong> <div id="tab-opinion"> <ul data-directive="j-tabs" data-equivalent="opinions-list" class="tab-nav list-inline-block -pipe-medium-tablet list-no-styles has-no-padding"> <li> <a href="#tab-opinion-1943957" class="highlight nav-item" data-go-to="tab-opinion" data-equivalent="link-opinion-1943957" id="list-opinion-1943957" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Opinions Tab - Case" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Content" data-extra-gap=".title-wrapper">Opinions & Dissents</a> </li> </ul> <div id="tab-opinion-1943957" class="hidden-content"> <div class="-display-inline-block text-left"> <h2><span class="headertext">U.S. Supreme Court</span></h2> <strong class="heading-5 font-w-bold"><span class="headertext">WELLENS v. DILLON, <a class= "related-case" href= "https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/371/11/"></a><a class= "related-case" href= "https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/371/11/">371 U.S. 11</a> (1962)</span></strong> <span class="headertext"><strong><a class="related-case" href= "https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/371/11/"></a><a class= "related-case" href= "https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/371/11/">371 U.S. 11</a></strong></span> <span class="headertext">WELLENS v. DILLON, SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, ET AL.<br> APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT.<br> No. 122.<br> Decided October 8, 1962.<br></span></p> Appeal dismissed and certiorari denied.</p> Reported below: <a class="appeallink" href= "http://cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F2/302/442/">302 F.2d 442</a>.</p> Appellant pro se.</p> Solicitor General Cox, Acting Assistant Attorney General Guilfoyle and Morton Hollander for appellees.</p> PER CURIAM.</p> The appeal is dismissed. Treating the papers whereon the appeal was taken as a petition for writ of certiorari, certiorari is denied.</p> MR. JUSTICE GOLDBERG took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.</p> <a name="12" class="page-number">Page</a> <a class= "related-case" href= "https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/371/11/"></a><a class= "related-case" href= "https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/371/11/">371 U.S. 11</a>, 12</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr class="divider-v2"> <div class="block search-case"> <strong class="heading-4 has-no-margin"> Search This Case </strong> <div class="flex-columns -cols-gap-50 -cols-in-landscape-tablet width-100-v2 has-margin-top-20"> <div class="flex-col-wrapper"> <div class="flex-col width-20 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet"> <strong> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=WELLENS+v.+DILLON&as_sdt=2006" target="_blank" title="Law - Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a> </strong> </div> <div class="flex-col width-20 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet"> <strong> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=WELLENS+v.+DILLON" target="_blank" title="Law - Google Books">Google Books</a> </strong> </div> <div class="flex-col width-20 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet"> <strong> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=WELLENS+v.+DILLON" target="_blank" title="Law - Google Web">Google Web</a> </strong> </div> <div class="flex-col width-20 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet"> <strong> <a href="https://news.google.com/news/search?q=WELLENS+v.+DILLON" target="_blank" title="Law - Google News"> Google News</a> </strong> </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr class="divider-v2"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sidebar primary-sidebar"> <div class="bg-white -menu" data-directive="j-sticky-sidebar">  <div class="-show-desktop"> <p class="heading-3 expand-v2 cursor-pointer -display-block" data-collapsed_class="hidden" data-expanded_class="-expanded" data-section="navigation-list" data-directive="j-expand"> WELLENS v. DILLON, 371 U.S. 11 (1962)<span> <svg class="down-arrow -fill-blue jicon -medium" role="img" title="Mobile Navigation" viewbox="0 0 270 270"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" href="/justatic/shared/images/icons/simple-icons-sprite.svg#down"></use> </svg> </span> </p> </div> <ul class="list-no-styles list-group" id="navigation-list"> <li class="list-group-item -as-navigation list-group-item-active"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Overview" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Sticky Sidebar" href="#top">Overview</a> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item -as-navigation list-group-item-active"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Opinions" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Sticky Sidebar" href="#opinions"> Opinions </a> </div> <div class="-expanded"> <ul class="list-no-styles" id="opinions-list"> <li> <a href="#tab-opinion-1943957" class="highlight nav-item" data-go-to="tab-opinion" data-equivalent="list-opinion-1943957" id="link-opinion-1943957" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Opinions - Case" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Sticky Sidebar" data-extra-gap=".title-wrapper">Opinions & Dissents</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="buttons-list has-no-top-margin"> <div class="buttons-list-item"> <button id="copy-button" data-directive="j-copy-to-clipboard" data-jclipboard-button data-jclipboard-copy-from="#text-a" class="copy-clipboard expand button button-ghost-transparent width-100 -v2">Copy Citation</button> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="notification-banner hidden hide-print"> <a href="#" class="toggle -expanded " data-section="notification-banner-content" data-directive="j-expand" data-cookie="law-sticky-footer-collapsed"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Toggle button</span> <svg class="jicon -fill-red" role="img" title="Toggle" viewbox="0 0 270 270"> <use xlink:href="/justatic/shared/images/icons/simple-icons-sprite.svg#down"></use> </svg> </a> <div id="notification-banner-content" class="container -expanded has-no-border"> <div class="wrapper"> <p class="text"> <strong>Get free summaries of new <span id="footer-summaries-court-name">U.S. Supreme Court</span> opinions delivered to your inbox!</strong> </p> <div class="form-container"> <form id="subscribe-footer-form" data-directive="j-validator" data-runs-recaptcha="1" data-gtm-type="submission" data-gtm-label="Sticky Footer Form" data-gtm-category="Summary Newsletters" data-gtm-value="Submission" > <input type="hidden" name="footer-summaries-identifier" id="footer-summaries-identifier" value="ussc" /> <div class="jform-simple form-v2 -always-inline"> <div class="jfld-group floating-label" data-directive="j-floating-label"> <span class="jfld-floating-label flabel" id="subscriptions-footer-email-label">Enter Your Email</span> <input id="footer-email" class="form-text jinput-large jfld-block" placeholder="Enter email" title="Enter email" required="true" data-validations="isEmail" data-container="#footer-email-container" name="footer-email" type="email" value=""> <div id="footer-email-container" class="errors-list"></div> </div> <button class="button button-red save-button" type="submit"> <span class="nowrap">Sign Up</span> </button> </div> <div id="footer-g-recaptcha" class="g-recaptcha text-center -display-flex captcha" data-sitekey="6Lc8e9QZAAAAALXCMYspBhWr45nC7vkovxjiIKzP"></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> function functionAddAttribute(){ document.getElementById('g-recaptcha-response').setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true'); document.getElementById('g-recaptcha-response').setAttribute('aria-label', 'do not use'); document.getElementById('g-recaptcha-response').setAttribute('aria-readonly', 'true'); }; window.onload = functionAddAttribute; </script> </div> <div data-directive="j-find-a-lawyer" data-layout="carousel" data-limit="3" class="large-gap-stripe -with-title"></div> </div> <div id="footer" class="-v2 short bg-white color-black"> <div class="wrapper has-no-padding"> <div class="resources font-opensans has-padding-content-block-x2large clearfix ussc-resources"> <div class="section-title">U.S. Supreme Court Resources</div> <div class="columns"> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="U.S. Supreme Court Resources" data-gtm-label="Law - Cases by Date" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/">Cases by Date</a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="U.S. Supreme Court Resources" data-gtm-label="Law - Cases by Topic" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases-by-topic/">Cases by Topic</a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="U.S. Supreme Court Resources" data-gtm-label="Law - Cases by Volume" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/volume/">Cases by Volume</a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="U.S. Supreme Court Resources" data-gtm-label="Law - Supreme Court History" href="https://supreme.justia.com/supreme-court-history/">Supreme Court History</a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="U.S. Supreme Court Resources" data-gtm-label="Law - Supreme Court Justices" href="https://supreme.justia.com/justices/">Supreme Court Justices</a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="U.S. Supreme Court Resources" data-gtm-label="Law - Supreme Court Building" href="https://supreme.justia.com/supreme-court-building/">Supreme Court Building</a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="U.S. Supreme Court Resources" data-gtm-label="Law - Stages of a Case" href="https://supreme.justia.com/stages-of-supreme-court-case/">Stages of a Case</a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="U.S. Supreme Court Resources" data-gtm-label="Law - Reading a Decision" href="https://supreme.justia.com/reading-supreme-court-decision/">Reading a Decision</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper has-border-top-mercury has-no-padding"> <div class="resources font-opensans has-padding-content-block-x2large clearfix"> <div class="section-title">Justia Legal Resources</div> <div class="columns"> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">Find a Lawyer</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-01"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-01" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Bankruptcy Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/bankruptcy">Bankruptcy Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/business-law">Business Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Criminal Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/criminal-law">Criminal Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/employment-law">Employment Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Estate Planning Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/estate-planning">Estate Planning Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Family Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/family-law">Family Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Personal Injury Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/personal-injury">Personal Injury Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer - More" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">More... </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Individuals" href="https://www.justia.com/individuals/">Individuals</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-02"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-02" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Bankruptcy" href="https://www.justia.com/bankruptcy/">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Criminal" href="https://www.justia.com/criminal/">Criminal</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Divorce" href="https://www.justia.com/family/divorce/">Divorce</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="DUI" href="https://www.justia.com/criminal/drunk-driving-dui-dwi/">DUI</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Estate Planning" href="https://www.justia.com/estate-planning/">Estate Planning</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Family Law" href="https://www.justia.com/family/">Family Law</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Personal Injury" href="https://www.justia.com/injury/">Personal Injury</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Individuals - More" href="https://www.justia.com/individuals/">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business" href="https://www.justia.com/business/">Business</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-03"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-03" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Formation" href="https://www.justia.com/business-operations/starting-your-own-business/">Business Formation</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Operations" href="https://www.justia.com/business-operations/">Business Operations</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment" href="https://www.justia.com/employment/">Employment</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Intellectual Property" href="https://www.justia.com/intellectual-property/">Intellectual Property</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="International Trade" href="https://www.justia.com/international-law/international-trade-law/">International Trade</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Real Estate" href="https://www.justia.com/business-operations/commercial-real-estate-the-law/">Real Estate</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Tax Law" href="https://www.justia.com/tax/">Tax Law</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business - More" href="https://www.justia.com/business/">More... </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Schools" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/ ">Law Schools</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-04"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-04" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Dictionary" href="https://dictionary.justia.com/">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Admissions" href="https://www.justia.com/law-students/">Admissions</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Financial Aid" href="https://www.justia.com/law-students/">Financial Aid</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Course Outlines" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/outlines/">Course Outlines</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Journals" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/">Law Journals</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Blogs" href="https://blawgsearch.justia.com/blogs/categories/law-student">Blogs</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment" href="https://www.justia.jobs/jobs/summer-associate-legal-internship">Employment</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Schools - More" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Federal Law" href="https://law.justia.com/us/">US Federal Law</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-05"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-05" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Constitution" href="https://law.justia.com/constitution/us/">US Constitution</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Code" href="https://law.justia.com/codes/us">US Code</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Regulations" href="https://regulations.justia.com/">Regulations</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Supreme Court" href="https://supreme.justia.com/">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Circuit Courts" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/">Circuit Courts</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="District Courts" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/">District Courts</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Dockets & Filings" href="https://dockets.justia.com/">Dockets & Filings</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Federal Law - More" href="https://law.justia.com/us/">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US State Law" href="https://law.justia.com/us-states/">US State Law</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-06"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-06" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="State Constitutions" href="https://law.justia.com/us-states/">State Constitutions</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="State Codes" href="https://law.justia.com/codes/">State Codes</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="State Case Law" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/">State Case Law</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="California" href="https://law.justia.com/california/">California</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Florida" href="https://law.justia.com/florida/">Florida</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="New York" href="https://law.justia.com/new-york/">New York</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Texas" href="https://law.justia.com/texas/">Texas</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US State Law - More" href="https://law.justia.com/us-states/">More... </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Other Databases" href="https://www.justia.com/">Other Databases</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-07"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-07" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Legal Jobs" href="https://www.justia.jobs/">Legal Jobs</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Legal Blogs" href="https://blawgsearch.justia.com/">Legal Blogs</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Forms" href="https://contracts.justia.com/">Business Forms</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Product Recalls" href="https://recalls.justia.com/">Product Recalls</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Patents" href="https://patents.justia.com/">Patents</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Trademarks" href="https://trademarks.justia.com/">Trademarks</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Countries" href="https://www.justia.com/countries/">Countries</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Other Databases - More" href="https://www.justia.com/">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">Marketing Solutions</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-08"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-08" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Connect Membership" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/">Justia Connect Membership</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Lawyer Directory" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/">Justia Lawyer Directory</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Premium Placements" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/#premium-placements">Justia Premium Placements</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Elevate" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/">Justia Elevate (SEO, Websites)</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Amplify" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/">Justia Amplify (PPC, GBP)</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Onward Blog" href="https://onward.justia.com/">Justia Onward Blog</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Testimonials" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/testimonials/">Testimonials</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions - More" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="small-font jcard has-padding-content-block-30 block has-no-margin text-center"> <div class="disclaimer"> <p class="has-no-top-margin">Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.</p> This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google <a href="https://policies.google.com/privacy" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a> and <a href="https://policies.google.com/terms" target="_blank">Terms of Service</a> apply. </div> </div> <div class="bg-justia-blue"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="copyright"> <span class="site"> <span class="social-media"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/justia" title="Facebook" target="_blank" class="fb icon"> <img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/facebook.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="Facebook" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - Facebook"> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/justiacom" title="Twitter" target="_blank" class="twitter icon"> <img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/twitter.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="Twitter" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - Twitter"> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/justia" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" class="linkedin icon"> <img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/linkedin.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="LinkedIn" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - LinkedIn"> </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/justia" title="YouTube" target="_blank" class="youtube icon"> <img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/youtube.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="YouTube" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - YouTube" /> </a> <a href="https://lawyers.justia.com/organization/justia-inc-16302" title="Justia Lawyer Directory" class="justia icon"> <img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/justia.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="Justia" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - Justia Lawyer Directory"> </a> </span> <span class="credits">© 2024 <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Copyright" href="https://www.justia.com/">Justia</a></span> </span> <span class="nav"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Justia Connect" href="https://connect.justia.com/">Justia Connect</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Legal Portal" href="https://www.justia.com/">Legal Portal</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Company" href="https://company.justia.com/">Company</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Help" href="https://support.justia.com/">Help</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Terms of Service" href="https://www.justia.com/terms-of-service/">Terms of Service</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Privacy Policy" href="https://www.justia.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions" class="nowrap" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">Marketing Solutions</a> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </body> <script src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/js/supreme.js"></script> <script src="//justatic.com/h/20241125095820/shared/js/law.js"></script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?onload=recaptchaOnLoad&render=explicit" async defer></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

WELLENS v. DILLON | 371 U.S. 11 (1962) | Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center