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navigation-not-searchable">"10,000 BC" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/10,000_BC_(film)" title="10,000 BC (film)">10,000 BC (film)</a>. For the television series, see <a href="/wiki/10,000_BC_(TV_series)" title="10,000 BC (TV series)">10,000 BC (TV series)</a>. For more remote dates, see <a href="/wiki/Timelines_of_world_history" title="Timelines of world history">Timelines of world history</a>.</div> The 10th millennium BC spanned the years 10,000 BC to 9001 BC (c. 12 ka to c. 11 ka). It marks the beginning of the transition from the <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> via the interim <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>) periods, which together form the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> epoch that is generally believed to have begun c. 9700 BC (c. 11.7 ka) and is the current geological epoch. It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium, and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological analysis, anthropological analysis, and radiometric dating. <table class="infobox" style="max-width:100%; width: 400px"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennia</a>: </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_millennium_BC" title="11th millennium BC">11th millennium BC</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">10th millennium BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_millennium_BC" title="9th millennium BC">9th millennium BC</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuries">Centuries</a>: </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>100th century BC</li> <li>99th century BC</li> <li>98th century BC</li> <li>97th century BC</li> <li>96th century BC</li> <li>95th century BC</li> <li>94th century BC</li> <li>93rd century BC</li> <li>92nd century BC</li> <li>91st century BC</li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Holocene_epoch">1 Holocene epoch</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Beginnings_of_agriculture">2 Beginnings of agriculture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Pottery">3 Pottery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Other_cultural_developments">4 Other cultural developments</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Africa">4.1 Africa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Americas">4.2 Americas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Eurasia">4.3 Eurasia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Environmental_changes">5 Environmental changes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Chronological_method">6 Chronological method</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Notes">7 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Bibliography">8 Bibliography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Books">8.1 Books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Journals">8.2 Journals</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Holocene_epoch">Holocene epoch</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=10th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Holocene epoch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The main characteristic of the Holocene has been the worldwide abundance of <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens sapiens">Homo sapiens sapiens</a> (humankind). The epoch began in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation" title="Würm glaciation">Würm glaciation</a>, generally known as the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Ice Age</a>, which began 109 ka and ended 14 ka when <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens sapiens">Homo sapiens sapiens</a> was in the <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a> (Old Stone) Age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski197359%E2%80%9360-1">[1]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Late_Glacial_Interstadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Glacial Interstadial">Late Glacial Interstadial</a> from 14 ka to 12.9 ka, during which global temperatures rose significantly, the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> began. This was a temporary reversal of climatic warming to glacial conditions in the Northern Hemisphere and coincided with the end of the Upper Palaeolithic. The Younger Dryas ceased c. 9700 BC, marking the cutover from <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> to Holocene.<a href="#cite_note-ICC-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRS-3">[3]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geologic time scale</a>, there are three (tentatively four) <a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">stratigraphic stages</a> of the Holocene beginning c. 9700 BC with the "<a href="/wiki/Greenlandian" title="Greenlandian">Greenlandian</a>" (to c. 6236 BC). The starting point for the Greenlandian is the <a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point</a> (GSSP) sample from the <a href="/wiki/North_Greenland_Ice_Core_Project" title="North Greenland Ice Core Project">North Greenland Ice Core Project</a>, which has been correlated with the Younger Dryas.<a href="#cite_note-FRS-3">[3]</a> The Greenlandian was succeeded by the "<a href="/wiki/Northgrippian" title="Northgrippian">Northgrippian</a>" (to c. 2250 BC) and the "<a href="/wiki/Meghalayan" title="Meghalayan">Meghalayan</a>". All three stages were officially ratified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a> in July 2018.<a href="#cite_note-ICC-2">[2]</a> It has been proposed that the Meghalayan should be terminated c. 1950 and succeeded by a new stage provisionally called "<a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a>".<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In the Holocene's first millennium, the Palaeolithic began to be superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (New Stone) Age which lasted about 6,000 years, depending on location. The gradual transition period is sometimes termed <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> (northern and western Europe) or <a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipalaeolithic</a> (Levant and Near East). The glaciers retreated as the world climate became warmer and that inspired <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">an agricultural revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski197360-5">[5]</a> though at first, the dog was probably the only domesticated animal. This was accompanied by a social revolution in that humans gained from agriculture the impetus to settle. Settlement is the key precursor to civilisation, which cannot be achieved by a nomadic lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski197360%E2%80%9361-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_population_estimates" class="mw-redirect" title="World population estimates">world population</a>, c. 10,000 BC, is believed to have been more or less stable. It has been estimated that there were some five million people at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, growing to forty million by 5000 BC and 100 million by 1600 BC, which is an average growth rate of 0.027% p.a. from the Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age.<a href="#cite_note-JNB-7">[7]</a> Around 10,000 BC, most people lived in <a href="/wiki/Hunting-gathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting-gathering">hunter-gatherer</a> communities scattered across all continents except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zealandia_(continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealandia (continent)">Zealandia</a>. As the Würm/Wisconsin ended, settlement of northern regions was again possible.<a href="#cite_note-JNB-7">[7]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Beginnings_of_agriculture">Beginnings of agriculture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=10th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beginnings of agriculture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> developed in different parts of the world at different times. In many places, people learned how to cultivate without outside help; elsewhere, as in western Europe, the skills were imported.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts199322-8">[8]</a> A decrease in human height accompanied the rise of agriculture near the start of the Holocene period (10,000 BC) and was later correlated with urban population density.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a> prevailed in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> through the 10th millennium and was unusual in that it supported a sedentary or semi-sedentary population even before the introduction of agriculture. An early example is <a href="/wiki/%27Ain_Mallaha" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ain Mallaha">'Ain Mallaha</a>, which may have been the first village in which people were wholly sedentary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithen200329-10">[10]</a> The Natufian people are believed to have founded another early settlement on the site of <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho (Tell es-Sultan)</a> where there is evidence of building between 9600 BC and 8200 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedmanMyersBeck2000689%E2%80%93691-11">[11]</a> Dates for the Natufian are indeterminate and range broadly from c. 13,050 BC to c. 7550 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201221-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarc%C3%ADa-PucholSalazar-Garc%C3%ADa201716-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> It is possible that the early cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">figs</a> began in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> valley sometime after the middle of the 10th millennium.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Besides the fig trees, the people may have begun cultivation of wild plants such as barley and pistachio; and they possibly began herding goats, pigs and cattle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts199323-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Agriculture began to be developed by the various communities of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, which included the Levant, but it would not be widely practised for another 2,000 years by which time Neolithic culture was becoming well established in many parts of the Near East.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Among the earliest cultivated plants were forms of <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> grown in the Middle East, possibly in this millennium but more likely after 9000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts199322-8">[8]</a> By about 9500 BC, people in south-eastern Anatolia were harvesting wild grasses and grains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts199323-16">[16]</a> The earliest evidence of sheep herding has been found in northern Iraq, dated before 9000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts199323-16">[16]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Pottery">Pottery</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=10th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pottery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Prehistoric chronology is almost entirely reliant upon the dating of material objects of which <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> is by far the most widespread and the most resistant to decay. All locations and generations developed their own shapes, sizes and styles of pottery, including methods and styles of decoration, but there was consistency among stratified deposits and even shards can be classified by time and place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuryMeiggs19756-19">[19]</a> Pottery is believed to have been discovered independently in various places, beginning with China c. 18,000 BC, and was probably created accidentally by fires lit on <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> soil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan2017197-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard2004244-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-PNAS09-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The main discovery of pottery dated to the 10th millennium has been at <a href="/wiki/Bosumpra_Cave" title="Bosumpra Cave">Bosumpra Cave</a> (early tenth-millennium cal. BC) on the Kwahu Plateau in southeastern Ghana and <a href="/wiki/Ounjougou" title="Ounjougou">Ounjougou</a> (c.9400 BC) in Central Mali, providing evidence of an independent invention of pottery in Sub-Saharan Africa in different climatic zones.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The first chronological pottery system was the Early, Middle and Late Minoan framework devised in the early 20th century by Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> for his findings at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>. This covered the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> in twelve phases from c. 2800 BC to c. 1050 BC and the principle was later extended to mainland Greece (Helladic) and the Aegean islands (Cycladic).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuryMeiggs19756-19">[19]</a> Dame <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kenyon" title="Kathleen Kenyon">Kathleen Kenyon</a> was the principal archaeologist at <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Tell es-Sultan</a> (ancient Jericho) and she discovered that there was no pottery there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithen200360-26">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheel</a> had not yet been invented and, where pottery as such was made, it was still hand-built, often by means of <a href="/wiki/Coiling_(pottery)" title="Coiling (pottery)">coiling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pit_fired_pottery" title="Pit fired pottery">pit fired</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384-27">[27]</a> Kenyon discovered vessels such as bowls, cups, and plates at Jericho which were made from stone. She reasonably surmised that others made from wood or vegetable fibres would have long since decayed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithen200360-26">[26]</a> Using Evans' system as a benchmark, Kenyon divided the Near East Neolithic into phases called <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (PPNA), from c. 10,000 BC to c. 8800 BC; <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (PPNB), from c. 8800 BC to c. 6500 BC; and then <a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a> (PN), which had varied start-points from c. 6500 BC until the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium</a>. In the 10th millennium, the Natufian culture co-existed with the PPNA which prevailed in the Levantine and upper Mesopotamian areas of the Fertile Crescent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithen200360-26">[26]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Other_cultural_developments">Other cultural developments</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=10th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other cultural developments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=10th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fondazione_Passar%C3%A9_V27_287.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fondazione_Passar%C3%A9_V27_287.jpg/220px-Fondazione_Passar%C3%A9_V27_287.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="577"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fondazione_Passar%C3%A9_V27_287.jpg/220px-Fondazione_Passar%C3%A9_V27_287.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fondazione_Passar%C3%A9_V27_287.jpg/330px-Fondazione_Passar%C3%A9_V27_287.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fondazione_Passar%C3%A9_V27_287.jpg/440px-Fondazione_Passar%C3%A9_V27_287.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Example of <a href="/wiki/Saharan_rock_art" title="Saharan rock art">Saharan rock art</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a> from Anakom, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>.</figcaption></figure> In North Africa, <a href="/wiki/Saharan_rock_art" title="Saharan rock art">Saharan rock art</a> engravings in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Bubalus_Period" title="Bubalus Period">Bubalus</a> (Large Wild Fauna) period have been dated to between 10,000 BC and 7000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVison%C3%A0200822%E2%80%9324-28">[28]</a> Wall paintings found in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> depict human activity; some of the older paintings are thought to date back to around 10,000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst19985-29">[29]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a>, a culture of hunter-gatherers replaced a grain grinding culture in 10,000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Abu_Madi" title="Abu Madi">Abu Madi</a> <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tel mounds</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> have been dated c. 9660 to c. 9180 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuijt200033-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=10th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Americas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a> was widely distributed throughout North America. The people were hunter-gatherers and the culture's duration is believed to have been from c.9050 BC to c.8800 BC.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> There is evidence of increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a> tool technology for hunting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeeple200215-33">[33]</a> Elsewhere in North America, the <a href="/wiki/Winnemucca_Lake#Petroglyphs" title="Winnemucca Lake">Petroglyphs at Winnemucca Lake</a>, in what is today northwest <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, were carved by this time, possibly as early as 12.8 ka or as late as 10 ka.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurasia">Eurasia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=10th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eurasia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The sites at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a>, which is home to megalithic structures, <a href="/wiki/Hallan_%C3%87emi_Tepesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallan Çemi Tepesi">Hallan Çemi Tepesi</a>, both in south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Tell_Qaramel" title="Tell Qaramel">Tell Qaramel</a>, in north-west <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, may have been occupied during this millennium.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazurowskiKanjou2012771%E2%80%93781-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> It was found out that <a href="/wiki/Gastronomy" title="Gastronomy">gastronomy</a> first emerged in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> in this millennium.<a href="#cite_note-Gatronomic_Findings-40">[40]</a> This most important discovery shedding light on the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Gastronomy" title="Gastronomy">gastronomy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> consists of religious places in which feasts were held in this millennium that were found in the archaeological excavations conducted in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a> province which is called the zero point of time.<a href="#cite_note-Gatronomic_Findings-40">[40]</a> As a result of the investigations carried out in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> which is dated to this millennium, it was determined that the people created cult structures and had a culture for religious purposes during the early <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period and that they held feasts in which they offered foods while performing these cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Gatronomic_Findings-40">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sassi_di_Matera" title="Sassi di Matera">Sassi di Matera</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> is believed to have been the site of human settlement since the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> period in this millennium, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in history.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Hasankeyf" title="Hasankeyf">Hasankeyf</a> Mound in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, almost all archaeological data date to this millennium.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, which was not then an island, the <a href="/wiki/Star_Carr" title="Star Carr">Star Carr</a> site in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a> is believed to have been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Maglemosian" class="mw-redirect" title="Maglemosian">Maglemosian</a> peoples for about 800 years from c. 9335 BC to c. 8525 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilnerConnellerTaylor2018225%E2%80%93244-43">[43]</a> The Bhimbetka rock shelters, which feature prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a>, earliest being dated to 10,000 BCE, corresponds to the Indian <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-YM-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-facets-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-SKT-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unesco-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-SM-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-AJ-49">[49]</a> These sites would have been home to a nomadic/hunting society existing in this region. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Environmental_changes">Environmental changes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=10th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Environmental changes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <table class="wikitable float-right" width="10%" rules="all" style="float:right; border:1px solid #000000; margin-left:20px; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Subdivisions of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> Period </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/System_(stratigraphy)" title="System (stratigraphy)">System</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">Period</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Series_(stratigraphy)" title="Series (stratigraphy)">Series</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">Epoch</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">Stage</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">Age</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">Age</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" style="background-color: rgb(249,249,127);"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(253,230,202);"><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> </td> <td style="background-color: rgb(253,237,236);"><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan" title="Meghalayan">Meghalayan</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(253,236,228);"><a href="/wiki/Northgrippian" title="Northgrippian">Northgrippian</a> </td> <td>4,200 </td> <td>8,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(254,236,219);"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandian" title="Greenlandian">Greenlandian</a> </td> <td>8,200 </td> <td>11,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color: rgb(255,239,175);"><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> </td> <td style="background-color: rgb(255,242,211);"><a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">'Upper'</a> </td> <td>11,700 </td> <td>129<a href="/wiki/Kiloannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloannum">ka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(255,242,199);"><a href="/wiki/Chibanian" title="Chibanian">Chibanian</a> </td> <td>129ka </td> <td>774ka </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(255,242,186);"><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_(stage)" title="Calabrian (stage)">Calabrian</a> </td> <td>774ka </td> <td>1.80<a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(255,237,179);"><a href="/wiki/Gelasian" title="Gelasian">Gelasian</a> </td> <td>1.80Ma </td> <td>2.58Ma </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(255,230,25);"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> </td> <td style="background-color: rgb(255,255,153);"><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> </td> <td style="background-color: rgb(254,250,200);"><a href="/wiki/Piacenzian" title="Piacenzian">Piacenzian</a> </td> <td>2.58Ma </td> <td>3.60Ma </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background-color:rgb(249,249,127);">Notes and references<a href="#cite_note-ICC-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRS-3">[3]</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="">Subdivision of the Quaternary Period according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>, as of January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-ICC-2">[2]</a> For the Holocene, dates are relative to the year 2000 (e.g. Greenlandian began 11,700 years before 2000). For the beginning of the Northgrippian a date of 8,236 years before 2000 has been set.<a href="#cite_note-FRS-3">[3]</a> The Meghalayan has been set to begin 4,250 years before 2000.<a href="#cite_note-ICC-2">[2]</a> 'Tarantian' is an informal, unofficial name proposed for a stage/age to replace the equally informal, unofficial 'Upper Pleistocene' subseries/subepoch. In Europe and North America, the Holocene is subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Preboreal" title="Preboreal">Preboreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boreal_(period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal (period)">Boreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(period)" title="Atlantic (period)">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subboreal" title="Subboreal">Subboreal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subatlantic" title="Subatlantic">Subatlantic</a> stages of the <a href="/wiki/Blytt%E2%80%93Sernander_system" title="Blytt–Sernander system">Blytt–Sernander time scale</a>. There are many regional subdivisions for the Upper or Late Pleistocene; usually these represent locally recognized cold (<a href="/wiki/Glacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial">glacial</a>) and warm (<a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a>) periods. The <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a> ends with the cold <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> substage. </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right;zz"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quaternary_(period)" title="Template:Quaternary (period)"><abbr title="View this template" style="font-size:105%;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quaternary_(period)" title="Template talk:Quaternary (period)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="font-size:105%;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quaternary_(period)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quaternary (period)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="font-size:105%;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> In the southern hemisphere, rising sea levels had gradually formed <a href="/wiki/Bass_Strait" title="Bass Strait">Bass Strait</a>, separating <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> from mainland <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. This process is believed to have been complete by about the beginning of the 10th millennium. Bass Strait had been a plain populated by indigenous people who are thought to have first arrived around 40,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a> had sheeted much of North America and, as it retreated, its meltwaters created an immense proglacial lake now known as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjakangasMatsch1982106%E2%80%93110-51">[51]</a> Sometime after 10,000 BC, the retreating <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> created the rock formation on <a href="/wiki/Cannon_Mountain_(New_Hampshire)" title="Cannon Mountain (New Hampshire)">Cannon Mountain</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> that was known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Man_of_the_Mountain" title="Old Man of the Mountain">Old Man of the Mountain</a> until its collapse in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Linowes-52">[52]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Chronological_method">Chronological method</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=10th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chronological method" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The ongoing <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> System/Period represents the last 2.58 million years since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> and is officially divided into the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> Series/Epochs. The Holocene has been assigned an age of 11,700 calendar years before 2000 CE which means it began c. 9700 BC in the 10th millennium. It is preceded in the <a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">geological time scale</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> sub-epoch, also known as the Tarantian Stage/Age, which awaits formal ratification by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">International Union of Geological Sciences</a> (IUGS) and tentatively spans the time from c. 126,000 BC to c. 9700 BC. Preceding the Late Pleistocene is the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> sub-epoch, or Chibanian Stage/Age, which also awaits ratification and tentatively spans the time from c. 773,000 BC to c. 126,000 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a> from c. 2,580,000 BC until c. 773,000 is sub-divided into two Stages/Ages which have been officially defined: the <a href="/wiki/Gelasian" title="Gelasian">Gelasian</a> (until c. 1,800,000 BC) and the <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_(stage)" title="Calabrian (stage)">Calabrian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbard-53">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a>, devised by <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Emiliani" title="Cesare Emiliani">Cesare Emiliani</a> in 1993, places its <a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">epoch</a> at 10,000 BC (with the year 2024 being rendered as 12024 HE). The Human Era calendar attempts to simplify the calculation of time spans across <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">the BC-CE divide</a> by designating a more universally relevant epoch date: the start of human settlements (instead of the birth of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>). CE dates can be converted by adding 10,000 years; converting BC dates requires subtraction from 10,001 (since the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> lacks a <a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">year zero</a>).<a href="#cite_note-emiliani-54">[54]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=10th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski197359–60-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronowski197359%E2%80%9360_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronowski1973">Bronowski 1973</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-ICC-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICC_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICC_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICC_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICC_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICC_2-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCohenFinneyGibbardFan2020" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan, J.-X. (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2020-01.pdf">"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"</a> (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Chronostratigraphic+Chart&rft.pub=International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy&rft.date=2020-01&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft.au=Finney%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Gibbard%2C+P.+L.&rft.au=Fan%2C+J.-X.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2FICSchart%2FChronostratChart2020-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRS-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FRS_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRS_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRS_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRS_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Walker2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mike Walker; et al. (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Walker-et-al.-2018_Episodes_online.pdf">"Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period)"</a> (PDF). Episodes. 41 (4). Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS): 213–223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2018%2F018016">10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=Formal+ratification+of+the+subdivision+of+the+Holocene+Series%2FEpoch+%28Quaternary+System%2FPeriod%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=213-223&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2018%2F018016&rft.au=Mike+Walker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquaternary.stratigraphy.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F07%2FWalker-et-al.-2018_Episodes_online.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> This proposal on behalf of the SQS has been approved by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and formally ratified by the Executive Committee of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2016" class="citation news cs1">Carrington, Damian (29 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/29/declare-anthropocene-epoch-experts-urge-geological-congress-human-impact-earth">"The Anthropocene epoch: scientists declare dawn of human-influenced age"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611230701/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/29/declare-anthropocene-epoch-experts-urge-geological-congress-human-impact-earth">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Anthropocene+epoch%3A+scientists+declare+dawn+of+human-influenced+age&rft.date=2016-08-29&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2016%2Faug%2F29%2Fdeclare-anthropocene-epoch-experts-urge-geological-congress-human-impact-earth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski197360-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronowski197360_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronowski1973">Bronowski 1973</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski197360–61-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronowski197360%E2%80%9361_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronowski1973">Bronowski 1973</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-JNB-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JNB_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JNB_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiraben1979" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Biraben, Jean-Noël (1979). 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Abhinav Publications. pp. 220–227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170171935" title="Special:BookSources/9788170171935"><bdi>9788170171935</bdi></a>. <q>The paintings of the earlier five phases ( A - E ) belong to the prehistoric or Mesolithic stage. The oldest of them may be dated to 10,000 BC</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Painting+Of+Bhimbetka&rft.pages=220-227&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9788170171935&rft.aulast=Mathpal&rft.aufirst=Yashodhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGG7-CpvlU30C%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-facets-45"><a href="#cite_ref-facets_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlok_Kumar_Kanungo" class="citation book cs1">Alok Kumar Kanungo. 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Russian Geology and Geophysics. 56 (4): 686–688. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015RuGG...56..686G">2015RuGG...56..686G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rgg.2015.03.015">10.1016/j.rgg.2015.03.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Geology+and+Geophysics&rft.atitle=The+Quaternary+System%2FPeriod+and+its+major+sub-divisions&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=686-688&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rgg.2015.03.015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015RuGG...56..686G&rft.aulast=Gibbard&rft.aufirst=P.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emiliani-54"><a href="#cite_ref-emiliani_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmiliani1993" class="citation journal cs1">Emiliani, Cesare (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F366716b0">"Correspondence – Calendar Reform"</a>. Nature. 366 (6457): 716. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.366..716E">1993Natur.366..716E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F366716b0">10.1038/366716b0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8264791">8264791</a>. <q>Setting the beginning of the human era at 10,000 BC would date [...] the birth of Christ at [25 December] 10,000</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Correspondence+%E2%80%93+Calendar+Reform&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=6457&rft.pages=716&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8264791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F366716b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Natur.366..716E&rft.aulast=Emiliani&rft.aufirst=Cesare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F366716b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=10th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=10th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bellwood" title="Peter Bellwood">Bellwood, Peter</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k1mzyCEOAUIC">First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies</a>. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-06-31205-66-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-06-31205-66-1"><bdi>978-06-31205-66-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Farmers%3A+The+Origins+of+Agricultural+Societies&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-06-31205-66-1&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk1mzyCEOAUIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronowski1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bronowski" title="Jacob Bronowski">Bronowski, Jacob</a> (1973). The Ascent of Man. London: BBC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-18-49901-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-18-49901-15-4"><bdi>978-18-49901-15-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+Man&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-18-49901-15-4&rft.aulast=Bronowski&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuryMeiggs1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, J. B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Russell_Meiggs" title="Russell Meiggs">Meiggs, Russell</a> (1975) [1900]. A History of Greece (Fourth ed.). London: Macmillan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03-33154-92-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-03-33154-92-2"><bdi>978-03-33154-92-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greece&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-03-33154-92-2&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft.au=Meiggs%2C+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChazan2017" class="citation book cs1">Chazan, Michael (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j3BQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197">World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways Through Time</a>. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-13-51802-89-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-13-51802-89-5"><bdi>978-13-51802-89-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Prehistory+and+Archaeology%3A+Pathways+Through+Time&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-13-51802-89-5&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj3BQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2012" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Phillip C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5ivuX0-6ysC&pg=PA21">Wadi Hammeh 27, an Early Natufian Settlement at Pella in Jordan</a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04236-09-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04236-09-7"><bdi>978-90-04236-09-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wadi+Hammeh+27%2C+an+Early+Natufian+Settlement+at+Pella+in+Jordan&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04236-09-7&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Phillip+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5ivuX0-6ysC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanMyersBeck2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman" title="David Noel Freedman">Freedman, D. N.</a>; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eerdmansdictiona0000unse">Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08-02824-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-08-02824-00-4"><bdi>978-08-02824-00-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-08-02824-00-4&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=D.+N.&rft.au=Myers%2C+Allen+C.&rft.au=Beck%2C+Astrid+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feerdmansdictiona0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía-PucholSalazar-García2017" class="citation book cs1">García-Puchol, Oreto; Salazar-García, Domingo C. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qHIqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">Times of Neolithic Transition along the Western Mediterranean</a>. New York City: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-33-19529-39-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-33-19529-39-4"><bdi>978-33-19529-39-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Times+of+Neolithic+Transition+along+the+Western+Mediterranean&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-33-19529-39-4&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa-Puchol&rft.aufirst=Oreto&rft.au=Salazar-Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Domingo+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqHIqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuijt2000" class="citation book cs1">Kuijt, Ian (2000). Life in Neolithic farming communities: social organization, identity, and differentiation. New York City: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03-06461-22-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-03-06461-22-4"><bdi>978-03-06461-22-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+Neolithic+farming+communities%3A+social+organization%2C+identity%2C+and+differentiation&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-03-06461-22-4&rft.aulast=Kuijt&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazurowskiKanjou2012" class="citation book cs1">Mazurowski, Ryszard F.; Kanjou, Youssef, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/viewFile/3532/3047">Tell Qaramel 1999–2007. Protoneolithic and early Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlement in Northern Syria</a>. PCMA Excavation Series 2. Warsaw: Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-90379-63-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-90379-63-0"><bdi>978-83-90379-63-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tell+Qaramel+1999%E2%80%932007.+Protoneolithic+and+early+Pre-Pottery+Neolithic+settlement+in+Northern+Syria&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.series=PCMA+Excavation+Series+2&rft.pub=Polish+Centre+of+Mediterranean+Archaeology%2C+University+of+Warsaw&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-83-90379-63-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uair.arizona.edu%2Findex.php%2Fradiocarbon%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F3532%2F3047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilnerConnellerTaylor2018" class="citation book cs1">Milner, Nicky; Conneller, Chantal; Taylor, Barry, eds. (2018). Star Carr, Volume 1: A Persistent Place in a Changing World. York: White Rose University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-19-12482-04-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-19-12482-04-7"><bdi>978-19-12482-04-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star+Carr%2C+Volume+1%3A+A+Persistent+Place+in+a+Changing+World&rft.place=York&rft.pub=White+Rose+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-19-12482-04-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMithen2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Mithen" title="Steven Mithen">Mithen, Steven</a> (2003). After The Ice. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07-53813-92-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-07-53813-92-8"><bdi>978-07-53813-92-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+The+Ice&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-07-53813-92-8&rft.aulast=Mithen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOjakangasMatsch1982" class="citation book cs1">Ojakangas, R. W.; Matsch, C. L. (1982). Minnesota's Geology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08-16609-53-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-08-16609-53-6"><bdi>978-08-16609-53-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota%27s+Geology&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-08-16609-53-6&rft.aulast=Ojakangas&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft.au=Matsch%2C+C.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1998" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (1998). The Ethiopians. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-06-31184-68-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-06-31184-68-3"><bdi>978-06-31184-68-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopians&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-06-31184-68-3&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard2004" class="citation book cs1">Richard, Suzanne (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khR0apPid8gC&pg=PA244">Near Eastern archaeology</a>. University Park, Pennsylvania: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-15-75060-83-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-15-75060-83-5"><bdi>978-15-75060-83-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Near+Eastern+archaeology&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-15-75060-83-5&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhR0apPid8gC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts (historian)">Roberts, J. M.</a> (1993). Shorter Illustrated History of the World. Abingdon: Helicon Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-95115-04-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-01-95115-04-8"><bdi>978-01-95115-04-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shorter+Illustrated+History+of+the+World&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Helicon+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-01-95115-04-8&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeeple2002" class="citation book cs1">Teeple, John B. (2002). Timelines of World History. London: Dorling Kindersley Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07-51337-42-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-07-51337-42-6"><bdi>978-07-51337-42-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timelines+of+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Ltd&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-07-51337-42-6&rft.aulast=Teeple&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisonà2008" class="citation book cs1">Visonà, Monica Blackmun (2008). A History of Art in Africa (2nd ed.). New York City: Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-36128-72-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-01-36128-72-4"><bdi>978-01-36128-72-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Art+in+Africa&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-01-36128-72-4&rft.aulast=Vison%C3%A0&rft.aufirst=Monica+Blackmun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=10th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Journals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKislevHartmannBar-Yosef2006a" class="citation journal cs1">Kislev, M. E.; Hartmann, A.; Bar-Yosef, O. (2006a). "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley". Science. 312 (5778). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1372–1374. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...312.1372K">2006Sci...312.1372K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1125910">10.1126/science.1125910</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16741119">16741119</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42150441">42150441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Early+Domesticated+Fig+in+the+Jordan+Valley&rft.volume=312&rft.issue=5778&rft.pages=1372-1374&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1125910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42150441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16741119&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...312.1372K&rft.aulast=Kislev&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+A.&rft.au=Bar-Yosef%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKislevHartmannBar-Yosef2006b" class="citation journal cs1">Kislev, M. E.; Hartmann, A.; Bar-Yosef, O. (2006b). "Response to Comment on "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley"". Science. 314 (5806). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1683b. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...314.1683K">2006Sci...314.1683K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1133748">10.1126/science.1133748</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17170278">17170278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Response+to+Comment+on+%22Early+Domesticated+Fig+in+the+Jordan+Valley%22&rft.volume=314&rft.issue=5806&rft.pages=1683b&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17170278&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1133748&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...314.1683K&rft.aulast=Kislev&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+A.&rft.au=Bar-Yosef%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLev-YadunNe'EmanAbboFlaishman2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lev-Yadun, S.; Ne'Eman, G.; Abbo, S.; Flaishman, M. A. (2006). "Comment on "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley"". Science. 314 (5806). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1683a. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...314.1683L">2006Sci...314.1683L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1132636">10.1126/science.1132636</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17170278">17170278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Comment+on+%22Early+Domesticated+Fig+in+the+Jordan+Valley%22&rft.volume=314&rft.issue=5806&rft.pages=1683a&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17170278&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1132636&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...314.1683L&rft.aulast=Lev-Yadun&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Ne%27Eman%2C+G.&rft.au=Abbo%2C+S.&rft.au=Flaishman%2C+M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th_millennium_BC&oldid=1259529204">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th_millennium_BC&oldid=1259529204</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=10th_millennium_BC&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 25 November 2024, at 17:49 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_10_%D9%82.%D9%85" title="ألفية 10 ق.م – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفية 10 ق.م" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_mileniu_e.C." title="X mileniu e.C. – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="X mileniu e.C." data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80.%D0%BD.%D0%B5." title="10 хилядолетие пр.н.е. – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="10 хилядолетие пр.н.е." data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joartausnd_v._Kr." title="Joartausnd v. Kr. – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Joartausnd v. Kr." data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._milenij_p._n._e." title="10. milenij p. n. e. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="10. milenij p. n. e." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xvet_milved_kt_JK" title="Xvet milved kt JK – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Xvet milved kt JK" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%C2%B7lenni_X_aC" title="Mil·lenni X aC – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mil·lenni X aC" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._tis%C3%ADcilet%C3%AD_p%C5%99._n._l." title="10. tisíciletí př. n. l. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="10. tisíciletí př. n. l." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._%C3%A5rtusinde_f.Kr." title="10. årtusinde f.Kr. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="10. årtusinde f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._Jahrtausend_v._Chr." title="10. Jahrtausend v. Chr. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="10. Jahrtausend v. Chr." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._aastatuhat_eKr" title="10. aastatuhat eKr – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="10. aastatuhat eKr" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%CE%B7_%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%80.%CE%A7." title="10η χιλιετία π.Χ. – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="10η χιλιετία π.Χ." data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_milenio_a._C." title="X milenio a. C. – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="X milenio a. C." data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-a_jarmilo_a.K." title="10-a jarmilo a.K. – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="10-a jarmilo a.K." data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.a._10._milurtekoa" title="K.a. 10. milurtekoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="K.a. 10. milurtekoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85_(%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF)" title="هزاره دهم (پیش از میلاد) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هزاره دهم (پیش از میلاد)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="Xe millénaire av. J.-C. – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Xe millénaire av. J.-C." data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/10e_milennium_f.Kr." title="10e milennium f.Kr. – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="10e milennium f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%C3%BA_milaois_RC" title="10ú milaois RC – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="10ú milaois RC" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%84_%EC%A0%9C10%EC%B2%9C%EB%85%84%EA%B8%B0" title="기원전 제10천년기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기원전 제10천년기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._tisu%C4%87lje%C4%87e_pr._Kr." title="10. tisućljeće pr. Kr. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="10. tisućljeće pr. Kr." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/10ma_yarmilo_aK" title="10ma yarmilo aK – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="10ma yarmilo aK" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenium_ke-10_SM" title="Milenium ke-10 SM – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Milenium ke-10 SM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-im_millennie_AC" title="10-im millennie AC – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="10-im millennie AC" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._%C3%A1r%C3%BE%C3%BAsundi%C3%B0_f.Kr." title="10. árþúsundið f.Kr. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="10. árþúsundið f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_millennio_a.C." title="X millennio a.C. – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="X millennio a.C." data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%94-10_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94%22%D7%A1" title="האלף ה-10 לפנה"ס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האלף ה-10 לפנה"ס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95._%E1%83%AC._X_%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ძვ. წ. X ათასწლეული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძვ. წ. X ათასწლეული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenia_ya_10_KK" title="Milenia ya 10 KK – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Milenia ya 10 KK" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_t%C5%ABkstantmetis_pr._m._e." title="10 tūkstantmetis pr. m. e. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="10 tūkstantmetis pr. m. e." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._e._10._%C3%A9vezred" title="I. e. 10. évezred – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. e. 10. évezred" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.पू.चे १० वे सहस्रक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.पू.चे १० वे सहस्रक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenium_ke-10_SM" title="Milenium ke-10 SM – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Milenium ke-10 SM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/10e_millennium_v.Chr." title="10e millennium v.Chr. – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="10e millennium v.Chr." data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/10e_millennium_v._Chr." title="10e millennium v. Chr. – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="10e millennium v. Chr." data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D10%E5%8D%83%E5%B9%B4%E7%B4%80" title="紀元前10千年紀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紀元前10千年紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._%C3%A5rtusen_f.Kr." title="10. årtusen f.Kr. – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="10. årtusen f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%96%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%B2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87" title="لسمه مخزیږدیزه زریزه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لسمه مخزیږدیزه زریزه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_tysi%C4%85clecie_p.n.e." title="X tysiąclecie p.n.e. – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="X tysiąclecie p.n.e." data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cimo_mil%C3%A9nio_a.C." title="Décimo milénio a.C. – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Décimo milénio a.C." data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileniul_al_X-lea_%C3%AE.Hr." title="Mileniul al X-lea î.Hr. – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mileniul al X-lea î.Hr." data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D1%8D." title="10-е тысячелетие до н. э. – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="10-е тысячелетие до н. э." data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_%D0%B1._%D1%8D._%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD._%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="10 б. э. инн. тыһыынча сыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="10 б. э. инн. тыһыынча сыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._tis%C3%ADcro%C4%8Die_pred_Kr." title="10. tisícročie pred Kr. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="10. tisícročie pred Kr." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._tiso%C4%8Dletje_pr._n._%C5%A1t." title="10. tisočletje pr. n. št. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="10. tisočletje pr. n. št." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BF._%D0%BD._%D0%B5." title="10. миленијум п. н. е. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="10. миленијум п. н. е." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._milenijum_pne." title="10. milenijum pne. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="10. milenijum pne." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymmenes_vuosituhat_eaa." title="Kymmenes vuosituhat eaa. – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kymmenes vuosituhat eaa." data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/9000-talet_f.Kr._(millennium)" title="9000-talet f.Kr. (millennium) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="9000-talet f.Kr. (millennium)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81_10%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கிமு 10ஆம் ஆயிரமாண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிமு 10ஆம் ஆயிரமாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D0%B5." title="10-те тисячоліття до н. е. – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="10-те тисячоліття до н. е." data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-10_nga_yukottuig_UC" title="Ika-10 nga yukottuig UC – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-10 nga yukottuig UC" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D10%E5%8D%83%E7%BA%AA" title="前10千纪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="前10千纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D10%E5%8D%83%E5%B9%B4" title="前10千年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="前10千年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D10%E5%8D%83%E7%B4%80" title="前10千紀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="前10千紀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 17:49 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6dfcdd5ff5-l5lhp","wgBackendResponseTime":200,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.890","walltime":"1.036","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6697,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":125438,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4559,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":195552,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 913.095 1 -total"," 30.69% 280.255 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.74% 116.352 28 Template:Sfn"," 12.03% 109.815 23 Template:Cite_book"," 11.86% 108.252 6 Template:Cite_web"," 10.48% 95.709 16 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.96% 81.851 1 Template:Millenniumbox"," 8.33% 76.016 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.00% 63.941 1 Template:Stone_Age"," 6.59% 60.210 1 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1,\n [\"CITEREFKislevHartmannBar-Yosef2006b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuijt2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuijtFinlayson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLev-YadunNe\u0026#039;EmanAbboFlaishman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinowes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagli2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathpal1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazurowskiKanjou2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilnerConnellerTaylor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMithen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMithen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOjakangasMatsch1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOzkaya2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPamukKaya2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPankhurst1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeasnall2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeeple2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThan,_Ker2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiwari2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisonà2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzerSağırÖzer2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CURRENTYEAR\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Millennia\"] = 1,\n [\"Millenniumbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Quaternary (period)\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 28,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Stone Age\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-67fc484f47-wcn56","timestamp":"20241204020911","ttl":2411461,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"10th millennium BC","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/10th_millennium_BC","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1413970","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1413970","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia 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