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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition_and_post-Partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_and_post-Partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Partition and post-Partition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_and_post-Partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Art and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Art and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Art_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Painting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Shrines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daily_routine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily_routine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Daily routine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daily_routine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five_Ks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_Ks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Five Ks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_Ks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Music and instruments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khalistan_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khalistan_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Khalistan movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khalistan_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Census_data_and_official_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census_data_and_official_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Census data and official statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census_data_and_official_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Castes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Castes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhs_in_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhs_in_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sikhs in modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhs_in_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Indian_and_British_armies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Indian_and_British_armies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In the Indian and British armies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Indian_and_British_armies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sikhs</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" > 51 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96" title="सिक्ख – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सिक्ख" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="سيخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96" title="শিখ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শিখ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siqhl%C9%99r" title="Siqhlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siqhlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96" title="শিখ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিখ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sikh" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Сикх – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сикх" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sikhs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Сикхсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сикхсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sikhs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CF%87" title="Σιχ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sij" title="Sij – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sij" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikoj" title="Sikoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sikoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="سیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sikh" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sikh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%ADceach" title="Suíceach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Suíceach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%96" title="શીખ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શીખ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5" title="शीख पंथ – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="शीख पंथ" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B0%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սիկհեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիկհեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96" title="सिख – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिख" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sikh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADkar" title="Síkar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Síkar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სიქები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიქები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B)" title="Сикхтер (халық) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сикхтер (халық)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96" title="सिख – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सिख" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Сики – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сики" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D" title="സിഖ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിഖ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%96" title="शीख – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शीख" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="სიქეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სიქეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sikh" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sikh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AF%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" title="シク教徒 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シク教徒" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikher" title="Sikher – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sikher" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhar" title="Sikhar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sikhar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96" title="ਸਿੱਖ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿੱਖ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%DA%BE" title="سکھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سکھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siques" title="Siques – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Siques" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Сикхи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сикхи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Сикхтэр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сикхтэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="سک – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سک" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Сики – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сики" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhi" title="Sikhi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sikhi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikh&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnoreligious group who adhere to Sikhism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about an ethnoreligious group. For the Sikh religion, see <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>. For a similar word, see <a href="/wiki/Sik_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sik (disambiguation)">Sik</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Sikhs</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_(Sikh_Symbol).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Khanda_%28Sikh_Symbol%29.svg/100px-Khanda_%28Sikh_Symbol%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Khanda_%28Sikh_Symbol%29.svg/150px-Khanda_%28Sikh_Symbol%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Khanda_%28Sikh_Symbol%29.svg/200px-Khanda_%28Sikh_Symbol%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1659" data-file-height="2048" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a>, a common symbol of the Sikh people</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg/250px-Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg/375px-Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg/500px-Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="559" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a> listening to Guru Granth Sahib being recited at the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple,_Amritsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Temple, Amritsar">Golden Temple, Amritsar</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 25–30 million<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Founder</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23,786,000–28,000,000<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">771,790<a href="#cite_note-canadareligion2021-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">524,140<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">280,000–500,000<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">220,000<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">210,400<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70,000<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">67,000<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">52,000<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40,908<a href="#cite_note-New_Zealand_Sikh_population-59">[58]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></th><td class="infobox-data">35,540<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">35,000<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26,000<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25,000<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13,280<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,051<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000–15,000<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,000<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,146 (<a href="/wiki/National_Database_and_Registration_Authority" title="National Database and Registration Authority">NADRA</a>), 20,000 (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">USDOS</a>)<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,000<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,080<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Religions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Scriptures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Contemporarily <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Modern Punjabi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> • <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> •<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> • <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> Historically <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dialects">Punjabi dialects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> script)<a href="#cite_note-80">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> • <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_bole" title="Khalsa bole">Khalsa bole</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sant_Bhasha" title="Sant Bhasha">Sant Bhasha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical</a>)<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #FFC600; padding:0.2em; font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda"><img alt="Khanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/100px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/150px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/200px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:.35em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat"> Selected revered saints</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Bhagat Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ravidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ravidas">Bhagat Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Farid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Farid">Bhagat Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ramanand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ramanand">Bhagat Ramanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Beni" title="Bhagat Beni">Bhagat Beni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Bhagat Namdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sadhana" title="Bhagat Sadhana">Bhagat Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Bhikhan" title="Bhagat Bhikhan">Bhagat Bhikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Parmanand" title="Bhagat Parmanand">Bhagat Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sain" title="Bhagat Sain">Bhagat Sain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Dhanna" title="Bhagat Dhanna">Bhagat Dhanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa" title="Bhagat Pipa">Bhagat Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Bhagat Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Bhagat Jaidev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan" title="Bhagat Trilochan">Bhagat Trilochan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kalshar" title="Bhatt Kalshar">Bhatt Kalshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Balh" title="Bhatt Balh">Bhatt Balh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhalh" title="Bhatt Bhalh">Bhatt Bhalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhika" title="Bhatt Bhika">Bhatt Bhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Gayand" title="Bhatt Gayand">Bhatt Gayand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Harbans" title="Bhatt Harbans">Bhatt Harbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Jalap" title="Bhatt Jalap">Bhatt Jalap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kirat" title="Bhatt Kirat">Bhatt Kirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Mathura" title="Bhatt Mathura">Bhatt Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Nalh" title="Bhatt Nalh">Bhatt Nalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Salh" title="Bhatt Salh">Bhatt Salh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sunder" title="Baba Sunder">Baba Sundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satta_Doom" title="Satta Doom">Satta Doom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvand_Rai" title="Balvand Rai">Balvand Rai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_religious_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh religious philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chakkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kalā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Thieves">Five Thieves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Virtues">Five Virtues</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a> (Turban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Banis" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Banis">Five Banis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takhts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib">Keshgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Hazur_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Hazur Sahib">Hazur Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">General topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirgun_and_Sargun_(Sikhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirgun and Sargun (Sikhism)">Nirgun and Sargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathedar_of_Akal_Takht" class="mw-redirect" title="Jathedar of Akal Takht">Jathedar of Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)">Sikhism and other religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism and Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism and Jainism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Sikhs (singular Sikh: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sɪkh/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SIKH</a> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: ਸਿੱਖ, romanized: sikkh, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[sɪkkʰ]</a>) are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious group</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> who adhere to <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> a religion that originated in the late <a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, based on the revelation of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Singh2011-89">[87]</a> The term Sikh has its origin in the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ai%E1%B9%A3ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Śiṣya">śiṣya</a>, meaning 'seeker',<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> 'disciple' or 'student'.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> According to Article I of Chapter 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a> ('code of conduct'), the definition of Sikh is:<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> Any human being who faithfully believes in <ol type="I"> <li>One Immortal Being</li> <li>Ten Gurus, from Guru Nanak Sahib to Guru Gobind Singh Sahib</li> <li>The Guru Granth Sahib</li> <li>The utterances and teachings of the ten Gurus and </li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">initiation</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanchar</a>, bequeathed by the tenth Guru and who does not owe allegiance to any other religion, is a Sikh.</li> </ol> Male Sikhs generally have <a href="/wiki/Singh" title="Singh">Singh</a> ('lion') as their last name, though not all Singhs are necessarily Sikhs; likewise, female Sikhs have <a href="/wiki/Kaur" title="Kaur">Kaur</a> ('princess') as their last name. These unique last names were given by the Gurus to allow Sikhs to stand out and also as an act of defiance to <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India's caste system</a>, which the Gurus were always against. Sikhs strongly believe in the idea of <a href="/wiki/Sarbat_da_bhala" title="Sarbat da bhala">sarbat da bhala</a> ('welfare of all') and are often seen on the frontline to provide humanitarian aid across the world.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Sikhs who have undergone the <a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a> ('initiation by <a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a>'), an initiation ceremony, are known as <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> from the day of their initiation and they must at all times have on their bodies the <a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">five Ks</a>: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Kesh_(Sikhism)" title="Kesh (Sikhism)">kesh</a>, uncut hair usually kept covered by a <a href="/wiki/Dast%C4%81r" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastār">dastār</a>, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turban</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_(Sikhism)" title="Kara (Sikhism)">kara</a>, an iron or steel bracelet;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirpan" title="Kirpan">kirpan</a>, a dagger-like sword tucked into a gatra strap or a kamar kasa waistband;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachera">kachera</a>, a cotton undergarment; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangha_(Sikhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangha (Sikhism)">kanga</a>, a small wooden comb.</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarn_Taran_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tarn_Taran_1.jpg/220px-Tarn_Taran_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tarn_Taran_1.jpg/330px-Tarn_Taran_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tarn_Taran_1.jpg/440px-Tarn_Taran_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_Sahib" title="Tarn Taran Sahib">Tarn Taran Sahib</a> – the world's largest sarovar (sacred pool)</figcaption></figure> The Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent has been the historic homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a>, having even been <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">ruled by the Sikhs</a> for significant parts of the 18th and 19th centuries. Today, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> has the largest national Sikh proportion (2.1%) in the world,<a href="#cite_note-canadareligion2021-14">[13]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> state in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> has the largest Sikh proportion (58%) amongst all <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative divisions</a> in the world. With 25–30 millions, Sikhs represent less than 0.3% of the total world population in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Many countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, recognize Sikhs as a designated religion on their censuses<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> and, as of 2020, Sikhs are considered as a separate <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> The UK also considers Sikhs to be an <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethno-religious</a> people, as a direct result of the <a href="/wiki/Mandla_v_Dowell-Lee" title="Mandla v Dowell-Lee">Mandla v Dowell-Lee</a> case in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History of Sikhism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outside_view_of_Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Outside_view_of_Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan.jpg/150px-Outside_view_of_Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Outside_view_of_Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan.jpg/225px-Outside_view_of_Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Outside_view_of_Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan.jpg/300px-Outside_view_of_Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Gurdwara Janam Asthan</a>, the birthplace of Guru Nanak</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> (1469–1539), the founder of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, was born in a <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a> family to <a href="/wiki/Mehta_Kalu" title="Mehta Kalu">Mehta Kalu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mata_Tripta" title="Mata Tripta">Mata Tripta</a> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Talwandi" title="Talwandi">Talwandi</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib" title="Nankana Sahib">Nankana Sahib</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Singh_2006-101">[99]</a> Throughout his life, Guru Nanak was a religious leader and social reformer. However, Sikh political history may be said to begin in 1606, with the death of the fifth Sikh guru, <a href="/wiki/Arjan_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjan Dev">Guru Arjan Dev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Religious practices were formalised by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> on March 30, 1699, when the Guru initiated five people from a variety of social backgrounds known as the <a href="/wiki/Panj_Piare" class="mw-redirect" title="Panj Piare">Panj Piare</a> ('beloved five'), to form a collective body of initiated Sikhs known as the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> ('pure').<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> The early followers of Guru Nanak were <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatris</a>, but later a large number of <a href="/wiki/Jat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat">Jats</a> joined the faith.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> opposed "the demand that the Sikhs set aside the distinctive customs of their castes and families, including the older rituals."<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pashaura_Singh_(Sikh_scholar)" title="Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar)">Pashaura Singh</a> analyzed references made within the 11th ballad of the <a href="/wiki/Varan_Bhai_Gurdas" title="Varan Bhai Gurdas">Varan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Gurdas" title="Bhai Gurdas">Bhai Gurdas</a> to form a picture of the caste-makeup of the early Sikh community.<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a> At the time of the writing the Vaar, the early Sikh community was composed of various castes and backgrounds, such as:<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatris</a> (particularly the Sehgal, Ohri, Uppal, Julka, Bhalla, Passi, Khullar, Vohra, Vij, Kapur, Chaddha, Behl, Kohli, Marwah, Mehra, Soni, Jhanjhi, Sodhi, Beri, Nanda, Wadhawan, Tulli and Puri <a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">gotras</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin_Sikhs" title="Brahmin Sikhs">Brahmins</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Bhardwaj" title="Bhardwaj">Bhardwaj</a> gotra)<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_Sikh" title="Jat Sikh">Jats</a> (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Randhawa" title="Randhawa">Randhawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khera" title="Khera">Khehra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhillon" title="Dhillon">Dhillon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannu" title="Pannu">Pannu</a> gotras)<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan_(Punjab)" title="Tarkhan (Punjab)">Tarkhans</a> ('carpenters')<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohar_(caste)" title="Lohar (caste)">Lohars</a> ('blacksmiths')<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_(caste)" title="Nai (caste)">Nais</a> ('barbers')<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhimba" title="Chhimba">Chhimbas</a> ('cotton-printers')<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhinwar" title="Jhinwar">Machhis</a> ('water-carriers')<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhobi" title="Dhobi">Dhobis</a> ('washermen')<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumhars</a> ('potters')<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teli" title="Teli">Telis</a> ('oil pressers")<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a></li> <li>masons<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a></li> <li>goldsmiths<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Outcastes</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Chandala" title="Chandala">Chandals</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a></li></ul> The early Sikhs varied widely in their occupations and position in society's hierarchy: some were rich merchants (<a href="/wiki/Seth_(surname)" title="Seth (surname)">Seths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarraf" title="Sarraf">Sarrafs</a>), others were heads of villages (<a href="/wiki/Chowdhury" title="Chowdhury">Chowdhury</a>), some were labourers, others were enslaved, whilst others still were artisans, craftsmen, shopkeepers or simple peasants.<a href="#cite_note-:2-106">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_tri-lingual.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sikh_Empire_tri-lingual.jpg/220px-Sikh_Empire_tri-lingual.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sikh_Empire_tri-lingual.jpg/330px-Sikh_Empire_tri-lingual.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sikh_Empire_tri-lingual.jpg/440px-Sikh_Empire_tri-lingual.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> at its greatest extent</figcaption></figure> During the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in India, two <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a> were martyred. (<a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> was martyred on suspicion of helping in betrayal of Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> was martyred by the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>)<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> As the Sikh faith grew, the Sikhs subsequently militarized to oppose Mughal rule.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_of_ranjit_singh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Shrine_of_ranjit_singh.jpg/220px-Shrine_of_ranjit_singh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Shrine_of_ranjit_singh.jpg/330px-Shrine_of_ranjit_singh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Shrine_of_ranjit_singh.jpg/440px-Shrine_of_ranjit_singh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Emperor Ranjit Singh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darbar_Sahib_27_September_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Darbar_Sahib_27_September_2018.jpg/220px-Darbar_Sahib_27_September_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Darbar_Sahib_27_September_2018.jpg/330px-Darbar_Sahib_27_September_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Darbar_Sahib_27_September_2018.jpg/440px-Darbar_Sahib_27_September_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5506" data-file-height="3671" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Golden Temple</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_helmet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Metal helmet in a museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sikh_helmet.jpg/170px-Sikh_helmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sikh_helmet.jpg/255px-Sikh_helmet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sikh_helmet.jpg/340px-Sikh_helmet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a> sowar's battle helmet</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Max_Arthur_Macauliffe_wearing_a_turban.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Photograph_of_Max_Arthur_Macauliffe_wearing_a_turban.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_Max_Arthur_Macauliffe_wearing_a_turban.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Photograph_of_Max_Arthur_Macauliffe_wearing_a_turban.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Max_Arthur_Macauliffe" title="Max Arthur Macauliffe">Max Arthur Macauliffe</a> (1841–1913), a senior British administrator who was posted to India during the British rule of Punjab, converted to Sikhism in the 1860s.</figcaption></figure> After defeating the <a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" title="Afghan–Sikh Wars">Afghans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughals</a>, sovereign states called <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Misls</a> were formed under <a href="/wiki/Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia" title="Jassa Singh Ahluwalia">Jassa Singh Ahluwalia</a>. The Confederacy of these states was unified and transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a>. This era was characterised by religious tolerance and <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">pluralism</a>, including Christians, Muslims and Hindus in positions of power. Its secular administration implemented military, economic and governmental reforms. The empire is considered the zenith of political Sikhism,<a href="#cite_note-Lafont-108">[106]</a> encompassing <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a>, the commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier</a>, expanded the confederacy to the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_rule_in_India">British rule in India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: British rule in India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Armour_and_weapons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sikh_Armour_and_weapons.jpg/170px-Sikh_Armour_and_weapons.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sikh_Armour_and_weapons.jpg/255px-Sikh_Armour_and_weapons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sikh_Armour_and_weapons.jpg/340px-Sikh_Armour_and_weapons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1435" /></a><figcaption>Sikh armour and weapons</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E2%80%9CSikh_Sardar%E2%80%9D,_photograph_by_John_McCosh_taken_in_circa_1848-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%E2%80%9CSikh_Sardar%E2%80%9D%2C_photograph_by_John_McCosh_taken_in_circa_1848-9.jpg/220px-%E2%80%9CSikh_Sardar%E2%80%9D%2C_photograph_by_John_McCosh_taken_in_circa_1848-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%E2%80%9CSikh_Sardar%E2%80%9D%2C_photograph_by_John_McCosh_taken_in_circa_1848-9.jpg/330px-%E2%80%9CSikh_Sardar%E2%80%9D%2C_photograph_by_John_McCosh_taken_in_circa_1848-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%E2%80%9CSikh_Sardar%E2%80%9D%2C_photograph_by_John_McCosh_taken_in_circa_1848-9.jpg/440px-%E2%80%9CSikh_Sardar%E2%80%9D%2C_photograph_by_John_McCosh_taken_in_circa_1848-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="1779" /></a><figcaption>“Sikh Sardar”, photograph by <a href="/wiki/John_McCosh" title="John McCosh">John McCosh</a> taken circa 1848–49</figcaption></figure> After the annexation of the Sikh kingdom by the British, the British Army began recruiting significant numbers of Sikhs and <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the 1857 <a href="/wiki/Indian_mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian mutiny">Indian mutiny</a>, the Sikhs stayed loyal to the British, resulting in heavy recruitment from Punjab to the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> for the next 90 years of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonial India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> The distinct turban that differentiates a Sikh from other turban wearers is a relic of the rules of the British Indian Army.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> The British colonial rule saw the emergence of many reform movements in India, including Punjab, such as the formation of the First and Second <a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha_Movement" title="Singh Sabha Movement">Singh Sabha</a> in 1873 and 1879 respectively. The Sikh leaders of the Singh Sabha worked to offer a clear definition of Sikh identity and tried to purify Sikh belief and practice.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> The later years of British colonial rule saw the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Akali_movement" title="Akali movement">Akali movement</a> to bring reform in the <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwaras</a> during the early 1920s. The movement led to the introduction of Sikh <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> Bill in 1925, which placed all the historical Sikh shrines in India under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition_and_post-Partition">Partition and post-Partition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Partition and post-Partition">edit</a>]</div> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, the Sikh ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala State</a> fought to <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the partition of India">oppose the partition of India</a> and advocated for a united, secular country.<a href="#cite_note-NDTV2009-113">[111]</a> Sikh organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Khalsa_Diwan" title="Chief Khalsa Diwan">Chief Khalsa Dewan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Master_Tara_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Tara Singh">Master Tara Singh</a>, condemned the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> and the movement to create Pakistan, viewing it as inviting possible persecution, with <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Akali Dal</a> instead favouring an undivided Azad Punjab as an independent Sikh State or <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan</a>, having passed the Sikh State Resolution in 1946. The Sikhs therefore <a href="/wiki/Tara_Singh_(activist)" title="Tara Singh (activist)">strongly fought against the partition of Punjab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KudaisyaYong2004-114">[112]</a> The months leading up to the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of Punjab</a> were marked by conflict in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> between Sikhs and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abid2014-115">[113]</a> This caused the religious migration of Punjabi Sikhs and <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">West Punjab</a> to the east (modern India), mirroring a simultaneous religious migration of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Punjabi Muslims</a> from <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (India)">East Punjab</a> to the west (modern Pakistan).<a href="#cite_note-Dutt_et_al.-116">[114]</a> Following partition, the Government of India had begun to redraw states corresponding to demographic and linguistic boundaries. However, this was not effective in the northern part of the country,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoad1997392-117">[115]</a> as the government reconsidered redrawing states in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998186-118">[116]</a> While states across the country were extensively redrawn on linguistic lines at the behest of linguistic groups, the only languages not considered for statehood were <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200093-119">[117]</a> Leading to the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a> and the presentation for a Punjabi Suba as a policy in April 1948 by <a href="/wiki/Tara_Singh_(activist)" title="Tara Singh (activist)">Master Tara Singh</a>. Also, on January 26, 1950, Sikh representatives refused to sign the Indian constitution. As Sikhs were recognized as Hindus and Sikhs were not provided with scheduled castes concessions given to Hindu scheduled castes. The Punjab Suba experienced heavy government crackdown with the Congress Government arresting as many as 21,000 people. Attempted negotiations with Congress-led the agitation to be adjourned twice, though <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> continued to reject the demand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200096-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998188-121">[119]</a> On July 4, 1955, government police forces, led by <a href="/wiki/Deputy_inspector_general_of_police" title="Deputy inspector general of police">DIG</a> Ashwini Kumar,<a href="#cite_note-kirpal-122">[120]</a> forced entry into the Golden Temple premises and heavy-handedly arrested protestors and took them into custody, along with the head <a href="/wiki/Granthi" title="Granthi">granthis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a>, volunteer protestors and even cooks of the temple's <a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">langar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBal1985426-123">[121]</a> The Guru Ram Das Serai and Shiromani Akali Dal offices were also raided and batons used and tear gas and shells were fired to disperse the protestors gathered on the periphery of the temple, damaging the periphery and Sarovar, or pool, of the temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBal1985426-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998189-124">[122]</a> The government stopped volunteers on the way to the Golden Temple and troops were ordered to flag-march through the bazaars and streets surrounding the site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998189-124">[122]</a> Over 200 protestors were killed, thousands arrested,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998189-124">[122]</a> and thousands, including women and children, were injured. The Congress government agreed to the Punjab Suba in 1966 after protests and recommendation of the States Reorganisation Commission.<a href="#cite_note-Jayanta484-125">[123]</a> The state of East Punjab was later split into the states of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, the new state <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> and current day <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> However, there was a growing alienation between Punjabi Sikh and Hindu populations. The latter of which reported <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> rather than Punjabi as their primary language. The result was that Punjabi-speaking areas were left out of the new state and given to Haryana and Himachal Pradesh<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998205-127">[125]</a> resulting in the state of Punjab to be roughly 35,000 square miles smaller than the Punjabi-speaking areas based on pre-1947 census figures. Moreover, the 1966 reorganization left Sikhs highly dissatisfied, with the capital <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> being made into a shared a <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a> and the capital of Punjab and Haryana. In the late 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> in India was first introduced in Punjab as part of a development program issued by international donor agencies and the Government of India.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> While, Green Revolution in Punjab had several positive impacts, the introduction of the mechanised agricultural techniques led to uneven distribution of wealth. The industrial development was not done at the same pace as agricultural development, the Indian government had been reluctant to set up heavy industries in Punjab due to its status as a high-risk border state with Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Larry2007-129">[127]</a> The rapid increase in the higher education opportunities without an adequate rise in the jobs resulted in the increase in the unemployment of educated youth.<a href="#cite_note-Jayanta484-125">[123]</a> In 1973 as a result, of unaddressed grievances and increasing inequality the <a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Akali Dal">Akali Dal</a> put forward the <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib_Resolution" title="Anandpur Sahib Resolution">Anandpur Sahib Resolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim199130-130">[128]</a> The resolution included both religious and political issues. It asked for recognising Sikhism as a religion, it also demanded the devolution of power from the Central to state governments.<a href="#cite_note-Jayanta484-125">[123]</a> The Anandpur Resolution was rejected by the government as a secessionist document. Thousands of people joined the movement, feeling that it represented a real solution to demands such as a larger share of water for irrigation and the return of Chandigarh to Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-Akshay1991-131">[129]</a> After unsuccessful negotiations the Dharam Yuddh Morcha ('righteous campaign')<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakke2015143-132">[130]</a> was launched on August 4, 1982,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] by the <a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Akali Dal">Akali Dal</a> in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a>, with its stated aim being the fulfillment of a set of devolutionary objectives based on the <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib_Resolution" title="Anandpur Sahib Resolution">Anandpur Sahib Resolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakke2015143-132">[130]</a> Indian police responded to protestors with high-handed police methods creating state repression affecting a very large segment of Punjab's population. Police brutality resulted in retaliatory violence from a section of the Sikh population, widening the scope of the conflict by the use of violence of the state on its own people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim199132–33-133">[131]</a> A "state of chaos and repressive police methods" combined to create "a mood of overwhelming anger and resentment in the Sikh masses against the authorities." Leading to Sikh leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale gaining prominence and demands of independence gain currency, even amongst moderates and Sikh intellectuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim199132–33-133">[131]</a> In 1982 and early 1983, extrajudicial killings by the police of orthodox Sikh youth in rural areas in Punjab provoked reprisals.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Over 190 Sikhs had been killed in the first 19 months of the protest movement.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> In May 1984, a Grain Roko morcha was planned and to be initiated on June 3<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998226-136">[134]</a> with protestors practising civil disobedience by refusing to pay land revenue, water or electricity bills and blocking the flow of grain out of Punjab. Indian Prime minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a> on June 1 prior to the Grain Roko morcha in order to remove Bhindranwale from the <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Golden Temple</a>. This subsequently led to Gandhi's assassination by her Sikh bodyguards.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-137">[135]</a> Her assassination was followed by government-sponsored pogroms against Sikh communities across India and the killing of thousands of Sikhs throughout India. These events triggered an <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Punjab">Insurgency in Punjab</a> which would consume Punjab until the early 1990s. During the day of <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> in 1999, Sikhs worldwide celebrated the 300th anniversary of the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a> honoured Sikh Canadians with a commemorative stamp in conjunction with the anniversary. Likewise, on April 9, 1999, Indian president <a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a> issued a stamp commemorating the 300th anniversary of the Khalsa as well.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_culture">Art and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Art and culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sikh_art_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh art and culture">Sikh art and culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Punjabi culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SikhNakashi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Intricate design" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SikhNakashi.jpg/220px-SikhNakashi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SikhNakashi.jpg/330px-SikhNakashi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SikhNakashi.jpg/440px-SikhNakashi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Opaque watercolour-on-paper <a href="/wiki/Nakashi_art" title="Nakashi art">Nakashi art</a>, about 1880, by an unknown artist from <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> and used to decorate the walls of <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HarmindarSahib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large building on the water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/HarmindarSahib.jpg/220px-HarmindarSahib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/HarmindarSahib.jpg/330px-HarmindarSahib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/HarmindarSahib.jpg/440px-HarmindarSahib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>Darbar Sahib, circa 1870</figcaption></figure> Sikh art and culture are nearly synonymous with that of Punjab and Sikhs are easily recognised by their distinctive turban (<a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a>). Punjab has been called India's melting pot, due to the confluence of invading cultures from the rivers from which the region gets its name. Sikh culture is therefore a synthesis of cultures. Sikhism has forged a unique <a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">architecture</a>, which S. S. Bhatti described as "inspired by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>'s creative mysticism" and "is a mute harbinger of holistic humanism based on pragmatic spirituality."<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> The American non-profit organization <a href="/wiki/United_Sikhs" title="United Sikhs">United Sikhs</a> has fought to have Sikh included on the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> census as well, arguing that Sikhs "self-identify as an ethnic minority" and believe "that they are more than just a religion."<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Afghan</a> persecution of the Sikhs during the 17th and 18th centuries,<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> the latter were concerned with preserving their religion and gave little thought to art and culture. With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Raj">Sikh Raj</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, there was a change in the landscape of art and culture in Punjab; Hindus and Sikhs could build decorated shrines without the fear of destruction or looting.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> The Sikh Confederacy was the catalyst for a uniquely Sikh form of expression, with Ranjit Singh commissioning forts, palaces, bungas (residential places) and colleges in a Sikh style. Sikh architecture is characterised by gilded fluted domes, cupolas, kiosks, stone lanterns, ornate <a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">balusters</a> and square roofs. A pinnacle of Sikh style is <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a> (also known as the Golden Temple) in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sikh culture is influenced by militaristic motifs (with the <a href="/wiki/Khanda_(religious_symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda (religious symbol)">Khanda</a> the most obvious) and most Sikh artifacts—except for the relics of the Gurus—have a military theme. This theme is evident in the Sikh festivals of <a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a>, which feature marching and displays of valor.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although the art and culture of the Sikh diaspora have merged with that of other Indo-immigrant groups into categories like "British Asian," "Indo-Canadian" and "Desi-Culture," a minor cultural phenomenon that can be described as "political Sikh" has arisen.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> The art of diaspora Sikhs like Amarjeet Kaur Nandhra and Amrit and Rabindra Kaur Singh (<a href="/wiki/The_Singh_Twins" title="The Singh Twins">The Singh Twins</a>)<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> is influenced by their Sikhism and current affairs in Punjab.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</a> are two forms of Punjabi folk dancing which have been adapted and pioneered by Sikhs. Punjabi Sikhs have championed these forms of expression worldwide, resulting in Sikh culture becoming linked to Bhangra (although "Bhangra is not a Sikh institution but a Punjabi one").<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting">Painting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Painting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Nanak_with_companions,_Bhai_Mardana_and_Bhai_Bala,_in_debate_with_the_Siddhs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Guru_Nanak_with_companions%2C_Bhai_Mardana_and_Bhai_Bala%2C_in_debate_with_the_Siddhs.jpg/220px-Guru_Nanak_with_companions%2C_Bhai_Mardana_and_Bhai_Bala%2C_in_debate_with_the_Siddhs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Guru_Nanak_with_companions%2C_Bhai_Mardana_and_Bhai_Bala%2C_in_debate_with_the_Siddhs.jpg/330px-Guru_Nanak_with_companions%2C_Bhai_Mardana_and_Bhai_Bala%2C_in_debate_with_the_Siddhs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Guru_Nanak_with_companions%2C_Bhai_Mardana_and_Bhai_Bala%2C_in_debate_with_the_Siddhs.jpg/440px-Guru_Nanak_with_companions%2C_Bhai_Mardana_and_Bhai_Bala%2C_in_debate_with_the_Siddhs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Painting of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> with companions <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mardana" title="Bhai Mardana">Bhai Mardana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Bala" title="Bhai Bala">Bhai Bala</a>, in debate with the <a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">Siddhs</a></figcaption></figure> Sikh painting is a direct offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Kangra_painting" title="Kangra painting">Kangra school</a> of painting. In 1810, Ranjeet Singh (1780–1839) occupied <a href="/wiki/Kangra_Fort" title="Kangra Fort">Kangra Fort</a> and appointed Sardar Desa Singh Majithia his governor of the Punjab hills. In 1813, the Sikh army occupied <a href="/wiki/Guler_State" title="Guler State">Guler State</a> and Raja Bhup Singh became a vassal of the Sikhs. With the Sikh kingdom of Lahore becoming the paramount power, some of the Pahari painters from Guler migrated to Lahore for the patronage of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh and his Sardars.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Sikh school adapted Kangra painting to Sikh needs and ideals. Its main subjects are the ten Sikh gurus and stories from Guru Nanak's <a href="/wiki/Janamsakhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Janamsakhi">Janamsakhis</a>. The tenth Guru, Gobind Singh, left a deep impression on the followers of the new faith because of his courage and sacrifices. Hunting scenes and portraits are also common in Sikh painting.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shrines">Shrines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shrines">edit</a>]</div> There is an old Sikh shrine called 'Prachin Guru Nanak Math', which lies at a small hill, just next to <a href="/wiki/Bishnumati_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnumati River">Bishnumati</a> bridge at Balaju. Guru Nanak is said to have visited Nepal during his third Udasi while returning from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Mount Kailash</a> in Tibet. Nanak is said to have stayed at Balaju and Thapathali in <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>. The Nanak Math shrine at Balaju is managed by the Guru-Ji and the Udasin Akardha, a sect developed by Guru Nanak's son, Sri Chandra.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daily_routine">Daily routine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Daily routine">edit</a>]</div> From the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>:<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> One who calls themself a Sikh of the Guru, the True Guru, shall rise in the early morning hours and meditate on the Lord's Name. Upon arising early in the morning, he is to bathe and cleanse himself in the pool of nectar (metaphor for "Naam Jaap"). Following the Instructions of the Guru, he is to chant the Name of the Lord. All sins, misdeeds, and negativity shall be then erased. Then, at the rising of the sun, he is to sing Gurbani; whether sitting down or standing up (meaning at all times), he is to meditate on the Lord's Naam. One who meditates on my Lord, Har, Har, with every breath and every morsel of food (meaning at all times) and – that GurSikh becomes pleasing to the Guru's Mind. That person, unto whom my Lord and Master is kind and compassionate – upon that GurSikh, the Guru's Teachings are bestowed. Servant Nanak begs for the dust of the feet of that GurSikh, who himself chants the Naam, and inspires others to chant it.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Fourth Mehl (<a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a>), Guru Granth Sahib, p. 305</cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rahit Maryada</a> (Code of Conduct) clearly states that <a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">initiated</a> Amritdhari <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> Sikhs must recite or listen to the recitation of <a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">the 10 Sawayyas</a>, Sodar <a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehraas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirtan_Sohila" title="Kirtan Sohila">Sohila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Every Sikh is also supposed take the <a href="/wiki/Hukamnama" title="Hukamnama">Hukam</a> (divine order) from the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> after awakening in the <a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">ambrosial hours of the morning (three hours before the dawn)</a> before eating.<a href="#cite_note-:0-151">[149]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">52 Hukams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> orders his followers to arise during <a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amritvela</a> (about 3 hours before sunrise) and to recite the late evening prayer "<a href="/wiki/Kirtan_Sohila" title="Kirtan Sohila">Sohila</a>" and the verse "Pavan guru pani pita..." before sleeping.<a href="#cite_note-:0-151">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five_Ks">Five Ks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Five Ks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sahajdhari" title="Sahajdhari">Sahajdhari</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wooden comb, iron bracelet and curved, gold-coloured dagger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG/220px-Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG/330px-Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG/440px-Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanga_(Sikhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanga (Sikhism)">Kanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kara_(Sikhism)" title="Kara (Sikhism)">Kara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirpan" title="Kirpan">Kirpan</a>: three of the five Sikh articles of faith</figcaption></figure> The five Ks (panj kakaar) are five articles of faith which all initiated (Amritdhari) Sikhs are obliged to wear. The symbols represent the ideals of Sikhism: honesty, equality, fidelity, meditating on <a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a> and never bowing to tyranny.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> The five symbols are: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Kesh_(Sikhism)" title="Kesh (Sikhism)">Kesh</a>: Uncut hair, usually tied and wrapped in a <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turban</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangha_(Sikhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangha (Sikhism)">Kanga</a>: A wooden comb, usually worn under a turban to always also keep one's hair clean and well-groomed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachera">Kachera</a>: Cotton undergarments, worn by both sexes; the kachera is a symbol of chastity and also a symbol of cleanliness. It is also historically appropriate in battle due to increased mobility and comfort when compared to a <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_(Sikhism)" title="Kara (Sikhism)">Kara</a>: An iron bracelet, a symbol of eternity, strength and a constant reminder of the strength of will to keep hands away from any kind of unethical practices.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirpan" title="Kirpan">Kirpan</a>: An iron blade in different sizes. In the UK, Sikhs can wear a small dagger, but in Punjab, they might wear a traditional curved sword from one to three feet in length. Kirpan is only a weapon of defense and religious protection, used to serve humanity and to be used against oppression.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_instruments">Music and instruments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music and instruments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dilruba_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Woman in yellow scarf bowing an instrument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dilruba_woman.jpg/150px-Dilruba_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dilruba_woman.jpg/225px-Dilruba_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dilruba_woman.jpg/300px-Dilruba_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Woman playing the dilruba</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Sikh music</a></div> The Sikhs have a number of musical instruments, including the <a href="/wiki/Seni_rebab" title="Seni rebab">rebab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esraj" title="Esraj">dilruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taus_(instrument)" title="Taus (instrument)">taus</a>, jori and <a href="/wiki/Sarinda_(instrument)" title="Sarinda (instrument)">sarinda</a>. Playing the <a href="/wiki/Sarangi" title="Sarangi">sarangi</a> was encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a>. The rebab was played by <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mardana" title="Bhai Mardana">Bhai Mardana</a> as he accompanied Guru Nanak on his journeys. The jori and sarinda were introduced to Sikh devotional music by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a>. The taus (Persian for "peacock") was designed by Guru Hargobind, who supposedly heard a peacock singing and wanted to create an instrument mimicking its sounds. The dilruba was designed by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> at the request of his followers, who wanted a smaller instrument than the taus. After <a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a>, all of the <a href="/wiki/Shabad_(hymn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabad (hymn)">shabad</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> were composed as <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">raags</a>. This type of singing is known as <a href="/wiki/Gurmat_Sangeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmat Sangeet">Gurmat Sangeet</a>. When they marched into battle, the Sikhs would play a Ranjit nagara ('victory drum') to boost morale. Nagaras (usually two to three feet in diameter, although some were up to five feet in diameter) are played with two sticks. The beat of the large drums and the raising of the <a href="/wiki/Nishan_Sahib" title="Nishan Sahib">Nishan Sahib</a>, meant that the Singhs were on their way. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Khalistan_movement">Khalistan movement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Khalistan movement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_march_against_Indian_policy,_London_10-Jun-12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sikh_march_against_Indian_policy%2C_London_10-Jun-12.JPG/220px-Sikh_march_against_Indian_policy%2C_London_10-Jun-12.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sikh_march_against_Indian_policy%2C_London_10-Jun-12.JPG/330px-Sikh_march_against_Indian_policy%2C_London_10-Jun-12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sikh_march_against_Indian_policy%2C_London_10-Jun-12.JPG/440px-Sikh_march_against_Indian_policy%2C_London_10-Jun-12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Sikhs in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> protesting against Indian government actions</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a> is a Sikh separatist movement, which seeks to create a separate country called Khalistān ('The <a href="/wiki/-stan" title="-stan">Land of</a> the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a>') in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> state of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to serve as a homeland for Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> The territorial definition of the proposed country Khalistan consists of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a> and includes <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crenshaw-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stephen_Amritsar-156">[154]</a> Khalistan movement began as an <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> venture.<a href="#cite_note-Pruthi169-157">[155]</a> In 1971, the first explicit call for Khalistan was made in an advertisement published in the New York Times by an expat (<a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Chohan" title="Jagjit Singh Chohan">Jagjit Singh Chohan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke2009976-158">[156]</a> By proclaiming the formation of Khalistan, he was able to collect millions of dollars from the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Sikh diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> On April 12, 1980, he declared the formation of the "National Council of Khalistan," at <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Sahib</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> He declared himself as the President of the council and named Balbir Singh Sandhu as its Secretary General. In May 1980, Chohan traveled to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and announced the formation of Khalistan. A similar announcement was made by Balbir Singh Sandhu in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, where he began releasing stamps and currency of Khalistan. The inaction of the authorities in Amritsar and elsewhere was decried as a political stunt by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress(I)</a> party of Indira Gandhi by the Akali Dal, headed by the Sikh leader <a href="/wiki/Harchand_Singh_Longowal" title="Harchand Singh Longowal">Harchand Singh Longowal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> The movement flourished in the Indian state of Punjab following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti_Sikh_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti Sikh Riots">Anti-Sikh Pogroms</a>. As proponents were able to generate funding from a grieving diaspora. In June 1985, <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182" title="Air India Flight 182">Air India Flight 182 was bombed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Babbar_Khalsa" title="Babbar Khalsa">Babbar Khalsa</a>, a pro-Khalistani terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> In January 1986, the Golden Temple was occupied by militants belonging to <a href="/wiki/All_India_Sikh_Students_Federation" title="All India Sikh Students Federation">All India Sikh Students Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> On January 26, 1986, a gathering known as the <a href="/wiki/Sarbat_Khalsa" title="Sarbat Khalsa">Sarbat Khalsa</a> (a de facto parliament) passed a resolution (gurmattā) favouring the creation of Khalistan. Subsequently, a number of rebel militant groups in favour of Khalistan waged a <a href="/wiki/Punjab_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab insurgency">major insurgency</a> against the government of India. Indian security forces suppressed the insurgency in the early 1990s, but Sikh political groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Raj_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalsa Raj Party">Khalsa Raj Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Amritsar)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)">SAD (A)</a> continued to pursue an independent Khalistan through non-violent means.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-tribuneindia2006-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> Pro-Khalistan organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(International)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (International)">Dal Khalsa (International)</a> are also active outside India, supported by a section of the Sikh diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> In the 1990s, the insurgency abated,<a href="#cite_note-india-canada-list-168">[166]</a> and the movement failed to reach its objective due to multiple reasons including a heavy police crackdown on separatists, divisions among the Sikhs and loss of support from the Sikh population.<a href="#cite_note-HT_New2018-169">[167]</a> However, various pro-Khalistan groups, both political and militant, remain committed to the separatist movement. There are claims of funding from <a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Sikhs outside India</a> to attract young people into militant groups.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> There have also been multiple claims that the movement is motivated and supported by the Pakistan's external intelligence agency, the ISI.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">Sikhism by country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Sikhs" title="Punjabi Sikhs">Punjabi Sikhs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Map_of_Sikh_Population_(Estimated_2023).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Global_Map_of_Sikh_Population_%28Estimated_2023%29.png/220px-Global_Map_of_Sikh_Population_%28Estimated_2023%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Global_Map_of_Sikh_Population_%28Estimated_2023%29.png/330px-Global_Map_of_Sikh_Population_%28Estimated_2023%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Global_Map_of_Sikh_Population_%28Estimated_2023%29.png/440px-Global_Map_of_Sikh_Population_%28Estimated_2023%29.png 2x" data-file-width="6815" data-file-height="4736" /></a><figcaption>Global map of Sikh population (estimated 2023)</figcaption></figure> Sikhs number about 26–30 million worldwide, of whom 24–28 million live in India, which thus represents around 90 percent of the total Sikh population.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-indianexpress.com-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> About 76 percent of all Indian Sikhs live in the northern <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Indian state of Punjab</a>, forming a majority of about 58 per cent of the state's population, roughly around 16 million.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> Substantial communities of Sikhs live in the Indian states or union territories of <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, where they number around 1.2 million and form 4.9 percent of the population, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> (872,000 or 1.3 percent of the population), <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> (643,000, 0.3 percent), <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> (570,000, 3.4 percent), <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> (236,000, 2.3 percent), <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> (234,000, 1.9 percent), <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> (138,000, 13.1 percent) and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> (86,000, 1.2 percent). Canada is home to the largest national Sikh proportion (2.1 percent of the total population) in the world.<a href="#cite_note-canadareligion2021-14">[13]</a> A substantial community of Sikhs exist in the western province of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, numbering nearly 300,000 persons and forming approximately 5.9 percent of the total population. This represents the third-largest Sikh proportion amongst all global <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions">administrative divisions</a>, behind only <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> and Chandigarh in India. Furthermore, British Columbia,<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> hold the distinction of being three of the only four <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions">administrative divisions</a> in the world with Sikhism as the second most followed religion among the population.<a href="#cite_note-ProvincePopulation-184">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census_data_and_official_statistics">Census data and official statistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Census data and official statistics">edit</a>]</div> As a religious minority, Sikhs have fought long and hard to get official status and to be counted in many countries across the world. Through the efforts of Sikh organisations and communities in their respective countries, there is now readily available population data on Sikhs as part of the census or official statistics in the following territories: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Census data / official statistics: </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Territory </th> <th colspan="2">Latest data </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>) </td> <td>16,004,754 </td> <td rowspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Rest of India) </td> <td>4,828,362 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>771,790 </td> <td>2021<a href="#cite_note-canadareligion20213-186">[184]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td> <td>520,092 </td> <td>2021<a href="#cite_note-SikhEngland20212-187">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>210,400 </td> <td>2021<a href="#cite_note-:12-188">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td>40,908 </td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-Table_20182-189">[187]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td> <td>12,051 </td> <td>2020<a href="#cite_note-:42-190">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td>11,124 </td> <td>2010<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td>4,318 </td> <td>2021<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> </td> <td>4,048 </td> <td>2021<a href="#cite_note-SikhEngland20212-187">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> </td> <td>2,577 </td> <td>2007<a href="#cite_note-:22-193">[191]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>2,183 </td> <td>2022<a href="#cite_note-:32-194">[192]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" />   <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td>1,496 </td> <td>2021<a href="#cite_note-:62-195">[193]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> </td> <td>389 </td> <td>2021<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td> <td>10,988 </td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td>Pending </td> <td>2023 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011-2021_Change_in_Sikh_%25.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/2011-2021_Change_in_Sikh_%25.png/220px-2011-2021_Change_in_Sikh_%25.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/2011-2021_Change_in_Sikh_%25.png/330px-2011-2021_Change_in_Sikh_%25.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/2011-2021_Change_in_Sikh_%25.png/440px-2011-2021_Change_in_Sikh_%25.png 2x" data-file-width="6004" data-file-height="3026" /></a><figcaption>2011–2021 change in Sikh %</figcaption></figure> Note: Official statistics do not count unregistered arrivals or those who have not completed the census or surveys. However, they do provide for a much more accurate depiction of Sikh communities as opposed to estimates from various Sikh organisations whose estimates can vary vastly with no statistically valuable source. Thus, official statistics and census data is highly important and Sikh communities continue to push for census inclusion in many countries where they are still not counted. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Migration">edit</a>]</div> Sikh migration from <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> began in earnest during the second half of the 19th century, when the British completed their annexation of the Punjab, which led to Sikh migration throughout India and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. During the Raj, semiskilled Sikh artisans were transported from the Punjab to <a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa">British East Africa</a> to help build railroads. Sikhs emigrated from India after World War II, most going to the <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> but many also to North America. Some Sikhs who had settled in eastern Africa were expelled by Ugandan dictator <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a> in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Economics is a major factor in Sikh migration and significant communities exist in the United Kingdom, the United States, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947, many Sikhs from what would become the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab of Pakistan">Punjab of Pakistan</a> migrated to India as well as to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> due to fear of persecution. Afghanistan was home to hundreds of thousands of Sikhs and Hindus as of the 1970s, but due to the wars in Afghanistan in the 2010s, the vast majority of Afghan Sikhs had migrated to India, Pakistan or the west.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Although the rate of Sikh migration from the Punjab has remained high, traditional patterns of Sikh migration favouring English-speaking countries (particularly the United Kingdom) have changed during the past decade due to stricter immigration laws. Moliner (2006) wrote that as a consequence of Sikh migration to the UK becoming "virtually impossible since the late 1970s," migration patterns evolved to continental Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Moliner-201">[199]</a> Italy is a rapidly growing destination for Sikh migration,<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a> having significant Sikh population clusters.<a href="#cite_note-Italy-203">[201]</a> Italian Sikhs are generally involved in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, agricultural processing, the manufacture of machine tools and <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Growth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sikh_people.jpg/220px-Sikh_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sikh_people.jpg/330px-Sikh_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sikh_people.jpg/440px-Sikh_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>A group of Sikh people</figcaption></figure> Johnson and Barrett (2004) estimate that the global Sikh population increases annually by 392,633 (1.7% per year, based on 2004 figures); this percentage includes births, deaths and conversions. Primarily for <a href="/wiki/Socio-economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-economic">socio-economic</a> reasons, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Indian Sikhs</a> have the lowest adjusted growth rate of any major religious group in India, at 16.9 percent per decade (estimated from 1991 to 2001) and it has further declined to just 8.4 per cent in 2011 census report.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-206">[204]</a> Sikhs in the world have the lowest fertility rate of 1.6 children per women as per (2019–20) estimation research.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> The Sikh population has the lowest gender balance in India, with only 903 women per 1,000 men according to the 2011 Indian census.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> The estimated world's Sikh population was over 30 million in 2020 and it will reach 42 million by 2050. It is expected to increase up to 62 million by 2100, given that the anticipated growth rate of 1.7% per year and adding at least 400,000 followers annually.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-206">[204]</a> Since the Sikh growth rate dropped from 1.7% (16.9% in 1991 to 2001 estimate) to 0.8% (8.4% in 2001–2011) in 2011 report, hence based on their growth rate, their population in India will increase 196,316 (0.8% based on 2011 figures) per year and will reach 36 million in 2050, it expected to reach 52 million in 2100 given that the anticipated growth rate of 0.8% and adding at least 200,000 followers annually.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_caucasian_Sikh_learning_Santhiya,_or_the_elocution_of_Sikh_Scripture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/A_caucasian_Sikh_learning_Santhiya%2C_or_the_elocution_of_Sikh_Scripture.png/222px-A_caucasian_Sikh_learning_Santhiya%2C_or_the_elocution_of_Sikh_Scripture.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/A_caucasian_Sikh_learning_Santhiya%2C_or_the_elocution_of_Sikh_Scripture.png/333px-A_caucasian_Sikh_learning_Santhiya%2C_or_the_elocution_of_Sikh_Scripture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/A_caucasian_Sikh_learning_Santhiya%2C_or_the_elocution_of_Sikh_Scripture.png/444px-A_caucasian_Sikh_learning_Santhiya%2C_or_the_elocution_of_Sikh_Scripture.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>A Sikh of European descent learning <a href="/wiki/Santhiya" title="Santhiya">Santhiya</a> or elocution of Sikh Scripture</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> is the fastest growing religion in <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. The growth is mainly contributed by the immigration of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Indian Sikhs</a> there over the decades. Sikhism is fourth-largest religion in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, fifth-largest religion in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. The decadal growth of Sikhs is more in those countries as compared to the decadal growth of Sikh population in India, thus making them the fastest-growing religion there.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-canadareligion2021-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas1-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> has the highest proportion of Sikhs in the globe, which stands at 2.1% as of 2021, as compared to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> which stands at 1.7% as of 2011 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-canadareligion2021-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Castes">Castes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Castes">edit</a>]</div> Sikhs have remained a relatively homogeneous ethnic group with exceptions. <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste</a> may still be practiced by some Sikhs, despite Guru Nanak's calls for treating everyone equally in Guru Granth Sahib.<a href="#cite_note-The_Wire-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[c]</a> Along with Guru Nanak, other Sikh gurus had also denounced the hierarchy of the caste system, however, they all belonged to the same caste, the <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> Most Sikhs belong to the <a href="/wiki/Jat_Sikh" title="Jat Sikh">Jat</a> (Jatt), traditionally Agriculturist class<a href="#cite_note-Khanna-223">[220]</a> in occupation.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> Despite being very small in numbers, the <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arora" title="Arora">Arora</a> castes wield considerable influence within the Sikh community. Other common Sikh castes include <a href="/wiki/Ahluwalia_(caste)" title="Ahluwalia (caste)">Ahluwalias</a> (Brewers), <a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kambojs</a> or Kambos (Rural caste), <a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia" title="Ramgarhia">Ramgarhias</a> (Carpenters), <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a> (Priestly class), <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a> (Kshatriyas – Warriors), <a href="/wiki/Saini" title="Saini">Sainis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rai_Sikh" title="Rai Sikh">Rai Sikh</a> (Ironsmiths), <a href="/wiki/Labana" title="Labana">Labanas</a> (Merchants), <a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumhars</a> (Potters), <a href="/wiki/Mazhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazhabi">Mazhabi</a> (Cleaners) and the <a href="/wiki/Ramdasia" title="Ramdasia">Ramdasia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ravidasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravidasia">Ravidasias</a>(Chamar – Tanners).<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> Some Sikhs, especially those belonging to the landowning dominant castes, have not shed all their prejudices against the Dalits. While Dalits were allowed entry into the village <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwaras</a>, in some gurdwaras, they were not permitted to cook or serve <a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">langar</a> (communal meal). Therefore, wherever they could mobilize resources, the Sikh Dalits of Punjab have tried to construct their own gurdwara and other local level institutions in order to attain a certain degree of cultural autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-The_Wire-217">[215]</a> In 1953, Sikh leader and activist Master Tara Singh succeeded in persuading the Indian government to include Sikh castes of the converted untouchables in the list of <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled castes">scheduled castes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economic_Times-2018-226">[223]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Prabandhak_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee</a>, 20 of the 140 seats are reserved for low-caste Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economic_Times-2018-226">[223]</a> Other castes (over 1,000 members) include the <a href="/wiki/Arain" title="Arain">Arain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhatra_Sikhs" title="Bhatra Sikhs">Bhatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bairagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bairagi">Bairagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanika" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanika">Bania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basith" title="Basith">Basith</a>, Bawaria, <a href="/wiki/Bazigar" title="Bazigar">Bazigar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhabra" title="Bhabra">Bhabra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">Chamar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhimba" title="Chhimba">Chhimba (cotton farmers)</a>, Darzi, <a href="/wiki/Dhobi" title="Dhobi">Dhobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujjar">Gujar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhinwar" title="Jhinwar">Jhinwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kahar" title="Kahar">Kahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalwar,_Rajasthan" title="Kalwar, Rajasthan">Kalal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lohar_(caste)" title="Lohar (caste)">Lohar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahtam" title="Mahtam">Mahtam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meghwal" title="Meghwal">Megh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirasi" title="Mirasi">Mirasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mochi_(Sikh)" title="Mochi (Sikh)">Mochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nai_(caste)" title="Nai (caste)">Nai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia" title="Ramgarhia">Ramgharia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sansi_people" title="Sansi people">Sansi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sood_(surname)" title="Sood (surname)">Sudh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarkhan_(Punjab)" title="Tarkhan (Punjab)">Tarkhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashyap_(caste)" title="Kashyap (caste)">Kashyap</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Karnail Singh Panjoli, member of the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee</a>, says that there are several communities within the term <a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthis</a> too. Apart from <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Hindus" title="Sindhi Hindus">Sindhi Hindus</a>, "There are groups like Sikhligarh, Vanjaarey, <a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmaley</a>, Lubaney, Johri, Satnamiye, Udaasiyas, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Punjabi Hindus</a>, etc. who call themselves Nanakpanthis despite being Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simon_King_Sikh_Sikhi_Nagar_Kirtan_Convoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Simon_King_Sikh_Sikhi_Nagar_Kirtan_Convoy.jpg/220px-Simon_King_Sikh_Sikhi_Nagar_Kirtan_Convoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Simon_King_Sikh_Sikhi_Nagar_Kirtan_Convoy.jpg/330px-Simon_King_Sikh_Sikhi_Nagar_Kirtan_Convoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Simon_King_Sikh_Sikhi_Nagar_Kirtan_Convoy.jpg/440px-Simon_King_Sikh_Sikhi_Nagar_Kirtan_Convoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nagar_kirtan" title="Nagar kirtan">Nagar kirtan</a> convoy passing over the bridge along Northern Relief Road (A124) in East London</figcaption></figure> As Sikhs wear <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turbans</a> and keep beards, Sikh men in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> countries have been mistaken for <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghan</a> since the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-attacks1-228">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-attacks2-229">[226]</a> Several days after the 9/11 attacks, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikh-American</a> gas station owner <a href="/wiki/Balbir_Singh_Sodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Balbir Singh Sodhi">Balbir Singh Sodhi</a> was murdered in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> by a man who took Sodhi to be a member of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, marking the first recorded hate-crime in America motivated by 9/11. CNN would go on to suggest an increase in hate crimes against Sikh men in the US and the UK after the 9/11 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-attacks1-228">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-attacks2-229">[226]</a> In an attempt to foster Sikh leaders in the Western world, youth initiatives by a number of organisations exist. The Sikh Youth Alliance of North America sponsors an annual <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Youth_Symposium" title="Sikh Youth Symposium">Sikh Youth Symposium</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Sikh diaspora has been most successful in the UK, and UK Sikhs have the highest percentage of home ownership (82%) of any religious community.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> UK Sikhs are the second-wealthiest religious group in the UK (after the <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> community), with a median total household wealth of £229,000.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> In May 2019, the UK government exempted "<a href="/wiki/Kirpan" title="Kirpan">Kirpan</a>" from the list of banned knives. The U.K. government passed an amendment by which Sikhs in the country would be allowed to carry kirpans and use them during religious and cultural functions. The bill was amended to ensure that it would not impact the right of the British Sikh community to possess and supply kirpans or religious swords.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_American_Legal_Defense_and_Education_Fund" title="Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund">Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund</a> overturned a 1925 <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> law banning the wearing of turbans by teachers and government officials in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> Historically, most Indians have been farmers and 66 per cent of the Indian population are engaged in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> Indian Sikhs are employed in agriculture to a lesser extent; India's 2001 census found 39 per cent of the working population of the Punjab employed in this sector.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> According to the Swedish political scientist <a href="/wiki/Ishtiaq_Ahmed_(political_scientist)" title="Ishtiaq Ahmed (political scientist)">Ishtiaq Ahmad</a>, a factor in the success of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_green_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian green revolution">Indian green revolution</a> was the "Sikh cultivator, often the <a href="/wiki/Jat_Sikh" title="Jat Sikh">Jat</a> and Kamboj or Kamboh, whose courage, perseverance, spirit of enterprise and muscle prowess proved crucial."<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> However, Indian <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> wrote that the green revolution made the "negative and destructive impacts of science (i.e., the green revolution) on nature and society" invisible and was a catalyst for Punjabi Sikh and Hindu tensions despite a growth in material wealth.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sikhs_in_modern_history">Sikhs in modern history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sikhs in modern history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sikhs" title="List of Sikhs">List of Sikhs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Manmohan_Singh_in_WEF_,2009_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Prime_Minister_Manmohan_Singh_in_WEF_%2C2009_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Prime_Minister_Manmohan_Singh_in_WEF_%2C2009_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Prime_Minister_Manmohan_Singh_in_WEF_%2C2009_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Prime_Minister_Manmohan_Singh_in_WEF_%2C2009_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Prime_Minister_Manmohan_Singh_in_WEF_%2C2009_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Prime_Minister_Manmohan_Singh_in_WEF_%2C2009_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a>, Indian politician and economist and the only Sikh <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>, served from 2004–2014</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preet_Chandi_training_in_Finse,_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Preet_Chandi_training_in_Finse%2C_Norway.jpg/220px-Preet_Chandi_training_in_Finse%2C_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Preet_Chandi_training_in_Finse%2C_Norway.jpg/330px-Preet_Chandi_training_in_Finse%2C_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Preet_Chandi_training_in_Finse%2C_Norway.jpg/440px-Preet_Chandi_training_in_Finse%2C_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Preet_Chandi" title="Preet Chandi">Harpreet Kaur Chandi</a>, a British Sikh and the first woman to reach the South Pole solo and unsupported</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jagmeet_Singh_at_the_OFL_Convention_-_2017_(38554422812).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jagmeet_Singh_at_the_OFL_Convention_-_2017_%2838554422812%29.jpg/220px-Jagmeet_Singh_at_the_OFL_Convention_-_2017_%2838554422812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jagmeet_Singh_at_the_OFL_Convention_-_2017_%2838554422812%29.jpg/330px-Jagmeet_Singh_at_the_OFL_Convention_-_2017_%2838554422812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jagmeet_Singh_at_the_OFL_Convention_-_2017_%2838554422812%29.jpg/440px-Jagmeet_Singh_at_the_OFL_Convention_-_2017_%2838554422812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jagmeet_Singh" title="Jagmeet Singh">Jagmeet Singh</a>, Canadian Sikh politician</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Sikhs_Team_hosting_the_Sikhnet_Team_from_America_in_the_UK_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/City_Sikhs_Team_hosting_the_Sikhnet_Team_from_America_in_the_UK_Parliament.jpg/220px-City_Sikhs_Team_hosting_the_Sikhnet_Team_from_America_in_the_UK_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/City_Sikhs_Team_hosting_the_Sikhnet_Team_from_America_in_the_UK_Parliament.jpg/330px-City_Sikhs_Team_hosting_the_Sikhnet_Team_from_America_in_the_UK_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/City_Sikhs_Team_hosting_the_Sikhnet_Team_from_America_in_the_UK_Parliament.jpg/440px-City_Sikhs_Team_hosting_the_Sikhnet_Team_from_America_in_the_UK_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>American Sikhs</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> is an Indian economist, academic and politician who served as the 13th Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014. The first and only Sikh and non-Hindu in office, Singh was also the first prime minister since <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term. Notable Sikhs in science include <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear</a> scientist <a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Gill" title="Piara Singh Gill">Piara Singh Gill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibre_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre optics">fibre-optics</a> pioneer <a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a>; and physicist, science writer and broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Simon_Singh" title="Simon Singh">Simon Singh</a>. In business, the UK-based clothing retailers <a href="/wiki/New_Look_(store)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Look (store)">New Look</a> and the Thai-based JASPAL<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> were founded by Sikhs. India's largest pharmaceutical company, <a href="/wiki/Ranbaxy_Laboratories" title="Ranbaxy Laboratories">Ranbaxy Laboratories</a>, is headed by Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Tyres" title="Apollo Tyres">Apollo Tyres</a> is headed by <a href="/wiki/Onkar_Singh_Kanwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Onkar Singh Kanwar">Onkar Singh Kanwar</a>. In Singapore, Kartar Singh Thakral expanded his family's trading business, Thakral Holdings,<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> into assets totalling almost <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1.4 billion and is Singapore's 25th-richest person. Sikh <a href="/wiki/Bob_Singh_Dhillon" title="Bob Singh Dhillon">Bob Singh Dhillon</a> is the first <a href="/wiki/Indo-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Canadian">Indo-Canadian</a> billionaire. <a href="/wiki/Mastercard" title="Mastercard">Mastercard's</a> <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> was a Sikh named <a href="/wiki/Ajaypal_Singh_Banga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajaypal Singh Banga">Ajaypal Singh Banga</a>. In sports, Sikhs include England cricketer <a href="/wiki/Monty_Panesar" title="Monty Panesar">Monty Panesar</a>; former 400-metre runner <a href="/wiki/Milkha_Singh" title="Milkha Singh">Milkha Singh</a>; his son, professional golfer <a href="/wiki/Jeev_Milkha_Singh" title="Jeev Milkha Singh">Jeev Milkha Singh</a>; Indian wrestler and actor <a href="/wiki/Dara_Singh" title="Dara Singh">Dara Singh</a>; former Indian hockey team captains <a href="/wiki/Sandeep_Singh" title="Sandeep Singh">Sandeep Singh</a>, Ajitpal Singh and <a href="/wiki/Balbir_Singh_Sr." title="Balbir Singh Sr.">Balbir Singh Sr</a>.; former Indian cricket captain <a href="/wiki/Bishen_Singh_Bedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishen Singh Bedi">Bishen Singh Bedi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harbhajan_Singh" title="Harbhajan Singh">Harbhajan Singh</a>, India's most successful <a href="/wiki/Off_spin" title="Off spin">off spin</a> <a href="/wiki/Bowling_(cricket)" title="Bowling (cricket)">cricket bowler</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yuvraj_Singh" title="Yuvraj Singh">Yuvraj Singh</a>, World Cup winning allrounder; <a href="/wiki/Maninder_Singh_(cricketer)" title="Maninder Singh (cricketer)">Maninder Singh</a>, World Cup winning off spinner; and <a href="/wiki/Navjot_Singh_Sidhu" title="Navjot Singh Sidhu">Navjot Singh Sidhu</a>, former Indian cricketer-turned-politician. Sikhs in Bollywood, in the arts in general, include poet and lyricist <a href="/wiki/Rajkavi_Inderjeet_Singh_Tulsi" title="Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi">Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gulzar" title="Gulzar">Gulzar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh" title="Jagjit Singh">Jagjit Singh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dharmendra" title="Dharmendra">Dharmendra</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sunny_Deol" title="Sunny Deol">Sunny Deol</a>; <a href="/wiki/Diljit_Dosanjh" title="Diljit Dosanjh">Diljit Dosanjh</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a>; actresses <a href="/wiki/Neetu_Singh" title="Neetu Singh">Neetu Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simran_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Simran Judge">Simran Judge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poonam_Dhillon" title="Poonam Dhillon">Poonam Dhillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahi_Gill" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahi Gill">Mahi Gill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esha_Deol" title="Esha Deol">Esha Deol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parminder_Nagra" title="Parminder Nagra">Parminder Nagra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gul_Panag" title="Gul Panag">Gul Panag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mona_Singh" title="Mona Singh">Mona Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namrata_Singh_Gujral" title="Namrata Singh Gujral">Namrata Singh Gujral</a>; and directors <a href="/wiki/Gurinder_Chadha" title="Gurinder Chadha">Gurinder Chadha</a> and Parminder Gill. Sikhs in Punjabi Music industry include <a href="/wiki/Sidhu_Moosewala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidhu Moosewala">Sidhu Moosewala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diljit_Dosanjh" title="Diljit Dosanjh">Diljit Dosanjh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babu_Singh_Maan" title="Babu Singh Maan">Babu Singh Maan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surjit_Bindrakhia" title="Surjit Bindrakhia">Surjit Bindrakhia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammy_Virk" title="Ammy Virk">Ammy Virk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karan_Aujla" title="Karan Aujla">Karan Aujla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazzy_B" title="Jazzy B">Jazzy B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Pooja" title="Miss Pooja">Miss Pooja</a>. In December 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a> was compelled by a court order to allow two Sikhs to wear the turban and grow beards. This was a milestone for religious freedom and in the prevention of employment discrimination against Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-MarineCorps-242">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Indian_and_British_armies">In the Indian and British armies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In the Indian and British armies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a></div> According to a 1994 estimate, Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus comprised 10 to 15% of all ranks in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>. The Indian government does not release religious or ethnic origins of a military personnel, but a 1991 report by Tim McGirk estimated that 20% of Indian Army officers were Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-Kundu-243">[240]</a> Together with the <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas</a> recruited from Nepal, the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Light_Infantry" title="Maratha Light Infantry">Maratha Light Infantry</a> from Maharashtra and the <a href="/wiki/Jat_Regiment" title="Jat Regiment">Jat Regiment</a>, the Sikhs are one of the few communities to have exclusive regiments in the Indian Army.<a href="#cite_note-Kundu-243">[240]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a> is one of the most-decorated <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a> in the army, with 73 <a href="/wiki/Battle_Honours" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle Honours">Battle Honours</a>, 14 <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Crosses</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nriinternet.com-244">[241]</a> 21 first-class <a href="/wiki/Indian_Order_of_Merit" title="Indian Order of Merit">Indian Orders of Merit</a> (equivalent to the Victoria Cross),<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> 15 <a href="/wiki/Battle_honour" title="Battle honour">Theatre Honours</a>, 5 COAS Unit Citations, two <a href="/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakra" title="Param Vir Chakra">Param Vir Chakras</a>, 14 <a href="/wiki/Maha_Vir_Chakra" title="Maha Vir Chakra">Maha Vir Chakras</a>, 5 <a href="/wiki/Kirti_Chakra" title="Kirti Chakra">Kirti Chakras</a>, 67 <a href="/wiki/Vir_Chakra" title="Vir Chakra">Vir Chakras</a> and 1,596 other awards. The highest-ranking general in the history of the Indian Air Force is a Punjabi Sikh, Marshal of the Air Force <a href="/wiki/Arjan_Singh" title="Arjan Singh">Arjan Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> Plans by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">United Kingdom Ministry of Defence</a> for a Sikh <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> regiment were scrapped in June 2007.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> Sikhs supported the British during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> By the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Sikhs in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> totaled over 100,000 (20 per cent of the force). Until 1945, fourteen <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Crosses</a> (VC) were awarded to Sikhs, a per-capita regimental record.<a href="#cite_note-nriinternet.com-244">[241]</a> In 2002, the names of all Sikh VC and <a href="/wiki/George_Cross" title="George Cross">George Cross</a> recipients were inscribed on the monument of the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Gates_(Constitution_Hill)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial Gates (Constitution Hill)">Memorial Gates</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> on <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Hill,_London" title="Constitution Hill, London">Constitution Hill</a>, next to <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chanan_Singh_Dhillon" title="Chanan Singh Dhillon">Chanan Singh Dhillon</a> was instrumental in campaigning for the memorial. During World War I, Sikh battalions fought in Egypt, Palestine, Mesopotamia, <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> and France. Six battalions of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a> were raised during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, serving in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian campaigns</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a>, receiving 27 battle honours. Around the world, Sikhs are commemorated in <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth</a> cemeteries.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikhs_in_the_First_World_War_Q24777.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sikhs in the First World War, marching with their scripture, Guru Granth Sahib"><img alt="Sikhs in the First World War, marching with their scripture, Guru Granth Sahib" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sikhs_in_the_First_World_War_Q24777.jpg/133px-Sikhs_in_the_First_World_War_Q24777.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sikhs_in_the_First_World_War_Q24777.jpg/200px-Sikhs_in_the_First_World_War_Q24777.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sikhs_in_the_First_World_War_Q24777.jpg/267px-Sikhs_in_the_First_World_War_Q24777.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sikhs in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, marching with their scripture, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French postcard depicting the arrival of the 15th Sikh Regiment in France during World War I. The bilingual postcard reads, "Gentlemen of India marching to chasten the German hooligans.""><img alt="Postcard of marching Sikhs with rifles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg/150px-SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg/225px-SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg/300px-SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="316" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">French postcard depicting the arrival of the 15th <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a> in France during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The bilingual postcard reads, "Gentlemen of India marching to chasten the German hooligans."</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_sikh_soldiers_in_Italian_campaign.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian Sikh soldiers in the Italian campaign"><img alt="Indian Sikh soldiers in the Italian campaign" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Indian_sikh_soldiers_in_Italian_campaign.jpg/112px-Indian_sikh_soldiers_in_Italian_campaign.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Indian_sikh_soldiers_in_Italian_campaign.jpg/168px-Indian_sikh_soldiers_in_Italian_campaign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Indian_sikh_soldiers_in_Italian_campaign.jpg/225px-Indian_sikh_soldiers_in_Italian_campaign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indian Sikh soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sikh soldier with captured Swastika flag of Nazi Germany"><img alt="Sikh soldier with captured Swastika flag of Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg/106px-Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg/159px-Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg/212px-Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="528" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sikh soldier with captured <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a> flag of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_shooting_blindfolded_Sikh_prisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese soldiers shooting blindfolded Sikh prisoners in World War II"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Japanese_shooting_blindfolded_Sikh_prisoners.jpg/150px-Japanese_shooting_blindfolded_Sikh_prisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Japanese_shooting_blindfolded_Sikh_prisoners.jpg/225px-Japanese_shooting_blindfolded_Sikh_prisoners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Japanese_shooting_blindfolded_Sikh_prisoners.jpg/300px-Japanese_shooting_blindfolded_Sikh_prisoners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="434" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese soldiers shooting blindfolded Sikh prisoners in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History of Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_Sagar_(urn)" title="Ganga Sagar (urn)">Ganga Sagar (urn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_Sikh" title="Jat Sikh">Jat Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Sikh diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Sikhs" title="List of British Sikhs">List of British Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">Sikhism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban_training_centre" title="Turban training centre">Turban training centre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SikhIndia-10"><a href="#cite_ref-SikhIndia_10-0">^</a> Sikhs comprise 1.7% (23,786,052) of India's total population of 1,399,179,585 per 2023 estimate by the World Factbook.<a href="#cite_note-WorldFactbookIndia-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Majority of Sikhs speak Punjabi or its various dialects as their mother tongue. <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> wrote letters to <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>—<a href="/wiki/Zafarnama_(letter)" title="Zafarnama (letter)">Zafarnama</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hikaaitaan" title="Hikaaitaan">Hikaaitaan</a>—written in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a>; Sikh coins were minted in <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> during <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">misls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Guru Nanak has mentioned in his first composition of Jap Ji Sahib, which is recited daily by all practicing Sikhs that all souls are to be treated with care and respect as Waheguru is the Giver of all souls. <div class="poem"> "The Guru has given me this one understanding: there is only the One, the Giver of all souls. May I never forget Him!", Guru Granth Sahib, 2<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> Guru Nanak said that blessings are rained down when the lowly person, regardless of any background are cared for. "In that place where the lowly are cared for-there, the Blessings of Your Glance of Grace rain down.", Guru Granth Sahib, 15<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> Guru Nanak had spoken we need to prize humility above all and thus caste is not an issue. "One who takes pride in wealth and lands is a fool, blind and ignorant. One whose heart is mercifully blessed with abiding humility, O Nanak, is liberated here, and obtains peace hereafter." Granth Sahib, 278.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> </div> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month">"April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month"</a>. State of Michigan Office of the Governor. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=April+2022%3A+Sikh+Awareness+and+Appreciation+Month&rft.pub=State+of+Michigan+Office+of+the+Governor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fwhitmer%2Fnews%2Fproclamations%2F2022%2F04%2F01%2Fapril-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/sikh-pandemic-food-support/index.html">"US Sikhs tirelessly travel their communities to feed hungry Americans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>Founded some 500 years ago in the Punjab region of India, the faith has some 30 million adherents, making it the fifth largest <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> worldwide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Sikhs+tirelessly+travel+their+communities+to+feed+hungry+Americans&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fsikh-pandemic-food-support%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago">"A Brief Introduction to Sikhism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WTTW" title="WTTW">WTTW</a>. 5 May 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>"Sikhism is the world's fifth-largest religion, with 25–30 million adherents around the globe</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+Sikhism&rft.pub=WTTW&rft.date=2021-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finteractive.wttw.com%2Fplaylist%2F2021%2F05%2F05%2Fsikhism-chicago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikhcoalition.org/about-sikhs/sikhs-in-america/">"Sikhs in America"</a>. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>There are nearly 30 million Sikhs around the world today, and a vast majority of them live in the Indian state of Punjab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikhs+in+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhcoalition.org%2Fabout-sikhs%2Fsikhs-in-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnrsohio.org/sikhism.html">"Guru Nanak Religious Society"</a>. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>There are over 30 million Sikhs worldwide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guru+Nanak+Religious+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnrsohio.org%2Fsikhism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism">"Sikhism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2022. <q>In the early 21st century there were nearly 25 million Sikhs worldwide, the great majority of them living in the Indian state of Punjab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sikhism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSikhism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-fact-check/news/fake-alert-sidhu-wrongly-quotes-sikh-population-as-14-crores/articleshow/72003044.cms">"Sidhu wrongly quotes Sikh population as 14 crores"</a>. The Times of India. 11 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Sidhu+wrongly+quotes+Sikh+population+as+14+crores&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Ftimes-fact-check%2Fnews%2Ffake-alert-sidhu-wrongly-quotes-sikh-population-as-14-crores%2Farticleshow%2F72003044.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldFactbookIndia-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldFactbookIndia_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldFactbookIndia_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/#people-and-society">"India People and Society"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Religion+by+visible+minority+and+generation+status%3A+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+census+metropolitan+areas+and+census+agglomerations+with+parts&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D9810034201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm">"The Daily – The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity"</a>. www150.statcan.gc.ca. 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National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+%28detailed%29%3A+All+people&rft.pub=National+Records+of+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fcensusresults%2Frelease2a%2Frel2A_Religion_detailed_Scotland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916182540/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011/QS218NI.ods">"Religion – Full Detail: QS218NI"</a>. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011/QS218NI.ods">the original</a> on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+%E2%80%93+Full+Detail%3A+QS218NI&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk%2FDownload%2FCensus%25202011%2FQS218NI.ods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ask.census.gov/prweb/PRServletCustom/app/ECORRAsk2_/YACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn*/!STANDARD?pzuiactionzzz=CXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z*">"Does the Census Bureau have data for religion?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Does+the+Census+Bureau+have+data+for+religion%3F&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fask.census.gov%2Fprweb%2FPRServletCustom%2Fapp%2FECORRAsk2_%2FYACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn%2A%2F%21STANDARD%3Fpzuiactionzzz%3DCXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z%2A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-asian-population.html">"Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. 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Retrieved 23 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikhism+Reporter%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Sikh+Coalition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhcoalition.org%2Fresources%2Fsikhism-reporters-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pluralism.org/the-sikh-community-today">"The Sikh Community Today"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Community+Today&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpluralism.org%2Fthe-sikh-community-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionnews.com/2022/08/10/american-sikhs-are-targets-of-bigotry-often-due-to-cultural-ignorance/">"American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Religion_News_Service" title="Religion News Service">Religion News Service</a>. 10 August 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Sikhs+are+targets+of+bigotry%2C+often+due+to+cultural+ignorance&rft.pub=Religion+News+Service&rft.date=2022-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligionnews.com%2F2022%2F08%2F10%2Famerican-sikhs-are-targets-of-bigotry-often-due-to-cultural-ignorance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/sikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias">"Sikhs in America:A History of Hate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a>. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikhs+in+America%3AA+History+of+Hate&rft.pub=ProPublica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.propublica.org%2Farticle%2Fsikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month">"April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month"</a>. State of Michigan Office of the Governor. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=April+2022%3A+Sikh+Awareness+and+Appreciation+Month&rft.pub=State+of+Michigan+Office+of+the+Governor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fwhitmer%2Fnews%2Fproclamations%2F2022%2F04%2F01%2Fapril-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wuwm.com/2022-05-23/want-to-know-about-sikhism-head-to-new-book-collection-in-oak-creek">"Want to know about Sikhism?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WUWM" title="WUWM">WUWM</a>. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>There are more than 500,000 Sikhs in the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Want+to+know+about+Sikhism%3F&rft.pub=WUWM&rft.date=2022-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wuwm.com%2F2022-05-23%2Fwant-to-know-about-sikhism-head-to-new-book-collection-in-oak-creek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago">"A Brief Introduction to Sikhism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WTTW" title="WTTW">WTTW</a>. 5 May 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world's fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+Sikhism&rft.pub=WTTW&rft.date=2021-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finteractive.wttw.com%2Fplaylist%2F2021%2F05%2F05%2Fsikhism-chicago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/07/19/asian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview/">"Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asian+Americans%3A+A+Mosaic+of+Faiths&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2012-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2012%2F07%2F19%2Fasian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey">"2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sikh_American_Legal_Defense_and_Education_Fund" title="Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund">Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund</a>. 23 October 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+National+Sikh+American+Survey%3A+Key+Findings&rft.pub=Sikh+American+Legal+Defense+and+Education+Fund&rft.date=2020-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fsaldefmedia%2Fdocs%2F2020_national_sikh_american_survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP05">"DP05ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DP05ACS+Demographic+and+Housing+Estimates&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Ftid%3DACSDP1Y2021.DP05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> While the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census">U.S. Census</a> does not ask about religion,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> 70,697 Americans (or 0.02% of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the <a href="/wiki/2020_U.S._census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 U.S. census">2020 census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a>, 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion, indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or 0.08% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-abstract01-22">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-abstract01-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-How_Many-23">[22]</a> Sikh organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Coalition" title="Sikh Coalition">Sikh Coalition</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Sikh_Congressional_Caucus" title="American Sikh Congressional Caucus">American Sikh Congressional Caucus</a> estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures;<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-How_Many-23">[22]</a> 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size in news media.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> With 1% of <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans#Religion" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated around 280,000–500,000 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geo_News-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geo_News_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geo_News_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geo.tv/latest/415781-over-40000-sikhs-vote-in-secessionist-khalistan-referendum-in-italy">"Over 40,000 Sikhs vote in secessionist Referendum in Italy"</a>. Geo News. <q>it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in the county with a majority in Brescia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo+News&rft.atitle=Over+40%2C000+Sikhs+vote+in+secessionist+Referendum+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.tv%2Flatest%2F415781-over-40000-sikhs-vote-in-secessionist-khalistan-referendum-in-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daily_Pakistan-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Pakistan_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Pakistan_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/09-May-2022/around-45-000-sikhs-vote-in-khalistan-referendum-in-italy">"Around 45,000 Sikhs vote in Referendum in Italy"</a>. Daily Pakistan. <q>That it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in it with a majority in Brescia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Around+45%2C000+Sikhs+vote+in+Referendum+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.dailypakistan.com.pk%2F09-May-2022%2Faround-45-000-sikhs-vote-in-khalistan-referendum-in-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakistan_Today-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Today_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Today_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/07/03/sikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan/">"Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome"</a>. Pakistan Today. <q>About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Today&rft.atitle=Sikhs+vote+in+referendum+in+Rome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistantoday.com.pk%2F2022%2F07%2F03%2Fsikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bol_News-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bol_News_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bol_News_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bolnews.com/2022/05/08/italy/thousands-of-sikhs-attend-parade-in-italy-ahead-of-khalistan-referendum/index.html">"Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy"</a>. Bol News. <q>Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bol+News&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+Sikhs+attend+parade+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bolnews.com%2F2022%2F05%2F08%2Fitaly%2Fthousands-of-sikhs-attend-parade-in-italy-ahead-of-khalistan-referendum%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Wire-2-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Wire-2_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Wire-2_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/external-affairs/sikhs-in-italy">"The Continuing Struggle for Religious Freedom by Italy's Sikh Community"</a>. The Wire. <q>It is estimated that there are around 220,000 Sikh migrants in Italy. The community, however, has been largely invisible to native Italians. The majority of Sikhs are dairy workers, living far from the cities, and settled mainly in the farms of north and central Italy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=The+Continuing+Struggle+for+Religious+Freedom+by+Italy%27s+Sikh+Community&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fexternal-affairs%2Fsikhs-in-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Economic_Times-2018-2-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Economic_Times-2018-2_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Economic_Times-2018-2_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-the-recent-punjabi-migration-to-spain-and-italy-is-a-departure-for-the-diaspora/articleshow/65180012.cms?from=mdr">"How the recent Punjabi migration to Spain & Italy is a departure for the diaspora"</a>. The Economic Times. 29 July 2018. <q>The total number of Indians in Italy has now crossed 200,000, making it the largest Indian diaspora in continental Europe and far greater than the 30,000 estimated in Spain. This Indian contingent is mainly made up of Punjabi Jat Sikhs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=How+the+recent+Punjabi+migration+to+Spain+%26+Italy+is+a+departure+for+the+diaspora&rft.date=2018-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpanache%2Fhow-the-recent-punjabi-migration-to-spain-and-italy-is-a-departure-for-the-diaspora%2Farticleshow%2F65180012.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_Indian-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Indian_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Indian_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalindian.com/story/global-indian/parmesans-indian-connect-how-sikhs-saved-the-italian-cheese-industry/">"How Sikhs saved the Italian cheese industry"</a>. Global Indian. <q>Today, Italy has the largest Sikh population in Europe, only second to the United Kingdom, with an estimated number of 220,000</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Indian&rft.atitle=How+Sikhs+saved+the+Italian+cheese+industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalindian.com%2Fstory%2Fglobal-indian%2Fparmesans-indian-connect-how-sikhs-saved-the-italian-cheese-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bertolani_2013_75-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bertolani_2013_75_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bertolani_2013_75_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertolani2013" class="citation book cs1">Bertolani, Barbara (2013). "The Sikhs in Italy: A Growing Heterogeneous and Plural Presence". Globalizing Belief, Localizing Gods. Brill Publishers. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004254756" title="Special:BookSources/9789004254756"><bdi>9789004254756</bdi></a>. <q>According to Gallo (2013), by contrast, the Sikhs would number at least 100,000. Barbara Bertolani estimates in 2013 "My own data gathered within the Sikh community in Italy show Sikh people constituting about 70% of all the Indians present, i.e., at least 84,000 residents</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sikhs+in+Italy%3A+A+Growing+Heterogeneous+and+Plural+Presence&rft.btitle=Globalizing+Belief%2C+Localizing+Gods&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004254756&rft.aulast=Bertolani&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindustan_Times-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hindustan_Times_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hindustan_Times_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/why-the-indian-government-must-help-italian-sikhs/story-y3yJS6zWOqnYkkVsDuvvAJ.html">"Why the Indian government must help Italian Sikhs"</a>. Hindustan Times. <q>Up to 150,000 Sikhs now live there, making it the largest Sikh Community in Europe after the one in Britain</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Why+the+Indian+government+must+help+Italian+Sikhs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fcolumns%2Fwhy-the-indian-government-must-help-italian-sikhs%2Fstory-y3yJS6zWOqnYkkVsDuvvAJ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homegrown-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homegrown_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homegrown_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/the-sikhs-who-saved-parmesan-in-italy-are-now-fighting-to-save-themselves">"The Sikhs Spearheading The Italian Parmesan Cheese Industry"</a>. Homegrown. <q>Despite the estimated 220,000 Sikh immigrants who inhabit the Po Valley, there seems to a whiff of change in the air</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Homegrown&rft.atitle=The+Sikhs+Spearheading+The+Italian+Parmesan+Cheese+Industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhomegrown.co.in%2Fhomegrown-explore%2Fthe-sikhs-who-saved-parmesan-in-italy-are-now-fighting-to-save-themselves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tebano-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tebano_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tebano_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTebano" class="citation news cs1">Tebano, Elena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corriere.it/cronache/17_maggio_17/nulla-sikh-culto-preghiera-adcfa0ae-3a74-11e7-acbd-5fa0e1e5ad68.shtml">"Prayer at dawn, zero crime: this is how Sikhs live in Italy, after the sentence of the Cassation"</a>. Corriere Della Sera. <q>The vegan diet, the cult, the traditions. Customs and symbols of the 150,000 faithful of the religion born in India who now live in the Bel Paese</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+Della+Sera&rft.atitle=Prayer+at+dawn%2C+zero+crime%3A+this+is+how+Sikhs+live+in+Italy%2C+after+the+sentence+of+the+Cassation&rft.aulast=Tebano&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Fcronache%2F17_maggio_17%2Fnulla-sikh-culto-preghiera-adcfa0ae-3a74-11e7-acbd-5fa0e1e5ad68.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Geo_News-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Pakistan-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Today-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bol_News-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Wire-2-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Economic_Times-2018-2-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Global_Indian-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bertolani_2013_75-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hindustan_Times-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Homegrown-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tebano-48">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Geo_News-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Pakistan-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bol_News-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Wire-2-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Economic_Times-2018-2-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Global_Indian-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bertolani_2013_75-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hindustan_Times-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Homegrown-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Today-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tebano-48">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/sikh-man-gobind-singh-deo-becomes-malaysias-first-minister/articleshow/64268155.cms?from=mdr">"Gobind Singh Deo is Malaysia's first Sikh minister"</a>. The Economic Times. <q>Malaysia has nearly 100,000 Sikh population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Gobind+Singh+Deo+is+Malaysia%27s+first+Sikh+minister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnri%2Fnris-in-news%2Fsikh-man-gobind-singh-deo-becomes-malaysias-first-minister%2Farticleshow%2F64268155.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wionews.com/world/gobind-singh-deo-appointed-as-the-first-sikh-minister-in-the-malaysian-cabinet-138820">"Malaysia gets first Sikh minister"</a>. WION. <q>Miri Indian Association president, Councillor Karambir Singh was quoted as saying by the Borneo Post. Malaysia has nearly 100,000 Sikh population</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WION&rft.atitle=Malaysia+gets+first+Sikh+minister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wionews.com%2Fworld%2Fgobind-singh-deo-appointed-as-the-first-sikh-minister-in-the-malaysian-cabinet-138820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikhnet.com/news/gurdwara-trail-malaysia-spiritual-experience">"On the Gurdwara Trail in Malaysia: A Spiritual Experience"</a>. SikhNet. 20 January 2023. <q>The Malaysian Sikh community is the fourth largest ethnic group of Malaysian Indians. It is estimated that over 100,000 Sikhs reside in Malaysia. The Sikh population is the largest here among Southeast and East Asia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SikhNet&rft.atitle=On+the+Gurdwara+Trail+in+Malaysia%3A+A+Spiritual+Experience&rft.date=2023-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhnet.com%2Fnews%2Fgurdwara-trail-malaysia-spiritual-experience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71359.htm">"Thailand"</a>. U.S. Department of State.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Thailand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2006%2F71359.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/saudi-arabia/">"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saudi Arabia"</a>. U.S. Department of State. 2 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2021+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2022-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fsaudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGokulan" class="citation web cs1">Gokulan, Dhanusha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/sikhs-in-uae-hail-countrys-year-of-respect-inclusion">"Sikhs in UAE hail country's year of 'respect, inclusion'"</a>. Khaleej Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khaleej+Times&rft.atitle=Sikhs+in+UAE+hail+country%27s+year+of+%27respect%2C+inclusion%27&rft.aulast=Gokulan&rft.aufirst=Dhanusha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaleejtimes.com%2Fuae%2Fsikhs-in-uae-hail-countrys-year-of-respect-inclusion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/punjabi-community-money-lending-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-2806212/">"Punjabi Community Involved in Money Lending in Philippines Braces for 'Crackdown' by New President"</a>. 18 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punjabi+Community+Involved+in+Money+Lending+in+Philippines+Braces+for+%27Crackdown%27+by+New+President&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findia-news-india%2Fpunjabi-community-money-lending-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-2806212%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111201014811/http://www.angelfire.com/ca6/gurdwaraworld/philippines.html">"2011 Gurdwara Philippines: Sikh Population of the Philippines"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/ca6/gurdwaraworld/philippines.html">the original</a> on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Gurdwara+Philippines%3A+Sikh+Population+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fca6%2Fgurdwaraworld%2Fphilippines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Zealand_Sikh_population-59"><a href="#cite_ref-New_Zealand_Sikh_population_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/losing-our-religion">"Losing our religion | Stats NZ"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Losing+our+religion+%26%23124%3B+Stats+NZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2Fnews%2Flosing-our-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=171c">"National Profiles"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles%3Fu%3D171c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eoilisbon.gov.in/page/portugal-fact-sheet/">"Portugal Fact Sheet"</a>. Embassy of India (Lisbon, Portugal). <q>Sikhs (35,000), In recent years, the number of Indians (especially from Punjab/Haryana) has increased significantly owing to the easing of immigration norms by Portugal. However, since many of them do not have valid residency documents, official figures are not available.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Embassy+of+India+%28Lisbon%2C+Portugal%29&rft.atitle=Portugal+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoilisbon.gov.in%2Fpage%2Fportugal-fact-sheet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/external-affairs/frances-sikh-minority-set-vote-marine-le-pen">"France's Sikh Minority Looks Set to Vote Against Marine Le Pen"</a>. The Wire. 6 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=France%27s+Sikh+Minority+Looks+Set+to+Vote+Against+Marine+Le+Pen&rft.date=2017-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fexternal-affairs%2Ffrances-sikh-minority-set-vote-marine-le-pen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarha2020" class="citation journal cs1">Garha, Nachatter Singh (6 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11020076">"Masculinity in the Sikh Community in Italy and Spain: Expectations and Challenges"</a>. Religions. 11 (2): 76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11020076">10.3390/rel11020076</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2183%2F38589">2183/38589</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Masculinity+in+the+Sikh+Community+in+Italy+and+Spain%3A+Expectations+and+Challenges&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=76&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2183%2F38589&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel11020076&rft.aulast=Garha&rft.aufirst=Nachatter+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel11020076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remid.de/info_zahlen/verschiedene/">"Mitgliederzahlen: Sonstige – REMID – Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst e.V."</a> remid.de (in German). Retrieved 16 August 2017. <q>Sikhs, 25,000 (2020)....The "German Information Center for Sikh Religion, Sikh History, Culture and Science (DISR)" estimates the number of Sikhs in Germany at 18,000 for 2017</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=remid.de&rft.atitle=Mitgliederzahlen%3A+Sonstige+%E2%80%93+REMID+%E2%80%93+Religionswissenschaftlicher+Medien-+und+Informationsdienst+e.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fremid.de%2Finfo_zahlen%2Fverschiedene%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavin2015" class="citation news cs1">Lavin, Talia (26 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/vaisakhi-sikh-celebration_n_7138512">"Vibrant Vaisakhi Celebrates Sikh Life In Greece"</a>. Huffington Post. <q>The Sikh community in Greece, numbered at around 20,000 according to a 2012 report, joined together to mark the holy day</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Vibrant+Vaisakhi+Celebrates+Sikh+Life+In+Greece&rft.date=2015-04-26&rft.aulast=Lavin&rft.aufirst=Talia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2Fentry%2Fvaisakhi-sikh-celebration_n_7138512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/yp/discover/lifestyle/features/article/3065561/hong-kong-stories-getting-know-citys-sikh-community">"Hong Kong stories: Getting to know the city's Sikh community"</a>. Young Post. 31 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Young+Post&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+stories%3A+Getting+to+know+the+city%27s+Sikh+community&rft.date=2019-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fyp%2Fdiscover%2Flifestyle%2Ffeatures%2Farticle%2F3065561%2Fhong-kong-stories-getting-know-citys-sikh-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/kuwait-to-seek-closure-of-illegal-sikh-temple/212050">"Kuwait To Seek Closure Of "Illegal" Sikh Temple"</a>. Outlook India. 3 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527070441/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/kuwait-to-seek-closure-of-illegal-sikh-temple/212050">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outlook+India&rft.atitle=Kuwait+To+Seek+Closure+Of+%22Illegal%22+Sikh+Temple&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fwebsite%2Fstory%2Fkuwait-to-seek-closure-of-illegal-sikh-temple%2F212050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timeskuwait.com/news/sikh-gurdwara-discovered-by-intrepid-local-reporter/">"Sikh Gurdwara discovered by 'intrepid' local reporter"</a>. timeskuwait.com/. 14 August 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timeskuwait.com%2F&rft.atitle=Sikh+Gurdwara+discovered+by+%27intrepid%27+local+reporter&rft.date=2019-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimeskuwait.com%2Fnews%2Fsikh-gurdwara-discovered-by-intrepid-local-reporter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2022" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence, Mary (22 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/religie-filosofie/het-licht-van-god-zien-in-de-ander-daar-gaat-het-om-bij-de-sikhs~ba3a81d5/">"Het licht van God zien in de ander, daar gaat het om bij de sikhs"</a> [Seeing the light of God in the other, that's what the Sikhs are all about]. <a href="/wiki/Trouw" title="Trouw">Trouw</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524223916/https://www.trouw.nl/religie-filosofie/het-licht-van-god-zien-in-de-ander-daar-gaat-het-om-bij-de-sikhs~ba3a81d5/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2023. <q>In Nederland wonen zo'n 15.000 sikhs, die hier sinds de jaren zestig vanuit Afghanistan, Pakistan en India kwamen, op zoek naar werk of op de vlucht voor de Sovjets, de Taliban of de geradicaliseerde aanhangers van Indira Gandhi, nadat zij in 1984 door haar sikhlijfwacht was vermoord. Ons land telt inmiddels negen gurdwara's. [Some 15,000 Sikhs live in the Netherlands, who have come here from Afghanistan, Pakistan and India since the 1960s, looking for work or fleeing the Soviets, the Taliban or the radicalized followers of Indira Gandhi, after they were killed in 1984. her Sikh bodyguard had been killed. Our country now has nine gurdwaras.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Het+licht+van+God+zien+in+de+ander%2C+daar+gaat+het+om+bij+de+sikhs&rft.pub=Trouw&rft.date=2022-05-22&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Freligie-filosofie%2Fhet-licht-van-god-zien-in-de-ander-daar-gaat-het-om-bij-de-sikhs~ba3a81d5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230222201819/https://acninternational.org/religiousfreedomreport/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Cyprus.pdf">"Cyprus"</a> (PDF). acninternational.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acninternational.org/religiousfreedomreport/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Cyprus.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=acninternational.org&rft.atitle=Cyprus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facninternational.org%2Freligiousfreedomreport%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F04%2FCyprus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles">"National Profiles"</a>. www.thearda.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thearda.com&rft.atitle=National+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaur2008" class="citation book cs1">Kaur, Arunajeet (6 December 2008). "The Evolution of the Sikh Identity in Singapore". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/religious-diversity-in-singapore/evolution-of-the-sikh-identity-in-singapore/64B38827CD87A88C1EF3BDA3E9C2EBA5">Religious Diversity in Singapore</a>. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. pp. 275–297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812307552" title="Special:BookSources/9789812307552"><bdi>9789812307552</bdi></a> – via Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Sikh+Identity+in+Singapore&rft.btitle=Religious+Diversity+in+Singapore&rft.pages=275-297&rft.pub=ISEAS%E2%80%93Yusof+Ishak+Institute&rft.date=2008-12-06&rft.isbn=9789812307552&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Arunajeet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Freligious-diversity-in-singapore%2Fevolution-of-the-sikh-identity-in-singapore%2F64B38827CD87A88C1EF3BDA3E9C2EBA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/orang-orang-sikh-di-indonesia">"Orang-orang Sikh di Indonesia"</a>. kumparan (in Indonesian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kumparan&rft.atitle=Orang-orang+Sikh+di+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkumparan.com%2Fkumparannews%2Forang-orang-sikh-di-indonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontesGoddeeris2020" class="citation book cs1">Montes, Enrico Castro; Goddeeris, Idesbald (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004432284/BP000040.xml">"Hinduism in Belgium"</a>. Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 vols). Brill. pp. 849–863. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004432284_031">10.1163/9789004432284_031</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004432284" title="Special:BookSources/9789004432284"><bdi>9789004432284</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236835206">236835206</a> – via brill.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hinduism+in+Belgium&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Hinduism+in+Europe+%282+vols%29&rft.pages=849-863&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236835206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004432284_031&rft.isbn=9789004432284&rft.aulast=Montes&rft.aufirst=Enrico+Castro&rft.au=Goddeeris%2C+Idesbald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004432284%2FBP000040.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/why-sikhism-as-registered-religion-in-austria-matters/articleshow/80021881.cms#:~:text=According%20to%20Hardeep%20Singh%20Maan,around%209%2C000%20Sikhs%20in%20Austria">"Why Sikhism as registered religion in Austria matters"</a>. The Times of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Why+Sikhism+as+registered+religion+in+Austria+matters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fwhy-sikhism-as-registered-religion-in-austria-matters%2Farticleshow%2F80021881.cms%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAccording%2520to%2520Hardeep%2520Singh%2520Maan%2Caround%25209%252C000%2520Sikhs%2520in%2520Austria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/sikhs-in-pakistan-face-continuous-persecution-uncertain-of-their-future20211015111314/">"Sikh population in Pakistan"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Key+Findings+From+the+Global+Religious+Futures+Project&rft.date=2022-12-21&rft.aulast=Nadeem&rft.aufirst=Reem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2022%2F12%2F21%2Fkey-findings-from-the-global-religious-futures-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFONS2012" class="citation web cs1">ONS (11 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/articles/religioninenglandandwales2011/2012-12-11">"Religion in England and Wales 2011"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. <a href="/wiki/UK_Statistics_Authority" title="UK Statistics Authority">UK Statistics Authority</a>. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Religion+in+England+and+Wales+2011&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.au=ONS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fculturalidentity%2Freligion%2Farticles%2Freligioninenglandandwales2011%2F2012-12-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress_Trust_of_India2020" class="citation web cs1">Press Trust of India (15 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/world/sikhs-to-be-counted-as-separate-ethnic-group-in-2020-us-census-community-hails-recognition-of-distinct-language-culture-7907961.html">"Sikhs to be counted as separate ethnic group in 2020 US Census; community hails recognition of distinct language, culture"</a>. Firstpost.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=Sikhs+to+be+counted+as+separate+ethnic+group+in+2020+US+Census%3B+community+hails+recognition+of+distinct+language%2C+culture&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft.au=Press+Trust+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fworld%2Fsikhs-to-be-counted-as-separate-ethnic-group-in-2020-us-census-community-hails-recognition-of-distinct-language-culture-7907961.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604065733/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansArt.nsf/V3Key/LC19940511036">"Anti-Discrimination (Amendment) Bill – 11/05/1994 – 2R COMM – NSW Parliament"</a>. Parliament.nsw.gov.au. 11 May 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansArt.nsf/V3Key/LC19940511036">the original</a> on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Discrimination+%28Amendment%29+Bill+%E2%80%93+11%2F05%2F1994+%E2%80%93+2R+COMM+%E2%80%93+NSW+Parliament&rft.pub=Parliament.nsw.gov.au&rft.date=1994-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.nsw.gov.au%2Fprod%2FPARLMENT%2FhansArt.nsf%2FV3Key%2FLC19940511036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116121346/http://equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/research/research_report_48_religion_or_belief_identifying_issues_and_priorities.doc">"'Religion or belief': Identifying issues and priorities (Linda Woodhead with the assistance of Rebecca Catto) AHRC/ESRC Religion and Society Programme, Lancaster University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/research/research_report_48_religion_or_belief_identifying_issues_and_priorities.doc">the original</a> on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Religion+or+belief%27%3A+Identifying+issues+and+priorities+%28Linda+Woodhead+with+the+assistance+of+Rebecca+Catto%29+AHRC%2FESRC+Religion+and+Society+Programme%2C+Lancaster+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.equalityhumanrights.com%2Fuploaded_files%2Fresearch%2Fresearch_report_48_religion_or_belief_identifying_issues_and_priorities.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_2006-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2006_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Singh, Khushwant</a> (2006). The Illustrated History of the Sikhs. India: Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-567747-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-567747-1"><bdi>0-19-567747-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.place=India&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-567747-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/history/history_1.shtml">"The Khalsa | History of Sikhism | Sikhism"</a>. BBC Religion & Ethics. BBC. 29 August 2003. Retrieved 4 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Religion+%26+Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Khalsa+%7C+History+of+Sikhism+%7C+Sikhism&rft.date=2003-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fsikhism%2Fhistory%2Fhistory_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2000" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Patwant (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhs00sing/">The Sikhs</a>. New York: Knopf. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhs00sing/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40728-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40728-4"><bdi>978-0-375-40728-4</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-375-40728-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Patwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhs00sing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton2019" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Eaton (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP168">India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765</a>. Penguin. pp. 168–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141966557" title="Special:BookSources/9780141966557"><bdi>9780141966557</bdi></a>. <q>The Sikh community grew rapidly in the sixteenth century. Nanak's earliest followers had been fellow Khatris engaged in petty trade, shopkeeping, or lower level civil service in the Lodi or Mughal bureaucracies. But as the movement grew, it experienced a significant influx of Jat cultivators.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Persianate+Age%3A+1000%E2%80%931765&rft.pages=168-169&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780141966557&rft.au=Richard+M.+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaIF6DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhavan2011" class="citation book cs1">Dhavan, Purnima (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q0ZpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 42, 47, 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19987-717-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19987-717-1"><bdi>978-0-19987-717-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Sparrows+Became+Hawks%3A+The+Making+of+the+Sikh+Warrior+Tradition%2C+1699%E2%80%931799&rft.pages=42%2C+47%2C+184&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19987-717-1&rft.aulast=Dhavan&rft.aufirst=Purnima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq0ZpAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_106-17">r</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura (2006). Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199087808" title="Special:BookSources/9780199087808"><bdi>9780199087808</bdi></a>. <q>The 11th var of Bhai Gurdas is extremely useful for assessing the social constituency of the early Panth. Apart from this, there is no other contemporary source which can be used to determine the actual numbers and proportions of various groups within the constitution of the Panth in the period of the early Gurus. Identifying the castes, a general profile of the Panth's leadership may be reconstructed with the help of the 11th var of Bhai Gurdas. In fact, 11 stanzas of this ballad (Var 11:18–28) exclusively provide lists of the actual names and places of prominent followers of Guru Arjan. The Khatri caste (e.g. Sehgal, Ohri, Uppal, Julka, Bhalla, Passi, Khullar, Vohra, Vij, Kapur, Chaddha, Behl, Kohli, Marwah, Mehra, Soni, Jhanjhi, Sodhi, Beri, Nanda, Wadhawan, Tulli, and Puri sub-castes) was particularly prominent among the trading communities, and this was the caste to which all the Gurus belonged. There were certainly some Brahmins (Tiwari Pandit, Wissa, Gopi, and Tulsia of Bhardwaj sub-caste, and Jagna Brahmin from Agra) among the Sikhs, and some outcastes – for instance, the name of Paira Chandal appears in the list of prominent Sikhs. There was a preponderance of Jats (e.g. Randhawa, Khehra, Dhillon, and Pannu sub-castes) among the cultivators, who were followed by members of the artisan castes, notably Tarkhans ('carpenters') and Lohars ('blacksmiths'). In addition, there were Nais ('barbers'), Chhimbas ('cotton-printers'), Machhis ('water-carriers'), Dhobis ('washermen'), Kumhars ('potters'), Telis ('oil pressers'), masons and goldsmiths. The name of a Muslim, Mian Jamal, figures prominently in the list of close associates (hazuri sikhs) of Guru Arjan. It should, however, be emphasized that Bhai Gurdas deals only with the more notable members of the Panth. These leaders will have had their own families, friends, and followers in large numbers from their particular areas, who collectively made up the general constituency of the Panth. On the one hand, there were rich merchants (like Seths and Sarrafs) in cities and towns and Chaudaris ('headmen') in villages; on the other, there were labourers and slaves, with artisans and craftsmen, petty shopkeepers and peasants in between. Not surprisingly, in terms of the social background and the economic means of its members, the Panth was far from homogenous. Nevertheless, the cultural patterns of different sections of Puniabi society played a significant role in the evolution of the Sikh Panth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Work+of+Guru+Arjan%3A+History%2C+Memory%2C+and+Biography+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780199087808&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod1987" class="citation journal cs1">McLeod, Hew (1987). "Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 22 (s1): 155–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856408708723379">10.1080/00856408708723379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia%3A+Journal+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Sikhs+and+Muslims+in+the+Punjab&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=s1&rft.pages=155-165&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00856408708723379&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=Hew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lafont-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Lafont_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafont2002" class="citation book cs1">Lafont, Jean-Marie (16 May 2002). Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers (French Sources of Indian History Sources). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 23–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-566111-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-566111-7"><bdi>0-19-566111-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maharaja+Ranjit+Singh%3A+Lord+of+the+Five+Rivers+%28French+Sources+of+Indian+History+Sources%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=23-29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002-05-16&rft.isbn=0-19-566111-7&rft.aulast=Lafont&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallantyne2006" class="citation book cs1">Ballantyne, Tony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cArhKfrY_IoC&pg=PR5">Between Colonialism and Diaspora: Sikh Cultural Formations in an Imperial World</a>. United states: Duke University Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822388111" title="Special:BookSources/0822388111"><bdi>0822388111</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Colonialism+and+Diaspora%3A+Sikh+Cultural+Formations+in+an+Imperial+World&rft.place=United+states&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0822388111&rft.aulast=Ballantyne&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcArhKfrY_IoC%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn1996" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Bernard S (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uIalYaenrTkC&pg=PR9">Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 107–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691000433" title="Special:BookSources/0691000433"><bdi>0691000433</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism+and+Its+Forms+of+Knowledge%3A+The+British+in+India&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=107-109&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0691000433&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Bernard+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuIalYaenrTkC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberoi, Harjot (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC">The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 494. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226615929" title="Special:BookSources/9780226615929"><bdi>9780226615929</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780226615929&rft.aulast=Oberoi&rft.aufirst=Harjot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NKC9g2ayJEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesbitt2005" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, Eleanor (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai-rpcY-rrgC&q=sgpc&pg=PT10">Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Very Short Introductions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280601-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280601-7"><bdi>0-19-280601-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 January 2016 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Very+Short+Introductions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-280601-7&rft.aulast=Nesbitt&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAi-rpcY-rrgC%26q%3Dsgpc%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDTV2009-113"><a href="#cite_ref-NDTV2009_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/the-big-fight/an-undivided-india-100356">"An undivided India?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a>. 29 August 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+undivided+India%3F&rft.pub=NDTV&rft.date=2009-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fvideo%2Fnews%2Fthe-big-fight%2Fan-undivided-india-100356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KudaisyaYong2004-114"><a href="#cite_ref-KudaisyaYong2004_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKudaisyaYong2004" class="citation book cs1">Kudaisya, Gyanesh; Yong, Tan Tai (2004). The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-44048-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-44048-1"><bdi>978-1-134-44048-1</bdi></a>. <q>No sooner was it made public than the Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution. Pakistan was portrayed as a possible return to an unhappy past when Sikhs were persecuted and Muslims the persecutor. Public speeches by various Sikh political leaders on the subject of Pakistan invariably raised images of atrocities committed by Muslims on Sikhs and of the martyrdom of their gurus and heroes. Reactions to the Lahore Resolution were uniformly negative and Sikh leaders of all political persuasions made it clear that Pakistan would be "wholeheartedly resisted". The Shiromani Akali Dal, the party with a substantial following amongst the rural Sikhs, organized several well-attended conferences in Lahore to condemn the Muslim League. Master Tara Singh, leader of the Akali Dal, declared that his party would fight Pakistan "tooth and nail". Not be outdone, other Sikh political organizations, rivals to the Akali Dal, namely the Central Khalsa Young Men Union and the moderate and loyalist Chief Khalsa Dewan, declared in equally strong language their unequivocal opposition to the Pakistan scheme.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aftermath+of+Partition+in+South+Asia&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-44048-1&rft.aulast=Kudaisya&rft.aufirst=Gyanesh&rft.au=Yong%2C+Tan+Tai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abid2014-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Abid2014_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbid2014" class="citation web cs1">Abid, Abdul Majeed (29 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre">"The forgotten massacre"</a>. The Nation. <q>On the same dates, Muslim League-led mobs fell with determination and full preparations on the helpless Hindus and Sikhs scattered in the villages of Multan, Rawalpindi, Campbellpur, Jhelum and Sargodha. The murderous mobs were well supplied with arms, such as daggers, swords, spears, and firearms. (A former civil servant mentioned in his autobiography that weapon supplies had been sent from NWFP and money was supplied by Delhi-based politicians.) They had bands of stabbers and their auxiliaries, who covered the assailant, ambushed the victim and if necessary disposed of his body. These bands were subsidized monetarily by the Muslim League, and cash payments were made to individual assassins based on the numbers of Hindus and Sikhs killed. There were also regular patrolling parties in jeeps that went about sniping and picking off any stray Hindu or Sikh. ... Thousands of non-combatants including women and children were killed or injured by mobs, supported by the All India Muslim League.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+forgotten+massacre&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft.aulast=Abid&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Majeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2F29-Dec-2014%2Fthe-forgotten-massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutt_et_al.-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Dutt_et_al._116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuttDevgun1977" class="citation journal cs1">Dutt, Amitava; Devgun, Surinder (23 September 1977). "Diffusion of Sikhism and recent migration patterns of Sikhs in India". GeoJournal. 1 (5): 81–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00704966">10.1007/BF00704966</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9893">1572-9893</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189881872">189881872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoJournal&rft.atitle=Diffusion+of+Sikhism+and+recent+migration+patterns+of+Sikhs+in+India&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=81-89&rft.date=1977-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189881872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1572-9893&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00704966&rft.aulast=Dutt&rft.aufirst=Amitava&rft.au=Devgun%2C+Surinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoad1997392-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoad1997392_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoad1997">Doad 1997</a>, p. 392. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDoad1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998186-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998186_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewal1998">Grewal 1998</a>, p. 186. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrewal1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200093-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200093_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeol2000">Deol 2000</a>, p. 93. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDeol2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200096-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200096_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeol2000">Deol 2000</a>, p. 96. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDeol2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998188-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998188_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewal1998">Grewal 1998</a>, p. 188. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrewal1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-kirpal-122"><a href="#cite_ref-kirpal_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhillon2006" class="citation book cs1">Dhillon, Kirpal S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PU6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT60">Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India, 1978–1993</a>. London, United Kingdom: Penguin Books. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143100362" title="Special:BookSources/9780143100362"><bdi>9780143100362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Survival%3A+Sikh+Militancy+in+India%2C+1978%E2%80%931993&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780143100362&rft.aulast=Dhillon&rft.aufirst=Kirpal+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PU6CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBal1985426-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBal1985426_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBal1985426_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBal1985">Bal 1985</a>, p. 426. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBal1985 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998189-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998189_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998189_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998189_124-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewal1998">Grewal 1998</a>, p. 189. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrewal1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Jayanta484-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jayanta484_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayanta484_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayanta484_125-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2007" class="citation cs2">Ray, Jayanta Kumar (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=khalistan">Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World</a>, Pearson Education India, p. 484, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-0834-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-0834-7"><bdi>978-81-317-0834-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+India%27s+International+Relations%2C+1700+to+2000%3A+South+Asia+and+the+World&rft.pages=484&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-317-0834-7&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Jayanta+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNyk6oA2nOlgC%26q%3Dkhalistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Atamjit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apnaorg.com/book-chapters/language/">"The Language Divide in Punjab"</a>. South Asian Graduate Research Journal. 4 (1, Spring 1997). Apna. Retrieved 4 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Graduate+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Language+Divide+in+Punjab&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1%2C+Spring+1997&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Atamjit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apnaorg.com%2Fbook-chapters%2Flanguage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998205-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998205_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewal1998">Grewal 1998</a>, p. 205. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrewal1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutta2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dutta, Swarup (June 2012). "Green Revolution Revisited: The Contemporary Agrarian Situation in Punjab, India". Social Change. 42 (2): 229–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004908571204200205">10.1177/004908571204200205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0049-0857">0049-0857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55847236">55847236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Change&rft.atitle=Green+Revolution+Revisited%3A+The+Contemporary+Agrarian+Situation+in+Punjab%2C+India&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-247&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55847236%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0049-0857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004908571204200205&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Swarup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larry2007-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Larry2007_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumit_GangulyLarry_DiamondMarc_F._Plattner2007" class="citation book cs1">Sumit Ganguly; Larry Diamond; Marc F. Plattner (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgs1tFTh-JMC&pg=PA56">The State of India's Democracy</a>. JHU Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8791-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8791-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-8791-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+India%27s+Democracy&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8791-8&rft.au=Sumit+Ganguly&rft.au=Larry+Diamond&rft.au=Marc+F.+Plattner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlgs1tFTh-JMC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim199130-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarim199130_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarim1991">Karim 1991</a>, p. 30. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKarim1991 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Akshay1991-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Akshay1991_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkshayakumar_Ramanlal_Desai1991" class="citation book cs1">Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai (1991). Expanding Governmental Lawlessness and Organized Struggles. Popular Prakashan. pp. 64–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-529-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-529-2"><bdi>978-81-7154-529-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expanding+Governmental+Lawlessness+and+Organized+Struggles&rft.pages=64-66&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-529-2&rft.au=Akshayakumar+Ramanlal+Desai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakke2015143-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakke2015143_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakke2015143_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakke2015">Bakke 2015</a>, p. 143. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBakke2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim199132–33-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarim199132–33_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarim199132–33_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarim1991">Karim 1991</a>, pp. 32–33. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKarim1991 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettigrew1987" class="citation journal cs1">Pettigrew, Joyce (1987). "In Search of a New Kingdom of Lahore". 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Amritsar, Punjab: Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0836456547" title="Special:BookSources/978-0836456547"><bdi>978-0836456547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+about+Punjab%3A+SGPC+White+Paper&rft.place=Amritsar%2C+Punjab&rft.pages=198&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Shiromani+Gurdwara+Parbandhak+Committee&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0836456547&rft.aulast=Dhillon&rft.aufirst=Gurdarshan+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTruthAboutPunjab%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998226-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal1998226_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewal1998">Grewal 1998</a>, p. 226. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrewal1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-137"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPace1984" class="citation news cs1">Pace, Eric (1 November 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/01/world/assassination-india-sikhs-center-drama-sikh-separation-dates-back-47.html">"Assassination in India: Sikhs at the centre of the drama; Sikh separation dates back to '47"</a>. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134135707" title="Special:BookSources/9781134135707"><bdi>9781134135707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Religious+Nationalism+in+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781134135707&rft.aulast=Kinnvall&rft.aufirst=Catarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXJzUzWDwZ4kC%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crenshaw-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Crenshaw_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrenshaw1995" class="citation book cs1">Crenshaw, Martha (1995). Terrorism in Context. Pennsylvania State University. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01015-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01015-1"><bdi>978-0-271-01015-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+in+Context&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-271-01015-1&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971–1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-169-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-169-5">1-86064-169-5</a> – Mehtab Ali Shah "Such is the political, psychological and religious attachment of the Sikhs to that city that a Khalistan without Lahore would be like a Germany without Berlin." </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephen_Amritsar-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_Amritsar_156-0">^</a> Amritsar to Lahore: A Journey Across the India-Pakistan Border – Stephen Alter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1743-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1743-8">0-8122-1743-8</a> "Ever since the separatist movement gathered force in the 1980s, Pakistan has sided with the Sikhs, the territorial ambitions of Khalistan have at times included Chandigarh, sections of the Indian Punjab, including whole North India and some parts of western states of India." </li> <li id="cite_note-Pruthi169-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Pruthi169_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruthi2004" class="citation book cs1">Pruthi, Raj (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KxndvJs3wUkC&q=expatriate+venture&pg=PA169">Sikhism and Indian Civilization</a>. Discovery Publishing House. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171418794" title="Special:BookSources/9788171418794"><bdi>9788171418794</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+and+Indian+Civilization&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788171418794&rft.aulast=Pruthi&rft.aufirst=Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKxndvJs3wUkC%26q%3Dexpatriate%2Bventure%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke2009976-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke2009976_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Dyke2009">Van Dyke 2009</a>, p. 976. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaresh_Pandya2007" class="citation news cs1">Haresh Pandya (11 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/11/world/asia/11chauhan.html?_r=1&fta=y&oref=slogin">"Jagjit Singh Chauhan, Sikh Militant Leader in India, Dies at 80"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 28 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jagjit+Singh+Chauhan%2C+Sikh+Militant+Leader+in+India%2C+Dies+at+80&rft.date=2007-04-11&rft.au=Haresh+Pandya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F04%2F11%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F11chauhan.html%3F_r%3D1%26fta%3Dy%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayarKushwant_Singh1985" class="citation book cs1">Nayar, Kuldip; Kushwant Singh (1985). Tragedy of Punjab. Vision Books. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85127-069-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85127-069-8"><bdi>1-85127-069-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tragedy+of+Punjab&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Vision+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=1-85127-069-8&rft.aulast=Nayar&rft.aufirst=Kuldip&rft.au=Kushwant+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1982" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Satinder (1982). Khalistan: An Academic Analysis. Delhi & Punjab: Amar Prakashan. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khalistan%3A+An+Academic+Analysis&rft.place=Delhi+%26+Punjab&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Amar+Prakashan&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Satinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/jagmeet-singh-air-india-bombing-accepts-1.4578030">"Jagmeet Singh Now Rejects Glorification of Air India Bombing mastermind"</a>. CBC News. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018. <q>The 18-month long Air India inquiry, led by former Supreme Court justice John Major, pointed to Parmar as the chief terrorist behind the bombing. A separate inquiry, carried out by former Ontario NDP premier and Liberal MP Bob Rae, also fingered Parmar as the architect of the 1985 bombing that left 329 people dead 268 of them Canadians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jagmeet+Singh+Now+Rejects+Glorification+of+Air+India+Bombing+mastermind&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjagmeet-singh-air-india-bombing-accepts-1.4578030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Sikh Temple Sit-In Is a Challenge for Punjab, The New York Times 2 February 1986 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061203184445/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA200022003?open&of=ENG-IND">"Amnesty International report on Punjab"</a>. Amnesty International. 20 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA200022003?open&of=ENG-IND">the original</a> on 3 December 2006. Retrieved 11 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International+report+on+Punjab&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2003-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.amnesty.org%2Flibrary%2FIndex%2FENGASA200022003%3Fopen%26of%3DENG-IND&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribuneindia2006-165"><a href="#cite_ref-tribuneindia2006_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605221542/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060310/punjab1.htm#2">"The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Punjab"</a>. Tribuneindia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060310/punjab1.htm#2">the original</a> on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tribune%2C+Chandigarh%2C+India+%E2%80%93+Punjab&rft.pub=Tribuneindia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2006%2F20060310%2Fpunjab1.htm%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715132020/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/22588/38/">"SAD (A) to Contest the Coming SGPC Elections on Khalistan Issue: Mann"</a>. PunjabNewsline.com. 14 January 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/22588/38/">the original</a> on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SAD+%28A%29+to+Contest+the+Coming+SGPC+Elections+on+Khalistan+Issue%3A+Mann&rft.pub=PunjabNewsline.com&rft.date=2010-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.punjabnewsline.com%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F22588%2F38%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPunj2005" class="citation news cs1">Punj, Balbair (16 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_061605a.html">"The Ghost of Khalistan"</a>. Sikh Times. Retrieved 11 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sikh+Times&rft.atitle=The+Ghost+of+Khalistan&rft.date=2005-06-16&rft.aulast=Punj&rft.aufirst=Balbair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhtimes.com%2Fnews_061605a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-india-canada-list-168"><a href="#cite_ref-india-canada-list_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-canada-trudeau/india-gives-trudeau-list-of-suspected-sikh-separatists-in-canada-idUSKCN1G61K7">"India gives Trudeau list of suspected Sikh separatists in Canada"</a>. Reuters, The Sikh insurgency petered out in the 1990s. He told state leaders his country would not support anyone trying to reignite the movement for an independent Sikh homeland called Khalistan. 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters%2C+The+Sikh+insurgency+petered+out+in+the+1990s.+He+told+state+leaders+his+country+would+not+support+anyone+trying+to+reignite+the+movement+for+an+independent+Sikh+homeland+called+Khalistan.&rft.atitle=India+gives+Trudeau+list+of+suspected+Sikh+separatists+in+Canada&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-india-canada-trudeau%2Findia-gives-trudeau-list-of-suspected-sikh-separatists-in-canada-idUSKCN1G61K7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HT_New2018-169"><a href="#cite_ref-HT_New2018_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/a-new-brand-of-sikh-militancy-rears-its-head/story-JH3XbAGk6sSxlYrVEDyISK.html">"New brand of Sikh militancy: Suave, tech-savvy pro-Khalistan youth radicalised on social media"</a>. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 27 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=New+brand+of+Sikh+militancy%3A+Suave%2C+tech-savvy+pro-Khalistan+youth+radicalised+on+social+media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fa-new-brand-of-sikh-militancy-rears-its-head%2Fstory-JH3XbAGk6sSxlYrVEDyISK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/file_on_4/7263211.stm">"Sikh separatists 'funded from UK'"</a>. BBC. 4 March 2008. 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Times of India. 23 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=The+source+state%3A+Out+of+approximately+30+million+Sikhs+in+the+world%2C+the+majority+of+them%2C+22+million%2C+live+in+India.&rft.date=2019-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fblogs%2Fmind-the-gap%2Fsikhs-and-hindus-at-the-crossroads%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indianexpress.com-177"><a href="#cite_ref-indianexpress.com_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-are-nanak-naam-lewa-and-why-kartarpur-corridor-cant-be-limited-to-sikhs-6100351/">"Why Sikhism As Registered Religion in Austria Matters"</a>. Indian Express. 10 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Why+Sikhism+As+Registered+Religion+in+Austria+Matters&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fexplained-who-are-nanak-naam-lewa-and-why-kartarpur-corridor-cant-be-limited-to-sikhs-6100351%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/why-sikhism-as-registered-religion-in-austria-matters/articleshow/80021881.cms">"Why Sikhism as registered religion in Austria matters"</a>. The Times of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Why+Sikhism+as+registered+religion+in+Austria+matters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fwhy-sikhism-as-registered-religion-in-austria-matters%2Farticleshow%2F80021881.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/807847/nearly-10-million-sikhs-have-lost-their-religion-because-of-this-organisation">"Nearly 10 million Sikhs have lost their religion because of this organisation"</a>. 12 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nearly+10+million+Sikhs+have+lost+their+religion+because+of+this+organisation&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F807847%2Fnearly-10-million-sikhs-have-lost-their-religion-because-of-this-organisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wap.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/pak-invites-sikh-community-to-invest-in-commercial-projects-along-nankana-kartarpur-corridor-119011300615_1.html">"Pak invites Sikh community to invest in commercial projects along Nankana-Kartarpur Corridor"</a>. Business Standard India. 13 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=Pak+invites+Sikh+community+to+invest+in+commercial+projects+along+Nankana-Kartarpur+Corridor&rft.date=2019-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwap.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fnews-ani%2Fpak-invites-sikh-community-to-invest-in-commercial-projects-along-nankana-kartarpur-corridor-119011300615_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/b-c-breaks-records-when-it-comes-to-religion-and-the-lack-thereof">"B.C. breaks records when it comes to religion and the lack thereof"</a>. vancouversun.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vancouversun&rft.atitle=B.C.+breaks+records+when+it+comes+to+religion+and+the+lack+thereof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Fnews%2Fstaff-blogs%2Fb-c-breaks-records-when-it-comes-to-religion-and-the-lack-thereof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230423/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"Population by religion community – 2011"</a>. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS">the original</a> on 23 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+religion+community+%E2%80%93+2011&rft.pub=The+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW03C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0401_PART_A_DCHB_CHANDIGARH.pdf">"Census of India 2011 – Chandigarh"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821191248/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0401_PART_A_DCHB_CHANDIGARH.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+2011+%E2%80%93+Chandigarh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fdchb%2F0401_PART_A_DCHB_CHANDIGARH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProvincePopulation-184"><a href="#cite_ref-ProvincePopulation_184-0">^</a> Per the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a>, Sikhism is the second-largest religion in British Columbia, Manitoba, and Yukon.<a href="#cite_note-canadareligion2021-14">[13]</a> Per the <a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Indian census">2011 Indian census</a>, Sikhism is the largest religion in Punjab and second in Chandigarh. These are the only two Indian states/UTs where Sikhism is one of the two most common religions.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401023703/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html">"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Censusindia.gov.in" class="mw-redirect" title="Censusindia.gov.in">censusindia.gov.in</a>. 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London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/06/24/nsikh124.xml">the original</a> on 18 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sikh+Regiment+Dumped+over+%27Racism%27+Fears&rft.date=2007-06-24&rft.aulast=Rayment&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2007%2F06%2F24%2Fnsikh124.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy_Trevaskis1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Trevaskis" title="Kennedy Trevaskis">Kennedy Trevaskis</a>, Hugh (1928). 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Retrieved 4 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorial+Gates+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgtrust.org%2Flinks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206051955/http://www.millennium.gov.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=1220&d=11&h=24&f=46&dateformat=%25o-%25B-%25Y">"UK Government Report on the memorial"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.millennium.gov.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=1220&d=11&h=24&f=46&dateformat=%25o-%25B-%25Y">the original</a> on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Government+Report+on+the+memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.millennium.gov.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fitem.cgi%3Fid%3D1220%26d%3D11%26h%3D24%26f%3D46%26dateformat%3D%2525o-%2525B-%2525Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213072258/http://www.hcilondon.net/Issues-in-focus/Sikhs-pioneered-Britain%27s-multi-cultural-society.html">"India's High Commission in London 'Sikhs Pioneered Britain's Multi-Cultural Society"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcilondon.net/Issues-in-focus/Sikhs-pioneered-Britain's-multi-cultural-society.html">the original</a> on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%27s+High+Commission+in+London+%27Sikhs+Pioneered+Britain%27s+Multi-Cultural+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcilondon.net%2FIssues-in-focus%2FSikhs-pioneered-Britain%27s-multi-cultural-society.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: General and cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFair2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fair, C. Christine (2005). "Diaspora Involvement in Insurgencies: Insights from the Khalistan and Tamil Eelam Movements". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 11: 125–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537110590927845">10.1080/13537110590927845</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145552863">145552863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalism+and+Ethnic+Politics&rft.atitle=Diaspora+Involvement+in+Insurgencies%3A+Insights+from+the+Khalistan+and+Tamil+Eelam+Movements&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=125-156&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537110590927845&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145552863%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fair&rft.aufirst=C.+Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dyke2009" class="citation journal cs1">Van Dyke, Virginia (2009). "The Khalistan Movement in Punjab, India, and the Post-Militancy Era: Structural Change and New Political Compulsions". Asian Survey. 49 (6): 975–997. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2009.49.6.975">10.1525/as.2009.49.6.975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Khalistan+Movement+in+Punjab%2C+India%2C+and+the+Post-Militancy+Era%3A+Structural+Change+and+New+Political+Compulsions&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=975-997&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fas.2009.49.6.975&rft.aulast=Van+Dyke&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhs" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>The Sikhs in History: A Millennium Study by Sangat Singh, Noel Quinton King. New York, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-900650-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-900650-2-5">81-900650-2-5</a>.</li> <li>A History of the Sikhs: Volume 1: 1469–1838 by Khushwant Singh. Oxford India Paperbacks (2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-567308-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-567308-5">0-19-567308-5</a>.</li> <li>The Sikhs by Patwant Singh. Image (2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50206-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50206-0">0-385-50206-0</a></li> <li>The Sikhs of the Punjab by J. S. Grewal. Published by Cambridge University Press (1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3">0-521-63764-3</a>.</li> <li>The Sikhs: History, Religion, and Society by W. H. McLeod. Published by Columbia University Press (1989). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-06815-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-06815-8">0-231-06815-8</a></li> <li>The Sikh Diaspora: Tradition and Change in an Immigrant Community (Asian Americans – Reconceptualising Culture, History, Politics) by Michael Angelo. Published by Routledge (1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-2985-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-2985-7">0-8153-2985-7</a>.</li> <li>Glory of Sikhism by R. M. Chopra, Sanbun Publishers, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/499896556">499896556</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VGnRPgAACAAJ">Glory of Sikhism</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</li> <li>The Philosophical and Religious Thought of Sikhism by R. M. Chopra, 2014, Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89140-99-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89140-99-1">978-81-89140-99-1</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC&dq=udasi+sikh&pg=PR10">The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</a> – H Oberoi – 1994 University of Chicago Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-61592-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-61592-8">0-226-61592-8</a>.</li> <li>Architectural Heritage of a Sikh State: Faridkot by Subhash Parihar, Delhi: Aryan Books International, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-386-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-386-3">978-81-7305-386-3</a>.</li> <li>A Study of Religions by R. M. Chopra, Anuradha Prakashan, New Delhi, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82339-94-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-82339-94-6">978-93-82339-94-6</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhs&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sikh" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Sikh">Sikh</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikhs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/">Sikhism</a> at the BBC</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism" title="Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism" title="Template talk:Sikhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikhism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Gurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh holy book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Beliefs and principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Cannabis and Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_practices" title="Sikh practices">Sikh practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_rites" title="Sikh rites">Sikh rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikh_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, <a href="/wiki/Hill_States%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill States–Sikh Wars">Hill States–Sikh Wars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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