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id="toc-Nirankārīs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nāmdhārīs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nāmdhārīs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Nāmdhārīs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nāmdhārīs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_and_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Foundation and growth </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foundation_and_growth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foundation and growth subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amritsar_Singh_Sabha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amritsar_Singh_Sabha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Amritsar Singh Sabha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amritsar_Singh_Sabha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lahore_Singh_Sabha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lahore_Singh_Sabha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Lahore Singh Sabha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lahore_Singh_Sabha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Singh_Sabhas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Singh_Sabhas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Other Singh Sabhas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Singh_Sabhas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khalsa_Diwans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khalsa_Diwans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Khalsa Diwans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khalsa_Diwans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh-Arya_Samaj_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1870s Sikh movement in Punjab</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singh_Sabha_movement_figures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Singh_Sabha_movement_figures.jpg/220px-Singh_Sabha_movement_figures.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Singh_Sabha_movement_figures.jpg/330px-Singh_Sabha_movement_figures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Singh_Sabha_movement_figures.jpg/440px-Singh_Sabha_movement_figures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Prominent figures of the Singh Sabha movement. Their names, starting top-left and going clockwise, are as follows: Bhai Gurmukh Singh (1849–1898), Thakur Singh Sandhawalia (1837–1887), <a href="/wiki/Khem_Singh_Bedi" title="Khem Singh Bedi">Khem Singh Bedi</a> (1832–1905), <a href="/wiki/Bikrama_Singh" title="Bikrama Singh">Kanwar Bikram Singh</a> (1835–1887), <a href="/wiki/Jawahir_Singh_Kapur" title="Jawahir Singh Kapur">Jawaher Singh Kapur</a> (1859–1910), and <a href="/wiki/Giani_Ditt_Singh" title="Giani Ditt Singh">Giani Ditt Singh</a> (1853–1901)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #FFC600; padding:0.2em; font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda"><img alt="Khanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/100px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/150px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/200px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat"> Selected revered saints</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Bhagat Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ravidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ravidas">Bhagat Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Farid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Farid">Bhagat Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ramanand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ramanand">Bhagat Ramanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Beni" title="Bhagat Beni">Bhagat Beni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Bhagat Namdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sadhana" title="Bhagat Sadhana">Bhagat Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Bhikhan" title="Bhagat Bhikhan">Bhagat Bhikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Parmanand" title="Bhagat Parmanand">Bhagat Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sain" title="Bhagat Sain">Bhagat Sain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Dhanna" title="Bhagat Dhanna">Bhagat Dhanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa" title="Bhagat Pipa">Bhagat Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Bhagat Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Bhagat Jaidev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan" title="Bhagat Trilochan">Bhagat Trilochan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kalshar" title="Bhatt Kalshar">Bhatt Kalshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Balh" title="Bhatt Balh">Bhatt Balh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhalh" title="Bhatt Bhalh">Bhatt Bhalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhika" title="Bhatt Bhika">Bhatt Bhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Gayand" title="Bhatt Gayand">Bhatt Gayand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Harbans" title="Bhatt Harbans">Bhatt Harbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Jalap" title="Bhatt Jalap">Bhatt Jalap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kirat" title="Bhatt Kirat">Bhatt Kirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Mathura" title="Bhatt Mathura">Bhatt Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Nalh" title="Bhatt Nalh">Bhatt Nalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Salh" title="Bhatt Salh">Bhatt Salh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sunder" title="Baba Sunder">Baba Sundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satta_Doom" title="Satta Doom">Satta Doom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvand_Rai" title="Balvand Rai">Balvand Rai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_religious_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh religious philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chakkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kalā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Thieves">Five Thieves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Virtues">Five Virtues</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a> (Turban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Banis" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Banis">Five Banis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takhts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib">Keshgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Hazur_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Hazur Sahib">Hazur Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">General topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirgun_and_Sargun_(Sikhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirgun and Sargun (Sikhism)">Nirgun and Sargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathedar_of_Akal_Takht" class="mw-redirect" title="Jathedar of Akal Takht">Jathedar of Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)">Sikhism and other religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism and Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism and Jainism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Singh Sabhā Movement, also known as the Singh Sabhā Lehar,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> movement that began in <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> in the 1870s in reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytising</a> activities of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, Hindu reform movements (<a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a>) and Muslims (<a href="/wiki/Aligarh_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Aligarh movement">Aligarh movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyah">Ahmadiyah</a>). The movement was founded in an era when the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> had been dissolved and annexed by the British, the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> had lost its prestige, and mainstream Sikhs were rapidly converting to other religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004206-2">[2]</a> The movement's aims were to "propagate the true Sikh religion and restore Sikhism to its pristine glory; to write and distribute historical and religious books of Sikhs; and to propagate <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> through magazines and media."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208-3">[3]</a> The movement sought to reform Sikhism and bring back into the Sikh fold the apostates who had converted to other religions; as well as to interest the influential British officials in furthering the Sikh community. At the time of its founding, the Singh Sabha policy was to avoid criticism of other religions and political matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online-4">[4]</a> Singh Sabha was successful in almost doubling the Sikh population by bringing new converts into Sikh fold. Sikhs were traditionally proselytising. Between 1901 and 1941, many Jats, OBC's, and Dalits converted to Sikhism due to outreach and preaching efforts of Singh Sabha movement. <a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khalsa_period">Khalsa period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Khalsa period">edit</a>]</div> Increased Mughal persecution of the Sikhs in the eighteenth century<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-hari-8">[8]</a> forced the Khalsa, which had raised arms against the state, to yield Gurdwara control to mahants, or custodians, who often belonged to <a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a>, or other Brahmanical-influenced ascetic heterodox sects,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201386-9">[9]</a> or were non-Sikh altogether<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-madan3-11">[11]</a> due to their lack of external identification, as opposed to initiated Sikhs. The Khalsa at this time engaged in guerilla campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> and the hill-rajas of the <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a> allied to them;<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> having vacated the Punjab plains, they launched attacks from the refuges of the northern hilly areas adjoining Punjab, and the desert areas to the south.<a href="#cite_note-hari-8">[8]</a> They later fought the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghans</a> and established themselves as local leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78-10">[10]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Mahant" title="Mahant">mahant</a> control of Gurdwaras continued into the nineteenth century, particularly a "pujari" priestly class under the patronage of the Sikh elites and aristocracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78-10">[10]</a> This new Jatt Sikh nobility would begin to imitate <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> kings, the customary embodiment of royal prestige of the region, following them in the process of <a href="/wiki/Sanskritization" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritization">Sanskritization</a>, and taking on their customs and religious beliefs, including astrology, Brahmin patronage, cow veneration, and <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a>, alongside their own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19702-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-neki-14">[14]</a> The religious functionaries allied with such groups would write <a href="/wiki/Exegeses" class="mw-redirect" title="Exegeses">exegeses</a>, while the Khalsa focused on political power at the time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201386-9">[9]</a> as Sikh <a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">jatthās</a> solidified into the Sikh <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">misls</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)">Dal Khalsa</a>. The Dal Khalsa would establish the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>, which, in the midst of reaching new levels of political power in the face of Mughal and Afghan attacks, came at the expense of reestablishing direct control over Sikh institutions and the eroding of Sikh mores, a development that Khalsa would have to contend with when the Sikh Empire was lost to the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi199312-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-neki-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_annexation">British annexation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British annexation">edit</a>]</div> The British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> annexed the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> in 1849 after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a>, ending the central Sikh government founded by Ranjit Singh in 1799 and replacing the existing ruling class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973457-16">[16]</a> Thereafter, Christian missionaries increased proselytising activities in central <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>. In 1853, <a href="/wiki/Maharajah_Dalip_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajah Dalip Singh">Maharajah Dalip Singh</a>, the last Sikh ruler, was <a href="/wiki/Dalip_Singh_Sukerchakia#Conversion_to_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalip Singh Sukerchakia">controversially converted to Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004206-2">[2]</a> The British colonial rulers, after annexing the Sikh empire in mid-19th-century, continued to patronize and gift land grants to these mahants, thereby increasing their strength and helped sustain the idolatry in Sikh shrines.<a href="#cite_note-ks542-17">[17]</a> The annexation of the Punjab to the British Empire in the mid-19th century saw severe deterioration of Gurdwara management.<a href="#cite_note-pashaura542-18">[18]</a> Recognizing the centrality of religion among the Sikhs, the British particularly took care to control central Sikh institutions, notably those at Amritsar and <a href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_Sahib" title="Tarn Taran Sahib">Tarn Taran</a>, where British officers headed management committees, appointed key officials, and provided grants and facilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004206-2">[2]</a> They sought to cosset and control the Sikhs through the management of the Golden Temple and its functionaries, even ignoring its own dictates of statutory law which required the separation of secular and religious matters, neutrality in the treatment of religious communities. and the withdrawal from involvement in religious institutions. The need to control the Golden Temple was held to be more paramount, and along with control of Sikh institutions, measures included the legal ban of carrying weapons, meant to disarm the Khalsa who had fought against them in the two Anglo Sikh Wars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428-19">[19]</a> In this way the Khalsa army was disbanded and the Punjab demilitarized, and Sikh armies were required to publicly surrender their arms and return to agriculture or other pursuits. Certain groups, however, like those who held revenue-free lands (jagirdars) were allowed to decline, particularly if they were seen as “rebels,”<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201378-20">[20]</a> The British were wary of giving the Sikhs unmitigated control of their own gurdwaras, and drew from Sikh factions seen as loyal to the British, like the Sikh aristocracy and Sikhs with noted family lineages, who were given patronage and pensions, and Udasis, who had gained control of historical gurdwaras in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, were allowed to retain proprietary control over lands and gurdwara buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201378-20">[20]</a> The British administration went to considerable lengths to insert such loyalists into the Golden Temple in order to exert as much control over the Sikh body-politic as possible. One reason for this was the growth of Sikh revivalist groups, like the Nirankaris and the Namdharis, shortly after annexation; this revivalism was spurred by a growing disaffection within the ranks of ordinary Sikhs about the perceived decline of proper Sikh practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201378-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Community_concerns">Community concerns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Community concerns">edit</a>]</div> Parallel to the end of Sikh sovereignty in Punjab and the gradual appropriation of Sikhism by the Brahminical social order, within two decades British colonial rule effected several changes in Punjabi society and culture: the decline of Sikh aristocracy, the gradual emergence of an urban middle class, the dissipation of the "national intellectual life" of the Punjab owing to the neglect and decay of indigenous education,<a href="#cite_note-vir-21">[21]</a> and a new bureaucratic system with Western-style executive and judicial branches, necessitating emphasis on western education and attainment of skills required for new occupations such as law, administration and education. Western science and Christian ethics also spurred the need for self-examination and evolution,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004206-2">[2]</a> and modernization aroused among the Sikhs concern for survival and self-definition.<a href="#cite_note-vir-21">[21]</a> Further challenges included the proselytization of the agnostic <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaji</a> and neo-Hindu<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaji</a> reform movements of Hinduism, the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyah">Ahmadiyah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qadian" title="Qadian">Qadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam" title="Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam">Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam</a> movements in Lahore,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004206-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online-4">[4]</a> and British-backed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004206-2">[2]</a> Christian movements of proselytization. Sikh institutions deteriorated further under the administration of the mahants, supported by the British,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201429-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-agnihotri-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-madan3-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19705-25">[25]</a> who in addition to being considered as ignoring the needs of the Sikh community of the time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78-10">[10]</a> allowed the gurdwaras to turn into spaces for societal undesirables like petty thieves, drunks, pimps, and peddlers of unsavory and licentious music and literature, with which they themselves took part in such activities.<a href="#cite_note-pashaura542-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78-10">[10]</a> In addition, they also allowed non-Sikh, Brahmanical practices<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-madan3-11">[11]</a> to take root in the gurdwaras, including <a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">idol worship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-madan3-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">caste</a> discrimination, and allowing non-Sikh <a href="/wiki/Pandits" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandits">pandits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrologers" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologers">astrologers</a> to frequent them, and began to simply ignore the needs of the general Sikh community,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78-10">[10]</a> as they used gurdwara offerings and other donations as their personal revenue,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-agnihotri-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-madan3-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi197019-26">[26]</a> and their positions became increasingly corrupt<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-agnihotri-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201431-27">[27]</a> and hereditary.<a href="#cite_note-pashaura542-18">[18]</a> Hindu priesthood, which had begun to make way into Sikh places of worship under the mahants during the Empire, had come to guide Sikh rites and ceremonies after annexation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19705-25">[25]</a> Some local congregations marshalled popular pressure against them and to relinquish control, but the large revenue derived from gurdwara estates empowered them to resist such pressure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antecedents">Antecedents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Antecedents">edit</a>]</div> In response to these developments arose several Sikh movements: Nirankari (analogized as "puritanism"), Namdhari ("militant Protestantism"), the Singh Sabha ("revivalism and renaissance") and the Panch Khalsa Diwan ("aggressive fundamentalism").<a href="#cite_note-vir-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nirankārīs">Nirankārīs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nirankārīs">edit</a>]</div> Growing sentiments against these creeping practices would give rise to the first reformist movement, the <a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a> movement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19705-25">[25]</a> started by <a href="/wiki/Baba_Dyal_Singh" title="Baba Dyal Singh">Baba Dyal Das</a> (1783–1855).<a href="#cite_note-Dalal2010p268-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p353-29">[29]</a> The Nirankaris condemned the growing idol worship, obeisance to living gurus, and influence of Brahminical ritual that had crept into the Sikh <a href="/wiki/Panth" title="Panth">Panth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201378-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLeod1984p122-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-nirankari-31">[31]</a> Though not an initiated Khalsa, he urged Sikhs to return to their focus to a formless divine (<a href="/wiki/Nirankar" title="Nirankar">niraṅkār</a>) and described himself as a niraṅkārī,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201378-20">[20]</a> favoring the revival of the traditional simplicity, austerity, and purity of Sikh rites and ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19705-25">[25]</a> He was particularly opposed to all idol worship, including the practice of keeping idols and pictures of the ten Sikh Gurus and praying before them,<a href="#cite_note-Dalal2010p268-28">[28]</a> which had begun during the time of the Sikh Empire.<a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p353-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> was said to have appreciated his teachings,<a href="#cite_note-Dalal2010p268-28">[28]</a> but the death rites of Ranjit Singh, including the sati of his queens and maidservants, would provide further impetus to Dyal Das to return to Sikh fundamentals.<a href="#cite_note-nirankari-31">[31]</a> Gurdwara Peshawarian in <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, Dyal Das' headquarters, which had been granted a <a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagīr</a> by Ranjit Singh, would come to be occupied by the British as they looked upon his movement with suspicion. The movement would survive by relocating out of town to continue propagating its teachings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19706-32">[32]</a> and would remain potent and active campaigners in the late 19th century and early 20th century for the removal of all idols and images from the Golden Temple and other Gurdwaras.<a href="#cite_note-Dalal2010p268-28">[28]</a><<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi199313–14-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nāmdhārīs">Nāmdhārīs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nāmdhārīs">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a> sect was founded as one of the Sikh revivalist movements during the late rule of Ranjit Singh by <a href="/wiki/Balak_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Balak Singh">Balak Singh</a>, then carried forth by <a href="/wiki/Ram_Singh_Kuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Singh Kuka">Ram Singh</a> after he left <a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a>'s regiment of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_war" title="First Anglo-Sikh war">First Anglo-Sikh war</a> in 1845.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19706-32">[32]</a> They did not believe in any religious ritual other than the repetition of God's name, including the worship of idols, graves, tombs, gods, or goddesses.<a href="#cite_note-agnihotra-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19706-32">[32]</a> The Namdharis had more of a social impact due to the fact that they emphasized Khalsa identity and the authority of the Guru Granth Sahib,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201382–83-35">[35]</a> particularly from the middle of nineteenth century onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19706-32">[32]</a> In addition to the religious aspect of his teachings opposing idolatry and Brahminical ritual at Sikh sites, the sect also introduced a political aspect, rejecting anything British, including the boycott of British courts, postal system, foreign cloth, and cooperation, drawing the attention of colonial authorities. It grew significantly in the 17 <a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">subahs</a> of the colonial state, particularly in the Amritsar, Sialkot, Jalandhar, Ferozepur, Ludhiana, Ambala, Karnal, Malerkotla, Nabha and Patiala subahs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19706-32">[32]</a> In 1862, upon his assuming leadership, Ram Singh had prophesied the rebirth of Guru Gobind Singh and the establishment of a new Sikh dynasty to displace the British, introducing a political element alongside what had been an exclusive focus on social reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196841-36">[36]</a> The sect's anti-British stand brought them into conflict with the British army and police. They would destroy idols, tombs, and graves, drawing local ire and resulting in their gatherings being banned in 1863,<a href="#cite_note-world-37">[37]</a> and the arrest and execution of 65 Namdharis in July 1872 along with the exile of its leader to Burma,<a href="#cite_note-agnihotra-34">[34]</a> and the execution of 61 more in 1878 by cannon for going on weapons raids and attacking cow butchers in <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla" title="Malerkotla">Malerkotla</a>, an idiosyncrasy of the sect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19707-38">[38]</a> The impact of the two revivalist movements, created a feeling among Sikh masses for reform and a return to Sikh fundamentals, would set the stage for the Singh Sabha movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19707-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi199313–14-33">[33]</a> Unlike these movements, however, the changes sought by the Singh Sabha would not be simply religious in nature or lead to new sectarianisms, but had mass appeal influencing the entire community,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004205-39">[39]</a> striving with considerable success to restore the old purity of religious thought and practice.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi199313–14-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundation_and_growth">Foundation and growth</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foundation and growth">edit</a>]</div> The first Singh Sabha was founded in 1873 in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> as a response to what were identified as three main threats:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201382–83-35">[35]</a> <ul><li>Christian missionary activity, and the conversion of four Sikh youth in the Amritsar Mission School that year,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004207-41">[41]</a></li> <li>the “reverse-proselytizing” of the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> with their Shuddhi ("purification") campaigns, which were part of the rising tide of Hindu nationalist consciousness fomenting in the country, and</li> <li>the possibility of losing British patronage of Sikhs in general due to the rebellious actions of groups like the Namdharis.</li></ul> The objectives of the Singh Sabha were as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19708-42">[42]</a> <ul><li>Restoration of Sikh rites and elimination of other religious practices,</li> <li>propagation of Sikhism as directed by the Sikh gurus,</li> <li>publishing and distributing Sikh literature to these ends (with the first printing press in the Punjab, with Punjabi in Gurmukhi in Lahore in 1876<a href="#cite_note-complete-43">[43]</a>),</li> <li>promotion of the Punjabi language, counteracting a strong trend towards <a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj</a> classicism in literary and scholarly tradition.<a href="#cite_note-vir-21">[21]</a> Earlier advanced by the Sikh intelligentsia of <a href="/wiki/G.W._Leitner" class="mw-redirect" title="G.W. Leitner">G.W. Leitner</a>'s Anjuman-i-Panjab<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> society in the 1860s, which worked to legitimize <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> as successors to Persian in educational (successful by 1877)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208-3">[3]</a> and administrative capacities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004207-41">[41]</a> and later by the Sikh Educational Conference;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1964144-45">[45]</a></li> <li>opening Sikh colleges and schools to educate in Sikh traditions and way of life,</li> <li>avoidance of all politics from the movement,</li> <li>confining Singh Sabha membership to Sikhs alone, not enrolling <a href="/wiki/Patit" title="Patit">patits</a> until expiation and reconverting,</li> <li>nothing disparaging to other faiths would be preached,</li> <li>authorizing the management to permit enrollment of those among the ruling classes who sympathized with the movement's objectives.</li></ul> Along with the British had come English-educated Bengalis and Kayasthas that served as the lower rung of the British administration in Punjab. The Bengali middle-elite began to introduce values and ideologies from British-ruled Bengal, and introducing the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973457-16">[16]</a> a Hindu reform movement composed of English-speaking <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a> had set up branches in several Punjabi cities in the 1860s. The newly English-educated in Punjab, overwhelmingly Hindu, initially accepted Bengali modernity, before tensions between this English-educated class in Punjab and the Brahmo Samaj in the 1870s and 1880s led to the region's Hindus turning to the more aggressive, less syncretic <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> movement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973458-46">[46]</a> founded by Swami <a href="/wiki/Dayanand_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayanand Saraswati">Dayanand Saraswati</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200068-47">[47]</a> who arrived in Punjab in 1877,<a href="#cite_note-madan3-11">[11]</a> at the invitation of Anglicized Hindu Punjabis, Bengalis, and Sardar Vikram Singh Ahluwalia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973458-46">[46]</a> Promoting the use of <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, the "ārya bhāṣā,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196853-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-kumar-49">[49]</a> as the medium of education<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200069-50">[50]</a> and as a mother tongue,<a href="#cite_note-kumar-49">[49]</a> and influenced by colonial rationality and science,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973458-46">[46]</a> the movement attracted newly educated sections of the colonial Hindu populace in particular,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200070-51">[51]</a> finding it more relevant to the religiously competitive northwest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973458-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amritsar_Singh_Sabha">Amritsar Singh Sabha</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Amritsar Singh Sabha">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_Singh_Sabha" title="Amritsar Singh Sabha">Amritsar Singh Sabha</a></div> This first Singh Sabha, the Sri Guru Singh Sabha Amritsar, led by <a href="/wiki/Khem_Singh_Bedi" title="Khem Singh Bedi">Khem Singh Bedi</a>, convened a founding meeting in Guru Bagh, Amritsar, on 30 July 1873, with its first formal meeting, or jor-mel,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh198996-52">[52]</a> taking place in front of the Akal Takht on 1 October 1873. Sardar Thakur Singh Sandhawalia was appointed its chairman, <a href="/wiki/Giani_Gian_Singh" title="Giani Gian Singh">Giani Gian Singh</a> as secretary, Sardar Amar Singh as assistant secretary, and Bhai Dharam Singh of Bunga Majithia as treasurer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208-3">[3]</a> The initial membership numbered 95, with most of its members being elites, making it one of the richest Singh Sabhas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh198996-52">[52]</a> Though largely concerned with defending Sikhism against Hindu and Christian criticism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196844-53">[53]</a> it saw Sikhism as part of a "broadly defined" Hinduism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004209-54">[54]</a> and was set up and backed by a faction of Khatri Sikhs, Gianis, and granthis, many of whom where direct descendants of the early Sikh Gurus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> They had rejected the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> initiation practices like the <a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Khande di Pahul</a> ceremony on the grounds that it threatened their <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">caste</a> and polluted their ritual boundaries which they considered as primary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85-7">[7]</a> They had gained social prominence in the pre-British 18th- and colonial-era 19th-century Punjab by taking over Gurdwaras and Sikh institutions, while Khalsa warriors confronted the Mughal state and <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a> forces for the survival of the Sikh community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal199725-56">[56]</a> While the Amritsar faction resented the democratic tendency within the Khalsa groups, they continued to co-exist within the broader Sikh panth, even as they remained aloof from the mainstream Khalsa practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85-7">[7]</a> They considered <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> to be an avatar, or incarnation, of the Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, and saw Sikhism as a tradition aligned with Vaishnavism; and these included the Nirmala, Udasi, and Giani schools of Brahminical thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85-7">[7]</a> As such, they aligned Sikh tradition with the Brahminical social structure and caste ideology; their predominant concern was to protect the social framework in which they held status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85-7">[7]</a> For these groups the principle of authority of Sikh tradition was invested in living gurus (as Khem Singh Bedi, leader of the Amritsar faction, liked to be regarded)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85-7">[7]</a> rather than the principle of shabad-guru, or the Guru Granth Sahib as the Guru, which was upheld by the dominant Khalsa tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85-7">[7]</a> In addition to himself, Khem Singh claimed special reverence for all members of clans to which the Gurus had belonged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lahore_Singh_Sabha">Lahore Singh Sabha</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lahore Singh Sabha">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tat_Khalsa" title="Tat Khalsa">Tat Khalsa</a></div> Professor Gurmukh Singh, a teacher of Punjabi and mathematics at the Punjab University College and graduate of Oriental College, where Harsha Singh, a Darbar Sahib granthi from Tarn Taran, had been the first teacher of Punjabi, would interest prominent Sikh citizens of Lahore, such as Diwan Buta Singh and Sardar Mehar Singh Chawla, along with Harsha Singh, in Singh Sabha goals. Gurmukh Singh believed Sikhism to be a sovereign religion having equality of all believers without distinction of caste or status as its basic social creed. The Sri Guru Singh Sabha Lahore was founded on 2 November 1879, holding weekly meetings with Diwan Buta Singh as president, Gurmukh Singh as secretary and Harsha Singh, Ram Singh and Karam Singh as members formed its working committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208-3">[3]</a> Shortly thereafter, <a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a> Sikhs began influencing the movement, followed by a sustained campaign by the <a href="/wiki/Tat_Khalsa" title="Tat Khalsa">Tat Khalsa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201385–86-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-fenech273-58">[58]</a> The Amritsar faction was opposed by these predominant groups of the Sikhs, particularly those who held Khalsa beliefs, who through access to education and employment, had reached a position to challenge them, forming the <a href="/wiki/Tat_Khalsa" title="Tat Khalsa">Tat Khalsa</a> faction, or "true Khalsa," in 1879, headed by Gurmukh Singh, Harsha Singh Arora, Diwan Buta Singh, Mehar Singh Chawla, Ram Singh and Karam Singh,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208-3">[3]</a> later joined by Jawahir Singh and <a href="/wiki/Giani_Ditt_Singh" title="Giani Ditt Singh">Giani Ditt Singh</a>, and the Lahore Singh Sabha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201384-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994-60">[60]</a> The Tat Khalsa's monotheism, iconoclastic sentiments, egalitarian social values and notion of a standardized Sikh identity did not blend well with the polytheism, idol worship, caste distinctions, and diversity of rites espoused by the Amritsar faction.<a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994-60">[60]</a> The Tat Khalsa met with immediately successful organizational and ideological challenging of the Amritsar faction as early as the early 1880s,<a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994-60">[60]</a> emerging successful, representing the Tat Khalsa faction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201384-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428–29,_73–76,_329–330,_351–353-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994-60">[60]</a> Ditt Singh, as a Mazhabi Sikh, was critical of Khem Singh Bedi's views on pollution, ritual, and lack of distinct identity.<a href="#cite_note-kts-62">[62]</a> Between the 1870s and 1890s, the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Tat_Khalsa" title="Tat Khalsa">Tat Khalsa</a> reformers had focused on reinforcing the distinct Sikh identity separate from Muslim and Hindu practices, the primacy of the Khalsa initiation and codes of conduct, and setting up schools and colleges in town and villages,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201385-63">[63]</a> initiatives that continued through the following CKD period. Through print media newspapers and publications, like the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Akhbar_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalsa Akhbar Lahore">Khalsa Akhbar</a> (in Gurmukhi Punjabi, the first Punjabi newspaper<a href="#cite_note-complete-43">[43]</a>) and The Khalsa (in English), the Singh Sabha solidified a general consensus of the nature of Sikh identity, and that the source of authentic Sikhi was the early Sikh tradition, specifically the period of the Sikh Gurus and immediately after. The <a href="/wiki/Adi_Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Granth">Adi Granth</a> was held to be the authoritative Sikh literature, along with compositions by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>, the works of <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Gurdas" title="Bhai Gurdas">Bhai Gurdas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Janamsakhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Janamsakhi">janamsakhis</a>, and Gurbilas literature and the Rahitnamas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201385-63">[63]</a> later codified by the <a href="/wiki/SGPC" class="mw-redirect" title="SGPC">SGPC</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a>. Non-Sikh practices accumulated during the period of institutional neglect by the British and mahant control, including idol worship, the primacy of non-Sikh <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">caste</a> discrimination, superstitious cults of folk heroes and Hindu deities, and Vedic rites officiated by Brahmins during the mahant period, were banished, and Sikh rites and symbols including the <a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Khalsa initiation</a>, the names “Singh and “Kaur,” the <a href="/wiki/5_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="5 Ks">5 Ks</a>, Sikh birth, death, and marriage rites, and the compulsory learning of <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> in Khalsa schools, an institution found in modern Gurdwaras worldwide, were formalized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201385-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Singh_Sabhas">Other Singh Sabhas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other Singh Sabhas">edit</a>]</div> After the Lahore Singh Sabha, many other Singh Sabhas modeled after it were formed in every town and many villages throughout Punjab, exceeding over 100 in number by the end of the 19th century with many affiliated to the Lahore Sabha, or remaining unaligned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1989101-64">[64]</a> Each chapter, while similar in composition, differed greatly in stability and constitution, with memberships ranging from five to hundreds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh198997-65">[65]</a> As the movement gained momentum, Singh Sabhas not only throughout Punjab, but in several other parts of India and abroad, from London, England to Shanghai, China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208-3">[3]</a> The Karachi Singh Sabha had a fifteen-member executive committee, with six positions reserved for sahajdhari Sikhs. The Ferozpur and Tarn Taran Sabhas had female members playing an active role alongside the men, with the Tarn Taran Sabha having a special female branch, the Istri Sat Sang Sabha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh198997-65">[65]</a> Bhai Takht Singh of the Singh Sabha Ferozepur also advocated for women's education.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The Gurmat Granth Pracharak Sabha in Amritsar, established on 8 April 1885, researched and published books on ideological and historical topics. The Shuddhi Sabha, for conversions and reconversions into Sikhism, was founded in April 1893 by Dr. Jai Singh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004209-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi199318-67">[67]</a> The Sri Guru Hitkarni Singh Sabha, which would break with the Lahore Sabha in 1886 over its advocacy of the restoration of Duleep Singh to the throne, hence entailing involvement in politics, would reconcile with the Singh Sabha in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The Sri Guru Upkar Pracharni Sabha, in addition to propagating Sikhism, would counterattack on Sikhism from the Arya Samaj's Arya Kumar Sabha.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The Singh Sabha Tarn Taran and the Khalsa Diwan Majha pushed for reform in Sikh shrines in Tarn Taran and Amritsar.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Among the local Singh Sabhas, the Singh Sabha Bhasaur, later the Panch Khalsa Diwan Bhasaur, established in 1893<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> under Teja Singh was the most active.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004209-54">[54]</a> Particularly strict, egalitarian, and unwavering on Khalsa ethos, identity, and practice, it drew heavily from the middle and lower strata of society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh198997-65">[65]</a> Its fundamentalism would draw it away from the Singh Sabha mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_a_gathering_of_some_of_the_stalwarts_of_the_Singh_Sabha_movement_at_the_durbar_of_Bhupinder_Singh_of_Patiala_State,_ca.1900%E2%80%931938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Photograph_of_a_gathering_of_some_of_the_stalwarts_of_the_Singh_Sabha_movement_at_the_durbar_of_Bhupinder_Singh_of_Patiala_State%2C_ca.1900%E2%80%931938.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_a_gathering_of_some_of_the_stalwarts_of_the_Singh_Sabha_movement_at_the_durbar_of_Bhupinder_Singh_of_Patiala_State%2C_ca.1900%E2%80%931938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Photograph_of_a_gathering_of_some_of_the_stalwarts_of_the_Singh_Sabha_movement_at_the_durbar_of_Bhupinder_Singh_of_Patiala_State%2C_ca.1900%E2%80%931938.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_a_gathering_of_some_of_the_stalwarts_of_the_Singh_Sabha_movement_at_the_durbar_of_Bhupinder_Singh_of_Patiala_State%2C_ca.1900%E2%80%931938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Photograph_of_a_gathering_of_some_of_the_stalwarts_of_the_Singh_Sabha_movement_at_the_durbar_of_Bhupinder_Singh_of_Patiala_State%2C_ca.1900%E2%80%931938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of a gathering of some of the stalwarts of the Singh Sabha movement at the durbar of Bhupinder Singh of Patiala State, ca.1900–1938</figcaption></figure> Sikh princes allied themselves with various political and social factions within the Singh Sabha. The first to be involved prominently was Raja <a href="/wiki/Bikrama_Singh" title="Bikrama Singh">Bikrama Singh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, with the Amritsar Singh Sabha and various Sikh educational projects. Meanwhile, Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Hira_Singh_Nabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hira Singh Nabha">Hira Singh Nabha</a> and Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Rajinder_Singh_of_Patiala" title="Rajinder Singh of Patiala">Rajinder Singh of Patiala</a> sustained Sikh newspapers of the Lahore Singh Sabha, with the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Tract_Society" title="Khalsa Tract Society">Khalsa Tract Society</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Vir_Singh_(writer)" title="Vir Singh (writer)">Vir Singh</a> in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-states-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kahn_Singh_Nabha" title="Kahn Singh Nabha">Kahn Singh Nabha</a> would also serve the movement in various capacities under Hira Singh's patronage, as would Pandit Varyam Singh, whose services would also be sought and sponsored by other aristocratic families including the Sodhis of Kartarpur.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> All the Sikh princes donated heavily to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_College,_Amritsar" title="Khalsa College, Amritsar">Khalsa College, Amritsar</a>, receiving seats on the college board.<a href="#cite_note-states-73">[73]</a> Its 1892 establishment had been spurred by the 1886 founding of the D.A.V. College Lahore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1964141-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khalsa_Diwans">Khalsa Diwans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Khalsa Diwans">edit</a>]</div> The rivalry of the Lahore and the Amritsar factions was often intense, as the Amritsar faction was dominated by elites and aristocrats who wanted more total say, and the Lahore faction who drew from all castes, including traditionally non-elite castes, and was more democratic in nature. Despite this, under the common goal of reform,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh198998-76">[76]</a> Sikh public leaders formed a central committee and a Singh Sabha General<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208-3">[3]</a> in 1880. On April 11, 1883, this General Sabha evolved into Khalsa Diwan Amritsar, with about 37 affiliated local Singh Sabha chapters. Other Singh Sabhas, however, opposed it and there were also internal dissensions, as Khem Singh and Raja Bikram Singh opposed measures to democratize, wanting more absolute power and not wanting Lahore leaders to be more than ordinary members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh198999-77">[77]</a> The Singh Sabha chapters could not agree on its constitution or its leadership structure, ultimately leading to a split into two Khalsa Diwans, which would differ greatly in nature and composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh198997-65">[65]</a> The Khalsa Diwan Amritsar, remaining with about 7 chapters, re-organized itself as a bicameral body consisting of the Mahan Khand (the aristocracy) and Saman Khand (the priestly class and body of believers), while the breakaway Khalsa Diwan Lahore, with about 30 chapters, set up on 10-11 April 1886, with Sardar Attar Singh Bhadaur as President and Professor Gurmukh Singh as secretary, retained a much more equal footing between members, in line with its principles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208-3">[3]</a> The Amritsar faction was largely defunct thereafter, with eventually three chapters remaining at Amritsar, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot,_India" title="Faridkot, India">Faridkot</a>, and Rawalpindi, as it failed to gain popular support; decisions from the Saman Khand commoner house were subject to the supervision and approval of the Mahan Khand elite house, and the majority of the Singh Sabha would shift allegiance to the egalitarian, decentralized Lahore Sabha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1989100-78">[78]</a> In its first of several defeats, the Amritsar faction proposed renaming the Singh Sabha to the Sikh Singh Sabha in 1883, as he perceived that the Singh Sabha had already become synonymous with the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> Sikhs, and wanted to attract unbaptized and other minor Sikh sects to the organization. The opposition to this initiative was so overwhelming that Khem Singh Bedi was forced to drop it in the next meeting of the Diwan in April 1884.<a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh198998-76">[76]</a> Despite this, both Diwans, even despite disagreements and even litigation, worked for common goals with the same programs, even as the Khalsa Diwan Lahore overtook its rival in popularity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004209-54">[54]</a> Though the two terms would begin to become synonymous, Singh Sabhas tended to form in small towns, while Khalsa Diwans formed in larger towns and cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1989101-64">[64]</a> Khalsa Diwan meetings were held biannually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh198999-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sikh-Arya_Samaj_relations">Sikh-Arya Samaj relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sikh-Arya Samaj relations">edit</a>]</div> The Arya Samaj espoused a "purified," rationalistic, codified Hinduism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200068-47">[47]</a> based on the sole infallibility of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973458-46">[46]</a> and dismissing most post-Vedic literature and tradition,<a href="#cite_note-gold-79">[79]</a> and a "Vedic Golden Age" upon which to model Hindu society, conceived by selectively and arbitrarily<a href="#cite_note-chhabra-80">[80]</a> reinterpreting cultural traditions while retaining some post-Vedic thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200069-50">[50]</a> It rejected contemporary Hindu practices like polytheism, idol and <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> worship, temple offerings, pilgrimages, the widow remarriage prohibition, child marriage, and <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a> as degenerate accretions, as well as the priestcraft of Brahmins, considered to have misled the masses through introducing such deviations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973458-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973458-46">[46]</a> These repudiations were in accord with Sikh tradition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200068-47">[47]</a> which the Arya Samaj first saw as a reforming movement akin to their own,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973459-81">[81]</a> and many young Sikh reformists had initially coordinated with them to counteract the growing influence of the Christian missionaries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200070-51">[51]</a> including Jawahir Singh Kapur, <a href="/wiki/Giani_Ditt_Singh" title="Giani Ditt Singh">Giani Ditt Singh</a>, Maya Singh, and Bhagat Lakshman Singh,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973459-81">[81]</a> with the understanding that the purging of error among the Hindus would bring them closer to the purer Sikhism of yesteryear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973460-82">[82]</a> Dayanand initially seldom criticized Sikhs, focusing mainly on Christian missionaries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196843-83">[83]</a> "orthodox" Hindus in particular, and increasingly Muslims;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973458-46">[46]</a> any strong or violent opposition to him came solely from those orthodox Hindu forces,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196843-83">[83]</a> "most condemned" by him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973458-46">[46]</a> who would vilify him and write counterattacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973458-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shuddhi">Shuddhi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shuddhi">edit</a>]</div> Primarily focused on proselytization, and noting Christian missionary success in proselytizing to lower castes, the militant Samajis developed their own conversion ritual, a novelty in Hindu tradition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200069-50">[50]</a> called shuddhi, to convert Muslims or Christians and to "purify" the untouchable castes into Hinduism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200069-50">[50]</a> who traditionally had been denied access to Hindu texts by the priestly class. Orthodox Brahminism did not permit admission of outcastes or readmission of lapsed adherents, and not until the rise of the Arya Samaj that such reconversion was encouraged,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> which elicited continued "Sanatanist" opposition. Shuddhi was reinterpreted under the influence of Christian conversion from a caste purification ritual to a conversion ritual,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> to convert non-Hindus and outcastes into <a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">dvija</a> or pure-caste Hindus, between 1889 and 1891.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196847-86">[86]</a> This was followed slowly and reluctantly by other Samajis, and was disapproved by traditionalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973463-87">[87]</a> Though at first there was no standard procedure for the new practice, and more conservative Samaji leaders were reluctant to sponsor them,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196848-88">[88]</a> shuddhi for caste readmission was originally the full orthodox <a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">prāyaścitta</a>, involving bathing in the Ganges, feeding Brahmins, and the consumption of the <a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">panchagavya</a>, or cow products: milk, butter, curd, urine and dung; it would be simplified by 1893 to <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">hom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">janeu</a>, and the recitation of the <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-adcock-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196848-88">[88]</a> showing a new confidence in the practice by then.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196848-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovations">Innovations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Innovations">edit</a>]</div> In addition to Dayanand's new Western-influenced ideas about a "highly specific scriptural canon," along with a long list of traditional Hindu writings to be condemned and repudiated,<a href="#cite_note-gold-79">[79]</a> another religious innovation of the Arya Samaj was the nationalistic idea of a nationwide Hinduism, as opposed to a myriad of different dharmas previously always qualified by subregion or type,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200070-51">[51]</a> which was besieged by, and opposed to, both foreign interference and "unreformed Brahmanical hierarchies."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200070-51">[51]</a> This established the organization as an important factor in the development of Hindu religious nationalism. In addition to boosting the collective morale of the Hindus in Punjab, by enabling a shift in self-identification from a regional minority with no political heritage to part of a national majority,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi19938-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196852-91">[91]</a> Samaji identity would also provide an answer to criticisms of superstition and casteism from other communities, though at the expense of their Punjabi linguistic identity and traditional modes of Punjabi saint-worship, in favor of a wider Hindu ethnoreligious identity and the traditional Hindu pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-kohli-92">[92]</a> The confrontational, chauvinistic character of the Arya Samaj would lead to the decline of the more Western-oriented, syncretic Brahmo Samaj in Punjab after 1877.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196852-91">[91]</a> The Arya Samaj would nevertheless build on Brahmo Samaj techniques, as well as those of Christian missionaries and both modern and traditional native ones, thus reinterpreting Hinduism into a pracharak-dharma, or conversion religion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196853-48">[48]</a> able to compete for converts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973463-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_end">Decline and end</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Decline and end">edit</a>]</div> Hindu-Sikh relations first began to decline with the publication of Saraswati's polemical and ideological<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196844-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Satyarth_Prakash" title="Satyarth Prakash">Satyarth Prakash</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> published in 1875, the year of the sect's first establishment in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1961119-94">[94]</a> which portrayed the Sikh gurus as "misguided and ill-educated simpletons" who had diverted people from the Vedas.<a href="#cite_note-Kaur-95">[95]</a> Two years later in 1877, Dayanand would visit Punjab, establishing the sect in Lahore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1961120-96">[96]</a> It was not until he reached Amritsar did he begin to belittle Sikhism, its founders, and current practices, provoking Nihang hostility and threats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973459-81">[81]</a> Addressing Sikhism briefly in his book, he wrote that "Nanakji [the founder of Sikhism], had noble aims, but he had no learning. He knew the language of the villages of his country. He had no knowledge of Vedic scriptures or of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrta</a>," without which he lacked Vedic knowledge and was thus incapable of permanent accomplishment, teaching little of value. He considered the state of Sikhs to be as ignorant and degenerate as Puranic Hindus, and as worthy to be noted, refuted, and forgotten, stating that while "[t]hey do not worship idols," their treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> was essentially <a href="/wiki/Bibliolatry" title="Bibliolatry">bibliolatrous</a>. According to Khushwant Singh, "It did not take the orthodox Sikhs long to appreciate that Dayanand's belief in the infallibility of the Vedas was as uncompromising as that of the Muslims in the Koran.... Dayanand set the tone; his zealous admirers followed suit." He regarded the Guru Granth Sahib as a book of secondary importance, the Sikh gurus and theologians as unlearned particularly due to their ignorance of Sanskrit (to be thus deemed as maha murkh or "great fool"), and denounced Guru Nanak. His followers deemed the infallibility of the uneducated Guru Nanak among Sikhs to be a threat to the infallibility of the educated Dayanand, and the points of convergence between the two regarding renewal to instead lead to competition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973459–460-97">[97]</a> In correspondence after having left Punjab, he would write that his opinion of Sikhism had changed after his stay, and the objectionable content would be removed in the next edition. This would not be done before his death in 1883, however, and the second edition would attack Sikhs, Sikhism, and its scriptures even more directly, as would other Samaji publications;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1961120-96">[96]</a> beginning in the Arya Patrika newspaper in 1885, which described a Sikhism that was begun with noble aims as having degenerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973460-82">[82]</a> Along with the increased hostility of its followers, this would disillusion some Sikh followers and sympathizers of the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1961120-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahatma_party">Mahatma party</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mahatma party">edit</a>]</div> Some notable Arya Samaj members expressed disagreement with Samaji conduct and attempted to reconcile with the Sikhs. Lahore judge Lala Amolak Ram Munsif, who in an 1887 public letter deemed Dayanand's word as neither infallible or binding upon its members, and his opinion as "wrong," decried the "jealous effort" of "instigating our respected and glorious Sikh brethren against the Arya dharma." This would help to reconcile earlier Sikh allies to some extent, but would not last as subsequent Samaj leaders would increase attacks on the Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1961122-98">[98]</a> Three Samajis in particular, socially radical and religiously militant, would determine the course of the Arya Samaj: Pandit Lala Guru Datt, <a href="/wiki/Pandit_Lekh_Ram" title="Pandit Lekh Ram">Pandit Lekh Ram</a>, and Lala Mahatma Munshi Ram, later known as "<a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Swami Shraddhanand</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196844-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973464-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[note 1]</a> Guru Datt, Dayanand's successor, would come to increasingly reinterpret Dayanand as a <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rishi</a>, or sage, and the Satyarth Prakash as a sacred text to be followed unquestioningly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196844-53">[53]</a> Guru Datt would accrue a worshipful following (including Munshi Ram), who treated him as a spiritual guide, and he would attack Sikh leaders and ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196844-53">[53]</a> Later, Lekh Ram, unlike Dayanand or Guru Datt, was not educated in the Western style and would not focus on orthodox Hinduism or Christianity, but on Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196845-102">[101]</a> By 1893 their "Mahatma" faction would overpower and eventually split from the more conservative faction led by Lala Sain Das, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Hansraj" title="Mahatma Hansraj">Lala Hans Raj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a>, and Lal Chand, which was less religiously militant and more concerned with <a href="/wiki/D.A.V._College_Managing_Committee" title="D.A.V. College Managing Committee">educational institutes</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196848-88">[88]</a> the more moderate faction was called the "College Party."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973464-99">[99]</a> With increasingly radicalized dogmatism, along with its kernani (Christian), kurani (Muslim), and purani (orthodox Hindu) opponents,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196846-103">[102]</a> propaganda targeting Sikhism continued to be published in the Arya Samaj press through the 1880s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200070-51">[51]</a> further aggravating relations with the Sikhs, and culminated in an article written in 1888 titled Sikhism Past and Present, which ridiculed <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> and denigrated<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200070-51">[51]</a> the state of contemporary Sikhism as even worse than that of the Hindus: "While the prejudices of the Hindu community are gradually fading away before the progress of western civilization, those of the Sikh community are acquiring fresh strength by their reluctance to keep pace with the march of times.... The intellectual forces brought into play by the spread of English education are slowly and imperceptibly infusing a spirit of liberalism into the Hindu mind, but it is our individual opinion, and we think we have good grounds to come to such a conclusion, that the Sikh is as much a bigoted and narrow-minded being now as he was thirty years back...," thus backsliding into superstition and ignorance, having been left backwards by their loss of political dominance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973460-82">[82]</a> The increasingly shrill anti-Sikh tone continued into the next few years,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973460-82">[82]</a> and the Arya Samaj would condemn the descendants of the Gurus forming a religious aristocracy in the 1887 Arya Patrika,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973461-100">[100]</a> as the Amritsar Singh Sabha was characterized by. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="11th_anniversary">11th anniversary</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 11th anniversary">edit</a>]</div> Continued public antagonism continued towards Sikhism by the Arya Samaj leading up to its 11th anniversary celebration at Lahore in November 1888, when the anti-modernist leader Pandit Guru Datt chose to publicly attack Sikhism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196846-103">[102]</a> repeating the anti-Sikh remarks of the Satyarth Prakash in his speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196846-103">[102]</a> Guru Datt denigrated Guru Gobind Singh as "not even a hundredth part like our Maharishi Swami Dayanand Saraswati," Sikhs as ignorant and hardly having religion, and stated, "if Swami Dayanand Saraswati Maharaj called Guru Nanak a great fraud, what did it matter? He held the sum of the Vedas in his hands, so if he wanted to compare this light with anything, what was that?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973461-100">[100]</a> Other Samaj leaders like Swami Swatmananda,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196846-103">[102]</a> Lala Murlidhar, and Lekh Ram seconded the comments, the latter two rising to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973461-100">[100]</a> This was followed by Lekh Ram's speech, attacking Sikhs further and physically insulting the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> placed before him. While approved by the majority of Samajis present,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196846-103">[102]</a> Sikhs also present in the meeting, including Lahore Samaj Vice President Jawahir Singh, Giani Ditt Singh, and Maya Singh would resign their Samaj membership and join the Lahore Singh Sabha movement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196846-103">[102]</a> where they were welcomed by Gurmukh Singh;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973462-104">[103]</a> Jawahir Singh and Giani Ditt Singh would go on to become leading figures in the Sikh resurgence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973462-104">[103]</a> Jawahir Singh and Ditt Singh had sought Arya Samaj partnership based on common ground, having ignored Dayanand's insults of Guru Nanak to do so. Jawahir Singh has accompanied Dayanand during his tour of Punjab, serving as vice-president of the Arya Samaj's Paropkarini Sabha from 1878 to 1883, as Secretary of the Lahore Arya Samaj since its inception, and Secretary of the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Fund College Committee.<a href="#cite_note-jawahir-105">[104]</a> Thereafter only a few Sikhs would remain with the Arya Samaj, fully accepting its platform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973462-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Reaction">Reaction</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reaction">edit</a>]</div> The Sikhs held a protest meeting denouncing the Arya Samaj, specifically Guru Datt. Both Sikh and non-Sikh newspapers denounced the Arya Samaj habit of constantly attacking the leaders and doctrines of other faiths, and Jawahir Singh wrote of his disillusionment with the Arya Samaj in his tract Amal-i-Arya ("Acts of the Aryas") and released a critical biography of Swami Dayanand in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973462-104">[103]</a> In response, Radha Kishen Mehta, another prominent Samaji, would release Nuskha-i-Granthi-phobia ("prescription for 'Granth-Phobia'"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973462-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-chhabra-80">[80]</a> a "low point for even Punjab polemics,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973462-104">[103]</a> lobbing obscene accusations at the Sikh gurus and Jawahir Singh,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973462-104">[103]</a> and criticizing Sikhs. The Arya Samaj continued anti-Sikh street preaching personally criticizing the Sikh gurus, and Guru Datt and Lekh Ram continuing their attacks via their newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196847-86">[86]</a> This would in turn invite a response from Ganda Singh of the Gurū Upkār Prachārnī Sabhā, Prescription for the Insanity of Dayananda's Followers, answering Arya Samaj insults towards Sikhism, portraying Swami Dayanand as an "uncouth braggart" who spent his time dividing Indians with "daggers of bad words," and defending Sikhism's sovereignty and Punjabi as a viable language not only suited for "rustics and uneducated men."<a href="#cite_note-kts-62">[62]</a> With the increased need for didactic literature defending and defining the faith, the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Tract_Society" title="Khalsa Tract Society">Khalsa Tract Society</a> would be founded by <a href="/wiki/Vir_Singh_(writer)" title="Vir Singh (writer)">Vir Singh</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> in 1894. Members paid dues, formed subcommittees to select manuscripts and handle accounts, and had to follow the following conditions: write concise Punjabi, and avoid speaking against other religions.<a href="#cite_note-kts-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shuddhi_Sabha">Shuddhi Sabha</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Shuddhi Sabha">edit</a>]</div> Attacks from neo-Hindus like the earlier Brahmos as well as the Aryas had existed since before there had been Punjabis literate in English to counter them;<a href="#cite_note-jawahir-105">[104]</a> these sustained attacks would result in the breaking of ties with the Arya Samaj and the definitive end of Sikh support in 1888, replacing an earlier perception of shared goals;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200070-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1961122-98">[98]</a> Arya Samaj attacks during the 1880s would irrevocably embitter relations with the Sikhs, as well as those other communities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196846-103">[102]</a> and their aggressiveness would be met with protective associations of Sikhs, amongst others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196846-103">[102]</a> It had been the Singh Sabhas of the Lahore faction that had earlier sought cooperation with the Arya Samajis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196849-107">[106]</a> and occasional instances of cooperation on mutual interest<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973462-104">[103]</a> like opposing Christian conversions would continue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196847-86">[86]</a> First cooperating in Rawalpindi in 1885 against a Muslim conversion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973463-87">[87]</a> later the Lahore Shuddhi Sabha would be jointly run by the Sikhs and Samajis through the 1890s against Christian and Muslim conversion efforts, as shuddhi had become a major plank of the radical Samajis by 1893.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196849-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973465-108">[107]</a> While the three entities operated variously in alliance or independently,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973463-87">[87]</a> Shuddhi Sabha and the Singh Sabhas were largely controlled by Sikhs, and the Arya Samaj, particularly the Mahatma faction<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973465-108">[107]</a> would progressively lessen their cooperation with them, to ensure that the "purified" would become Samajis, rather than Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196850-109">[108]</a> The Mahatmas, being strict vegetarians unlike the Tat Khalsa and the College Party Arya Samajis, also opposed the use of the controversial "pork test" for converts from Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973463-87">[87]</a> The decrease in support from the predominant Samajist faction would in turn raise Sikh consciousness of its identity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196850-109">[108]</a> amid continued conflict and mutual denial of being reforming leaders, Sikhs would increasingly accentuate their distinct identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973462-104">[103]</a> Shuddhi Sabha conversions to Sikhism would accelerate in 1896,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973465-108">[107]</a> spurring further conversion efforts towards outcastes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973466-110">[109]</a> Following the 1897-1898 Arya Samaj split, the College Party Arya Samaj would come to publicly support the Sikhs, denouncing the Mahatma attacks on Sikhism that had begun in Amritsar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973466-110">[109]</a> calling Dayanand's knowledge of Gurmukhi "imperfect" and rejecting his comments on Guru Nanak as secondhand information not endorsed by the Arya Samaj. This incensed the Mahatma faction, who would again attack Guru Nanak and Sikhism to defend Dayanand's sanctity, while College Party moderates would remain with their Shuddhi Sabha allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973467-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> Beginning in 1897, letters in the "Lahore Tribune" newspaper raised the question, "Are Sikhs Hindus?", prompting an inconclusive exchange of literature in response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196850-109">[108]</a> The issue of Sikh identity was further sharpened by vociferous Arya Samaj attacks on the Sikh faith, issuing pamphlets claiming Sikhism as a reformist strain to be incorporated within Hinduism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200074-112">[111]</a> even though for a long time the Arya Samaj itself had rebuffed the name Hindu, and led campaigns against it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1961123-113">[112]</a> Nevertheless, a section of Sahajdari Sikh leaders would declare they were Hindus in 1897 before a large public gathering to mark the diamond jubilee of Queen Victoria in Lahore,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200074-112">[111]</a> and Jagat Singh, a Sikh who had stayed with the Arya Samaj after the Lahore anniversary, opined that Sikhism was just an earlier Arya Samaj. The issue of Sikh identity took a legal turn with the death of <a href="/wiki/Dyal_Singh_Majithia" title="Dyal Singh Majithia">Dyal Singh Majithia</a> in 1898, when his will was contested in the Punjab High Court as not falling under the Hindu code of inheritance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973467-111">[110]</a> and the verdict of which elicited disagreement from the Tat Khalsa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196850-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973467-111">[110]</a> In response to Thakar Das and Bawa Narain Singh's Sikh Hindu Hain ("Sikhs Are Hindus"), <a href="/wiki/Kahn_Singh_Nabha" title="Kahn Singh Nabha">Kahn Singh Nabha</a> published his 1899 classic tract Ham Hindu Nahin, which made the case for a distinct Sikh identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200074-112">[111]</a> The debate would yield several Sikh types, from the pure Khalsa Sikh dedicated to their distinctness, to those more ancestrally steeped in Hindu practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973467-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rahtia_conversions">Rahtia conversions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rahtia conversions">edit</a>]</div> Shuddhi would go on to have a major impact in the relationship between Hindu and Sikh identities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973463-87">[87]</a> as, inspired by the then-defunct Shuddhi Sabha, Mahatma Samajis spotted an opportunity to convert <a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikhs</a>, who traditionally were seen as polluting to Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973468–469-114">[113]</a> A shuddhi conversion ceremony of outcaste Sikhs in 1900 in Lahore, in which two hundred Rahtia Sikhs, seeking purified caste status,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973469-115">[114]</a> had their heads and beards shaved to make them "caste" Hindus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196850-109">[108]</a> and given janeu threads,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973470-116">[115]</a> was decried by the Sikh community, who condemned such efforts to convert Sikhs to Hinduism in protest meetings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200069-50">[50]</a> the Sikh lack of action, and the refusal of Hinduized Sikh custodians to let them into the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Darbar Sahib</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973470-116">[115]</a> criticized by Khalsa Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973471-117">[116]</a> Supporting the Rahtia conversions, the College Party Samajis would break their alliance with the Lahore Sabha in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973471-117">[116]</a> Amid growing disillusionment with the Arya Samaj and less and less willingness to opt into "Hindu" identity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196850-109">[108]</a> many now saw Samaji conversion as direct a threat as Christian and Muslim conversion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196850-109">[108]</a> passing resolutions condemning the Arya Samaj,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973470-116">[115]</a> and decrying the concept of shuddhi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973472-118">[117]</a> Unlike the Arya Samaj shuddhi, the Sikh tradition of conversion and <a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar#Khande_di_Pahul" title="Amrit Sanskar">initiation</a> was long established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973463-87">[87]</a> In 1905, Sikh reformers would succeed in having idols, and Brahmins officiating rituals thereof, removed from the Darbar Sahib, as intrusions of another faith that was contrary to Sikh teachings. The same dynamics that led Arya Samajis to criticize orthodox Sikhism were used to criticize orthodox Hinduism;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973473-119">[118]</a> in search of a "respectable and defensible" Hinduism, shorn of much of its traditional structure, they had contributed significantly to the ruin of communal harmony in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973475-120">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Language">Language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> Language would also become a point of contention between the Arya Samaj and the Singh Sabha by 1900; while both opposed Urdu as the official language of Punjab under the British, the two movements would disagree over which language and script to replace it with.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196850-109">[108]</a> The Arya Samaj favored Hindi (then called "Shastri"<a href="#cite_note-complete-43">[43]</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, while the Tat Khalsa favored Punjabi in <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>, considering Hindi to be as foreign to Punjab as Persian or Urdu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973472-118">[117]</a> When Punjabi had been successfully inducted into the Punjab University Lahore curriculum through Singh Sabha efforts, and the oriental College Lahore by 1877, this had been opposed by the Hindu board members of the college. This would solidify the perception of Punjabi as a Sikh language, with its literary output largely confined to Sikh writers.<a href="#cite_note-complete-43">[43]</a> Communal competition was also increasingly driven by economic and job competition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973473-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity_in_the_19th_century">Identity in the 19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Identity in the 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hindu">Hindu</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hindu">edit</a>]</div> There was no debate about Hindu-Sikh identity until the late nineteenth century, when a new "Hindu" consciousness emerged.<a href="#cite_note-tisarpanth-121">[120]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/D._N._Jha" title="D. N. Jha">D. N. Jha</a>, "No Indians described themselves as Hindus before the fourteenth century," and "Hinduism was a creation of the colonial period and cannot lay claim to any great antiquity," as "[t]he British borrowed the word 'Hindu' from India, gave it a new meaning and significance, [and] reimported it into India as a reified phenomenon called Hinduism."<a href="#cite_note-jha-122">[121]</a> The term 'Hindu', ultimately a foreign (Persian) exonym derived for populations adjoining the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>, had itself been repurposed around 1830 as 'Hinduism' to refer to the culture and religion of Brahmins, then adopted by other Indians as an anti-colonial national identity.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Largely a colonial construct of 19th-century Western hermaneutics, and not historically attached to any doctrine or community, even by the late 19th century this homogenized identity was far from universally claimed or recognized as a religion, with identification rather by sect or caste still common in the 1881 census.<a href="#cite_note-plassey-124">[123]</a>: 245  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sanatanist">Sanatanist</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sanatanist">edit</a>]</div> The phrase sanatana dharma, previously used in Hindu scriptures to describe various conducts and aphorisms, was also repurposed in the late nineteenth century to refer to this new religious identity in native terms;<a href="#cite_note-jha-122">[121]</a> prior to British colonization, the phrase did not mean "eternal religion," nor did it delineate "Hinduism" from other religions, as it would come to.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> However, sanatana dharma would come to denote initially opposing factions of burgeoning Hindu identity, with the reactionary "Sanatanists" ("orthodox" Brahminic traditionalism) who defended the traditional <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varnashrama</a>, ritualism, idolatry, and shunning of outcastes, versus the reformist "Samajist" faction that opposed these.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi199311-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-kohli-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-adcock-89">[89]</a> The Sanatanist Hindu faction in Punjab had not shown any interest in Sikh identity in its first report in 1889. Its earliest known leader, <a href="/wiki/Shardha_Ram_Phillauri" title="Shardha Ram Phillauri">Shardha Ram Phillauri</a>, in his 1865 book Sikhan de Raj di Vithia ("History of Sikh Rule"), written to acquaint the British with the Sikh population and practice, had made no reference to any Hindu-Sikh identity in the book. It was not until a Lahore meeting in 1897 that the Sanatanist Hindu faction passed a resolution proclaiming Sikhs as Hindus, a matter that then acquired legal significance with Sardar Dyal Singh Majithia's death in 1898.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Samajist">Samajist</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Samajist">edit</a>]</div> Following the founding and spread of its educational movement in Punjab and beyond in 1883, Arya Samaj publications also assailed other faiths, including Christianity, Islam, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, exacerbating entrenched communal faultlines<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200070-51">[51]</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Odium_theologicum" title="Odium theologicum">odium theologicum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004206-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ganda_Singh_(historian)" title="Ganda Singh (historian)">Ganda Singh</a> in fact considered the "Hindu-Sikh tension" of subsequent times to have been a recent misnomer as of 1961, and that it had more accurately originated as the Sikh-Arya Samaj tension.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1961123-113">[112]</a> The initial Samajist impact on the Hindu community was divisive, pitting militants against the orthodox;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196850-109">[108]</a> the Sanatanist and Samajist factions would only begin to reconcile on shuddhi and increase cooperation under the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> in the 1920s,<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> first with tacit and increasing approval from pandits of shuddhi, the "ārya bhāṣā" Hindi, the "ved bhāṣā" Sanskrit, and Samaji reforms. According to <a href="/wiki/Ganga_Prasad_Upadhyaya" title="Ganga Prasad Upadhyaya">Ganga Prasad Upadhyaya</a> in 1939, "Forty years ago the Arya Samaj was looked upon as a great defiler of the Hindu religion by bringing in an alloy from outside. Today the Arya Samajist is counted as a great defender of the faith."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196853-48">[48]</a> Based on their common view of Vedic chauvinism, the Arya Samaj would be eventually absorbed into pan-Hindu revivalist framework;<a href="#cite_note-plassey-124">[123]</a>: 240  the forces of Hindu communalism resulting from this blend, with a modernized identity based on a reinterpreted tradition, would export its techniques to the rest of India;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196853-48">[48]</a> this attempt to create a new, modernized, respectable religious tradition would change relations with other communities in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973457-16">[16]</a> Its criticism of both modern Hinduism and Sikhism as polytheistic corruption<a href="#cite_note-Jones1976p134-130">[129]</a> (including instances of Arya members smashing and trampling idols in other Hindu temples,<a href="#cite_note-incensed-131">[130]</a> and Dayanand writing in 1883 that "while it was true that [Sikhs] do not practise idolatry," he saw the Sikh reverence of the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> as tantamount to such<a href="#cite_note-HirstZavos2013-132">[131]</a>) treatment of Sikhs as a Hindu sect<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201382–83-35">[35]</a> (despite calling on its membership to identify as "Aryas" and not degraded "Hindus" during the 1891 census,<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> on account of its Persian etymology<a href="#cite_note-chhabra-80">[80]</a>), meddling in Sikh affairs (including attempts to keep the mahants' idols within the Darbar Sahib despite its own iconoclasm and denunciation of idolatry),<a href="#cite_note-incensed-131">[130]</a> and attempts to "purify" Sikhs back to what Arya Samaj called as the "monotheistic Vedic Hinduism,"<a href="#cite_note-Jones1976p134-130">[129]</a> based solely on the infallibility of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200068-47">[47]</a> found little acceptance among Sikhs and had a major impact in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-Jones1976p134-130">[129]</a> Apart from Sikhs, the compulsion to spread the "Hindu" identity to lower castes as well, in shuddhi "purifications," had also been motivated by political concerns, when the registering of Dalits as non-Hindu would have rendered caste "Hindus" a minority.<a href="#cite_note-kumar-49">[49]</a> It was seen as a way to boost the demographics of a projected "Hindu" community.<a href="#cite_note-adcock-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973468-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sikh">Sikh</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sikh">edit</a>]</div> In contrast, in Sikh scripture (tīsar panth),<a href="#cite_note-tisarpanth-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh199638-135">[134]</a> 16th-century exegesis (Bhai Gurdas)<a href="#cite_note-persian-136">[135]</a> and pre-colonial 19th century commentaries (the tisra mazhab<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kavi_Santokh_Singh" title="Kavi Santokh Singh">Kavi Santokh Singh</a>, whose Nirmala incorporation of some Vedantic themes would, however, help give rise to sanatan interpretations later that century<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a>), older <a href="/wiki/Janamsakhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Janamsakhi">janamsakhis</a> (B-40),<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal19976–7-141">[140]</a> Qazi Nur Muhammad's 18th-century Afghan <a href="/wiki/Jangnama" title="Jangnama">jangnama</a>,<a href="#cite_note-eos-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> and 17th-century Persian sources (<a href="/wiki/Dabestan-e_Mazaheb" title="Dabestan-e Mazaheb">Dabestan-e Mazaheb</a>),<a href="#cite_note-persian-136">[135]</a> there is clear evidence of an established sense of identity among the Sikh community, from both within and without, distinct from the "Hindu" and "Turk" (Islam) panths,<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal2011178-145">[144]</a> well before colonial times. The crystallization of Sikh identity in relation to nascent "Hinduism" and subsequent Sikh apprehensions in the Indian state are traceable to the Arya Samaj attacks and attempts to subsume Sikhism,<a href="#cite_note-kumar-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-plassey-124">[123]</a>: 247  using a combination of persuasion and ideological attack.<a href="#cite_note-kts-62">[62]</a> Sikh coordination against the antagonism of the Arya Samaj, and the nature and character of the Singh Sabha's modernizing zeal, was largely a response to the transformation of the original term Hindu which meant "non-Muslim inhabitant of India" to a term that embodied those who identified with this new "Hinduism." The Chief Khalsa Diwan sought to coordinate a political response and protect the Sikh identity from being viewed as "tiny sect within a broader pan-Hinduism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201384-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_developments">Further developments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further developments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_Khalsa_Diwan_(CKD)">Chief Khalsa Diwan (CKD)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Chief Khalsa Diwan (CKD)">edit</a>]</div> In the 1890s, Sikhs groups formed many Khalsa Diwans in towns and cities, while rural groups formed their own Sikh Sabhas. By 1902, there were over 150 Singh Sabhas and Khalsa Diwans in existence. Another attempt brought 29 of these Khalsa Diwans and other Sikh societies under the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Khalsa_Diwan" title="Chief Khalsa Diwan">Chief Khalsa Diwan</a>, or CKD, partly due to the need for greater political coordination in the face a far more powerful common adversary, the Arya Samaj, by now the main representative of political Hinduism in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201384-59">[59]</a> This body would be created in 1902 to unite the Lahore and Amritsar Singh Sabhas with their respective satellite Singh Sabhas, and would act as the main voice of the Sikhs for the next 18 years.<a href="#cite_note-CKD-146">[145]</a> A lack of coordination between the local Singh Sabhas and larger Khalsa Diwans, compared to municipal committees and district boards, had been noted in the Khalsa Samachar newspaper, and was to be ameliorated by the CKD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1989101-64">[64]</a> According to J.S. Grewal, while there were disagreements, the Singh Sabhas and Diwans were all concerned with religious reform and to collectively addressing the growing threat from Christian missionaries who were converting Sikhs into Christians, after the much-publicized celebrity conversions earlier such as of <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Dalip_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja Dalip Singh">Maharaja Dalip Singh</a> and Kanwar Harnam Singh Ahluwalia.<a href="#cite_note-grewal1998p145-147">[146]</a> Sikh publications by the various Sikh Sabhas expressed their fear for the Sikh identity in early 20th-century given the success of the Christian missionaries, as well the rising threat of Muslim and Arya Samaj proselytization efforts.<a href="#cite_note-grewal1998p145-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones1989p112-148">[147]</a> The Sikh leaders were concerned about Christian missionary schools targeting the Sikh youth. They welcomed the English language education but opposed the Christian theology that was also being taught in these schools.<a href="#cite_note-grewal1998p145-147">[146]</a> The Chief Khalsa Diwan was officially registered and recognized by the colonial British government on July 9, 1904. The new body was financially supported by the affiliated Singh Sabhas, and Sikh aristocrats. It also attracted dedicated Sikh preachers or Updeshak. By 1920, the Chief Khalsa Diwan oversaw 105 affiliates. It developed an elaborate structure with the Chief Khalsa Diwan having three types of advisors and various committees, all paid a monthly salary from dues collected from the affiliates and members.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> While Sikh newspapers championed the Chief Khalsa Diwan and the British colonial government recognized it as representing the entire Sikh community and all the Sikh Sabhas, in late 1900s and throughout 1910s significant internal disagreements led important Sikh activists to challenge the authority of the Chief Diwan Khalsa.<a href="#cite_note-jogindr108-150">[149]</a> The Amritsar faction, who still exerted administrative dominance amid predominant Tat Khalsa strength,<a href="#cite_note-akali-151">[150]</a> and growing unease over its own conservative stance,<a href="#cite_note-CKD-146">[145]</a> were concerned with staying on good terms with the British, who anxiously wanted to uphold the validity of their settlement instated at the beginning of their administration of the Punjab in 1849, in which ownership of Gurdwaras was conferred upon whoever could claim it.<a href="#cite_note-akali-151">[150]</a> In late 1920, Sikh revolutionaries, irritated at the loyal obedience of the CKD to the British, would announce two decisions at the <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a> reached by the newly formed Central Sikh League: the formation of the <a href="/wiki/SGPC" class="mw-redirect" title="SGPC">SGPC</a> to manage all Sikh shrines, and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Akali Dal">Akali Dal</a>. The CKD would be overtaken by the more activist <a href="/wiki/Akali_movement" title="Akali movement">Akali movement</a>, led by the Akali Dal, which would train men to confront the government and reclaim gurdwaras.<a href="#cite_note-akali-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akali_movement">Akali movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Akali movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Akali_movement" title="Akali movement">Akali movement</a></div> In the early decades of the 20th century, the Tat Khalsa, through the Akali movement, also contributed to two major legal victories, the 1909 Anand Marriage Act, and the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Gurdwaras_Act,_1925" title="Sikh Gurdwaras Act, 1925">Sikh Gurdwaras Act, 1925</a>, which re-established direct Khalsa control of the major historical gurdwaras, previously run by British-supported mahants and pujaris,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201430-152">[151]</a> or Hindu priests, and their rites. The reestablishment of Sikh control of Gurdwaras, after the non-violent <a href="/wiki/Akali_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Akali Movement">Akali Movement</a>, also known as the Gurdwara Reform Movement, was touched off in 1920 following General <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer">Reginald Dyer</a>’s invited visit to the Golden Temple failed to pacify the Sikhs. The Akali Movement, lasting from 1920 to 1925, culminated in the transfer of gurdwara control to the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (<a href="/wiki/SGPC" class="mw-redirect" title="SGPC">SGPC</a>); the Akali Movement is the forerunner of the modern <a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Akali Dal">Akali Dal</a> political party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201430-152">[151]</a> In 1919, the internal disagreements led some Sikh leaders to form the Central Sikh League, while in 1920 the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Prabandhak_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee</a>, or SGPC, emerged for the same reasons.<a href="#cite_note-jogindr108-150">[149]</a> In 1932, a general meeting of the Sikhs formed the Khalsa Darbar as an attempt to form a united front triggered by the colonial British government's Communal Award of seats to the Punjab Legislative Council. The Central Sikh League formed in 1919 merged into the Khalsa Darbar. However, in 1937, the Sikhs split into Shiromani Akali Dal and Congressite Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> The Singh Sabhas of the late 19th-century were overwhelmed by these organizations as Britain attempted to gain Indian soldiers for their World War II efforts and from the dynamics of religion-based political partition of the Indian subcontinent in the final decades of colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-grewal1998p145-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones1989p112-148">[147]</a> The SGPC, as a democratic institution, has represents the majority opinion of Sikhs, and is the authoritative voice of the Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201430-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspectives">Perspectives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Perspectives">edit</a>]</div> While <a href="/wiki/W._H._McLeod" title="W. H. McLeod">W. H. McLeod</a> considers the dominance of the Khalsa identity to last well into the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Harjot_Oberoi" title="Harjot Oberoi">Harjot Oberoi</a> sees the emergence of a "Sanatan Sikh tradition" that displaced the eighteenth-century "Khalsa episteme."<a href="#cite_note-rb-154">[153]</a> According to Oberoi, the first Singh Sabha formed in 1873 aimed at interreligious tolerance and cooperation between Sikhs and Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-madan3-11">[11]</a> With the arrival of Arya Samaj in 1877 and its criticism of Sikhism, the dynamics changed. According to the Indologist T.N. Madan, Sikhs and Hindus not only lived together before 1870s, they shared a common cultural life with common symbols and orientations. The Arya Samaj activity and the Singh Sabha movement's response to it created several competing definitions of Sikh identity.<a href="#cite_note-madan3-11">[11]</a> After the early struggles within the Singh Sabha movement, new social and cultural elites emerged. These, states Oberoi, displaced preceding Sikh ties, replaced them with a "series of inventions: the demarcation of Sikh sacred space by clearing holy shrines of Hindu icons and idols, the cultivation of Punjabi as the sacred language of the Sikhs, the foundation of cultural bodies exclusively for Sikh youth, the insertion of the anniversaries of the Sikh Gurus into the ritual and sacred calendar and most important of all, the introduction of new life-cycle rituals".<a href="#cite_note-madan3-11">[11]</a> However, while Harpreet Singh cites "perhaps, the best critique of Oberoi's work" by Cynthia Mahmood, that Oberoi completely omits the role of the period of Sikh persecution and religious conflict in the development of a heightened sense of Sikh religious identity,<a href="#cite_note-rb-154">[153]</a> Oberoi does in fact concede that older Sikh exegeses "are not completely unaware of boundaries."<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal2011120-156">[155]</a> according to <a href="/wiki/W._H._McLeod" title="W. H. McLeod">W. H. McLeod</a>, Oberoi's mentor, there is scriptural support from the writing of both <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Gurdas" title="Bhai Gurdas">Bhai Gurdas</a> that a strong sense of identity had already come to exist by the sixteenth century, matching a "reasonable expectation that the intellectual elite within the Panth moved more rapidly towards a sense of distinct identity than did the body of believers,"<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> and that "[t]he 'boundaries' might be indistinct but not the 'centre'," with a lag of various degrees between the panth's elites and its masses during the preceding century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal19974-158">[157]</a> Neither the fluidity and diversity of the 18th century preclude a strong identity, nor was uniformity required for it, according to <a href="/wiki/J._S._Grewal" title="J. S. Grewal">J. S. Grewal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tisarpanth-121">[120]</a> Harnik Deol states that Oberoi's analysis may be termed as the "hegemony approach," which seeks to explain how the rising middle class used religious reform to gain cultural hegemony by gaining control over sacred centres and by defining a uniform, undifferentiated religious discourse with discrete boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200074-112">[111]</a> According to Oberoi, this new class of leadership provided the Sikhs with a distinct and separate Sikh identity with a standardized history, rites of passage, sacred space and observances, though he fails to explain what was new about this message<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200075-159">[158]</a> or innovative about the Sikh initiation ritual, as "iconoclastic monotheism and egalitarian social values" had been the exact teachings of the Sikh gurus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076-160">[159]</a> This is only a partial understanding of the impact of the Singh Sabha movement, done by stripping the Sikh initiation of its deeper, symbolic significance, and reducing it "merely to its overt function as an ethnic marker,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076-160">[159]</a> and Deol considers Oberoi's analysis to contradict his own earlier observations, as he himself states that the Khalsa had already established their distinct rites of passage, birth, death and initiation by the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200075-159">[158]</a> In reference to the religious and moral codes a true Khalsa must follow that were established by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>, it is the rigor and difficulty in living up to these codes, says Deol, that is the reason why only a small fractional percentage of Sikhs undergo the initiation rite even today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076-160">[159]</a> According to Pashaura Singh, while some Sikhs embraced Hindu practices in the 19th century, "it is questionable whether this was always so," and "to imply that Sikh identity was always predominantly fluid, with free mixing of Sikh and Hindu practices," is questionable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428–29-161">[160]</a> Harpreet Singh also contends that while "the existence of the aforementioned rahit and well-defined boundaries does not mean that individual Sikhs never engaged in practices that were proscribed by the normative tradition," "not every practice performed by a Sikh becomes Sikhism."<a href="#cite_note-rb-154">[153]</a> From as early as the period of Guru Arjan, Sikhs "clearly were encouraged to think of themselves as a new community."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428–29-161">[160]</a> The Singh Sabha movement had many shades of views. The Amritsar Singh Sabha's <a href="/wiki/Khem_Singh_Bedi" title="Khem Singh Bedi">Khem Singh Bedi</a> saw Sikh identity as distinct, the need for a living guru, supported the idea of them being divine incarnations, and the idea that "Hindus and Sikhs were indivisible" as a society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428–29-161">[160]</a> The Lahore Singh Sabha's Gurmukh Singh held the middle ground stating that Sikhs had their own distinct scripture and practices, the issue of Sikh-Hindu relationship was redundant, and that all those who accepted Sikh scripture were Sikhs whether they undergo Khalsa initiation and live by its religious code or those who do not undergo initiation and do not follow some of the Sikh religious and moral codes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428–29-161">[160]</a> The Bhasaur Singh Sabha's <a href="/wiki/Teja_Singh" title="Teja Singh">Teja Singh</a> represented the more radical view during this movement with the view that those who have not undergone Khalsa initiation should have "no place in the Sikh <a href="/wiki/Panth" title="Panth">panth</a>", and to speak of Hindu-Sikh relationship is to insult Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428–29-161">[160]</a> Eventually, the middle ground view of Gurmukh Singh prevailed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428–29-161">[160]</a> According to W. H. McLeod, the Singh Sabha "systematized and clarified" the Khalsa tradition, but Khalsa identity was neither a totally new invention, nor mere purging of "alien excrescence," nor the "restoration of a corrupted original.' The Khalsa identity of the Singh Sabha reformers contained both "old and new" elements, quotes Pashaura Singh.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> According to Barrier and Singh, "On the theological plane, modern Sikhism is a continuation of the Singh Sabha restoration. While it retains its creedal unity and its adherence to its original metaphysics and symbolism, it has found enough resilience in the framework it has inherited to adapt itself to the modern course of progress without compromising on the fundamentals. Deeply conscious of its eventful history, its outlook is essentially forward-looking."<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> These names are preceded by honorifics; "Lala" is an <a href="/wiki/Arora" title="Arora">Arora</a> honorific, "<a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a>" is for religious scholars and leaders,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973461-100">[100]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">Swami</a>" is for ascetics. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sgpc-to-observe-150-yrs-of-singh-sabha-lehar-532465">"SGPC to observe 150 yrs of 'Singh Sabha Lehar'"</a>. The Tribune. 5 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=SGPC+to+observe+150+yrs+of+%27Singh+Sabha+Lehar%27&rft.date=2023-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fpunjab%2Fsgpc-to-observe-150-yrs-of-singh-sabha-lehar-532465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004206-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004206_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004206_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004206_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004206_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004206_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004206_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004206_2-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarrierSiṅgh2004">Barrier & Siṅgh 2004</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004208_3-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarrierSiṅgh2004">Barrier & Siṅgh 2004</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditors_of_Encyclopedia_Britannica2010" class="citation web cs1">Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Singh-Sabha">"Singh Sabha (Sikhism)"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Singh+Sabha+%28Sikhism%29&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Editors+of+Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSingh-Sabha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Singh, G., & Shani, G. (2021). The Emergence of Modern Sikh Nationalism, 1880s–1930s. In Sikh Nationalism (New Approaches to Asian History, pp. 52-81). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316479940.005 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Census of India, 1931, Punjab, Part I, Report, p. 69 and Census of India, 1941. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201383–85_7-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandair2013">Mandair 2013</a>, pp. 83–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-hari-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hari_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hari_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Hari Ram (October 6, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhs-HrGupta1939">History of the Sikhs</a>. New Delhi, India: Munshiram Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhs-HrGupta1939/page/n65">69</a>-70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8121505406" title="Special:BookSources/978-8121505406"><bdi>978-8121505406</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Pub+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2001-10-06&rft.isbn=978-8121505406&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Hari+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHistoryOfTheSikhs-HrGupta1939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201386-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201386_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201386_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandair2013">Mandair 2013</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78_10-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78_10-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78_10-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200076–78_10-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeol2000">Deol 2000</a>, pp. 76–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-madan3-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-madan3_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-madan3_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-madan3_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-madan3_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-madan3_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-madan3_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-madan3_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-madan3_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-madan3_11-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTN_Madan1994" class="citation book cs1">TN Madan (1994). Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismso0001unse/page/604/mode/2up">Fundamentalisms Observed</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 604–610. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50878-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50878-8"><bdi>978-0-226-50878-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms+Observed&rft.pages=604-610&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-50878-8&rft.au=TN+Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalismso0001unse%2Fpage%2F604%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> “The government had handled the Sikhs with caution, combining patronage with control. Pro-British groups and important individuals were the recipients of this patronage. In return they were expected to help in keeping hostile elements under control. This was perhaps best exemplified by the fact that the government never allowed the management of the Golden Temple to go completely out of its hands. It thus stood behind the mahants, who were almost invariably unbaptized Sikhs (though claiming affiliation with the Udasi sect founded by one of the sons of the first guru) or plain Hindus. They kept alive idolatry and a great deal of Brahmanical ritual in the temples and were considered venal... The managers of the Golden Temple were particularly disliked, not only for their Hindu origin but also for their loyalty to the British.” </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatwant_Singh2007" class="citation book cs1">Patwant Singh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC&q=sikh+hill+rajas&pg=PT60">The Sikhs</a>. Crown Publishing Group. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307429339" title="Special:BookSources/9780307429339"><bdi>9780307429339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780307429339&rft.au=Patwant+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27XYeylUzWwC%26q%3Dsikh%2Bhill%2Brajas%26pg%3DPT60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19702-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarhadi19702_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarhadi1970">Sarhadi 1970</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-neki-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neki_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neki_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNekī2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Nekī, Jaswant Siṅgh (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/37/mode/2up">"Five Symbols"</a>. In Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Vol. II (E–I) (3rd ed.). Patiala: Punjab University. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8_1-7380-204-1" title="Special:BookSources/8 1-7380-204-1"><bdi>8 1-7380-204-1</bdi></a>. <q>Of these five symbols, primacy unquestionably belongs to kes. It is the Sikhs' kes which rescued them from a critical situation. Unwarily, they had succumbed to a process of backsliding. The decline had in fact set in during the days of Sikh power. The stern religious discipline which had sustained the Sikhs through a period of difficulty and privation gave way to a life of luxury and plenty. They lost what, following Ibn Khaldun, may be described as their "desert qualifies." A second — and even more sinister — debilitating factor was the Brahmanical ritual and practice which had gained ascendancy as an adjunct of regal pomp and ceremony. These now took a firmer hold over the Sikh mind. In this way, Sikh faith became garbled beyond recognition. The teachings of the Gurus which had supplied Sikhism its potent principle of re-creation and consolidation were obscured by the rising tide of conservatism. It was fast losing its characteristic vigour and its votaries were relapsing into beliefs and customs which the founding Gurus had clearly rejected. Absorption into ceremonial Hinduism indicated the course inevitably set for the Sikhs. This was the critical challenge they faced in the years following the British occupation of the Punjab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Five+Symbols&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=38&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Punjab+University&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=81-7380-204-1&rft.aulast=Nek%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Si%E1%B9%85gh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l%2Fpage%2F37%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi199312-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi199312_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1993">Gandhi 1993</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973457-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973457_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973457_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973457_16-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, p. 457. </li> <li id="cite_note-ks542-17"><a href="#cite_ref-ks542_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashmir_Singh2014" class="citation book cs1">Kashmir Singh (2014). Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 542–543. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100412-4"><bdi>978-0-19-100412-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=542-543&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100412-4&rft.au=Kashmir+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCzYeAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pashaura542-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pashaura542_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pashaura542_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pashaura542_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 542–543. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100412-4"><bdi>978-0-19-100412-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=542-543&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100412-4&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCzYeAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinghFenech2014">Singh & Fenech 2014</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201378-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201378_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201378_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201378_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201378_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201378_20-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandair2013">Mandair 2013</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-vir-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vir_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vir_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vir_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vir_21-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiṅgh2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Siṅgh, Attar (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z/page/428/mode/2up">"Bhāī Vīr Siṅgh"</a>. 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Patiala: Punjab University. pp. 428–431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173801006" title="Special:BookSources/9788173801006"><bdi>9788173801006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bh%C4%81%C4%AB+V%C4%ABr+Si%E1%B9%85gh&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=428-431&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Punjab+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788173801006&rft.aulast=Si%E1%B9%85gh&rft.aufirst=Attar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z%2Fpage%2F428%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson1995" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Gerald James (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6jmckIUHMAC&pg=PA243">India's Agony Over Religion</a>. 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(1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&q=namdhari+idol+worship&pg=SL3-PA171">Indian History with Objective Questions and Historical Maps</a> (26th ed.). New Delhi, India: Allied Publishers. p. C-171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184245684" title="Special:BookSources/9788184245684"><bdi>9788184245684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+History+with+Objective+Questions+and+Historical+Maps&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=C-171&rft.edition=26th&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9788184245684&rft.aulast=Agnihotri&rft.aufirst=Dr.+V.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMazdaWXQFuQC%26q%3Dnamdhari%2Bidol%2Bworship%26pg%3DSL3-PA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19705-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarhadi19705_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarhadi19705_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarhadi19705_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarhadi19705_25-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarhadi1970">Sarhadi 1970</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi197019-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarhadi197019_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarhadi1970">Sarhadi 1970</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201431-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201431_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinghFenech2014">Singh & Fenech 2014</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalal2010p268-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal2010p268_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal2010p268_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal2010p268_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal2010p268_28-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Roshen Dalal (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA268">The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths</a>. Penguin Books. pp. 268–269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341517-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+India%3A+A+Concise+Guide+to+Nine+Major+Faiths&rft.pages=268-269&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341517-6&rft.au=Roshen+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNmfdAKFpkQC%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SinghFenech2014p353-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p353_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p353_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Louis E. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 353–354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100411-7"><bdi>978-0-19-100411-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=353-354&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100411-7&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7YwNAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLeod1984p122-30"><a href="#cite_ref-McLeod1984p122_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._H._McLeod1984" class="citation book cs1">W. H. 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Manchester University Press. pp. 122–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1063-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1063-7"><bdi>978-0-7190-1063-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textual+Sources+for+the+Study+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=122-126&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-1063-7&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMj28AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nirankari-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nirankari_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nirankari_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19706-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarhadi19706_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarhadi19706_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarhadi19706_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarhadi19706_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarhadi19706_32-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarhadi1970">Sarhadi 1970</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi199313–14-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi199313–14_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi199313–14_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi199313–14_33-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1993">Gandhi 1993</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-agnihotra-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agnihotra_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agnihotra_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV.K._Agnihotra2010" class="citation book cs1">V.K. Agnihotra (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL3-PA171">Indian History with Objective Questions and Historical Maps, Twenty-Sixth Edition 2010</a>. Allied Publishers. p. C-171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184245684" title="Special:BookSources/9788184245684"><bdi>9788184245684</bdi></a>. <q>They were not to worship gods, goddesses, idols, graves, tombs, etc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+History+with+Objective+Questions+and+Historical+Maps%2C+Twenty-Sixth+Edition+2010&rft.pages=C-171&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788184245684&rft.au=V.K.+Agnihotra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMazdaWXQFuQC%26pg%3DSL3-PA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201382–83-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201382–83_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201382–83_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201382–83_35-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandair2013">Mandair 2013</a>, pp. 82–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196841-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196841_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1968">Jones 1968</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-world-37"><a href="#cite_ref-world_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pashaura_Singh_(Sikh_scholar)" title="Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar)">Singh, Pashaura</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dem9EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT478">The Sikh World</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429848384" title="Special:BookSources/9780429848384"><bdi>9780429848384</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+World&rft.pages=478&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780429848384&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddem9EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarhadi19707-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarhadi19707_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarhadi19707_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarhadi1970">Sarhadi 1970</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004205-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004205_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarrierSiṅgh2004">Barrier & Siṅgh 2004</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTālib2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tālib, Gurbachan Siṅgh (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z/page/390/mode/2up">"Untouchability"</a>. 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Unistar. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8171427543" title="Special:BookSources/978-8171427543"><bdi>978-8171427543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Guide+To+Sikhism&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Unistar&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-8171427543&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Jagraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FACompleteGuideToSikhism%2Fpage%2Fn101%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrill2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Perrill, Jeffrey (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/176/mode/2up">"Añjuman-i-Pañjāb"</a>. 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Patiala: Punjab University. pp. 176–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173801006" title="Special:BookSources/9788173801006"><bdi>9788173801006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A%C3%B1juman-i-Pa%C3%B1j%C4%81b&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=176-178&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Punjab+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788173801006&rft.aulast=Perrill&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d%2Fpage%2F176%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1964144-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1964144_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1964">Singh 1964</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973458-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973458_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973458_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973458_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973458_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973458_46-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973458_46-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973458_46-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973458_46-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973458_46-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973458_46-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, p. 458. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200068-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200068_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200068_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200068_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200068_47-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeol2000">Deol 2000</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196853-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196853_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196853_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196853_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196853_48-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1968">Jones 1968</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-kumar-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kumar_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kumar_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kumar_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kumar_49-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2016" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Ashutosh (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iTIlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA290">Rethinking State Politics in India: Regions Within Regions</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315391458" title="Special:BookSources/9781315391458"><bdi>9781315391458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+State+Politics+in+India%3A+Regions+Within+Regions&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781315391458&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ashutosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiTIlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200069-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200069_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200069_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200069_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200069_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200069_50-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeol2000">Deol 2000</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200070-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200070_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200070_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200070_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200070_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200070_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200070_51-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200070_51-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200070_51-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeol2000">Deol 2000</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh198996-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh198996_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh198996_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1989">Singh 1989</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196844-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196844_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196844_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196844_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196844_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196844_53-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1968">Jones 1968</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004209-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004209_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004209_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004209_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrierSiṅgh2004209_54-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarrierSiṅgh2004">Barrier & Siṅgh 2004</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, SIKH HISTORY IN 10 VOLUMES, Sikh University Press, Belgium, published in 2012; vol 4, pp 49-69 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal199725-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal199725_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewal1997">Grewal 1997</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201385–86-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201385–86_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandair2013">Mandair 2013</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-fenech273-58"><a href="#cite_ref-fenech273_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201384-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201384_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201384_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201384_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201384_59-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandair2013">Mandair 2013</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oberoi1994-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994_60-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994_60-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarjot_Oberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Harjot Oberoi (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC&pg=PA382">The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 382–383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6"><bdi>978-0-226-61593-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=382-383&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61593-6&rft.au=Harjot+Oberoi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKl84EYFkTsC%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428–29,_73–76,_329–330,_351–353-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428–29,_73–76,_329–330,_351–353_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinghFenech2014">Singh & Fenech 2014</a>, pp. 28–29, 73–76, 329–330, 351–353. </li> <li id="cite_note-kts-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kts_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kts_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kts_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kts_62-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1992" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Kenneth W. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EmY9fsUTjwYC&pg=PA209">Religious Controversy in British India: Dialogues in South Asian Languages</a>. SUNY Press. pp. 208–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791408278" title="Special:BookSources/9780791408278"><bdi>9780791408278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Controversy+in+British+India%3A+Dialogues+in+South+Asian+Languages&rft.pages=208-213&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780791408278&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEmY9fsUTjwYC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair201385-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201385_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201385_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair201385_63-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandair2013">Mandair 2013</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1989101-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1989101_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1989101_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1989101_64-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1989">Singh 1989</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh198997-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh198997_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh198997_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh198997_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh198997_65-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1989">Singh 1989</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiṅgh2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Siṅgh, Gursharan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z/page/302/mode/2up">"Bhāī Takht Siṅgh"</a>. In Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Vol. I (A–D) (4th ed.). Patiala: Punjab University. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173801006" title="Special:BookSources/9788173801006"><bdi>9788173801006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bh%C4%81%C4%AB+Takht+Si%E1%B9%85gh&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=302&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Punjab+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788173801006&rft.aulast=Si%E1%B9%85gh&rft.aufirst=Gursharan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z%2Fpage%2F302%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi199318-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi199318_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1993">Gandhi 1993</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiṅgh2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Siṅgh, Jagjīt (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z/page/252/mode/2up">"Srī Gurū Hitkārnī Singh Sabhā"</a>. 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In Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Vol. I (A–D) (4th ed.). Patiala: Punjab University. pp. 254–255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173801006" title="Special:BookSources/9788173801006"><bdi>9788173801006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sr%C4%AB+Gur%C5%AB+Upk%C4%81r+Prach%C4%81rn%C4%AB+Sabh%C4%81&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=254-255&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Punjab+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788173801006&rft.aulast=Si%E1%B9%85gh&rft.aufirst=Jagj%C4%ABt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z%2Fpage%2F254%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiṅgh2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Siṅgh, Jagjīt (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z/page/322/mode/2up">"Tarn Tāran"</a>. In Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Vol. I (A–D) (4th ed.). Patiala: Punjab University. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173801006" title="Special:BookSources/9788173801006"><bdi>9788173801006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tarn+T%C4%81ran&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=322&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Punjab+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788173801006&rft.aulast=Si%E1%B9%85gh&rft.aufirst=Jagj%C4%ABt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z%2Fpage%2F322%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhāṭīā2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bhāṭīā, S.S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/348/mode/2up">"Bhasauṛ Siṅgh Sabhā"</a>. In Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Vol. I (A–D) (4th ed.). Patiala: Punjab University. pp. 349–350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173801006" title="Special:BookSources/9788173801006"><bdi>9788173801006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bhasau%E1%B9%9B+Si%E1%B9%85gh+Sabh%C4%81&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=349-350&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Punjab+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788173801006&rft.aulast=Bh%C4%81%E1%B9%AD%C4%AB%C4%81&rft.aufirst=S.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d%2Fpage%2F348%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiṅgh2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Siṅgh, Jagjīt (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z/page/334/mode/2up">"Bābū Tejā Siṅgh"</a>. In Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Vol. I (A–D) (4th ed.). 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In Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Vol. I (A–D) (4th ed.). Patiala: Punjab University. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173801006" title="Special:BookSources/9788173801006"><bdi>9788173801006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sikh+States&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=168&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Punjab+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788173801006&rft.aulast=Ramusack&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Copland%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z%2Fpage%2F168%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiānī2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Giānī, Gurcharan Siṅgh (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z/page/422/mode/2up">"Varyām Siṅgh, Paṇḍit"</a>. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 115–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199995431" title="Special:BookSources/9780199995431"><bdi>9780199995431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Contested+Politics+of+Shuddhi&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+Tolerance%3A+Indian+Secularism+and+the+Politics+of+Religious+Freedom&rft.pages=115-126&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199995431&rft.aulast=Adcock&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDvMVDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi19938-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi19938_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1993">Gandhi 1993</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196852-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196852_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196852_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1968">Jones 1968</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-kohli-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kohli_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kohli_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohli2023" class="citation book cs1">Kohli, Pranav (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=huneEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA297">Memories in the Service of the Hindu Nation: The Afterlife of the Partition of India</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009354646" title="Special:BookSources/9781009354646"><bdi>9781009354646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories+in+the+Service+of+the+Hindu+Nation%3A+The+Afterlife+of+the+Partition+of+India&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781009354646&rft.aulast=Kohli&rft.aufirst=Pranav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhuneEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrikanta_Ghosh1997" class="citation book cs1">Srikanta Ghosh (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RGyO0E86X1oC&q=satyarth">Indian Democracy Derailed: Politics and Politicians</a>. APH Publishing. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-866-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-866-8"><bdi>978-81-7024-866-8</bdi></a>. <q>The first signs of Hindu-Sikh rift surfaced with the Satyarth Prakash of Arya Samajist, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, in which he wrote against Guru Nanak in a derogatory manner.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Democracy+Derailed%3A+Politics+and+Politicians&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7024-866-8&rft.au=Srikanta+Ghosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRGyO0E86X1oC%26q%3Dsatyarth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1961119-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1961119_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1961">Singh 1961</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaur-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaur_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallika_Kaur2020" class="citation book cs1">Mallika Kaur (14 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DC_KDwAAQBAJ">Faith, Gender, and Activism in the Punjab Conflict: The Wheat Fields Still Whisper</a>. Springer Nature. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-24674-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-24674-7"><bdi>978-3-030-24674-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith%2C+Gender%2C+and+Activism+in+the+Punjab+Conflict%3A+The+Wheat+Fields+Still+Whisper&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020-01-14&rft.isbn=978-3-030-24674-7&rft.au=Mallika+Kaur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDC_KDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1961120-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1961120_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1961120_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1961120_96-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1961">Singh 1961</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973459–460-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973459–460_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, pp. 459–460. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1961122-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1961122_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1961122_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1961">Singh 1961</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973464-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973464_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973464_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, p. 464. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973461-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973461_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973461_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973461_100-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973461_100-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, p. 461. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196845-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196845_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1968">Jones 1968</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196846-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196846_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196846_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196846_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196846_103-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196846_103-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196846_103-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196846_103-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196846_103-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1968">Jones 1968</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973462-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973462_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973462_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973462_104-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973462_104-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973462_104-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973462_104-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973462_104-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973462_104-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973462_104-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, p. 462. </li> <li id="cite_note-jawahir-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jawahir_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jawahir_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2018" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Chhanda (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gfl0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT39">The Sikh Minority and the Partition of the Punjab 1920-1947</a>. Routledge. pp. 38–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429656156" title="Special:BookSources/9780429656156"><bdi>9780429656156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Minority+and+the+Partition+of+the+Punjab+1920-1947&rft.pages=38-41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780429656156&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Chhanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGfl0DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiṅgh2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Siṅgh, Attar (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z/page/428/mode/2up">"Vīr Siṅgh, Bhāī"</a>. In Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Vol. I (A–D) (4th ed.). Patiala: Punjab University. pp. 428–431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173801006" title="Special:BookSources/9788173801006"><bdi>9788173801006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V%C4%ABr+Si%E1%B9%85gh%2C+Bh%C4%81%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=428-431&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Punjab+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788173801006&rft.aulast=Si%E1%B9%85gh&rft.aufirst=Attar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z%2Fpage%2F428%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196849-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196849_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196849_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1968">Jones 1968</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973465-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973465_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973465_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973465_108-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, p. 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones196850-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196850_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196850_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196850_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196850_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196850_109-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196850_109-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196850_109-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196850_109-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones196850_109-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1968">Jones 1968</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973466-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973466_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973466_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, p. 466. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973467-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973467_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973467_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973467_111-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973467_111-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, p. 467. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200074-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200074_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200074_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200074_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200074_112-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeol2000">Deol 2000</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1961123-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1961123_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1961123_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1961">Singh 1961</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973468–469-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973468–469_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, pp. 468–469. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973469-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973469_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, p. 469. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973470-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973470_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973470_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973470_116-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, p. 470. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973471-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973471_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973471_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, p. 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973472-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973472_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973472_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, p. 472. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973473-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973473_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973473_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, p. 473. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973475-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973475_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, p. 475. </li> <li id="cite_note-tisarpanth-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tisarpanth_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tisarpanth_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tisarpanth_121-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal2010" class="citation journal cs1">Grewal, J. S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume17/JPS_17_nos_1-2_Grewal.pdf">"W.H. McLeod and Sikh Studies"</a> (PDF). Journal of Punjab Studies. 17 (1–2): 133–135. Retrieved 19 August 2020. <q>p. 133: Though McLeod does not mention it, the phrase tisar panth (third panth) made its appearance in the eighteenth century Sikh literature to underline the distinction of the Khalsa Panth from both Hindus and Muslims. p. 135: Nor can there be objective uniformity or 'homogeneity' among all the members of a community identified as different from others. Neither fluidity nor diversity necessarily invalidates distinctive identity. The objective realities of the Sikh Panth and the self-image of the Sikhs from the days of Guru Nanak to the present day have not remained the same, but the consciousness of distinction from the others around has remained constant. Until we come to the late nineteenth century, there was no debate about Hindu-Sikh identity. Due to the emergence of a new 'Hindu' consciousness in the late nineteenth century, an inclusive definition of 'Hindu' led to the assertion that the Sikhs were 'Hindu'. Implicit in this assertion was a political dimension. Bhai Kahn Singh could see this dimension and his own exposition of Sikh identity was meant to show the political implication of its distinctiveness. The Sikh 'Panth' was a political community, a 'qaum' like Hindus, and like Muslims. Bhai Kahn Singh did not have to invent the tisar panth. The term itself as pointed out earlier, had been in existence at least since the eighteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Punjab+Studies&rft.atitle=W.H.+McLeod+and+Sikh+Studies&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=133-135&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunjab.global.ucsb.edu%2Fsites%2Fsecure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp%2Ffiles%2Fsitefiles%2Fjournals%2Fvolume17%2FJPS_17_nos_1-2_Grewal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jha-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jha_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jha_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jha, Dwijendra Narayan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145821">"Looking for a Hindu Identity"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 66. Indian History Congress: 8–9, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacw.net/India_History/dnj_Jan06.pdf">17–18</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145821">44145821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Looking+for+a+Hindu+Identity&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=8-9%2C+17-18&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44145821%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Dwijendra+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44145821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&q=denote">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521438780" title="Special:BookSources/9780521438780"><bdi>9780521438780</bdi></a>. <q>The actual term 'hindu' first occurs as a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: sindhu). In Arabic texts, Al-Hind is a term for the people of modern-day India and 'hindu', or 'Hindoo', was used towards the end of the eighteenth century by the British to refer to the people of 'Hindustan', the people of northwest India. Eventually 'Hindu' became virtually equivalent to an 'Indian' who was not a Muslim, Sikh, Jain or Christian, thereby encompassing a range of religious beliefs and practices. The '-ism' was added to Hindu in around 1830 to denote the culture and religion of the high-caste Brahmans in contrast to other religions, and the term was soon appropriated by Indians themselves in the context of building a national identity opposed to colonialism, though the term 'Hindu' was used in Sanskrit and Bengali hagiographic texts in contrast to 'Yavana' or Muslim as early as the sixteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780521438780&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpIWhKnYmF0C%26q%3Ddenote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-plassey-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plassey_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plassey_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plassey_124-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandopaddhya2004" class="citation book cs1">Bandopaddhya, Sekhar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/FromPlasseyToPartitionBySekharBandopaddhyaxaam.in/page/n249/mode/2up">"5.2: Hindu Revivalism and Politics"</a>. From Plassey To Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Blackswan. pp. 234–247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125025962" title="Special:BookSources/9788125025962"><bdi>9788125025962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.2%3A+Hindu+Revivalism+and+Politics&rft.btitle=From+Plassey+To+Partition%3A+A+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pages=234-247&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788125025962&rft.aulast=Bandopaddhya&rft.aufirst=Sekhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FFromPlasseyToPartitionBySekharBandopaddhyaxaam.in%2Fpage%2Fn249%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocklin2019" class="citation book cs1">Rocklin, Alexander (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeOGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155">The Regulation of Religion and the Making of Hinduism in Colonial Trinidad</a>. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 154–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469648729" title="Special:BookSources/9781469648729"><bdi>9781469648729</bdi></a>. <q>They included new Hindu identities–the "reform" movement or Arya Samaj, and an "orthodox" reaction, often called Sanatana Dharma.... Before European colonization of South Asia, "sanatana dharma" did not mean "eternal religion" and was not used as a way to delineate a distinct "Hinduism" from other presumed religions. In pre-colonial South Asia, sanatana dharma most often meant something like "venerable order" or "established norm" (or "orders" or "norms." It also appeared in the plural.). It was only adapted in the late nineteenth century as a way to set off an Indian tradition against Christianity, used as a translation for the term "Hinduism."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Regulation+of+Religion+and+the+Making+of+Hinduism+in+Colonial+Trinidad&rft.pages=154-156&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781469648729&rft.aulast=Rocklin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZeOGDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi199311-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi199311_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1993">Gandhi 1993</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghShani2021" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Gurharpal; Shani, Giorgio (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H_1MEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">Sikh Nationalism</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107136540" title="Special:BookSources/9781107136540"><bdi>9781107136540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Nationalism&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781107136540&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gurharpal&rft.au=Shani%2C+Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH_1MEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPall2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pall, Sheena (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/sitefiles/journals/volume20/9-Sheena%20Pall%2020.pdf">"Issues of Sikh Identity: Sanatanist-Sikh Debate"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Punjab Studies. 20 (1): 193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Punjab+Studies&rft.atitle=Issues+of+Sikh+Identity%3A+Sanatanist-Sikh+Debate&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=193&rft.date=2013-01&rft.aulast=Pall&rft.aufirst=Sheena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunjab.global.ucsb.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fsitefiles%2Fjournals%2Fvolume20%2F9-Sheena%2520Pall%252020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2024" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, Manju (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hfb4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT285">Being Hindu, Being Indian: Lala Lajpat Rai's Ideas of Nationhood</a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789357085830" title="Special:BookSources/9789357085830"><bdi>9789357085830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Hindu%2C+Being+Indian%3A+Lala+Lajpat+Rai%27s+Ideas+of+Nationhood&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9789357085830&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Manju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhfb4EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones1976p134-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones1976p134_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones1976p134_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones1976p134_130-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_W._Jones1976" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth W. Jones (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C">Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab</a>. University of California Press. pp. 134–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02920-0"><bdi>978-0-520-02920-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arya+Dharm%3A+Hindu+Consciousness+in+19th-century+Punjab&rft.pages=134-137&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02920-0&rft.au=Kenneth+W.+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRpvXCtNzrz8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-incensed-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-incensed_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-incensed_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarjot_Oberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Harjot Oberoi (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC">The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 322–326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61592-9"><bdi>978-0-226-61592-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=322-326&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61592-9&rft.au=Harjot+Oberoi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NKC9g2ayJEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988">; Quote: “The Tat Khalsa was particularly incensed at what was generally seen as Hindu interference, and more particularly Arya Samaj meddling, in Sikh affairs. The motive for Samaj spokesmen who argued for the retention of idols within the same shrine was highly suspect, because on earlier occasions when their own members had ventured to trample or smash idols there had been no public outcry against these profaning activities. Second, there was no place for idol worship in the teachings of the Sikh gurus. Third, it was argued that when anti-Sikh forces raided the shrine in the past, only Sikh blood was shed in great abundance to preserve its sanctity. Also, Sikh resources and wealth went into the making of this magnificent temple.". </li> <li id="cite_note-HirstZavos2013-132"><a href="#cite_ref-HirstZavos2013_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacqueline_Suthren_HirstJohn_Zavos2013" class="citation book cs1">Jacqueline Suthren Hirst; John Zavos (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOpAgAAQBAJ&q=part+and+parcel">Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia</a>. Routledge. pp. 61–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-62668-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-62668-5"><bdi>978-1-136-62668-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Traditions+in+Modern+South+Asia&rft.pages=61-62&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-62668-5&rft.au=Jacqueline+Suthren+Hirst&rft.au=John+Zavos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBOpAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpart%2Band%2Bparcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2009" class="citation book cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC&pg=PA31">Hindu Nationalism: A Reader</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400828036" title="Special:BookSources/9781400828036"><bdi>9781400828036</bdi></a>. <q>Arya Samaj members, until the beginning of the twentieth century, preferred to stress their specificity and distinction from Hinduism, which they saw as a degraded form of the Vedic religion. In 1891 the movement's leadership in the Punjab called on its members to declare themselves 'Aryas' and not Hindus, during the census.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781400828036&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmOXWgr53A5kC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973468-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1973468_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1973">Jones 1973</a>, p. 468. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh199638-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh199638_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1996">Singh 1996</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-persian-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-persian_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-persian_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewalHabib2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._S._Grewal" title="J. S. Grewal">Grewal, J. S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Habib, Irfan</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SikhHistoryFromPersianSources/page/n19/mode/2up?">Sikh History from Persian Sources: Translations of Major Texts</a>. University of Michigan: Tulika. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185229171" title="Special:BookSources/9788185229171"><bdi>9788185229171</bdi></a>. <q>The author of the Dabistan indicates in several ways that the Sikhs had a religious identity of their own. At places, he is quite explicit. The Sikhs did not believe in idols or idol-worship. Like Muslims, Guru Nanak believed in the Oneness of God, but he subscribed to the idea of transmigration as well. He did not believe in incarnation, and regarded the gods and goddesses of the Hindus as creatures of God; they did not worship the idols of Hindu gods. The Sikhs did not recite Hindu mantras, and they did not care for Sanskrit, regarded by the Hindus as the language of angels. On the whole, thus, the Sikhs are presented as distinct from Hindus and Muslims. Bhai Gurdas also talks of the Sikh Panth (called gurmukh, sachcha , nirol or nirmal panth) as distinct from both Hindus and Muslims. The salient features of the Sikh Panth are: renunciation of renunciation, equality of castes, a new scripture, and transcendence of former panths.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+History+from+Persian+Sources%3A+Translations+of+Major+Texts&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Tulika&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788185229171&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft.au=Habib%2C+Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSikhHistoryFromPersianSources%2Fpage%2Fn19%2Fmode%2F2up%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._S._Grewal" title="J. S. Grewal">Grewal, J. S.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/khalsasikhnonsik0000unse/page/96/mode/2up?">The Khalsa: Sikh and Non-Sikh Perspectives</a>. Manohar Publishers and Distributors. pp. 96, 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173045806" title="Special:BookSources/9788173045806"><bdi>9788173045806</bdi></a>. <q>For Bhai Santokh Singh, the immediate aim of creating the Khalsa was to assume sovereign political power. "On seeing the third unique religion in the world the enemy apprehended disaster (and realized that it will) snatch the political power." ....(teesra mazhab jag dekh ke ajab mahan, bairee ke gajab pario chheenai thakurai hai)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Khalsa%3A+Sikh+and+Non-Sikh+Perspectives&rft.pages=96%2C+100&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788173045806&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkhalsasikhnonsik0000unse%2Fpage%2F96%2Fmode%2F2up%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1996" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeworkofguruar0000pash/page/92/mode/2up">Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199087808" title="Special:BookSources/9780199087808"><bdi>9780199087808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Work+of+Guru+Arjan%3A+History%2C+Memory%2C+and+Biography+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780199087808&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeworkofguruar0000pash%2Fpage%2F92%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._H._McLeod" title="W. H. McLeod">McLeod, W. H.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheB40Janam-sakhi/page/n187/mode/2up">The B40 Janam-sakhi</a>. Guru Nanak Dev University. pp. 142–143. <q>[But God reassured him, saying] "Go, Nanak. Your panth will flourish. The salutation [of your followers] shall be: pairī̃ pavaṇā satigurū hoiā. The salutation of the Vaisnava panth is: rām kriṣan. The salutation of the Sanyasi panth is: namo narāiṇ. The yogis' salutation is: ādes ādi purakh kau. The Muslims' cry is: salām-'alaik. You are Nanak and your panth will flourish. [Your followers] shall be [called) Nanak-panthis and their salutation shall be: pairī̃ pauṇā satigurū hoigā. "I shall bless your panth. Inculcate devotion towards me and strengthen [men's obedience to their] dharma. [As] the Vaisnavas [have] their temple (rāmsāl), the yogis, their seat (āsaṇ), and the Muslims their mosque, so your [followers shall have their] dharamsala. Three things you must inculcate in your panth: [repeating] the divine Name, [giving] charity, and [regular] bathing. Keep [yourself] unspotted while [yet remaining] a householder."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+B40+Janam-sakhi&rft.pages=142-143&rft.pub=Guru+Nanak+Dev+University&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheB40Janam-sakhi%2Fpage%2Fn187%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOberoi1994">Oberoi 1994</a>, p. 51: ""Go, Nanak [answered God]. Your Panth will flourish. The salutation of your followers shall be: 'In the name of the true Guru I fall at your feet'. The salutation of the Vaisnava Panth is: 'In the name of Rama and Krisna'. The salutation of the Sanyasi Panth is: 'In the name of Narayan I bow before you'. The Yogi's salutation is: 'Hail to the primal One'. The Muslims' cry is: 'In the name of the One God peace be with you'. You are Nanak and your Panth will flourish. Your followers shall be called Nanak-panthis and their salutation will be: 'In the name of the true Guru I fall at your feet'. I shall bless your Panth. Inculcate devotion towards Me and strengthen men's obedience to their dharma. As the Vaisnavas have their temple, the yogis their asan, and the Muslims their mosque, so your followers shall have their dharamsala. Three things you must inculcate in your Panth: repeating the divine Name, giving charity, and regular bathing. Keep yourself unspotted while yet remaining a householder."" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal19976–7-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal19976–7_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewal1997">Grewal 1997</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-eos-142"><a href="#cite_ref-eos_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiṅgh2011" class="citation book cs1">Siṅgh, Gurbax (2011). Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/347/mode/2up">Jaṅgnāmā</a> (3rd ed.). Patiala, Punjab: Punjab University, Patiala. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8173805301" title="Special:BookSources/978-8173805301"><bdi>978-8173805301</bdi></a>. <q>About the Sikh religion, the Qazi says: "The Sikhs are disciples of the pious man who lived in Chakk [Chakk Guru, Amritsar]. After him came his successor, Gobind Singh, from whom they derived the title Singh. The dogs are not from the Hindus; the path of these evil ones is different."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ja%E1%B9%85gn%C4%81m%C4%81&rft.place=Patiala%2C+Punjab&rft.pages=343&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Punjab+University%2C+Patiala&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-8173805301&rft.aulast=Si%E1%B9%85gh&rft.aufirst=Gurbax&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l%2Fpage%2F347%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewalHabib2001">Grewal & Habib 2001</a>, p. 209: "The ways and practices of these [people] are derived from Nanak who showed to the Sikhs a separate path. His [last] successor was Gobind Singh, from whom they received the title 'Singh'. They are not from amongst the Hindus. These miscreants have a distinct religion of their own." </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhavan2011" class="citation book cs1">Dhavan, Purnima (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whensparrowsbeca0000dhav/page/200/mode/2up">When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199756551" title="Special:BookSources/9780199756551"><bdi>9780199756551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Sparrows+Became+Hawks%3A+The+Making+of+the+Sikh+Warrior+Tradition%2C+1699-1799&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199756551&rft.aulast=Dhavan&rft.aufirst=Purnima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhensparrowsbeca0000dhav%2Fpage%2F200%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal2011178-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal2011178_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewal2011">Grewal 2011</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-CKD-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CKD_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CKD_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-grewal1998p145-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grewal1998p145_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grewal1998p145_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grewal1998p145_147-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grewal1998p145_147-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._Grewal1998" class="citation book cs1">J. S. Grewal (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew">The Sikhs of the Punjab</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/145">145</a>–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63764-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pages=145-149&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63764-0&rft.au=J.+S.+Grewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhsofpunjab0000grew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones1989p112-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones1989p112_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones1989p112_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_W._Jones1989" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth W. Jones (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HV4nHv8urgC">Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24986-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24986-7"><bdi>978-0-521-24986-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socio-Religious+Reform+Movements+in+British+India&rft.pages=111-114&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24986-7&rft.au=Kenneth+W.+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HV4nHv8urgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghSingh1988" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Mohinder (Editor); Singh, Gurdarshan (Author) (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W95iulFxS6gC">History and Culture of Panjab</a>. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distri. pp. 101–104, 108–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171560783" title="Special:BookSources/9788171560783"><bdi>9788171560783</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Culture+of+Panjab&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=101-104%2C+108-112&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distri&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9788171560783&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Mohinder+%28Editor%29&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurdarshan+%28Author%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW95iulFxS6gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|first1=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-jogindr108-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jogindr108_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jogindr108_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghSingh1988" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Mohinder (Editor); Singh, Jogindr (Author) (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W95iulFxS6gC">History and Culture of Panjab</a>. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distri. pp. 108–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171560783" title="Special:BookSources/9788171560783"><bdi>9788171560783</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Culture+of+Panjab&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=108-110&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distri&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9788171560783&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Mohinder+%28Editor%29&rft.au=Singh%2C+Jogindr+%28Author%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW95iulFxS6gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|first1=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-akali-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-akali_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akali_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akali_151-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201430-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201430_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201430_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201430_152-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinghFenech2014">Singh & Fenech 2014</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._Grewal1998" class="citation book cs1">J. S. Grewal (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew">The Sikhs of the Punjab</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/169">169</a>–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63764-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pages=169-171&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63764-0&rft.au=J.+S.+Grewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhsofpunjab0000grew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rb-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rb_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rb_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rb_154-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Harpreet (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=208">"16: 'Western' Writers on the Sikhs: Religious Boundaries"</a>. In Singh, Fenech; Pashaura, Louis E. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 208–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191004124" title="Special:BookSources/9780191004124"><bdi>9780191004124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=16%3A+%27Western%27+Writers+on+the+Sikhs%3A+Religious+Boundaries&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=208-209&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780191004124&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Harpreet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3D208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOberoi1994">Oberoi 1994</a>, p. 51:"Bhai Gurdas is not completely unaware of boundaries. Frequently in his verse he labours the point that Muslims miss the correct path, that Hindus are caught in the snare of empty rituals and social inequalities. The solution for him is a Sikh way of life, a distinctive third path to human problems, and the ideal man is a gurmukh, a follower of the Sikh gurus and their doctrines. These are not merely metaphysical differences but suggest a new idiom, a separate community of believers, and above all a reworking of the social order." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal2011120-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal2011120_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewal2011">Grewal 2011</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod1999" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, W. H. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXTXAAAAMAAJ">Sikhs and Sikhism</a> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195647457" title="Special:BookSources/9780195647457"><bdi>9780195647457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhs+and+Sikhism&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780195647457&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXTXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal19974-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal19974_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewal1997">Grewal 1997</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200075-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200075_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200075_159-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeol2000">Deol 2000</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeol200076-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200076_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200076_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeol200076_160-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeol2000">Deol 2000</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428–29-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428–29_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428–29_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428–29_161-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428–29_161-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428–29_161-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghFenech201428–29_161-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinghFenech2014">Singh & Fenech 2014</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghMichael_Hawley2012" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Michael Hawley (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4SLhLakpsNsC&pg=PA30">Re-imagining South Asian Religions</a>. BRILL Academic. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24236-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24236-4"><bdi>978-90-04-24236-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-imagining+South+Asian+Religions&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24236-4&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Michael+Hawley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4SLhLakpsNsC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTālib2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tālib, Gurbachan Siṅgh (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z/page/154/mode/2up">"Sikhism"</a>. In Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Vol. I (A–D) (4th ed.). Patiala: Punjab University. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173801006" title="Special:BookSources/9788173801006"><bdi>9788173801006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sikhism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=155&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Punjab+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788173801006&rft.aulast=T%C4%81lib&rft.aufirst=Gurbachan+Si%E1%B9%85gh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z%2Fpage%2F154%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeol2000" class="citation book cs1">Deol, Harnik (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u_AMX5RI_YUC">Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab (Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia)</a> (1st ed.). New York City, U.S.A.: Routledge. pp. 65–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415201087" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415201087"><bdi>978-0415201087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Nationalism+in+India%3A+The+Case+of+the+Punjab+%28Routledge+Studies+in+the+Modern+History+of+Asia%29&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+U.S.A.&rft.pages=65-78&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0415201087&rft.aulast=Deol&rft.aufirst=Harnik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du_AMX5RI_YUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1993" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Surjit Singh (1993). "Genesic Roots". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPr-BX563M8C&pg=PA1">Perspectives on Sikh Gurdwaras Legislation</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 1–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-371-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-371-5"><bdi>978-81-7156-371-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesic+Roots&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Sikh+Gurdwaras+Legislation&rft.pages=1-47&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-371-5&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Surjit+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPr-BX563M8C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarhadi1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sarhadi" title="Ajit Singh Sarhadi">Sarhadi, Ajit Singh</a> (1970). "The Sikh Resurgence and the Emergence of the Akali Dal". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=2653&page=1&CategoryID=1">Punjabi Suba: The Story of the Struggle</a>. Delhi: U. C. Kapur and Sons. pp. 1–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sikh+Resurgence+and+the+Emergence+of+the+Akali+Dal&rft.btitle=Punjabi+Suba%3A+The+Story+of+the+Struggle&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=1-29&rft.pub=U.+C.+Kapur+and+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Sarhadi&rft.aufirst=Ajit+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panjabdigilib.org%2Fwebuser%2Fsearches%2FdisplayPage.jsp%3FID%3D2653%26page%3D1%26CategoryID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrierSiṅgh2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Barrier, N. Gerald; Siṅgh, Nazer (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z/page/204/mode/2up">"Siṅgh Sabhā Movement"</a>. In Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Vol. IV (S–Z) (2nd ed.). Patiala: Punjab University. pp. 205–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173805301" title="Special:BookSources/9788173805301"><bdi>9788173805301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Si%E1%B9%85gh+Sabh%C4%81+Movement&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=205-212&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Punjab+University&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788173805301&rft.aulast=Barrier&rft.aufirst=N.+Gerald&rft.au=Si%E1%B9%85gh%2C+Nazer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z%2Fpage%2F204%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberoi, Harjot (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC&pg=PA73">The Construction of religious boundaries: culture, identity, and diversity in the Sikh tradition</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6"><bdi>978-0-226-61593-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+religious+boundaries%3A+culture%2C+identity%2C+and+diversity+in+the+Sikh+tradition&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61593-6&rft.aulast=Oberoi&rft.aufirst=Harjot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKl84EYFkTsC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1989" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Gurdarshan (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W95iulFxS6gC&pg=PA95">"The Singh Sabha Movement"</a>. In Singh, Mohinder (ed.). History and Culture of Panjab. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. pp. 95–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171560783" title="Special:BookSources/9788171560783"><bdi>9788171560783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Singh+Sabha+Movement&rft.btitle=History+and+Culture+of+Panjab&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=95-104&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9788171560783&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gurdarshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW95iulFxS6gC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsburg Academic. pp. 78–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=78-86&rft.pub=Bloomsburg+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdhLAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=28-31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._S._Grewal" title="J. S. Grewal">Grewal, J. S.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoricalPerspectivesOnSikhIdentity/mode/2up">Historical perspectives on Sikh identity</a>. Publication Bureau, Punjab University Patiala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173803598" title="Special:BookSources/9788173803598"><bdi>9788173803598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+perspectives+on+Sikh+identity&rft.pub=Publication+Bureau%2C+Punjab+University+Patiala&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788173803598&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHistoricalPerspectivesOnSikhIdentity%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._S._Grewal" title="J. S. Grewal">Grewal, J. S.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyliteratur0000grew/mode/2up">History, Literature, and Identity: Four Centuries of Sikh Tradition</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199080427" title="Special:BookSources/9780199080427"><bdi>9780199080427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+Literature%2C+and+Identity%3A+Four+Centuries+of+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199080427&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryliteratur0000grew%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ganda_Singh_(historian)" title="Ganda Singh (historian)">Singh, Ganda</a> (April 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheOriginOfTheHinduSikhTensionInThePunjabDr.GandaSingh/mode/2up">"The Origin of the Hindu-Sikh Tension in Punjab"</a>. The Journal of Indian History. 39 (1): 119–123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Indian+History&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Hindu-Sikh+Tension+in+Punjab&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=119-123&rft.date=1961-04&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ganda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheOriginOfTheHinduSikhTensionInThePunjabDr.GandaSingh%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1968" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Kenneth W. (November 1968). "Communalism in the Punjab: The Arya Samaj Contribution". The Journal of Asian Studies. 28 (1). Duke University Press: 39–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2942838">10.2307/2942838</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2942838">2942838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Communalism+in+the+Punjab%3A+The+Arya+Samaj+Contribution&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-54&rft.date=1968-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2942838&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2942838%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1973" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Kenneth W. (May 1973). "Ham Hindū Nahīn: Arya-Sikh Relations, 1877-1905". The Journal of Asian Studies. 32 (3). Duke University Press: 457–475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2052684">10.2307/2052684</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2052684">2052684</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163885354">163885354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Ham+Hind%C5%AB+Nah%C4%ABn%3A+Arya-Sikh+Relations%2C+1877-1905&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=457-475&rft.date=1973-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163885354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2052684%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2052684&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1964" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Harbans (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-heritage-of-the-sikhs/page/138/mode/2up">"Reorientation"</a>. The Heritage Of The Sikhs. New York: Asia Publishing House. pp. 138–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836410068" title="Special:BookSources/9780836410068"><bdi>9780836410068</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reorientation&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+Of+The+Sikhs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=138-147&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=9780836410068&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Harbans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-heritage-of-the-sikhs%2Fpage%2F138%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Singh_Sabha_Movement&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannSodhiGill1995" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Jasbir; Sodhi, Surinder; Gill, Gurbakhsh, eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/InvasionOfReligiousBoundaries-ACritiqueOfHarjotOberoisWork/mode/2up">Invasion of Religious Boundaries: A Critique of Harjot Oberoi's Work</a>. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780969409281" title="Special:BookSources/9780969409281"><bdi>9780969409281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invasion+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+A+Critique+of+Harjot+Oberoi%27s+Work&rft.pub=Canadian+Sikh+Study+%26+Teaching+Society&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780969409281&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FInvasionOfReligiousBoundaries-ACritiqueOfHarjotOberoisWork%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingh+Sabha+Movement" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="16px_Sikh_politics_16px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_politics" title="Template:Sikh politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_politics" title="Template talk:Sikh politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_State_Akali_Dal" title="Haryana State Akali Dal">Haryana State Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Amritsar)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Longowal)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Longowal)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Longowal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal_(1920)" title="Akali Dal (1920)">Akali Dal (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Akali_Dal" title="United Akali Dal">United Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Panthic)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Panthic)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Panthic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Democratic)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_Delhi" title="Shiromani Akali Dal Delhi">Shiromani Akali Dal Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Sanyukt)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Sikh_Students_Federation" title="All India Sikh Students Federation">All India Sikh Students Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Sikh_Gurdwara_Prabandhak_Committee" title="Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee">Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sikh_Gurdwara_Management_Committee" title="Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee">Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Sikh_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Haryana Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Haryana Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Tara_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Tara Singh">Master Tara Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardul_Singh_Caveeshar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardul Singh Caveeshar">Sardul Singh Caveeshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldev_Singh" title="Baldev Singh">Baldev Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Chohan" title="Jagjit Singh Chohan">Jagjit Singh Chohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjit_Singh_Barnala" title="Surjit Singh Barnala">Surjit Singh Barnala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarinder_Singh" title="Amarinder Singh">Amarinder Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhbir_Singh_Badal" title="Sukhbir Singh Badal">Sukhbir Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harcharan_Singh_Longowal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcharan Singh Longowal">Harcharan Singh Longowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurnam_Singh" title="Gurnam Singh">Gurnam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachhman_Singh_Gill" title="Lachhman Singh Gill">Lachhman Singh Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Singh_Dhindsa" title="Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa">Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagir_Kaur" title="Jagir Kaur">Jagir Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundar_Singh_Majithia" title="Sundar Singh Majithia">Sundar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Singh_Rarewala" title="Gian Singh Rarewala">Gian Singh Rarewala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurcharan_Singh_Tohra" title="Gurcharan Singh Tohra">Gurcharan Singh Tohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simranjit_Singh_Mann" title="Simranjit Singh Mann">Simranjit Singh Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Singh_Chandumajra" title="Prem Singh Chandumajra">Prem Singh Chandumajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partap_Singh_Kairon" title="Partap Singh Kairon">Partap Singh Kairon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurnam_Singh" title="Gurnam Singh">Gurnam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Zail_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Giani Zail Singh">Giani Zail Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(politician)" title="Beant Singh (politician)">Beant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajinder_Kaur_Bhattal" title="Rajinder Kaur Bhattal">Rajinder Kaur Bhattal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritpal_Singh" title="Amritpal Singh">Amritpal Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha movement">Singh Sabha movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_movement" title="Akali movement">Akali movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Suba">Punjab State Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandpur Resolution">Anandpur Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharam_Yudh_Morcha" title="Dharam Yudh Morcha">Dharam Yudh Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Truth" title="Wall of Truth">Wall of Truth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Woodrose" title="Operation Woodrose">Operation Woodrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Black_Thunder" title="Operation Black Thunder">Operation Black Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab insurgency">Punjab insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a> Portal:Sikhism <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikhism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Gurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh holy book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Beliefs and principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Cannabis and Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_practices" title="Sikh practices">Sikh practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_rites" title="Sikh rites">Sikh rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikh_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, <a href="/wiki/Hill_States%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill States–Sikh Wars">Hill States–Sikh Wars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_Singh_Majithia" title="Desa Singh Majithia">Desa Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a> <img alt="" 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