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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Luchtvervuiling" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Luchtvervuiling" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Luchtvervuiling" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Vervuilende_stoffen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vervuilende_stoffen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Vervuilende stoffen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vervuilende_stoffen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronnen_van_luchtvervuiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronnen_van_luchtvervuiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bronnen van luchtvervuiling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bronnen_van_luchtvervuiling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Bronnen van luchtvervuiling-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bronnen_van_luchtvervuiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Menselijke_bronnen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menselijke_bronnen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Menselijke bronnen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menselijke_bronnen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natuurlijke_bronnen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natuurlijke_bronnen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Natuurlijke bronnen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natuurlijke_bronnen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gevolgen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gevolgen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gevolgen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gevolgen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gevolgen-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gevolgen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gevolgen_in_de_natuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gevolgen_in_de_natuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gevolgen in de natuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gevolgen_in_de_natuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gevolgen_voor_de_gezondheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gevolgen_voor_de_gezondheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Gevolgen voor de gezondheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gevolgen_voor_de_gezondheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verspreiding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verspreiding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Verspreiding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verspreiding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concentratieschalen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concentratieschalen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Concentratieschalen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concentratieschalen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Concentratieschalen-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Concentratieschalen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europese_normen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europese_normen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Europese normen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europese_normen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tabel_concentratieschalen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabel_concentratieschalen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Tabel concentratieschalen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tabel_concentratieschalen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Luchtvervuiling</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 90 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugbesoedeling" title="Lugbesoedeling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lugbesoedeling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="تلوث الهواء – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلوث الهواء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="বায়ু প্ৰদূষণ – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বায়ু প্ৰদূষণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3n_atmosf%C3%A9rica" title="Contaminación atmosférica – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Contaminación atmosférica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer_%C3%A7irkl%C9%99nm%C9%99si" title="Atmosfer çirklənməsi – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atmosfer çirklənməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusyon_sa_duros" title="Polusyon sa duros – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polusyon sa duros" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Забруджванне атмасферы – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Забруджванне атмасферы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Замърсяване на въздуха – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Замърсяване на въздуха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="हवा प्रदूषण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हवा प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="বায়ুদূষণ – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বায়ুদূষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3_atmosf%C3%A8rica" title="Contaminació atmosfèrica – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Contaminació atmosfèrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7" title="مەترسیەکانی پیسبونی ھەوا – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەترسیەکانی پیسبونی ھەوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zne%C4%8Di%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_ovzdu%C5%A1%C3%AD" title="Znečištění ovzduší – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Znečištění ovzduší" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llygredd_aer" title="Llygredd aer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llygredd aer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftforurening" title="Luftforurening – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Luftforurening" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Air pollution" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftverschmutzung" title="Luftverschmutzung – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luftverschmutzung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%81%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Air pollution" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aera_poluado" title="Aera poluado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aera poluado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3n_atmosf%C3%A9rica" title="Contaminación atmosférica – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contaminación atmosférica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95husaastus" title="Õhusaastus – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õhusaastus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airearen_kutsadura" title="Airearen kutsadura – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Airearen kutsadura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7" title="آلودگی هوا – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلودگی هوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilman_saastuminen" title="Ilman saastuminen – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilman saastuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_de_l%27air" title="Pollution de l'air – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pollution de l'air" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtfersmoarging" title="Luchtfersmoarging – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Luchtfersmoarging" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truailli%C3%BA_aeir" title="Truailliú aeir – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Truailliú aeir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3n_atmosf%C3%A9rica" title="Contaminación atmosférica – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Contaminación atmosférica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A3" title="વાયુનું પ્રદૂષણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વાયુનું પ્રદૂષણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbacewar_Iska" title="Gurbacewar Iska – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gurbacewar Iska" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8" title="זיהום אוויר – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זיהום אוויר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="वायु प्रदूषण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वायु प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%C4%8Di%C5%A1%C4%87avanje_zraka" title="Onečišćavanje zraka – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Onečišćavanje zraka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveg%C5%91szennyez%C3%A9s" title="Levegőszennyezés – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Levegőszennyezés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Մթնոլորտի աղտոտում – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մթնոլորտի աղտոտում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_udara" title="Pencemaran udara – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pencemaran udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmet%E1%BB%8D_ikuku" title="Mmetọ ikuku – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mmetọ ikuku" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosferala_polutajo" title="Atmosferala polutajo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Atmosferala polutajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquinamento_atmosferico" title="Inquinamento atmosferico – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inquinamento atmosferico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%97%E6%B1%9A%E6%9F%93" title="大気汚染 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大気汚染" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ჰაერის დაბინძურება – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰაერის დაბინძურება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Атмосфераны ластау – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атмосфераны ластау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ವಾಯು ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಯು ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%B0_%EC%98%A4%EC%97%BC" title="대기 오염 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대기 오염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Абанын булганышы – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Абанын булганышы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquinatio_a%C3%ABris" title="Inquinatio aëris – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Inquinatio aëris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro_tar%C5%A1a" title="Oro tarša – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oro tarša" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaisa_pies%C4%81r%C5%86ojums" title="Gaisa piesārņojums – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gaisa piesārņojums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Загадување на воздухот – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Загадување на воздухот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="അന്തരീക്ഷമലിനീകരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്തരീക്ഷമലിനീകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Агаарын бохирдол – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Агаарын бохирдол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A0_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%84" title="ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠ ꯃꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄ – Meitei" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠ ꯃꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Meitei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="वायू प्रदूषण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वायू प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_udara" title="Pencemaran udara – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pencemaran udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="वायु प्रदूषण – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वायु प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftforurensning" title="Luftforurensning – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Luftforurensning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollucion_atmosferica" title="Pollucion atmosferica – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pollucion atmosferica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A3" title="ਹਵਾ ਪ੍ਰਦੂਸ਼ਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਵਾ ਪ੍ਰਦੂਸ਼ਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanieczyszczenie_powietrza" title="Zanieczyszczenie powietrza – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zanieczyszczenie powietrza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DA%A9%DA%93%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="د هوا ککړتيا – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هوا ککړتيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_atmosf%C3%A9rica" title="Poluição atmosférica – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poluição atmosférica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poluarea_aerului" title="Poluarea aerului – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poluarea aerului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Загрязнение атмосферы Земли – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Загрязнение атмосферы Земли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imyuka_Ihumanya_Ikirere" title="Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="वायुमालिन्यम् – Sanskriet" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वायुमालिन्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskriet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%DA%AF%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BB" title="ھوائي گدلاڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھوائي گدلاڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerozaga%C4%91enje" title="Aerozagađenje – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aerozagađenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%96%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="වායු දූෂණය – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වායු දූෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Air pollution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndotja_e_ajrit" title="Ndotja e ajrit – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndotja e ajrit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Загађење ваздуха – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Загађење ваздуха" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftf%C3%B6roreningar" title="Luftföroreningar – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Luftföroreningar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchafuzi_wa_hewa" title="Uchafuzi wa hewa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uchafuzi wa hewa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வளி மாசடைதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வளி மாசடைதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8A" title="ವಾಯು ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯೊ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ವಾಯು ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯೊ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="వాయు కాలుష్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వాయు కాలుష్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="มลพิษทางอากาศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มลพิษทางอากาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hava_kirlili%C4%9Fi" title="Hava kirliliği – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hava kirliliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Забруднення повітря – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Забруднення повітря" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="فضائی آلودگی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فضائی آلودگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havoning_ifloslanishi" title="Havoning ifloslanishi – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Havoning ifloslanishi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_nhi%E1%BB%85m_kh%C3%B4ng_kh%C3%AD" title="Ô nhiễm không khí – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ô nhiễm không khí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannixhance_di_l%27_air" title="Mannixhance di l' air – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mannixhance di l' air" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="空气污染 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="空气污染" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungcoliseko_lomoya" title="Ungcoliseko lomoya – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ungcoliseko lomoya" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="לופט פארפעסטיקונג – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לופט פארפעסטיקונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqlah_hoengheiq" title="Uqlah hoengheiq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Uqlah hoengheiq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="空氣污染 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="空氣污染" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="空氣污染 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="空氣污染" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131123#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/L%C3%A9gszennyez%C3%A9s.jpg/390px-L%C3%A9gszennyez%C3%A9s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/L%C3%A9gszennyez%C3%A9s.jpg/520px-L%C3%A9gszennyez%C3%A9s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Luchtvervuiling door industrie, Italië</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Dust_Interior_Air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dust_Interior_Air.jpg/260px-Dust_Interior_Air.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dust_Interior_Air.jpg/390px-Dust_Interior_Air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dust_Interior_Air.jpg/520px-Dust_Interior_Air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sporen bij een luchtbehandelingssysteem</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm/260px--Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="251" data-mwtitle="Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Bestand:Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm/Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm/Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm/Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm/Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm/Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm/Waarom_is_de_Nederlandse_lucht_zo_smerig.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Lezing van luchtkwaliteitexpert Wouter Peters (Wageningen Universiteit / Rijksuniversiteit Groningen) over luchtvervuiling - <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Nederland" title="Universiteit van Nederland">Universiteit van Nederland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm/260px--Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="193" data-mwtitle="Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Bestand:Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm/Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm/Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm/Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm/Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm/Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm/Is_er_nog_ergens_schone_lucht.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Is er nog ergens schone lucht? - <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Vlaanderen" title="Universiteit van Vlaanderen">Universiteit van Vlaanderen</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Luchtvervuiling</b> of <b>luchtverontreiniging</b> treedt op wanneer schadelijke of overmatige hoeveelheden stoffen, waaronder <a href="/wiki/Gas_(aggregatietoestand)" title="Gas (aggregatietoestand)">gassen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fijnstof" title="Fijnstof">deeltjes</a> en <a href="/wiki/Biomolecuul" title="Biomolecuul">biomoleculen</a>, in de <a href="/wiki/Aardatmosfeer" title="Aardatmosfeer">troposfeer van de aarde</a> worden geïntroduceerd. Deze stoffen kunnen afkomstig zijn van natuurlijke bronnen of van menselijke bronnen. </p><p>Luchtvervuiling kan levende organismen zoals dieren en de plantengroei schaden, maar het kan ook gebouwen beschadigen. Zo was in Nederland luchtvervuiling door <a href="/wiki/Zwaveldioxide" title="Zwaveldioxide">zwaveldioxide</a> halverwege de twintigste eeuw de oorzaak van de <a href="/wiki/Epifytenwoestijn" title="Epifytenwoestijn">epifytenwoestijnen</a>. De vervuilende stoffen kunnen ook neerslaan in daarvoor gevoelige gebieden, zoals de <a href="/wiki/Stikstofdepositie" title="Stikstofdepositie">stikstofdepositie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Natuurgebied" title="Natuurgebied">natuurgebieden</a>. </p><p>Bij de mens kan luchtvervuiling ziekten, allergieën en zelfs de dood veroorzaken. In Europa is luchtvervuiling verantwoordelijk voor meer dan 500.000 vroegtijdige sterfgevallen per jaar,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> waarvan 9.380 in België en 10.970 in Nederland.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wereldwijd is luchtvervuiling verantwoordelijk voor 1 op de 8 doden.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luchtvervuiling binnenshuis is evenzeer schadelijk voor de gezondheid. Recent onderzoek van U.S. Environmental Protection Agency wijst uit dat de concentratie van bepaalde vervuilende stoffen in de lucht binnenshuis 2 tot 5 keer hoger zijn dan in de buitenlucht.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vervuilende_stoffen">Vervuilende stoffen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vervuilende stoffen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vervuilende stoffen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stoffen die in de atmosfeer terechtkomen als luchtvervuiling zijn bijvoorbeeld koolmonoxide, chloorfluorkoolstofverbinding, stikstofoxiden, ammoniak, zwaveldioxide en fijnstof. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koolstofmonoxide" title="Koolstofmonoxide">Koolmonoxide</a></i> (ook wel kolendamp genoemd) kan vrijkomen bij onvolledige verbranding, bijvoorbeeld in verbrandingsmotoren. Koolmonoxide is giftig, het heeft een verstikkend effect op mensen en dieren.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chloorfluorkoolstofverbinding" title="Chloorfluorkoolstofverbinding">Chloorfluorkoolstofverbindingen</a></i> (de zogenaamde cfk's). De aardatmosfeer beschermt het leven op aarde door een gedeelte van de schadelijke straling die afkomstig is van de <a href="/wiki/Zon" title="Zon">zon</a> tegen te houden. Zo wordt het schadelijkste deel van de <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolette</a> <a href="/wiki/Straling" title="Straling">straling</a> tegengehouden door de <a href="/wiki/Ozonlaag" title="Ozonlaag">ozonlaag</a> die zich op ongeveer 10-15 kilometer hoogte bevindt. De chloorfluorkoolstofverbindingen kunnen de ozonlaag aantasten. Deze verbindingen werden tot voor kort gebruikt als <a href="/wiki/Drijfgas" title="Drijfgas">drijfgassen</a> voor <a href="/wiki/Spuitbus" title="Spuitbus">spuitbussen</a> en als koelmiddel in oudere types <a href="/wiki/Koelkast" title="Koelkast">koelkasten</a>. Productie en gebruik van deze verbindingen zijn sinds enige jaren verboden. Zij zijn nu vervangen door verbindingen die minder schadelijk zijn voor de ozonlaag.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stikstofoxide" title="Stikstofoxide">Stikstofoxiden</a></i> worden bij verbranding geproduceerd, vooral als deze bij hoge temperaturen verloopt. NO<sub>x</sub> wordt vaak gemeten, ook in het <a href="/wiki/Landelijk_Meetnet_Luchtkwaliteit" title="Landelijk Meetnet Luchtkwaliteit">Landelijk Meetnet Luchtkwaliteit</a>. Behalve dat het schadelijk is, wordt het ook gezien als een signaalstof, de hoeveelheid NO<sub>x</sub> die ergens wordt gemeten, is een indicatie voor allerlei andere vaak voorkomende luchtvervuiling.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vluchtige_organische_stof" title="Vluchtige organische stof">Vluchtige organische stoffen</a></i>, waaronder <i><a href="/wiki/Koolwaterstof" title="Koolwaterstof">koolwaterstoffen</a></i>. Deze zijn afkomstig uit bijvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Benzine" title="Benzine">benzine</a> (verdampen bij tankstations, en komen uit slecht afgestelde automotoren), maar ook gebruikt als oplosmiddel voor bijvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Verf" title="Verf">verf</a>. Koolwaterstoffen en stikstofoxiden vormen onder invloed van zonlicht fotochemische <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a>, waarvan <i><a href="/wiki/Ozon_(stof)" title="Ozon (stof)">ozon</a></i> een belangrijke component is. In de oceanen bevinden zich ook grote hoeveelheden <a href="/wiki/Methaanhydraat" title="Methaanhydraat">methaanhydraat</a>: de methaan kan incidenteel aan de oppervlakte ontsnappen.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zwaveldioxide" title="Zwaveldioxide">Zwaveldioxide</a></i> ontstaat in grote hoeveelheden bij verbranding van kolen of bruinkool, maar ook in kleinere hoeveelheden bij verbranding van <a href="/wiki/Aardolie" title="Aardolie">olieproducten</a>. Bij fabrieken die grote hoeveelheden zwaveldioxide produceren wordt deze tegenwoordig grotendeels afgevangen en niet meer door de schoorsteen de atmosfeer ingeblazen (vroeger zag men nog weleens de karakteristieke gele rook uit sommige industriële schoorstenen).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak">Ammoniak</a></i> ontstaat door afbraak van eiwitten de overmaat aan stikstof uit het lichaam via de nieren afgevoerd in de vorm van <a href="/wiki/Ureum" title="Ureum">ureum</a>. In de lever wordt als tussenproduct het toxische ammoniak gevormd. De grootste bron van ammoniak wordt in Nederland gevormd door vee.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fijnstof" title="Fijnstof">Fijnstof</a></i> (vooral <a href="/wiki/Roet_(materie)" title="Roet (materie)">roet</a>) van bijvoorbeeld bosbranden, vulkanen, maar ook uit bijvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Verbrandingsmotor" title="Verbrandingsmotor">verbrandingsmotoren</a> is een vervuilende factor. Ook dit wordt er in moderne motoren soms uitgefilterd, bijvoorbeeld met een speciaal <a href="/wiki/Roetfilter" title="Roetfilter">roetfilter</a>. Verder geven rem- en bandenslijtage ook fijnstof af. De verwachting is dat als de roetfilters effectiever worden, deze andere bijdrage belangrijker zal worden. In stedelijke gebieden is verkeer de grootste bron van fijnstof. Naast roet is er enorm veel stof uit woestijnen, maar bijvoorbeeld ook al het gesteente dat door erosie zeer fijn gemaakt wordt, kan door winden zeer ver en hoog de atmosfeer reizen.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnen_van_luchtvervuiling">Bronnen van luchtvervuiling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bronnen van luchtvervuiling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bronnen van luchtvervuiling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg/260px-Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg/390px-Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg/520px-Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Luchtvervuiling door industrie</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Air-pollution.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Air-pollution.JPG/260px-Air-pollution.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Air-pollution.JPG/390px-Air-pollution.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Air-pollution.JPG/520px-Air-pollution.JPG 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Luchtvervuiling door verkeer</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menselijke_bronnen">Menselijke bronnen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Menselijke bronnen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Menselijke bronnen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bronnen van menselijke oorsprong zijn: </p> <ul><li>Stof en chemicaliën van de landbouw, zoals in Nederland vooral <a href="/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak">ammoniak</a> vanuit <a href="/wiki/Mest" title="Mest">mest</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kunstmest" title="Kunstmest">kunstmest</a></li> <li>Allerlei <a href="/wiki/Industrie" title="Industrie">industrie</a>, fabrieken, waaronder ook <a href="/wiki/Elektriciteitscentrale" title="Elektriciteitscentrale">elektriciteitscentrales</a></li> <li>Natuurbranden en verbranding van landbouwgebieden</li> <li>Het <a href="/wiki/Verkeer" title="Verkeer">verkeer</a> door de <a href="/wiki/Verbrandingsmotor" title="Verbrandingsmotor">verbrandingsmotoren</a>, remmen- en bandenslijtage, zie <a href="/wiki/Voertuigemissie" title="Voertuigemissie">voertuigemissie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbranding" title="Verbranding">Verbrandingsovens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplosmiddel" title="Oplosmiddel">Oplosmiddelen</a> uit bijvoorbeeld verf</li> <li>Drijfgassen uit bv. spuitbussen (<a href="/wiki/Chloorfluorkoolstofverbinding" title="Chloorfluorkoolstofverbinding">cfk</a>'s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuurwerk" title="Vuurwerk">Vuurwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houtkachel" title="Houtkachel">Houtkachels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelletkachel" title="Pelletkachel">pelletkachels</a> en <a href="/wiki/Open_haard" title="Open haard">open haarden</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natuurlijke_bronnen">Natuurlijke bronnen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Natuurlijke bronnen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Natuurlijke bronnen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Natuurlijke bronnen zijn: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huisstofmijt" title="Huisstofmijt">Huisstofmijt</a> en haar allergenen (eicellen, uitwerpselen, bijproducten die vrijkomen bij de afbraak van huidschilfers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan">Vulkanen</a></li> <li>Stof, bijvoorbeeld bij <a href="/wiki/Zandstorm" title="Zandstorm">stofstormen</a> in droge gebieden</li> <li>Gassen, zoals <a href="/wiki/Methaan" title="Methaan">methaan</a> van natuurlijke oorsprong, bijvoorbeeld uit het darmstelsel van vee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook" title="Rook">Rook</a> van <a href="/wiki/Natuurbrand" title="Natuurbrand">bosbranden</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gevolgen">Gevolgen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Gevolgen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Gevolgen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gevolgen_in_de_natuur">Gevolgen in de natuur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Gevolgen in de natuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Gevolgen in de natuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ten gevolge van luchtvervuiling zijn in dichtbevolkte gebieden de <a href="/wiki/Epifytenwoestijn" title="Epifytenwoestijn">epifytenwoestijnen</a> ontstaan: gebieden waar de <a href="/wiki/Epifyt" title="Epifyt">epifytische</a> <a href="/wiki/Indicatorsoort" title="Indicatorsoort">indicatorsoort</a> zoals <a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen">mossen</a> en vooral <a href="/wiki/Korstmos" title="Korstmos">korstmossen</a> vrijwel verdwenen zijn of sterk achteruitgegaan. Naar het verdwijnen van epifyten rond steden en <a href="/wiki/Industriegebied" title="Industriegebied">industriegebieden</a> als gevolg van de daar voorkomende hoge concentraties <a href="/wiki/Zwaveldioxide" title="Zwaveldioxide">zwaveldioxide</a> en <a href="/wiki/Reactieve_stikstof" title="Reactieve stikstof">stikstofverbindingen</a> in de atmosfeer is al sinds 1930 onderzoek gedaan. Zwaveldioxide en stikstofverbindingen waren afkomstig van de verbranding van fossiele brandstoffen als steenkool en olieproducten. In 1958 heeft <a href="/wiki/Jan_Barkman" title="Jan Barkman">J.J. Barkman</a> epifytenwoestijnen in Nederland <a href="/wiki/Milieukartering" title="Milieukartering">gekarteerd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Om veranderingen in de situatie te kunnen waarnemen werd de <a href="/wiki/Inventaris" title="Inventaris">inventarisatie</a> in de <a href="/wiki/1970-1979" title="1970-1979">zeventiger jaren</a> herhaald door de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werkgroep_Herkartering_Epifyten_in_Nederland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werkgroep Herkartering Epifyten in Nederland (de pagina bestaat niet)">Werkgroep Herkartering Epifyten in Nederland</a></i> (WHEN).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gevolgen_voor_de_gezondheid">Gevolgen voor de gezondheid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Gevolgen voor de gezondheid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Gevolgen voor de gezondheid"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Deaths_from_air_pollution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Deaths_from_air_pollution.png/350px-Deaths_from_air_pollution.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Deaths_from_air_pollution.png/525px-Deaths_from_air_pollution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Deaths_from_air_pollution.png/700px-Deaths_from_air_pollution.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Doden door luchtvervuiling in 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>De luchtvervuiling heeft een negatieve invloed op de <a href="/wiki/Luchtkwaliteit" title="Luchtkwaliteit">luchtkwaliteit</a> en daardoor op de gezondheid van mensen en verlaagt de verwachte levensduur. De milieubalans van het RIVM (<a href="/wiki/Rijksinstituut_voor_Volksgezondheid_en_Milieu" title="Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu">Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu</a>) geeft er cijfers over. De chronische blootstelling aan fijnstof blijkt de grootste bron van gezondheidsschade. Luchtvervuiling veroorzaakt vooral hart- en vaatziekten. Eind 2005 is in een wetenschappelijk onderzoek het directe verband aangetoond tussen relatief lage blootstelling aan fijnstof en aderverkalking, bij muizen. Daarnaast is luchtvervuiling vooral ook geassocieerd met ziekten van de longen en longkanker. De longfunctie ontwikkelt trager bij kinderen die zijn blootgesteld aan luchtvervuiling van verkeer.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauderman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauderman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ook de longfunctie van gezonde volwassenen kan aangetast worden, zelfs in landelijke streken bij ons, bij concentraties beneden de Europese norm.<sup id="cite_ref-IntPanis_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntPanis-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daarnaast zijn er talrijke andere verbanden beschreven tussen blootstelling aan luchtvervuiling en effecten op de gezondheid. Recentelijk (2013) is er ook een negatieve invloed aangetoond bij baby's van de mens.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Europese luchtkwaliteitsrichtlijnen beschermen niet volledig tegen alle mogelijke gezondheidseffecten. Wereldwijd sterven er jaarlijks zeven miljoen mensen vroegtijdig door luchtvervuiling, aldus cijfers van de WHO uit 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verspreiding">Verspreiding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verspreiding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Verspreiding"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Global_air_pollution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Global_air_pollution_map.png/350px-Global_air_pollution_map.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Global_air_pollution_map.png/525px-Global_air_pollution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Global_air_pollution_map.png/700px-Global_air_pollution_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Concentraties stikstofdioxide, metingen aan de hand van satellietwaarnemingen tussen 2002 en 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>Luchtvervuiling is meestal geconcentreerd in dichtbevolkte stedelijke gebieden, vooral in ontwikkelingslanden waar milieuregels relatief laks of onbestaand zijn.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maar ook in dichtbevolkte gebieden in ontwikkelde landen worden erg ongezonde niveaus van vervuiling bereikt.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Pollution_over_east_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luchtvervuiling boven het oosten van China"><img alt="Luchtvervuiling boven het oosten van China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pollution_over_east_China.jpg/200px-Pollution_over_east_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pollution_over_east_China.jpg/300px-Pollution_over_east_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pollution_over_east_China.jpg/400px-Pollution_over_east_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Luchtvervuiling boven het oosten van China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:SmogNY.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smog boven New York, 1988"><img alt="Smog boven New York, 1988" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SmogNY.jpg/200px-SmogNY.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SmogNY.jpg/300px-SmogNY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SmogNY.jpg/400px-SmogNY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Smog boven <a href="/wiki/New_York_(stad)" title="New York (stad)">New York</a>, 1988</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Smog_boven_mexico_city_november_1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smog boven Mexico-Stad, 1985"><img alt="Smog boven Mexico-Stad, 1985" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Smog_boven_mexico_city_november_1985.jpg/181px-Smog_boven_mexico_city_november_1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Smog_boven_mexico_city_november_1985.jpg/271px-Smog_boven_mexico_city_november_1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Smog_boven_mexico_city_november_1985.jpg/362px-Smog_boven_mexico_city_november_1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3971" data-file-height="3952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a> boven <a href="/wiki/Mexico-Stad" title="Mexico-Stad">Mexico-Stad</a>, 1985</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concentratieschalen">Concentratieschalen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Concentratieschalen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Concentratieschalen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Waarschuwings_meetnet-511039.ogv/260px--Waarschuwings_meetnet-511039.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="195" data-durationhint="148" data-mwtitle="Waarschuwings_meetnet-511039.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Bestand:Waarschuwings_meetnet-511039.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Waarschuwings_meetnet-511039.ogv/Waarschuwings_meetnet-511039.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Waarschuwings_meetnet-511039.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="768" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Waarschuwings_meetnet-511039.ogv/Waarschuwings_meetnet-511039.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Waarschuwings_meetnet-511039.ogv/Waarschuwings_meetnet-511039.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Waarschuwings_meetnet-511039.ogv/Waarschuwings_meetnet-511039.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polygoonjournaal" title="Polygoonjournaal">Polygoonjournaal</a> uit 1969. In woonwijken in het <a href="/wiki/Rijnmond" title="Rijnmond">Rijnmondgebied</a> is een waarschuwingsmeetnet in gebruik genomen waarmee hoge concentraties <a href="/wiki/Zwaveldioxide" title="Zwaveldioxide">zwaveldioxide</a> worden gemeten. 31 zgn. <a href="/wiki/Snuffelpaal" title="Snuffelpaal">snuffelpalen</a> staan in de wijken opgesteld, meten de concentraties en geven de resultaten door aan een computer bij een centraal bureau. Een vrouw geeft per telefoon een melding over <a href="/wiki/Stankoverlast" title="Stankoverlast">stankoverlast</a> door aan de centrale, waarna een ambtenaar op onderzoek gaat en de fabriek op de hoogte stelt van de stank. Enkele bewoners geven hun reactie op de stankoverlast.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europese_normen">Europese normen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Europese normen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Europese normen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een eerste <a href="/wiki/Europese_richtlijn" title="Europese richtlijn">kaderrichtlijn</a> uit 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en bijbehorende uitvoeringsbesluiten, werden in mei 2008 vervangen door de EU-richtlijn 2008/50/EG.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De <a href="/wiki/Concentratie_(oplossing)" title="Concentratie (oplossing)">concentratieschalen</a> voor <a href="/wiki/Stikstofdioxide" title="Stikstofdioxide">stikstofdioxide</a> (NO<sub>2</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Zwaveldioxide" title="Zwaveldioxide">zwaveldioxide</a> (SO<sub>2</sub>) en <a href="/wiki/Fijnstof" title="Fijnstof">fijnstof</a> (PM10) zijn gebaseerd op deze Europese richtlijnen betreffende de beoordeling en het beheer van de <a href="/wiki/Luchtkwaliteit" title="Luchtkwaliteit">luchtkwaliteit</a>. </p><p>De concentratieschalen zijn zo opgevat dat afhankelijk van het aantal toegelaten overschrijdingen van de nieuwe Europese grenswaarden, een index 6, 7 of 8 toegewezen wordt aan die grenswaarde. Voor de bepaling van de andere schaalverdelingen werd gekeken naar de spreiding van de concentraties zoals gemeten in de meetnetten van de drie gewesten in België in 1997, 1998 en 1999. </p><p>Voor <a href="/wiki/Ozon_(stof)" title="Ozon (stof)">ozon</a> (O<sub>3</sub>) zijn de concentraties van 180 µg/m³ (Europese drempel voor informatie aan de bevolking) en 240 µg/m³ (waarschuwingsdrempel) bepalend voor de schaalverdeling. Voor langere termijneffecten wordt <a href="/wiki/AOT40" title="AOT40">AOT40</a> gebruikt. </p><p>De concentratieschaal voor <a href="/wiki/Koolstofmonoxide" title="Koolstofmonoxide">koolmonoxide</a> (CO) werd zo gekozen dat de hoogste percentielen uit het verleden een kleurindex 8 à 9 opleveren, terwijl de 30e percentiel overeenstemt met kleurindex 1. Van PM2.5 zijn er nog te weinig historische meetgegevens beschikbaar om op deze manier een gepaste kleurenschaal te definiëren. </p><p>De Europese grenswaarde voor <a href="/wiki/Benzeen" title="Benzeen">benzeen</a> (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>) is 5 µg als jaargemiddelde. De concentraties worden hier weergegeven als glijdende 24-uurgemiddelden. De concentratieschaal is gebaseerd op de daggemiddelde benzeenmetingen (voor een gemiddeld station) in de jaren 2000, 2001 en 2002. </p><p>Indien de gepubliceerde benzeen data op de website hoger zijn dan 5 µg/m³ wil dit niet automatisch zeggen dat de Europese (jaargemiddelde) norm wordt overschreden. De laatste jaren werd in geen enkel meetstation in België de jaargemiddelde EU norm van 5 µg/m³ overschreden. Een daggemiddelde concentratie hoger dan 5 µg/m³ komt voor op 3 à 6 dagen in het jaar in stedelijke meetstations. In meetstations die gesitueerd zijn in de nabijheid van sommige (benzeenverwerkende) industriële vestigingen (o.a. in de gemeente Zelzate) worden regelmatig hoge benzeen "piek"concentraties gemeten. De jaargemiddelde benzeenconcentratie in het jaar 2003 bedroeg 1,42 µg/m³ te Gent, 1,67 te Borgerhout (Antwerpen), 1,20 te Hasselt en 2,93 te Zelzate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie">Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinds de winter van 2013 op 2014 is <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> de stad met de meeste luchtvervuiling. De <a href="/wiki/Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie" title="Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie">Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie</a> (WHO) vindt 25 µg/m³ fijnstof het toelaatbare maximum. In <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> is een waarde van 455 µg/m³ gemeten.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mensen kregen daardoor <a href="/wiki/Astma" title="Astma">ademhalingsklachten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De WHO stelde reeds meermaals richtlijnen op, de <i>Global Air Quality Guidelines</i> (AQGs). Na een vorige editie uit 2005 werden de normen in 2021 aanzienlijk strenger.<sup id="cite_ref-AQG2021_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AQG2021-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De richtlijnen hebben betrekking op <a href="/wiki/Fijnstof" title="Fijnstof">fijnstof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozon_(stof)" title="Ozon (stof)">ozon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stikstofdioxide" title="Stikstofdioxide">stikstofdioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zwaveldioxide" title="Zwaveldioxide">zwaveldioxide</a> en <a href="/wiki/Koolstofmonoxide" title="Koolstofmonoxide">koolmonoxide</a>, en gaan verder dan de Europese normen.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tabel_concentratieschalen">Tabel concentratieschalen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Tabel concentratieschalen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&action=edit&section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Tabel concentratieschalen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De tabel hieronder geeft het verband tussen de gemeten concentraties (in µg/m³), de concentratieschaal (tussen 1 en 10) en de bijhorende beoordelingsschaal voor O<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, CO, SO<sub>2</sub> en PM10. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Verontreiniging</th> <th>Middeling</th> <th>Eenheid</th> <th colspan="10">Schaal </th></tr> <tr> <th>O<sub>3</sub> (ozon) </th> <td>1 uur </td> <td>µg/m³ </td> <td>0-30 </td> <td>31-50 </td> <td>51-70 </td> <td>71-90 </td> <td>91-110 </td> <td>111-145 </td> <td>146-180 </td> <td>181-240 </td> <td>241-360 </td> <td>> 360 </td></tr> <tr> <th>NO<sub>2</sub> (stikstofdioxide) </th> <td>1 uur </td> <td>µg/m³ </td> <td>0-25 </td> <td>26-45 </td> <td>46-60 </td> <td>61-80 </td> <td>81-110 </td> <td>111-150 </td> <td>151-200 </td> <td>201-270 </td> <td>271-400 </td> <td>> 400 </td></tr> <tr> <th>CO (koolmonoxide) </th> <td>1/2 uur </td> <td>mg/m³ </td> <td>0-1,4 </td> <td>1,5-2,1 </td> <td>2,2-2,8 </td> <td>2,9-3,6 </td> <td>3,7-4,5 </td> <td>4,6-5,2 </td> <td>5,3-6,6 </td> <td>6,7-8,4 </td> <td>8,5-13,7 </td> <td>> 13,7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>SO<sub>2</sub> (zwaveldioxide) </th> <td>glijdend 24-uur </td> <td>µg/m³ </td> <td>0-15 </td> <td>16-30 </td> <td>31-45 </td> <td>46-60 </td> <td>61-80 </td> <td>81-100 </td> <td>101-125 </td> <td>126-165 </td> <td>166-250 </td> <td>> 250 </td></tr> <tr> <th>PM10 (fijnstof) </th> <td>glijdend 24-uur </td> <td>µg/m³ </td> <td>0-10 </td> <td>11-20 </td> <td>21-30 </td> <td>31-40 </td> <td>41-50 </td> <td>51-70 </td> <td>71-100 </td> <td>101-150 </td> <td>151-200 </td> <td>> 200 </td></tr> <tr> <th>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub> (benzeen) </th> <td>glijdend 24-uur </td> <td>µg/m³ </td> <td>0-0,50 </td> <td>0,51-1,00 </td> <td>1,01-1,25 </td> <td>1,26-1,50 </td> <td>1,51-2,75 </td> <td>2,76-3,50 </td> <td>3,51-5,00 </td> <td>5,01-7,50 </td> <td>7,51-10,00 </td> <td>> 10,00 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="right"><b>Beoordeling</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#c8e5c3;">Uitstekend </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background-color:#fcbcb5;">Zeer <br />slecht </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchtvervuiling&action=edit&section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodemverontreiniging" title="Bodemverontreiniging">Bodemverontreiniging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watervervuiling" title="Watervervuiling">Watervervuiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticvervuiling" title="Plasticvervuiling">Plasticvervuiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosinetaks" title="Kerosinetaks">Kerosinetaks</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irceline.be/nl">Intergewestelijke Cel voor het Leefmilieu, irCELine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lml.rivm.nl/">Landelijk meetnet luchtkwaliteit</a></li></ul> <p><b>Literatuur</b> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Tim Smedley</span>, <i>Clearing the Air. The Beginning and the End of Air Pollution</i>, 2019. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9781472953315" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9781472953315">ISBN 9781472953315</a></span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;-moz-column-width:30em; -webkit-column-width:30em; column-width:30em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2017"> (11/10/2017). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/238160/article/2017-10-11/la-pollution-de-l-air-responsable-de-plus-d-un-demi-million-de-deces-prematures">Environnement - La pollution de l'air responsable de plus d’un demi-million de décès prématurés par an en Europe</a></cite>. <i>La Voix du Nord</i>.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423180856/https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/238160/article/2017-10-11/la-pollution-de-l-air-responsable-de-plus-d-un-demi-million-de-deces-prematures">Gearchiveerd van origineel</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-04-23">23 april 2023</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFFout:_ongeldige_tijd."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/health-impacts-of-air-pollution/health-impacts-of-air-pollution">Health impacts of air pollution</a>. EEA (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-01-28">28 januari 2020</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805142636/https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/health-impacts-of-air-pollution/health-impacts-of-air-pollution">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-08-05">5 augustus 2020</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-05-12">12 mei 2020</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/programs/geh/geh_newsletter/2014/4/articles/air_pollution_accounts_for_1_in_8_deaths_worldwide_according_to_new_who_estimates.cfm">Air Pollution Accounts for 1 in 8 Deaths Worldwide, According to New WHO Estimates</a>", <i>National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</i>, 9 February 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/chapter/air/indoorair.cfm#importance"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <i>Indoor Air Quality</i>, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ongedateerd, bezocht op 5 april 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Barkman, J.J.</span> (1958) <i>On the ecology of cryptogamic epiphytes: with special reference to the Netherlands</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Wit, T. de</span> (1976) (Thesis)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gauderman-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gauderman_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFGauderman2007"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Gauderman, W</span> (2007). <cite>Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study</cite>. <i>The Lancet</i> <b>369</b> (9561): 571–577. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60037-3">10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60037-3</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IntPanis-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IntPanis_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFInt_Panis2017"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Int Panis, L</span> (June 2017). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-017-0271-z">Short-term air pollution exposure decreases lung function: a repeated measures study in healthy adults</a></cite>. <i>Environmental Health</i>.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211120551/https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-017-0271-z">Gearchiveerd van origineel</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-02-11">11 februari 2023</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></span>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ogoapes.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/9/3239894/air_pollution_delivers_smaller_babies_scientific_american.pdf">Air pollution produces smaller babies</a>" (pdf), <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2013-02-06">6 februari 2013</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080447/http://ogoapes.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/3/9/3239894/air_pollution_delivers_smaller_babies_scientific_american.pdf">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2016-03-05">5 maart 2016</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nos.nl/artikel/2398841-who-scherpt-richtlijnen-voor-luchtvervuiling-aan-om-miljoenen-doden-tegen-te-gaan">WHO scherpt richtlijnen luchtvervuiling aan</a> <i>NOS</i>, 22 september 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109210707/https://nos.nl/artikel/2398841-who-scherpt-richtlijnen-voor-luchtvervuiling-aan-om-miljoenen-doden-tegen-te-gaan">Gearchiveerd</a> op 9 november 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFOstachukEvelsonMartinDawidowski2008"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ostachuk, A.</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">, Evelson, P., Martin, S., Dawidowski, L., Yakisich, J.S.</span> (2008). <cite>Age-related lung cell response to urban Buenos Aires air particle soluble fraction</cite>. <i>Environmental Research</i> <b>107</b> (2): 170–77. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.01.007">10.1016/j.envres.2008.01.007</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFMichelozziForastiereFuscoPerucci1998"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Michelozzi, P.</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">, Forastiere, F., Fusco, D., Perucci, C. A., Ostro, B.</span> (1998). <cite>Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Rome, Italy</cite>. <i>Occupational and Environmental Medicine</i> <b>55</b> (9): 605–10. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9861182">9861182</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1757645">1757645</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.55.9.605">10.1136/oem.55.9.605</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/1996/62/2008-06-11">Richtlijn 96/62/EG van de Raad van 27 september 1996 inzake de beoordeling en het beheer van de luchtkwaliteit</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2008/50/2015-09-18">Richtlijn 2008/50/EG van het Europees Parlement van 21 mei 2008 betreffende de luchtkwaliteit en schonere lucht voor Europa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting" title="Nederlandse Omroep Stichting">NOS</a></span>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nos.nl/artikel/616335-steeds-kortere-adem-voor-delhi.html">Steeds kortere adem voor Delhi</a>", <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2014-02-26">26 februari 2014</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815173034/https://nos.nl/artikel/616335-steeds-kortere-adem-voor-delhi.html">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-08-15">15 augustus 2020</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">NOS</span>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nos.nl/video/616616-veel-astma-in-delhi-door-smog.html">Veel astma in Delhi door smog</a>", <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2014-02-26">26 februari 2014</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815173400/https://nos.nl/video/616616-veel-astma-in-delhi-door-smog.html">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-08-15">15 augustus 2020</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AQG2021-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AQG2021_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2021"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news/item/22-09-2021-new-who-global-air-quality-guidelines-aim-to-save-millions-of-lives-from-air-pollution">New WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines aim to save millions of lives from air pollution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie" title="Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie">WHO</a> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-09-22">22 september 2021</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923021545/https://www.who.int/news/item/22-09-2021-new-who-global-air-quality-guidelines-aim-to-save-millions-of-lives-from-air-pollution">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-09-23">23 september 2021</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/who-global-air-quality-guidelines">WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines (2021)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031123823/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/who-global-air-quality-guidelines">Gearchiveerd</a> op 31 oktober 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2021"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knack.be/nieuws/planet-earth/who-verlaagt-alarmdrempels-voor-luchtvervuiling/article-news-1781571.html">WHO verlaagt alarmdrempels voor luchtvervuiling</a>. <a href="/wiki/Knack_(tijdschrift)" title="Knack (tijdschrift)">knack.be</a> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-09-22">22 september 2021</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925102213/https://www.knack.be/nieuws/planet-earth/who-verlaagt-alarmdrempels-voor-luchtvervuiling/article-news-1781571.html">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-09-25">25 september 2021</span>. </span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r63829521">.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten{padding:0;font-size:90%;clear:both;margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-klein{padding-bottom:5px;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-kop{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-lijst{display:inline;margin-left:0;padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-kop,.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten li,.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-klein li{display:inline-block;margin:0.4em 0.6em;white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.4em;width:12.5em}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="zuster-tekst"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Air_pollution#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Air pollution"><i><b>Media</b></i></a><div class="zuster-op"> op Commons</div></div></li><div class="interProject wiktionary mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/luchtvervuiling" class="extiw" title="wikt:luchtvervuiling">WikiWoordenboek</a></div><li><div class="zuster-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="zuster-tekst"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/luchtvervuiling" class="extiw" title="wikt:luchtvervuiling"><i><b>Definitie</b></i></a><div class="zuster-op"> op WikiWoordenboek</div></div></li> </ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" 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