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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Косвен падеж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Косвен падеж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troad_oblikel" title="Troad oblikel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Troad oblikel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas_oblic" title="Cas oblic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cas oblic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objektiv_(lingvistika)" title="Objektiv (lingvistika) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Objektiv (lingvistika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblik_kasus" title="Oblik kasus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oblik kasus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obliquus_(Kasus)" title="Obliquus (Kasus) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Obliquus (Kasus)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_oblicuo" title="Caso oblicuo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caso oblicuo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_(cas)" title="Oblique (cas) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oblique (cas)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B2%A9_(%EB%AC%B8%EB%B2%95)" title="사격 (문법) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사격 (문법)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aukafall" title="Aukafall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aukafall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_obliquo" title="Caso obliquo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caso obliquo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casus_obliquus" title="Casus obliquus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Casus obliquus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obliquus" title="Obliquus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Obliquus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%9C%E6%A0%BC" title="斜格 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="斜格" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblik_kasus" title="Oblik kasus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oblik kasus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblik" title="Oblik – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oblik" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przypadek_zale%C5%BCny" title="Przypadek zależny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przypadek zależny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_obl%C3%ADquo" title="Caso oblíquo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caso oblíquo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Косвенные падежи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Косвенные падежи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Case specifying the use of the object form of pronouns</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Oblique_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblique argument">oblique argument</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, an <b>oblique</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><b>OBL</b></span></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">casus obliquus</i>) or <b>objective case</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbr</a>. <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><b>OBJ</b></span></span>) is a nominal <a href="/wiki/Noun_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Noun case">case</a> other than the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a> and, sometimes, the <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>. </p><p>A noun or pronoun in the oblique case can generally appear in any role except as <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>, for which the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a> is used.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>objective case</i> is generally preferred by modern <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> grammarians, where it supplanted <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the two terms are contrasted, they differ in the ability of a word in the oblique case to function as a <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">possessive</a> attributive; whether English has an oblique rather than an objective case then depends on how "<a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescriptivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic prescriptivism">proper</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive linguistics">widespread</a> one considers the dialects where such usage is employed. </p><p>An oblique case often contrasts with an <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">unmarked</a> case, as in English oblique <i>hi<b>m</b></i> and <i>the<b>m</b></i> versus nominative <i>he</i> and <i>they</i>. However, the term <i>oblique</i> is also used for languages without a nominative case, such as <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergative–absolutive languages</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian languages</a>, for example, the oblique-case marker serves to mark the <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative</a>, dative, and <a href="/wiki/Verb_applicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb applicative">applicative</a> case roles, contrasting with the <a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive case</a>, which is unmarked. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hindustani">Hindustani</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblique_case&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hindustani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Declension_in_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension in Hindi">Declension in Hindi</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>) <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postpositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpositions">postpositions</a> decline for an oblique case which exclusively serves to mark the grammatical case roles using the case-marking postpositions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oblique case has similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative case</a> in Hindustani. Some examples of the declension pattern are shown in the tables below:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Case </th> <th>1P </th> <th>2P </th> <th>3P </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Nominative </th> <td rowspan="2">मैं <p>ma͠i </p> </td> <td rowspan="2">तू <p>tū </p> </td> <td>ये <p>ye </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Oblique </th> <th>Ergative </th> <td rowspan="2">इस <p>is </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Regular </th> <td>मुझ <p>mujh </p> </td> <td>तुझ <p>tujh </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Noun </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th colspan="2">Masculine </th> <th colspan="2">Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>Nominative</b> </th> <td>लड़का <p>laṛkā </p> </td> <td>लड़के <p>laṛke </p> </td> <td rowspan="2">लड़की <p>laṛkī </p> </td> <td>लड़कियाँ <p>laṛkiyā̃ </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Oblique</b> </th> <td>लड़के <p>laṛke </p> </td> <td>लड़कों <p>laṛkõ </p> </td> <td>लड़कियों <p>laṛkiyõ </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Postpositions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><b>Case</b> </th> <th colspan="2">Masculine </th> <th colspan="2">Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>Singular</b> </th> <th><b>Plural</b> </th> <th><b>Singular</b> </th> <th><b>Plural</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>Nominative</b> </th> <td>का <p>kā </p> </td> <td>के <p>ke </p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">की <p>kī </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Oblique</b> </th> <td colspan="2">के <p>ke </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><small>Singular pronouns are shown.</small></i> </td> <td><small>लड़का (laṛkā) = boy, लड़की (laṛkī) = girl</small> </td> <td><small>का (kā) is equivalent to the possessive 's of English</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bulgarian">Bulgarian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblique_case&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bulgarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic language">Slavic language</a>, also has an oblique case form for <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>: </p><p>Dative role: </p> <ul><li>"Give that ball <i>to me</i>" дай тaзи топка на мен (<i>day tazi topka na men</i>)</li></ul> <p>(This oblique case is a relic of the original, more complex <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">proto-Slavic</a> system of noun cases, and there are remnants of other cases in Bulgarian, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative case</a> of direct address) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English">English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblique_case&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An objective case is marked on the <a href="/wiki/English_personal_pronouns" title="English personal pronouns">English personal pronouns</a> and as such serves the role of the accusative and dative cases that other Indo-European languages employ. These forms are often called <a href="/wiki/Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">object pronouns</a>. They serve a variety of grammatical functions which they would not in languages that differentiate the two. An example using first person singular objective pronoun <i><b>me</b></i>: </p> <ul><li>in an <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> role for a direct object (including <a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">double object</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dative_shift" title="Dative shift">oblique</a> ditransitives):</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Do you see <b>me</b>?</i></dd> <dd><i>The army sent <b>me</b> to Korea.</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>in a <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> role for an indirect object:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Kim passed the pancakes <b>to me</b>.</i></dd> <dd><i>Kim passed <b>me</b> the pancakes.</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>as the <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_pronoun" title="Prepositional pronoun">object of a preposition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Double_genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Double genitive">except in possessives</a>):</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>That picture of <b>me</b> was blurry.</i></dd> <dd>(cf. <a href="/wiki/English_possessive#Double_genitive" title="English possessive"> double genitive</a> as in <i>That picture of mine was stolen.</i>)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copular</a> <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deixis</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>[referring to a photograph] <i>This is <b>me</b> on the beach.</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Existential_clause" title="Existential clause">existentials</a> (sometimes, but not always, replaceable by the nominative—in very formal style):<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>It's <b>me</b> again.</i></dd> <dd>(<i>cf. Once again, it is I.</i> [formal])</dd> <dd><i>Who is it?—It's <b>me</b>.</i></dd> <dd>(<i>cf. It is I </i>[<i>to whom you are speaking</i>].)</dd> <dd>It's <b>me</b> who should fix it.<i></i></dd> <dd>(<i>cf. Since I made it, it is I who should fix it.</i>)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>in a nominative role with predicate or verbal <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis_(linguistics)" title="Ellipsis (linguistics)">ellipsis</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Who made this bicycle?—<b>Me</b>.</i></dd> <dd>(<i>cf. Who made this bicycle?—I did.</i>)</dd> <dd><i>I like him.—Hey, <b>me</b> too.</i></dd> <dd>(<i>cf. I like him.—Hey, I do too.</i>)</dd> <dd><i>Who's gonna clean up this mess?—Not <b>me</b>!</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/I_(pronoun)#Coordinative_constructions" title="I (pronoun)">coordinated</a> nominals:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i><b>Me</b> and him are going to the store.</i> (only in colloquial speech)</dd> <dd>(<i>cf. Is he going? Yes, he and I are going.</i>)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>as a <a href="/wiki/Disjunctive_pronoun" title="Disjunctive pronoun">disjunctive</a> topic marker:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i><b>Me</b>, I like French.</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The pronoun <i>me</i> is not <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> differently in any of these uses; it is used for all grammatical relationships except the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> of possession (in standard English) and a non-disjunctive <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a> as the subject. </p> <ul><li>It may also be used as a comedic stylistic effect of blatant error (<a href="/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstandard dialect">nonstandard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baby_talk#Foreigner_talk" title="Baby talk">baby or foreigner talk</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Broken_English" title="Broken English">broken English</a>"):</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>[spoken by <a href="/wiki/Cookie_Monster" title="Cookie Monster">Cookie Monster</a>] <i><b>Me</b> so hungry.</i></dd> <dd>(<i>the above example also employs copula deletion to similar effect</i>)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French">French</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblique_case&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old French had a nominative case and an oblique case, called <i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cas_sujet#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:cas sujet">cas sujet</a></i> and <i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cas_r%C3%A9gime#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:cas régime">cas régime</a></i> respectively. </p><p>In Modern French, the two cases have mostly merged and the <i>cas régime</i> has survived as the sole form for the majority of nouns. For example, the word "<i>conte</i> (count, earl)": </p> <ul><li>Old French: <ul><li>Nominative: li <span lang="fro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuens#Old_French" class="extiw" title="wikt:cuens">cuens</a></span> (singular), li <span lang="fro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conte#Old_French" class="extiw" title="wikt:conte">conte</a></span> (plural)</li> <li>Oblique: le <span lang="fro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conte#Old_French" class="extiw" title="wikt:conte">conte</a></span> (singular), les <span lang="fro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/contes#Old_French" class="extiw" title="wikt:contes">contes</a></span> (plural)</li></ul></li> <li>Modern French: <ul><li>le <span lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conte#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:conte">conte</a></span> (singular), les <span lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/contes#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:contes">contes</a></span> (plural)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>In some cases, both the <i>cas sujet</i> and <i>cas régime</i> of one noun have survived but produced two nouns in Modern French with different meanings. For example, today's <i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/copain#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:copain">copain</a></i> means "friend" and <i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compagnon#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:compagnon">compagnon</a></i> means "companion", but in Old French these were different declensions of the same noun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kurdish">Kurdish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblique_case&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kurdish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> has an oblique for pronouns, objects, and for objects of <a href="/wiki/Ez%C4%81fe" title="Ezāfe">izafe constructs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblique_case&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object pronoun</a>, which in English take the oblique case</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblique argument">Oblique argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">Object (grammar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">Subject pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunctive_pronoun" title="Disjunctive pronoun">Disjunctive pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirky_subject" title="Quirky subject">Quirky subject</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblique_case&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"oblique" in David Crystal, 2008. <i>A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics</i>, 6th ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/objcaseterm.htm">"Objective case (grammar)"</a>. <i>(about) education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%28about%29+education&rft.atitle=Objective+case+%28grammar%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrammar.about.com%2Fod%2Fmo%2Fg%2Fobjcaseterm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOblique+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630085208/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/personal-pronoun#personal-pronoun__5">"Personal pronoun"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/personal-pronoun#personal-pronoun__5">the original</a> on June 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. 72. pp. 63–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6497-5_4">10.1007/978-1-4020-6497-5_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6498-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6498-2"><bdi>978-1-4020-6498-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ergative+Case-marking+in+Hindi&rft.btitle=Differential+Subject+Marking&rft.series=Studies+in+Natural+Language+and+Linguistic+Theory&rft.pages=63-78&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6497-5_4&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6498-2&rft.aulast=De+Hoop&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Narasimhan%2C+Bhuvana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F226198692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOblique+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurrani" class="citation web cs1">Durrani, Nadir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alt.qcri.org/~ndurrani/pubs/system_grammatical_relations.pdf">"System for Grammatical relations in Urdu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>alt.qcri.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alt.qcri.org&rft.atitle=System+for+Grammatical+relations+in+Urdu&rft.aulast=Durrani&rft.aufirst=Nadir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falt.qcri.org%2F~ndurrani%2Fpubs%2Fsystem_grammatical_relations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOblique+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation citeseerx cs1">"M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hindilanguage.info&rft.atitle=Hindi+Noun+Cases&rft.date=2012-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhindilanguage.info%2Fhindi-grammar%2Fnouns%2Fcase%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOblique+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Huddleston" title="Rodney Huddleston">Huddleston, Rodney</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullum" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Pullum">Pullum, Geoffrey K.</a> (2002). <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_case" title="Direct case">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_case" title="Intransitive case">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">Partitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegative_case" title="Pegative case">Pegative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location, time, direction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">Adessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antessive_case" title="Antessive case">Antessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apudessive_case" title="Apudessive case">Apudessive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Approximative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Approximative case (page does not exist)">Approximative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delative_case" title="Delative case">Delative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_case" title="Distributive case">Distributive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributive-temporal_case" title="Distributive-temporal case">-temporal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egressive_case" title="Egressive case">Egressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">Elative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">Illative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inelative_case" title="Inelative case">Inelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">Inessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrative_case" title="Intrative case">Intrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">Lative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limitative case (page does not exist)">Limitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locative-qualitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locative-qualitative case (page does not exist)">-qualitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medial_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medial case (page does not exist)">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlative_case" title="Perlative case">Perlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertingent_case" title="Pertingent case">Pertingent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postdirective case (page does not exist)">Postdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postelative_case" title="Postelative case">Postelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postessive_case" title="Postessive case">Postessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolative_case" title="Prolative case">Prolative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdirective case (page does not exist)">Subdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subelative case (page does not exist)">Subelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subessive_case" title="Subessive case">Subessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublative_case" title="Sublative case">Sublative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superdirective case (page does not exist)">Superdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superelative case (page does not exist)">Superelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superessive_case" title="Superessive case">Superessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superlative_case" title="Superlative case">Superlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_case" title="Temporal case">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">Terminative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possession, companion, instrument</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Abessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Caritive case">Caritive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental-comitative_case" title="Instrumental-comitative case">-comitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornative_case" title="Ornative case">Ornative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Privative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">Sociative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State, manner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">Adverbial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equative_case" title="Equative case">Equative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">Essive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essive-formal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Essive-formal case">-formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive-modal_case" title="Essive-modal case">-modal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exessive_case" title="Exessive case">Exessive</a></li> <li>Formal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructive_case" title="Instructive case">Instructive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_case" title="Modal case">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplicative_case" title="Multiplicative case">Multiplicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientative_case" title="Orientative case">Orientative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revertive_case" title="Revertive case">Revertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semblative_case" title="Semblative case">Semblative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translative_case" title="Translative case">Translative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cause, purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_case" title="Aversive case">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">Benefactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causative#Causal_case" title="Causative">Causal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causative#Causal-final_case" title="Causative">-final</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_case" title="Final case">Final</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional case">Postpositional/Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">Vocative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">Classical Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_declension" title="Czech declension">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Dutch_declension" title="Archaic Dutch declension">Archaic Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English#Morphology" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_noun_cases" title="Finnish noun cases">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_declension" title="German declension">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_declension" title="Old High German declension">Old High German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_declension" title="Gothic declension">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension_in_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension in Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_noun_phrase" title="Hungarian noun phrase">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_declension" title="Irish declension">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_declension" title="Latin declension">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_declension" title="Latvian declension">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_declension" title="Lithuanian declension">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_declension" title="Russian declension">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_declension" title="Slovak declension">Slovak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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