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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Primary energy sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Primary_energy_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Primary energy sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Primary_energy_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Natural gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انرژی در ایران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انرژی در ایران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_en_Iran" title="Énergie en Iran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Énergie en Iran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD_%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အီရန်နိုင်ငံရှိ စွမ်းအင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီရန်နိုင်ငံရှိ စွမ်းအင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Энергетика Ирана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энергетика Ирана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_Iranissa" title="Energia Iranissa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Energia Iranissa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li 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.ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Energy_in_Iran" 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width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Iran_key_Petroleum_Sector_facilities_2004.svg/700px-Iran_key_Petroleum_Sector_facilities_2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>In 2010, Iran held 10% of the world's proven <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> and 15% of its <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>'s second largest exporter and the world's fourth largest oil producer.<sup id="cite_ref-EIA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran%27s_Total_Primary_Energy_Consumption_in_2015.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Iran%27s_Total_Primary_Energy_Consumption_in_2015.svg/220px-Iran%27s_Total_Primary_Energy_Consumption_in_2015.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Iran%27s_Total_Primary_Energy_Consumption_in_2015.svg/330px-Iran%27s_Total_Primary_Energy_Consumption_in_2015.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Iran%27s_Total_Primary_Energy_Consumption_in_2015.svg/440px-Iran%27s_Total_Primary_Energy_Consumption_in_2015.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Total primary energy consumption in Iran, by fuel, 2015.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Iran possesses significant energy reserves, holding the position of the world's third-largest in proved oil reserves and the second-largest in natural gas reserves as of 2021. At the conclusion of the same year, Iran's share comprised 24% of the oil reserves in the Middle East and 12% of the worldwide total.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the Total Energy Supply (TES) in Iran was primarily sourced from oil and gas, with gas being the predominant contributor at 69% and oil at 29%. Nuclear power and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_sources_of_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable sources of energy">renewable sources</a> each accounted for 1% of the nation's TES.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran also has the ability to generate significant power from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable resources</a>; due to the nation's closeness to the equator, 90% of its land area could provide <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> for at least 300 days a year.<sup id="cite_ref-zawya.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zawya.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Oil in Iran</a> is a major cause of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollution in Iran">air pollution</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Iran">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iran is in a constant battle to use its energy resources more effectively in the face of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_targeted_subsidy_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian targeted subsidy plan">subsidization</a> and the need for technological advances in energy exploration and production. In 2008, energy wastage in Iran amounted to six or seven billion dollars. The energy consumption in Iran is extraordinarily higher than international standards. Iran paid $84 billion in subsidies for oil, gas and electricity in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran is one of the most energy-intensive economies of the world, with <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_energy_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by energy consumption per capita">per capita energy consumption</a> 15 times that of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and 10 times that of <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Also due to <a href="/wiki/Iranian_subsidy_reform_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian subsidy reform plan">huge energy subsidies</a>, Iran is one of the most energy inefficient countries of the world, with the <a href="/wiki/Energy_intensity" title="Energy intensity">energy intensity</a> three times higher than global average and 2.5 times the middle eastern average.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, half of Iran’s energy was wasted in the domestic sector, 3.4 of which is wasted through <a href="/wiki/Single-occupancy_vehicle" title="Single-occupancy vehicle">single-occupancy vehicle</a> use. 2/3 parts of <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Iran" title="List of power stations in Iran">Iranian power plant</a> energy is wasted.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran is one of the leading members of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) and the <a href="/wiki/GECF" class="mw-redirect" title="GECF">Organization of Gas Exporting Countries</a> (GECF). In 2008, Iran received $47 billion in oil export revenues, which accounts for about 50% of state revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural gas and oil consumption both account for about half of Iran’s <a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">domestic energy consumption</a>. With its heavy dependence on oil and gas revenues Iran continues to explore for new sources of natural gas and oil. Since 2009, Iran has focused its energy sector on the exploration of the <a href="/wiki/South_Pars" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pars">South Pars</a> offshore natural gas fields in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran has become self-sufficient in designing, building and operating dams and power plants and it has won a good number of international bids in competition with foreign firms.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, energy generation capacity of Iranian thermal power plants reached 173 terawatt hours, accounting for 17.9 percent of energy production in the Middle East and African region. In 2007, Natural gas was the main energy source in Iran, comprising over 55 percent of energy needs, with oil and hydroelectricity accounting for 42 and 2 percent respectively. The region’s energy need will increase by 26.8 percent until 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the fuel consumption in Iran was equivalent to 5.5 million barrels of fuel per day (bpd), the rate of which is considered as the highest energy consumption rate in the world in terms of energy intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Energy plays an important role in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Iranian politics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baer" title="Robert Baer">Robert Baer</a> in his 2008 book <i>The Devil We Know: Dealing with the New Iranian Superpower</i> argued that Iran had attained the status of an <a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">energy superpower</a> and was on its way to become a military-political superpower.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran plans to create an <a href="/wiki/Energy_saving_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy saving company">energy saving company</a> in conjunction with the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_subsidy_reform_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian subsidy reform plan">Iranian subsidy reform plan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Energy in Iran<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Population<br /> (million) </th> <th>Prim. energy<br /> (TWh) </th> <th>Production<br /> (TWh) </th> <th>Export<br /> (TWh) </th> <th>Electricity<br /> (TWh) </th> <th>CO<sub>2</sub>-emission<br /> (Mt) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2004</td> <td>67.0</td> <td>1,696</td> <td>3,233</td> <td>1,530</td> <td>137</td> <td>369 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2007</td> <td>71.0</td> <td>2,151</td> <td>3,757</td> <td>1,602</td> <td>165</td> <td>466 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2008</td> <td>72.0</td> <td>2,350</td> <td>3,801</td> <td>1,429</td> <td>174</td> <td>505 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2009</td> <td>72.9</td> <td>2,514</td> <td>4,068</td> <td>1,537</td> <td>168</td> <td>533 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2010</td> <td>73.97</td> <td>2,423</td> <td>4,060</td> <td>1,574</td> <td>196</td> <td>509 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2012</td> <td>74.80</td> <td>2,467</td> <td>4,113</td> <td>1,614</td> <td>200</td> <td>521 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2012R</td> <td>76.42</td> <td>2,554</td> <td>3,523</td> <td>961</td> <td>210</td> <td>532 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2013</td> <td>77.45</td> <td>2,656</td> <td>3,477</td> <td>649</td> <td>224</td> <td>526 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Change 2004-10</td> <td>10.4%</td> <td>42.9%</td> <td>25.6%</td> <td>2.9%</td> <td>43.0%</td> <td>37.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" colspan="7"><small> Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses</small> <p><small>2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated </small> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_energy_sources">Primary energy sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Primary energy sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primary energy supply is around two thirds gas and one third oil, with tiny amounts from other sources.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_gas">Natural gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Natural gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_reserves_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas reserves in Iran">Natural gas reserves in Iran</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Gas_Company" title="National Iranian Gas Company">National Iranian Gas Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Pars_Gas_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pars Gas Field">South Pars Gas Field</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gas_Balance_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gas_Balance_Iran.svg/220px-Gas_Balance_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gas_Balance_Iran.svg/330px-Gas_Balance_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gas_Balance_Iran.svg/440px-Gas_Balance_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Iran's gas production 2016, domestic consumption and exports<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Iran is the world's third producer of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> (5.1% of the world's total and 184 BCM); which is primarily used for domestic <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a> or heat production.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains an estimated 1,187.3 trillion cubic feet (33,620 km<sup>3</sup>) (Tcf) in proven natural gas reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005 a large share of Iran’s <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> reserves were believed to remain untapped. About 62% of these reserves are located in non-associated fields. Iranian production of natural gas is expected to increase over the next few years due to continuing discoveries in the <a href="/wiki/North_Pars" class="mw-redirect" title="North Pars">North Pars</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Pars" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pars">South Pars</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestic consumption has matched production at 3.6<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>12</sup> cu ft (100 km<sup>3</sup>) in the year of 2005. Domestic consumption is expected to go up at about 7% per year for the following decade. The Iranian government has also subsidized natural gas prices along with <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> prices, and this is expected to sustain this high level of domestic consumption. In lieu of this increasing domestic demand, natural gas exports are expected to decrease in the following years.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Iran ranked as the world's fourth-largest consumer of natural gas, behind the United States, Russia, and China. A significant share of its natural gas production is utilized domestically in various sectors. Over the last ten years, consumption of natural gas in Iran has risen by approximately 50%, influenced by a range of factors. These include heavily subsidized prices, an extensive distribution network, enhanced domestic production, and government initiatives aimed at replacing oil with natural gas in residential, commercial, and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a> sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Natural gas:<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>production:</i> 151.8 billion cu m (2011 est.)</li> <li><i>consumption:</i> 144.6 billion cu m (2010 est.)</li> <li><i>exports:</i> 9.05 billion cu m (2011 est.)</li> <li><i>imports:</i> 10.59 billion cu m (2011 est.)</li> <li><i>proved reserves:</i> 33.61 trillion cu m (1 January 2013 est.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil">Oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum industry in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iran" title="Oil reserves in Iran">Oil reserves in Iran</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Petroleum of Iran">Ministry of Petroleum of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007_Gas_Rationing_Plan_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Gas Rationing Plan in Iran">2007 Gas Rationing Plan in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Petrochemical_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="National Iranian Petrochemical Company">National Iranian Petrochemical Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asalouyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Asalouyeh">Asalouyeh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_Oil_Producing_Countries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Top_Oil_Producing_Countries.png/220px-Top_Oil_Producing_Countries.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Top_Oil_Producing_Countries.png/330px-Top_Oil_Producing_Countries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Top_Oil_Producing_Countries.png/440px-Top_Oil_Producing_Countries.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>Top oil-producing countries, 1973 to 2016, million barrels per day</figcaption></figure> <p>Iran has the second largest oil reserves in the world, and the third largest exporter of it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By the end of 2009, Iranian oil <a href="/wiki/Reserves-to-production_ratio" title="Reserves-to-production ratio">R/P ratio</a> was 89.4 years which is the world's highest.<sup id="cite_ref-bp.com_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bp.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2009, Iran had 52 active <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">rigs</a> and 1,853 producing <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil wells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran possesses abundant <a href="/wiki/Fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuels">fuels</a> from which to generate energy. Since 1913 <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> has been a major oil-exporting country. Oil industry output averaged 4 million barrels (640,000 m<sup>3</sup>) per day in 2005, compared with the peak output of 6 million barrels per day (950,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d) reached in 1974. Following the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">revolution</a>, however, the government reduced daily oil production in accordance with an oil conservation policy. Further production declines occurred as result of damage to oil facilities during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">war with Iraq</a>. In the early 2000s, industry infrastructure was increasingly inefficient because of technological lags. Few exploratory wells were drilled in 2005. Iranian oil was <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">nationalized in 1953</a> and thus is owned and operated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a> (NIOC). </p><p>Iran held 10.3% of the world's total proven <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> and that figures out to be about 137.6 billion barrels (2.188<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) of oil reserves at the end of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-bp.com_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bp.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil also is found in northern Iran and in the offshore waters of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. Nevertheless, in 2005 Iran spent US$4 billion on <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> imports, mainly because of <a href="/wiki/Contraband" title="Contraband">contraband</a> and inefficient domestic use that result from <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_of_Iran#Gasoline_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Petroleum of Iran">subsidies</a>. Iran is one of the largest gasoline consumers in the world ranking second behind <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in consumption per car.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a growing recognition that prices must rise faster to curb consumption and ease the burden on the public finances. Cheap energy has encouraged wasteful consumption in Iran, and a brisk business in smuggling petrol into <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. Demand has also been supported by rapid increases in car production in recent years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the absence of imports, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_automobile_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian automobile industry">the car industry</a> has developed strongly (albeit from a low base) with output reaching over 1m vehicles in fiscal year 2006/07 (March 21 – March 20).<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_Balance_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Oil_Balance_Iran.svg/220px-Oil_Balance_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Oil_Balance_Iran.svg/330px-Oil_Balance_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Oil_Balance_Iran.svg/440px-Oil_Balance_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Iran oil production, domestic consumption and exports<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The growth in consumption of domestically produced oil has been modest, owing to <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Refining_and_Distribution_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company">refining constraints</a>. By contrast, fuel imports rose to 180,000 barrels per day (29,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d) in January 2005 from 30,000 barrels per day (4,800 m<sup>3</sup>/d) in 2000, and petrol consumption is estimated to have been around 1,800,000 barrels per day (290,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d) in 2007 (before <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a>), of which about one-third is imported. These imports are proving expensive, costing the government about US$4bn in the first nine months of 2007/08, according to parliamentary sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 40% of refined oil consumed by Iran is imported from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LaFranchi_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaFranchi-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS_world_oil_endowment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/USGS_world_oil_endowment.png/220px-USGS_world_oil_endowment.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/USGS_world_oil_endowment.png/330px-USGS_world_oil_endowment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/USGS_world_oil_endowment.png/440px-USGS_world_oil_endowment.png 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>A 2003 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a> map of countries where <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> is located</figcaption></figure> <p>Iran contains 27 onshore and 13 offshore oil-producing fields, largely concentrated in the southwestern <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> region near the <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> border.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iranian government is heavily reliant on oil revenues and they have heavily subsidized the energy industries, which figures out to be about 12% of Iran’s <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>. However, domestic oil consumption has decreased due to the alternative use of natural gas. Economic growth from these resources is uncertain and stunted in Iran due to these subsidies and population growth. Iran has been unable to reach it full production levels due to a combination of <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">sanctions</a> and war plaguing the region. Iran’s oil fields have a natural decline rate at 8 percent for onshore wells and 10% for offshore fields. The Iranian recovery rate is currently approximately 27 percent, which is well below the world average. Iran needs structural improvements made to coincide with their <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">enhanced oil recovery</a> efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oil:<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>production:</i> 3,589,000 bbl/d (570,600 m<sup>3</sup>/d) (2012 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>consumption:</i> 1,755,000 bbl/d (279,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d) (2008 est.) (expected to increase 10% each year since 2006)</li> <li><i>exports:</i> 2,377,000 bbl/d (377,900 m<sup>3</sup>/d) (2010 est.)</li> <li><i>imports:</i> 156,000 bbl/d (24,800 m<sup>3</sup>/d) (2010 est.)</li> <li><i>proved reserves:</i> 154.6 Gbbl (24.58<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) based on Iranian claims (1 January 2009 est.)</li></ul> <p><i>note:</i> as of 2009, 1/3 of Iran's gasoline needs are imported because of insufficient domestic refining capacity, over-consumption and <a href="/wiki/Contraband" title="Contraband">contraband</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_energy">Nuclear energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nuclear energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Organization_of_Iran" title="Atomic Energy Organization of Iran">Atomic Energy Organization of Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_facilities_in_Iran" title="Nuclear facilities in Iran">Nuclear facilities in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arak_heavy_water_reactor2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Arak_heavy_water_reactor2.JPG/220px-Arak_heavy_water_reactor2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Arak_heavy_water_reactor2.JPG/330px-Arak_heavy_water_reactor2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Arak_heavy_water_reactor2.JPG/440px-Arak_heavy_water_reactor2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1287" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/IR-40" title="IR-40">IR-40</a> facility in <a href="/wiki/Arak,_Iran" title="Arak, Iran">Arak</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Iran plans to generate 23,000 MW of electricity through nuclear technology to meet its increasing demand for energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of four 915 MW reactors of <a href="/wiki/Bushehr_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant">Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant</a>, built with help from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, came online in August 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While nuclear power in the US costs a little over 10 cents per kilowatt hour, Iran, with domestic uranium enrichment capabilities, high interest rates, low energy output (a single 1,000-watt reactor), low efficiency, extremely slow reactor construction, and no reprocessing pays around 68 cents per kilowatt hour (this assumes a price of $140 per separative working unit and of $40 per kilogram of uranium).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AGE_MATTERS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AGE MATTERS"><span title="This claim needs references to more current sources. (May 2023)">obsolete source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydro">Hydro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hydro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Iran" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Iran">List of dams and reservoirs in Iran</a></div> <p>Droughts have reduced hydropower.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Energy Ministry plans to improve existing plants and build more small and medium hydro.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biofuel">Biofuel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biofuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, the Iranian Biofuel Society (IBS) in collaboration with the Vice Presidency for Science of Technology and Tehran and the Suburbs Bus Company executed the first urban pilot project for the consumption of waste cooking oil biodiesel in Tehran`s bus fleet in an attempt to generate public awareness regarding <i>Global Climate Change</i>, wherein they recommend “reducing net <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">CO2 emissions</a> to the atmosphere” and “minimizing anthropogenic disturbances of” atmospheric gasses by partial replacement of fossil fuels with waste-oriented biofuels.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program was also supported by Small Grant Programme, <a href="/wiki/Global_Environmental_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Environmental Facility">Global Environmental Facility</a>, United Nation Development Program (SGP/GEF/UNDP) Office in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar">Solar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Solar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021 there were 450 MW of solar power, less than 1% of <a href="/wiki/Installed_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Installed capacity">installed capacity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is tiny compared to electricity demand and neighbouring countries.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran has an average of 2,200 kilowatt-hour <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a> per square meter annually, and 90% of the country has enough sun to generate <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> 300 days a year.<sup id="cite_ref-zawya.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zawya.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind">Wind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Iran" title="Wind power in Iran">Wind power in Iran</a></div><p>In 2020 there were just over 300 MW of wind power, less than 1% of installed capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The east is suitable to build more, and wind there matches annual demand variation, being higher in spring and summer.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geothermal">Geothermal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geothermal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to global tectonics Iran is impacted by subduction of the Arabian Plate under the Central Iranian Plate and four thrust faults: two that make the Southern Caspian Sea <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran">Mazandaran</a> Depression and two in the north of Iran, part of the Caucasian Range. Mt. Sabalan and Mt. Sahand are two Quaternary Volcanos in the area. Sabalan is a large stratovolcano consisting of 3 summits named Soltan (4811), Heram (4612m) and Kasra (4573m). The stratovolcano is situated on a possible horst trending northeast-southwest and erupted at latest in the Holocene. Caldera collapsing has caused a depression about 400 m in height and 12 km in diameter. The lava flows consists of trachyandesite, andesite and dacite and pyroclastic deposits. There are 9 hot springs with a temperature in the range of 25-85 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electricity">Electricity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Iran_electricity_production.svg/400px-Iran_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Iran_electricity_production.svg/600px-Iran_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Iran_electricity_production.svg/800px-Iran_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Iran electricity production by source<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of reservoirs and dams in Iran">List of reservoirs and dams in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Iran" title="List of power stations in Iran">List of power stations in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Energy (Iran)">Ministry of Energy (Iran)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_consumption_per_capita-Iran.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Energy_consumption_per_capita-Iran.png/220px-Energy_consumption_per_capita-Iran.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Energy_consumption_per_capita-Iran.png/330px-Energy_consumption_per_capita-Iran.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Energy_consumption_per_capita-Iran.png/440px-Energy_consumption_per_capita-Iran.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Energy consumption in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> is 6.5 times that of global average.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that 18.5% of electricity generated in Iran is wasted before it reaches consumers due to technical problems. <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a> wastage hit $1.1 billion in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Elec_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elec-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;<div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;<div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;<div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 307.76835371753px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 39.592800879772px; border-left-color:violet"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:violet"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:violet"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Electricity generation by fuel in Iran - 2021<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:violet; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Gas_Company" title="National Iranian Gas Company">natural gas</a> (81%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">oil</a> (14%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">hydropower</a> (4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> non-hydro <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewables</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Iran" title="Wind power in Iran">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Iran#Geothermal" title="List of power stations in Iran">geothermal</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_power_stations_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of solar power stations in Iran">solar</a>) (<1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:brown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> (<1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:silver; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">nuclear</a> (<1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shazand_Combined-cycle_power_plant.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shazand_Combined-cycle_power_plant.JPG/220px-Shazand_Combined-cycle_power_plant.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shazand_Combined-cycle_power_plant.JPG/330px-Shazand_Combined-cycle_power_plant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shazand_Combined-cycle_power_plant.JPG/440px-Shazand_Combined-cycle_power_plant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="2430" /></a><figcaption>Shazand power plant</figcaption></figure> <p>Iran’s domestic consumption and production have steadily grown together since 1984 and it is still heavily reliant on traditional <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal</a> energy sources of electricity, with a small fraction being produced by <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> plants.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023 a quarter of electricity is generated from oil and most of the rest is gas-fired.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply a full or month-and-year "|date=" of publication, or use "|year=year not specified" for intentional omission. (April 2024)">date missing</span></a></i>]</sup> Iran has put greater emphasis on participation of domestic and foreign investors in electricity generation sector, with projects underway to add 40,000 MWh more capacity to the national grid.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is estimated that some 18.5 percent of electricity generated in Iran are wasted before it reaches consumers due to technical problems.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran is among the top ten manufacturers of <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a> with a capacity of 160 megawatts.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran has acquired self-sufficiency of over 80 percent in constructing hydraulic turbines and over 90 percent in producing gas turbines. Within the next few years, Iran can join the list of countries that produce <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plant</a> technology (2009).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran has achieved the technical expertise to set up hydroelectric, gas and combined cycle power plants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Iran is not only self-sufficient in power plant construction but has also concluded a number of contracts on implementing projects in neighboring states.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exploration efforts for sources of power generation are wide and diverse in Iran. Plans are being made to make oil efficient power plants as well as an emphasis on natural gas production in order to meet their growing electricity demand. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a> and hydroelectric power are not focused on for the time being, but they are part of an overall strategy to meet electricity demands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The electricity sector is also heavily subsidized and mostly state owned companies control power distribution, transmission and generation. In order to meet the demands of the electricity sector, however, Iran is beginning to look into private investment.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Direct_Investment_in_Iran#FIPPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Direct Investment in Iran">A by-law</a> has been passed allowing the energy ministry to conclude rial or combined rial/foreign-currency contracts for the purchase of electricity from private companies.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran has displayed a new approach to this sector. After the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the construction of hydroelectric power plants became both a popular private and public venture. Often, construction projects did not meet basic environmental standards, engineering standards, and technical requirements. As a result, many of these dams were destroyed or left in dilapidated conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karun3-dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Karun3-dam.jpg/220px-Karun3-dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Karun3-dam.jpg/330px-Karun3-dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Karun3-dam.jpg/440px-Karun3-dam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Karun-3_dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Karun-3 dam">Karun-3 dam</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power plant">hydroelectric power plant</a> in Iran was commissioned in 2005. Iran has emerged as one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> builders in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-Elec_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elec-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By 2004, the addition of new hydroelectric stations and the streamlining of conventional <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33,000 megawatts (MW). Of that amount, about 75 percent was based on <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, 18 percent on <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>, and 7 percent on <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a>. However, in 2004 Iran opened its first <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>-powered and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal</a> plants, and the first solar thermal plant was to come online in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Iran produced 341 terawatt-hours (TWh) of net electricity, 94% of which came from fossil fuels. Natural gas was the primary source, accounting for about 81% of electricity generation. Oil’s contribution rose from 9% in 2018 to 14% in 2021, driven by <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions" title="International sanctions">international sanctions</a> that limited oil exports and impacted associated natural gas production, leading to increased domestic use and substitution with diesel and fuel oil in power generation. Additionally, condensate storage capacity constraints hindered non-associated natural gas production, prompting greater reliance on alternative fuels. In response, Iran is upgrading its older natural gas plants to more efficient <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle plant">combined-cycle plants</a> and expanding capacity to reduce hydropower dependency, improve generation efficiency, and increase oil availability for export.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been estimated that Iran has the potential to produce at least 6,150 MWh of electricity by <a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">wave power</a> from its coastline on <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran is also experimenting with electricity generation from organic wastes and plans to build power plants using sewage and organic waste of domestic and industrial origin as fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With about 300 clear sunny days a year and an average of 2,200 kilowatt-hour <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a> per square meter, Iran has significant potential to tap <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Iran's electricity generation was primarily sourced from natural gas, accounting for 81% of total production. Oil contributed 14%, followed by hydropower at 4%, and nuclear power at 1%. Both coal and non-hydro renewable sources each made up less than 1% of the electricity generation mix.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2022 <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">U.S. Energy Information Administration</a> (EIA) report, Iran has experienced escalating electricity demand driven by factors including illegal <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptocurrency mining">cryptocurrency mining</a>, population growth, highly subsidized electricity prices, and fuel supply shortages. This increase in demand has been particularly acute during the peak seasons of summer and winter, putting significant strain on the nation's electrical infrastructure. As a result, Iran encountered notable <a href="/wiki/Power_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="Power shortage">power shortages</a> in 2020 and 2021. During the summer of 2021, the situation intensified when electricity demand exceeded the available supply by nearly 12 gigawatts (GW).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsidies">Subsidies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Subsidies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_targeted_subsidy_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian targeted subsidy plan">Iranian targeted subsidy plan</a></div> <p>Iran was estimated to have paid 19% of GDP for <a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">energy subsidies</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran is the world largest energy subsidizer,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to highly wasteful consumption patterns, <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distortion (economics)">price distortions</a> in its economy, pollution and very lucrative contraband with neighboring countries because of price differentials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues in Iran</a></div><p>Air pollution, much of which is from fossil fuels, is estimated to cause nearly 3000 deaths a year in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20210703_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country_(includes_OTHER).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/20210703_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country_%28includes_OTHER%29.svg/220px-20210703_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country_%28includes_OTHER%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/20210703_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country_%28includes_OTHER%29.svg/330px-20210703_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country_%28includes_OTHER%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/20210703_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country_%28includes_OTHER%29.svg/440px-20210703_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country_%28includes_OTHER%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Iran is one of the largest CO2 polluters, both nationally and per person.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalCarbonAtlas_Territorial_MtCO2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalCarbonAtlas_Territorial_MtCO2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions per capita:</i> 11.9 tonnes (2015 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>GDP per unit of energy use:</i> 4.0 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Energy use per capita (kg of oil equivalent)</i> (2005 PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent): 2,352 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renewable_energy">Renewable energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Renewable energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_targeted_subsidy_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian targeted subsidy plan">Iranian targeted subsidy plan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manjeel_windmills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Manjeel_windmills.jpg/220px-Manjeel_windmills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Manjeel_windmills.jpg/330px-Manjeel_windmills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Manjeel_windmills.jpg/440px-Manjeel_windmills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>As a further drive toward diversification of energy sources, Iran has established wind farms in several areas, this one near <a href="/wiki/Manjeel" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjeel">Manjeel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2022 less than 1% of electricity was generated by solar and wind.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran plans to introduce 10,000 megawatts of renewable electricity into the electricity grid by the end of 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Energy (Iran)">Ministry of Energy (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Iran" title="Wind power in Iran">Wind power in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+Daily+-+Domestic+Economy+-+11%2F26%2F08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iran-daily.com%2F1387%2F3280%2Fhtml%2Feconomy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPWKD" class="citation web cs1">PWKD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.petrolworld.com/africa-middle-east/item/29352-iran-mobile-app-for-online-fuel-purchase-launch">"Petrol World - Iran: Mobile App For Online Fuel Purchase Launch"</a>. <i>www.petrolworld.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101011091637/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key2009.pdf">2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007042901/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key2009.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf">2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012043312/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" 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href="http://www.iags.org/iran121206.pdf">Ahmadinejad's Gas Revolution: A Plan to Defeat Economic Sanctions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130230631/http://www.iags.org/iran121206.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-11-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/cnpp2004/CNPP_Webpage/pages/..%5Ccountryprofiles%5CIran%5CIran2003.htm">IAEA: Energy and electricity in Iran</a> (2002)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solargis.com/products/maps-and-gis-data/free/download/iran">Solar insolation maps</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_Iran" title="Template:Energy in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_Iran" title="Template talk:Energy in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energy in Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Iran" title="List of power stations in Iran">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_subsidy_reform_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian subsidy reform plan">Energy subsidies reform plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_South_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian South Oil Company">National Iranian South Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Offshore_Oil_Company" title="Iranian Offshore Oil Company">Iranian Offshore Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Central_Oil_Fields_Company" title="Iranian Central Oil Fields Company">Iranian Central Oil Fields Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iran" title="Oil reserves in Iran">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iranian petroleum sector facilities"><img alt="Iranian petroleum sector facilities" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg/121px-CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg/182px-CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg/242px-CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="705" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Iran" title="Natural gas in Iran">Natural gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">Gas Exporting Countries Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_LNG" title="Iran LNG">Iran LNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Gas_Company" title="National Iranian Gas Company">National Iranian Gas Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_reserves_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas reserves in Iran">Natural gas reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_LNG" title="Persian LNG">Persian LNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pars/North_Dome_Gas-Condensate_field" title="South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field">South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Gasoline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Gasoline_Rationing_Plan_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Gasoline Rationing Plan in Iran">2007 Gasoline Rationing Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran#Smuggling" title="Taxation in Iran">Fuel smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Refining_and_Distribution_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company">National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">Petrochemicals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marun_petrochemical_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Marun petrochemical complex">Marun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Petrochemical_Company" title="National Petrochemical Company">National Petrochemical Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Petrochemical_Company#Special_industrial_economic_zones" title="National Petrochemical Company">Special industrial economic zones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dauletabad%E2%80%93Sarakhs%E2%80%93Khangiran_pipeline" title="Dauletabad–Sarakhs–Khangiran pipeline">Dauletabad–Sarakhs–Khangiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Gas_Trunkline" title="Iran Gas Trunkline">Gas Trunkline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Armenia_gas_pipeline" title="Iran–Armenia gas pipeline">Iran–Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq%E2%80%93Syria_pipeline" title="Iran–Iraq–Syria pipeline">Iran–Iraq–Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Oman_pipeline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iran–Oman pipeline (page does not exist)">Iran–Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-Pakistan-India_gas_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline">Iran–Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korpeje%E2%80%93Kordkuy_pipeline" title="Korpeje–Kordkuy pipeline">Korpeje–Kordkuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabucco_pipeline" title="Nabucco pipeline">Nabucco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neka%E2%80%93Jask_pipeline" title="Neka–Jask pipeline">Neka–Jask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz%E2%80%93Ankara_pipeline" title="Tabriz–Ankara pipeline">Tabriz–Ankara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Organization_of_Iran" title="Atomic Energy Organization of Iran">Atomic Energy Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_facilities_in_Iran" title="Nuclear facilities in Iran">Facilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IR-40" title="IR-40">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushehr_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant">Bushehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkhovin_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant">Darkhovin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordow_Fuel_Enrichment_Plant" title="Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant">Fordow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natanz_Nuclear_Facility" title="Natanz Nuclear Facility">Natanz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Timeline of the nuclear program of Iran">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Iran" title="Wind power in Iran">Wind power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">Bitumen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jey_Oil_Refining_Company" title="Jey Oil Refining Company">Jey Oil Refining Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DESA_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="DESA (company)">DESA - Iran Heavy Diesel Manufacturing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Shipbuilding_%26_Offshore_Industries_Complex" title="Iran Shipbuilding & Offshore Industries Complex">ISOICO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam-al_Anbiya_Construction_Headquarters" title="Khatam-al Anbiya Construction Headquarters">Khatam al-Anbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SADRA" title="SADRA">SADRA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Iran" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Iran">Dams and reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">Energy superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharg_Island" title="Kharg Island">Kharg Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Energy (Iran)">Ministry of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)">Ministry of Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran#Oil_Stabilization_Fund_(OSF)_and_National_Development_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Oil Stabilization Fund</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AzarAb_Industries" title="AzarAb Industries">AzarAb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPCO" title="HEPCO">HEPCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">IDRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Sazi_Arak" title="Machine Sazi Arak">Machine Sazi Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAPNA_Group" title="MAPNA Group">MAPNA Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">U.S. withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Tanker_Company" title="National Iranian Tanker Company">National Iranian Tanker Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jey_Oil_Refining_Company" title="Jey Oil Refining Company">Jey Oil Refining Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_the_OPEC_countries_and_primary_energy_2008_(TWh)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_OPEC" title="Template:Energy in OPEC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Energy_in_OPEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Energy in OPEC (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_OPEC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in OPEC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_the_OPEC_countries_and_primary_energy_2008_(TWh)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_OPEC_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in the OPEC countries">Energy in the OPEC countries</a> and primary energy 2008 (TWh)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a> 2,350</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Energy in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> 1,879</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nigeria" title="Energy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1,293</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Venezuela" title="Energy in Venezuela">Venezuela</a> 745</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Energy in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> 680</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Algeria" title="Energy in Algeria">Algeria</a> 431</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iraq" title="Energy in Iraq">Iraq</a> 395</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kuwait" title="Energy in Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 306</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Qatar" title="Energy in Qatar">Qatar</a> 281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Libya" title="Energy in Libya">Libya</a> 212</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Angola" title="Energy in Angola">Angola</a> 128</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a> 120</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries_(OPEC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OPEC" title="Template:OPEC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OPEC" title="Template talk:OPEC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OPEC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OPEC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries_(OPEC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> (OPEC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Economy of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Libya" title="Economy of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_general_of_OPEC" title="List of secretaries general of OPEC">List of secretaries general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Fund_for_International_Development" title="OPEC Fund for International Development">OPEC Fund for International Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Asia">Energy in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Energy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bahrain" title="Energy in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bhutan" title="Energy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brunei" title="Energy in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cambodia" title="Energy in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_East_Timor" title="Energy in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Indonesia" title="Energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iraq" title="Energy in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Israel" title="Energy in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Jordan" title="Energy in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Korea" title="Energy in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Korea" title="Energy in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kuwait" title="Energy in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Energy in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Laos" title="Energy in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Lebanon" title="Energy in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mongolia" title="Energy in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Myanmar" title="Energy in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nepal" title="Energy in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Oman" title="Energy in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Qatar" title="Energy in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Energy in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Singapore" title="Energy in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Syria" title="Energy in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Thailand" title="Energy in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkmenistan" title="Energy in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Energy in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Uzbekistan" title="Energy in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Vietnam" title="Energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Yemen" title="Energy in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Energy in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Taiwan" title="Energy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hong_Kong" title="Energy in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Macau" title="Energy in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template talk:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">Renewable energy by country and territory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Renewable energy in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kenya" title="Renewable energy in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Morocco" title="Renewable energy in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Seychelles" title="Renewable energy in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa" title="Renewable energy in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Asia" title="Renewable energy in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Renewable energy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bhutan" title="Renewable energy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brunei" title="Renewable energy in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India" title="Renewable energy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Renewable energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nepal" title="Renewable energy in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Pakistan" title="Renewable energy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Palestine" title="Renewable energy in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Renewable energy in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Taiwan" title="Renewable energy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Vietnam" title="Renewable energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union" title="Renewable energy in the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Austria" title="Renewable energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Renewable energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus#Renewable_energy" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Denmark" title="Renewable energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Finland" title="Renewable energy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_France" title="Renewable energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany" title="Renewable energy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Hungary" title="Renewable energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Renewable energy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Lithuania" title="Renewable energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Renewable energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Portugal" title="Renewable energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain" title="Renewable energy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Armenia" title="Renewable energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Belarus" title="Renewable energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Norway" title="Renewable energy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Russia" title="Renewable energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland#Renewable_energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ukraine" title="Renewable energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Canada" title="Renewable energy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Costa_Rica" title="Renewable energy in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Honduras" title="Renewable energy in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Renewable energy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_French_Polynesia" title="Renewable energy in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Tuvalu" title="Renewable energy in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brazil" title="Renewable energy in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Chile" title="Renewable energy in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Colombia" title="Renewable energy in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy_by_country" title="Category:Renewable energy by country">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East_topic" title="Template:Middle East topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East_topic" title="Template talk:Middle East topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy in the Middle East </a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southwest_Asia.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Middle East (Southwest Asia)"><img alt="Middle East (Southwest Asia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Southwest_Asia.PNG/45px-Southwest_Asia.PNG" decoding="async" width="45" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Southwest_Asia.PNG/68px-Southwest_Asia.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Southwest_Asia.PNG/90px-Southwest_Asia.PNG 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bahrain" title="Energy in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iraq" title="Energy in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Israel" title="Energy in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Jordan" title="Energy in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kuwait" title="Energy in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Lebanon" title="Energy in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Oman" title="Energy in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Energy in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_the_Gaza_Strip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in the Gaza Strip (page does not exist)">Gaza Strip</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_the_West_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in the West Bank (page does not exist)">West Bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Qatar" title="Energy in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Energy in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Syria" title="Energy in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Energy in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Yemen" title="Energy in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_policy_of_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East_topic" title="Template:Middle East topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East_topic" title="Template talk:Middle East topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_policy_of_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Energy policy of the Middle East</div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southwest_Asia.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Middle East (Southwest Asia)"><img alt="Middle East (Southwest Asia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Southwest_Asia.PNG/45px-Southwest_Asia.PNG" decoding="async" width="45" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Southwest_Asia.PNG/68px-Southwest_Asia.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Southwest_Asia.PNG/90px-Southwest_Asia.PNG 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Gaza_Strip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Gaza Strip (page does not exist)">Gaza Strip</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_West_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the West Bank (page does not exist)">West Bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/20px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/30px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/40px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/19px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/29px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&oldid=1257542225">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Iran&oldid=1257542225</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_Iran" title="Category:Energy in Iran">Energy in Iran</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback 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