Deforestation: causes and how the EU is tackling it | Topics

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id="webanalytic-id_sub-chapters" value="climate-and-environment"/> <input type="hidden" id="webanalytic-id_sub-sub-chapters" value=""/> <input type="hidden" id="webanalytic-id_pages" value="deforestation-backgrounder-1022-seo"/> <input type="hidden" id="webanalytic-id_type" value="story"/> <input type="hidden" id="webanalytic-ep_bodies" value=""/> <input type="hidden" id="webanalytics-topics_by_weeks" value=""/> <input type="hidden" id="webanalytics-priority_category" value=""/> <input type="hidden" id="webanalytics-priority_wordlink" value=""/> <input type="hidden" id="webanalytics-reference" value="20221019STO44561"/> <input type="hidden" id="webanalytics-language" value="en"/> <div class="lg:max-w-3xl md:max-w-2xl mx-auto px-4"> <div data-component="story-intro" class="mb-12"> <h1 class="text-xl text-center pt-8 mb-6 text-black-greydark">Deforestation: causes and how the EU is tackling it</h1> <p class="text-base text-center mb-4 text-black-greydark">Find out what causes deforestation and how new EU legislation is set to limit the importation of goods produced on deforested land.</p> <div class="relative text-center"> <small class="infos flex flex-col justify-center items-center space-y-1 text-sm text-black-greydark"> <time datetime="25-10-2022">Published: 25-10-2022</time> <time class="" datetime="2024-11-19T10:35:00">Last updated: 19-11-2024 - 10:35</time> <time datetime="PT6M" class="" >6 min read</time> </small> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="lg:max-w-4xl md:max-w-2xl mx-auto px-4"> <div data-component="figure-default" class="block no-underline mb-12"> <figure> <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/images/20221025PHT46003/20221025PHT46003_original.jpg"> <img src="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/images/20221025PHT46003/20221025PHT46003-cl.jpg" class="block mb-2" alt="In some countries, rainforests are destroyed to make room for palm oil" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/images/20221025PHT46003/20221025PHT46003-cs.jpg 320w, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/images/20221025PHT46003/20221025PHT46003-cm.jpg 640w, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/images/20221025PHT46003/20221025PHT46003-cl.jpg 1024w" sizes="100vw"> </a> <figcaption class="text-16px text-black-greydark">In some countries, rainforests are destroyed to make room for palm oil</figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="lg:max-w-3xl md:max-w-2xl mx-auto px-4"> <div data-component="story-content" class="mb-12"><p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">The rate of forest loss around the world is alarming. <a href="https://www.fao.org/3/ca9825en/ca9825en.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Some 420 million hectares of forest were lost due to deforestation between 1990 and 2020</a>, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, an area the size of the EU.<br /><br /></p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">Deforestation is the destruction of forests so the land can be put to other uses. Forest degradation is a more gradual process related to unsustainable harvesting that causes a loss of forests' capacity to produce wood or support biodiversity.<br /><br /></p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">These processes take place mainly in the three major forest basins of the Amazon (South America), Congo (Central Africa) and Southeast Asia. The opposite process is taking place in the EU, where <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Forests,_forestry_and_logging#Economic_indicators_and_employment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">forests increased 5.3% between 2000 and 2021</a>. <br /><br /></p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">With <a href="https://www.fao.org/3/ca8642en/CA8642EN.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">forests covering 31% of the global land surface</a>, they are home to most of Earth's terrestrial biodiversity. They also act as <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20170711STO79506/climate-change-better-using-eu-forests-as-carbon-sinks" target="_blank" rel="noopener">carbon sinks</a>, absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere and provide a vital source of income for about <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52019DC0352&from=EN" target="_blank" rel="noopener">25% of the world’s population</a>, with a large part of the land traditionally inhabited by indigenous peoples.</p></div> </div> <div class="lg:max-w-3xl md:max-w-2xl mx-auto px-4"> <div data-component="story-content" class="mb-12"><h2 class="ep-wysiwig_heading-2">What are the causes of deforestation and forest degradation?</h2> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"><strong><br /></strong>Deforestation and forest degradation are mainly due to human activities and affect people all over the world.<br /><br /></p> <h3 class="ep-wysiwig_heading-3">Industrial agriculture</h3> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"><br />Agriculture is the main driver of deforestation in all regions except Europe.<br /><br /></p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">Forests being converted into cropland is the main driver of forest loss. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, it causes at least <a href="https://www.fao.org/3/cb7449en/cb7449en.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">50% of global deforestation</a>, mainly for oil palm and soybean production.<br /><br /></p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">Livestock grazing is responsible for almost 40% of global deforestation.<br /><br /></p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">In Europe, converting to cropland represents about 15% of deforestation and 20% is due to livestock grazing.</p> <br /> <h3 class="ep-wysiwig_heading-3">Urbanisation</h3> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"><br />Urban and infrastructure development, including construction and road expansion represent the third biggest cause of global deforestation, accounting for slightly more than 6% of the total. In Europe it is the main cause of deforestation.</p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"></p> <h3 class="ep-wysiwig_heading-3"><br />Over-exploitation of wood resources</h3> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"><strong><br /></strong>Other damaging activities related to human activities include overexploitation of wood, including for fuel and illegal or unsustainable logging.</p> <h3 class="ep-wysiwig_heading-3"><br />Climate change</h3> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"><br />Climate change is both a cause and a consequence of deforestation and forest degradation. The extreme events it triggers, such as fires, droughts and floods, affect forests. In turn, forest loss is harmful for the climate, as forests play a significant role in providing clean air, regulating the water cycle, capturing CO2, preventing biodiversity loss and soil erosion.</p></div> </div> <div class="lg:max-w-3xl md:max-w-2xl mx-auto px-4"> <div data-component="story-content" class="mb-12"><h2 class="ep-wysiwig_heading-2">The EU’s consumption of goods produced on deforested lands</h2> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"><br />Much of the tropical forests converted to agricultural use goes to produce globally traded goods. <br /><br /><strong>EU consumption accounts for about 10% of global deforestation</strong>, mostly palm oil and soya, which account for more than two thirds.<br /><br /></p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">According to <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/698925/EPRS_BRI(2022)698925_EN.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the European Commission's impact assessment,</a> these are the main products imported by the EU from deforested land:</p> <ul> <li>Palm oil 34%</li> <li>Soya 32.8%</li> <li>Wood 8.6%</li> <li>Cocoa 7.5%</li> <li>Coffee 7%</li> <li>Rubber 3.4%</li> <li>Maize 1.6%</li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="lg:max-w-3xl md:max-w-2xl mx-auto px-4"> <div data-component="story-content" class="mb-12"><h2 class="ep-wysiwig_heading-2" id="the-new-eu-regulation-on-deforestationfree-products-8">The new EU regulation on deforestation-free products</h2> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"><br />Deforestation and forest degradation have an impact on the EU’s environmental objectives such as <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20200618STO81513/green-deal-key-to-a-climate-neutral-and-sustainable-eu%20)" target="_blank" rel="noopener">combating climate change</a> and <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20200109STO69929/biodiversity-loss-what-is-causing-it-and-why-is-it-a-concern" target="_blank" rel="noopener">biodiversity loss,</a> but also on human rights, peace and security. That is why the EU strives to combat global forest loss.<br /><br /></p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">In July 2021, the Commission presented the New EU Forestry Strategy 2030, which aims to increase the quantity and quality of EU forests and promote their role as carbon sinks.<br /><br /></p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">In April 2023, <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20230414IPR80129/parliament-adopts-new-law-to-fight-global-deforestation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Parliament approved new rules obliging companies to verify that products sold on the European market have not contributed to deforestation or forest degradatio</a>n anywhere in the world.<br /><br /></p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">The rules were initially supposed to apply from 30 December 2024 but in November 2024, <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20241111IPR25340/eu-deforestation-law-parliament-wants-to-give-companies-one-more-year-to-comply" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Parliament voted in favour of postponing the application by one year</a>. Large companies would now need to start complying by 30 December 2025 while micro- and small enterprises would have until 30 June 2026 to comply.<br /><br /></p> <h3 class="ep-wysiwig_heading-3">What is covered by the new law?</h3></div> </div> <div class="lg:max-w-3xl md:max-w-2xl mx-auto px-4"> <div data-component="story-content" class="mb-12"><p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">The new law applies to products such as palm oil, soy, cocoa, coffee, livestock and timber, as well as derivative products like beef, leather and printed paper products, furniture, cosmetics and chocolate.</p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"></p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">Companies will also have to check whether these products comply with human rights standards and to ensure indigenous peoples’ rights are respected.</p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"></p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">Parliament broadened the definition of forest degradation to include the conversion of primary forests or naturally regenerating forests into plantation forests or other wooded land.<br /><br /></p> <h3 class="ep-wysiwig_heading-3">Penalties</h3> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"><br />Under the EU deforestation law, countries are classified as low, standard or high-risk. Companies can perform simplified checks on products from lower-risk countries.<br /><br />In November 2024 Parliament suggested introducing a new category of countries posing “no risk”, defined as countries with stable or increasing forest area. Requirements for products coming from such countries will be less stringent.<br /><br /></p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">If companies fail to carry out controls, they could be fined up to 4% of their total annual turnover in the EU.<br /><br /></p> <p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">The update of the rules will need to be agreed between Parliament and the Council.</p> <br /> <h2 class="ep-wysiwig_heading-2" id="read-more-about-what-meps-do-to-protect-forests-4"><br />Read more about what MEPs do to protect forests</h2></div> </div> <div class="lg:max-w-3xl md:max-w-2xl mx-auto px-4"> <div data-component="story-content" class="mb-12"><ul> <li><a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/eu-affairs/20201015STO89416/sustainable-forestry-parliament-s-work-to-fight-deforestation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable forestry: Parliament’s work to fight deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/priorities/climate-change/20170711STO79506/climate-change-better-using-eu-forests-as-carbon-sinks" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Climate change: better using EU forests as carbon sinks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20200519STO79422/how-to-preserve-biodiversity-eu-policy-video" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to preserve biodiversity: EU policy (video)</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2020/659335/EPRS_ATA(2020)659335_EN.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Briefing about palm oil: economic and environmental impact (PDF)</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="lg:max-w-6xl mx-auto px-4 xxl:px-2"> <div data-component="sharing-options" class="mb-1 flex flex-col lg:flex-row lg:justify-between lg:items-center"> <div class="flex flex-col lg:flex-row items-center"> <h2 class="text-16px font-bold text-center xm:text-left">Share this article on:</h2> 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Deforestation: causes and how the EU is tackling it | Topics | European Parliament