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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology and nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles_and_responsibilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles_and_responsibilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Roles and responsibilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles_and_responsibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Employment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Employment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Focus_of_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Focus_of_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Focus of practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Focus_of_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_specialties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_specialties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Veterinary specialties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_specialties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Mobile practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Salary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education and regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education and regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Veterinary_science_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_science_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Veterinary science degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_science_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registration_and_licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registration_and_licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Registration and licensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registration_and_licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postgraduate_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postgraduate_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Postgraduate study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postgraduate_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ABVS_recognized_veterinary_specialties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ABVS_recognized_veterinary_specialties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>ABVS recognized veterinary specialties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ABVS_recognized_veterinary_specialties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curriculum_comparison_with_human_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curriculum_comparison_with_human_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Curriculum comparison with human medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curriculum_comparison_with_human_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_human_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_human_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Impact on human medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_human_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Occupational hazards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occupational_hazards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Occupational hazards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occupational_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biological_and_chemical_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_and_chemical_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Biological and chemical hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_and_chemical_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Physical hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychosocial_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychosocial_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Psychosocial hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychosocial_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_malpractice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_malpractice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Veterinary malpractice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_malpractice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Veterinarian</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veearts" title="Veearts – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Veearts" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="طبيب بيطري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طبيب بيطري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baytar" title="Baytar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Baytar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95" title="প্রাণী চিকিৎসক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাণী চিকিৎসক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%B9-i-su" title="Siù-i-su – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siù-i-su" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ветэрынар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ветэрынар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вэтэрынар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэтэрынар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ветеринар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ветеринар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezeg-loened" title="Mezeg-loened – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mezeg-loened" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinari" title="Veterinari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Veterinari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterin%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_l%C3%A9ka%C5%99" title="Veterinární lékař – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Veterinární lékař" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milfeddyg" title="Milfeddyg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Milfeddyg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyrl%C3%A6ge" title="Dyrlæge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dyrlæge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ibitdoavttir" title="Šibitdoavttir – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Šibitdoavttir" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierarzt" title="Tierarzt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tierarzt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loomaarst" title="Loomaarst – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loomaarst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κτηνίατρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κτηνίατρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinario" title="Veterinario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Veterinario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestokuracisto" title="Bestokuracisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bestokuracisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="دامپزشک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دامپزشک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dj%C3%B3ral%C3%A6knar" title="Djóralæknar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Djóralæknar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire" title="Vétérinaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vétérinaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistedokter" title="Bistedokter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bistedokter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9idlia" title="Tréidlia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tréidlia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bheat" title="Bheat – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bheat" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%9D%98%EC%82%AC" title="수의사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수의사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%AA" title="Անասնաբույժ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անասնաբույժ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinar" title="Veterinar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Veterinar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinaro" title="Veterinaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Veterinaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokter_hewan" title="Dokter hewan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dokter hewan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinario" title="Veterinario – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Veterinario" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDral%C3%A6knir" title="Dýralæknir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dýralæknir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8" title="וטרינר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וטרינר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ветеринар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ветеринар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterin%C3%A8" title="Veterinè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Veterinè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Ветеринариялык врач – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ветеринариялык врач" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinarius" title="Veterinarius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Veterinarius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterin%C4%81r%C4%81rsts" title="Veterinārārsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Veterinārārsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterin%C3%A4r" title="Veterinär – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Veterinär" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llatorvos" title="Állatorvos – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állatorvos" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95" title="पशुवैद्यक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पशुवैद्यक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor_haiwan" title="Doktor haiwan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Doktor haiwan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierenarts" title="Dierenarts – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dierenarts" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95" title="पशुचिकित्सक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पशुचिकित्सक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%A3%E5%8C%BB%E5%B8%AB" title="獣医師 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="獣医師" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterin%C3%A6r" title="Veterinær – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Veterinær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterin%C3%A6r" title="Veterinær – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Veterinær" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinar" title="Veterinar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Veterinar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سلوتری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلوتری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekarz_weterynarii" title="Lekarz weterynarii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lekarz weterynarii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medic_veterinar" title="Medic veterinar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Medic veterinar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ветеринар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ветеринар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjeku_veterinar" title="Mjeku veterinar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mjeku veterinar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%93" title="පශු ශල්‍යවේදී – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පශු ශල්‍යවේදී" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Veterinarian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterin%C3%A1r" title="Veterinár – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veterinár" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%98%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پزیشکی ئاژەڵان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پزیشکی ئاژەڵان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ветеринар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ветеринар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinar" title="Veterinar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veterinar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4inl%C3%A4%C3%A4k%C3%A4ri" title="Eläinlääkäri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eläinlääkäri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterin%C3%A4r" title="Veterinär – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Veterinär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beterinaryo" title="Beterinaryo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Beterinaryo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="สัตวแพทย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตวแพทย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veteriner_hekim" title="Veteriner hekim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Veteriner hekim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ветеринар – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ветеринар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ветеринар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ветеринар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بیطار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیطار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinario" title="Veterinario – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Veterinario" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1c_s%C4%A9_th%C3%BA_y" title="Bác sĩ thú y – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bác sĩ thú y" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rtisse_(vetrinaire)" title="Årtisse (vetrinaire) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Årtisse (vetrinaire)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%BD%E5%8C%BB" title="兽医 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="兽医" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%B8%E9%86%AB" title="獸醫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="獸醫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veteriner" title="Veteriner – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Veteriner" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%BD%E5%8C%BB" title="兽医 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="兽医" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q202883#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_physician&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary physician">Veterinary physician</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Health professional who treats non-human animals</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surgery_performed_on_a_domestic_cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Surgery_performed_on_a_domestic_cat.jpg/220px-Surgery_performed_on_a_domestic_cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Surgery_performed_on_a_domestic_cat.jpg/330px-Surgery_performed_on_a_domestic_cat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Surgery_performed_on_a_domestic_cat.jpg/440px-Surgery_performed_on_a_domestic_cat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A veterinarian conducts a surgery on a domestic cat.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screenshot_20211203-074859_Instagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Screenshot_20211203-074859_Instagram.jpg/220px-Screenshot_20211203-074859_Instagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Screenshot_20211203-074859_Instagram.jpg/330px-Screenshot_20211203-074859_Instagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Screenshot_20211203-074859_Instagram.jpg/440px-Screenshot_20211203-074859_Instagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Bovine hoof health management by a veterinarian</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>veterinarian</b> (<b>vet</b>) or <b>veterinary surgeon</b> is a medical professional who practices <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a>. They manage a wide range of health conditions and injuries in non-human <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>. Along with this, veterinarians also play a role in <a href="/wiki/Animal_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal reproduction">animal reproduction</a>, health management, <a href="/wiki/Animal_Conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Conservation">conservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Husbandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Husbandry">husbandry</a> and breeding and <a href="/wiki/Preventive_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive medicine">preventive medicine</a> like <a href="/wiki/Animal_nutrition" title="Animal nutrition">nutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a> and parasitic control as well as <a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">biosecurity</a> and zoonotic disease surveillance and prevention. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picture_468.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Picture_468.jpg/220px-Picture_468.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Picture_468.jpg/330px-Picture_468.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Picture_468.jpg/440px-Picture_468.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>Veterinarian performing an intradermal test for allergy in a dog (2006)</figcaption></figure> <p>In many countries, the local nomenclature for a veterinarian is a regulated and protected term, meaning that members of the public without the prerequisite qualifications and/or license are not able to use the title. This title is selective in order to produce the most knowledgeable veterinarians that pass these qualifications. In many cases, the activities that may be undertaken by a veterinarian (such as treatment of illness or surgery in animals) are restricted only to those professionals who are registered as a veterinarian. For instance, in the United Kingdom, as in other jurisdictions, animal treatment may only be performed by registered veterinarians (with a few designated exceptions, such as <a href="/wiki/Paraveterinary_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraveterinary workers">paraveterinary workers</a>), and it is illegal for any person who is not registered to call themselves a veterinarian, prescribe any drugs, or perform treatment. </p><p>Most veterinarians work in a clinical setting or bricks and mortar practice, treating animals directly. Other vets work as mobile vets<sup id="cite_ref-What_is_a_mobile_vet_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_a_mobile_vet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offering veterinary services and treating patients in their clients home. Veterinarians may be involved in general practice, treating animals of all types; they may be specialized in a specific group of animals such as <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">companion animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoological_medicine" title="Zoological medicine">zoo animals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Equine" class="mw-redirect" title="Equine">equines</a>; or may <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_specialties" title="Veterinary specialties">specialize</a> in a narrow medical discipline such as <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_surgery" title="Veterinary surgery">surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">dermatology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a>. As with other healthcare professionals, veterinarians face ethical decisions about the care of their patients.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current debates within the profession include the ethics of certain procedures believed to be purely cosmetic or unnecessary for behavioral issues, such as <a href="/wiki/Onychectomy" title="Onychectomy">declawing</a> of cats, <a href="/wiki/Docking_(dog)" title="Docking (dog)">docking of tails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cropping_(animal)" title="Cropping (animal)">cropping of ears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devocalization" title="Devocalization">debarking</a> on dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_nomenclature">Etymology and nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology and nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "veterinary" comes from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">veterinae</i></span> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Working_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Working animals">working animals</a>". "Veterinarian" was first used in print by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a> in 1646.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although "vet" is commonly used as an abbreviation in all English-speaking countries, the occupation is formally referred to as a veterinary surgeon in the United Kingdom and Ireland and now as a veterinarian in most of the rest of the English-speaking world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_Medicine#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary Medicine">History of veterinary profession</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye_operation_on_a_horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eye_operation_on_a_horse.jpg/220px-Eye_operation_on_a_horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eye_operation_on_a_horse.jpg/330px-Eye_operation_on_a_horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Eye_operation_on_a_horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient Indian</a> text, eye operation on a horse</figcaption></figure> <p>Ancient <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> sage and veterinarian <a href="/wiki/Shalihotra" title="Shalihotra">Shalihotra</a> (mythological estimate c. 2350 BCE), the son of a sage, Hayagosha, is considered the founder of veterinary sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bourgelat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bourgelat.png/170px-Bourgelat.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bourgelat.png/255px-Bourgelat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bourgelat.png/340px-Bourgelat.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bourgelat" title="Claude Bourgelat">Claude Bourgelat</a> established the earliest veterinary college in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> in 1761.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first veterinary college was founded in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France, in 1762 by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bourgelat" title="Claude Bourgelat">Claude Bourgelat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lupton, after observing the devastation being caused by <a href="/wiki/Cattle_plague" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle plague">cattle plague</a> to the French herds, Bourgelat devoted his time to seeking out a remedy. This resulted in his founding a veterinary college in Lyon in 1761, from which establishment he dispatched students to combat the disease; in a short time, the plague was stayed and the health of stock restored, through the assistance rendered to agriculture by veterinary science and art.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odiham_society_minute_book.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Odiham_society_minute_book.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="165" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Odiham_Agricultural_Society" title="Odiham Agricultural Society">Odiham Agricultural Society</a> helped establish the veterinary profession in England.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Odiham_Agricultural_Society" title="Odiham Agricultural Society">Odiham Agricultural Society</a> was founded in 1783 in England to promote <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pugh_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugh-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and played an important role in the foundation of the veterinary profession in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1785 Society meeting resolved to "promote the study of Farriery upon rational scientific principles." </p><p>The professionalization of the veterinary trade was finally achieved in 1790, through the campaigning of <a href="/wiki/Granville_Penn" title="Granville Penn">Granville Penn</a>, who persuaded the Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vial_de_Sainbel" title="Charles Vial de Sainbel">Charles Vial de Sainbel</a> to accept the professorship of the newly established Veterinary College in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Pugh_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugh-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Veterinary_Surgeons" title="Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons">Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> in 1844. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Herman_F._Sass,_Veterinary_Surgeon,_Toledo,_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_de0411413a338b49442eff3402fe0163_(page_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scene of men standing, seated in automobiles, and in horse-drawn carriages, in front of Dr. Herman F. Sass' veterinary clinic in Toledo, Ohio in approximately 1911." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dr._Herman_F._Sass%2C_Veterinary_Surgeon%2C_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_de0411413a338b49442eff3402fe0163_%28page_1%29.jpg/220px-Dr._Herman_F._Sass%2C_Veterinary_Surgeon%2C_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_de0411413a338b49442eff3402fe0163_%28page_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dr._Herman_F._Sass%2C_Veterinary_Surgeon%2C_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_de0411413a338b49442eff3402fe0163_%28page_1%29.jpg/330px-Dr._Herman_F._Sass%2C_Veterinary_Surgeon%2C_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_de0411413a338b49442eff3402fe0163_%28page_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dr._Herman_F._Sass%2C_Veterinary_Surgeon%2C_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_de0411413a338b49442eff3402fe0163_%28page_1%29.jpg/440px-Dr._Herman_F._Sass%2C_Veterinary_Surgeon%2C_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_de0411413a338b49442eff3402fe0163_%28page_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3201" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Dr. Herman F. Sass, Veterinary Surgeon, Toledo, Ohio, approximately 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>Veterinary science came of age in the late 19th century, with notable contributions from Sir <a href="/wiki/John_McFadyean" title="John McFadyean">John McFadyean</a>, credited by many as having been the founder of modern Veterinary research.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles_and_responsibilities">Roles and responsibilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roles and responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Veterinarians treat disease, disorder or injury in animals, which includes <a href="/wiki/Diagnose" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnose">diagnosis</a>, treatment and aftercare. The scope of practice, specialty and experience of the individual veterinarian will dictate exactly what interventions they perform, but most will perform surgery (of differing complexity). </p><p>Unlike in human medicine, veterinarians must rely primarily on <a href="/wiki/Clinical_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical signs">clinical signs</a>, as animals are unable to vocalize <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a> as a human would. In some cases, owners may be able to provide a <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">medical history</a> and the veterinarian can combine this information along with observations, and the results of pertinent diagnostic tests such as <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray_computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray computed tomography">CT scans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood tests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urinalysis" title="Urinalysis">urinalysis</a> and others. </p><p>Veterinarians must consider the appropriateness of <a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">euthanasia</a> ("putting to sleep") if a condition is likely to leave the animal in pain or with a poor quality of life, or if treatment of a condition is likely to cause more harm to the patient than good, or if the patient is unlikely to survive any treatment regimen. Additionally, there are scenarios where euthanasia is considered due to the constraints of the client's finances. </p><p>As with human medicine, much veterinary work is concerned with <a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">prophylactic treatment</a>, in order to prevent problems occurring in the future. Common interventions include <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a> against common animal illnesses, such as <a href="/wiki/Canine_distemper" title="Canine distemper">distemper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dental_prophylaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental prophylaxis">dental prophylaxis</a> to prevent or inhibit dental disease. This may also involve owner education so as to avoid future medical or behavioral issues. </p><p>Additionally, veterinarians can play important roles in public health and the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Zoonoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonoses">zoonoses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Employment">Employment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VET_Moorabbin_2021_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/VET_Moorabbin_2021_b.jpg/220px-VET_Moorabbin_2021_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/VET_Moorabbin_2021_b.jpg/330px-VET_Moorabbin_2021_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/VET_Moorabbin_2021_b.jpg/440px-VET_Moorabbin_2021_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Vet Practice in Victoria, Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of veterinarians are employed in private practice treating animals (75% of vets in the United States, according to the American Veterinary Medical Association).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small animal veterinarians typically work in veterinary clinics, veterinary hospitals, or both. Large animal veterinarians often spend more time travelling to see their patients at the primary facilities which house them, such as zoos or farms. </p><p>Other employers include charities treating animals, colleges of veterinary medicine, research laboratories, animal food companies, and <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical companies">pharmaceutical companies</a>. In many countries, the government may also be a major employer of veterinarians, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Agency" title="Animal and Plant Health Agency">Animal and Plant Health Agency</a> in the United Kingdom. State and local governments also employ veterinarians.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> has created a greater demand for veterinary services.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people are home with extra time on their hands, and adoption agencies and animals shelters have seen a surge in pet purchases as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Veterinary_Medical_Association" title="American Veterinary Medical Association">American Veterinary Medical Association</a> has provided COVID-19 resources for veterinarians on prevention measures, animal testing, and wellbeing.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focus_of_practice">Focus of practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Focus of practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Veterinarian" title="Special:EditPage/Veterinarian">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_specialties" title="Veterinary specialties">Veterinary specialties</a></div> <p>Veterinarians and their practices may be specialized in certain areas of veterinary medicine. Areas of focus include: </p> <ul><li>Exotic animal veterinarian – Specializes in treating animals other than common pets and livestock. Includes <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, exotic birds such as <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cockatoo" title="Cockatoo">cockatoos</a>, and small <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">ferrets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinchilla" title="Chinchilla">chinchillas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_medicine" title="Conservation medicine">Conservation medicine</a> – The study of the relationship between animal and human health and environmental information.</li> <li>Small animal practice – Usually <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Companion_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion animals">companion animals</a>/household pets such as <a href="/wiki/Hamster" title="Hamster">hamsters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerbil">gerbils</a>. Some practices are canine-only or feline-only practices.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory animal">Laboratory animal</a> practice – Some veterinarians work in a <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> or industrial laboratory and are responsible for the care and treatment of laboratory animals of any species (often involving <a href="/wiki/Bovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine">bovines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcine" class="mw-redirect" title="Porcine">porcine</a> species, felines, canines, <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, and even exotic animals). Their responsibility is not only for the health and well-being of the animals, but also for enforcing humane and ethical treatment of the animals in the facility.</li> <li>Large animal practice – Usually referring to veterinarians that work with, variously, <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> and other large farm animals, as well as <a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">equine species</a> and large reptiles.</li> <li>Equine medicine – Some veterinarians are specialists in equine medicine. Horses are different in <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">husbandry</a> to other domestic species. Specialization in <a href="/wiki/Equine" class="mw-redirect" title="Equine">equine</a> veterinary practice is something that is normally developed after qualification, even if students do have some interest before graduation.</li> <li>Food supply medicine – Some veterinarians deal exclusively or primarily with animals raised for food (such as <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>). Livestock practitioners may deal with <a href="/wiki/Domestic_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic sheep">ovine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">bovine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">porcine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">swine</a>) species; such veterinarians deal with management of <a href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">herds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, and minor field surgery. Dairy medicine practice focuses on dairy animals. <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a> medicine practice focuses on the health of flocks of poultry; the field often involves extensive training in pathology, epidemiology, and nutrition of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>. The veterinarian treats the flock and not the individual animals.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a> practice – Veterinarians are employed by both the <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">government agencies</a> to advise on and monitor the handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">foodborne illness</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoological_medicine" title="Zoological medicine">Wildlife medicine</a> – A relatively recent branch of veterinary medicine, focusing on <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>. Wildlife medicine veterinarians may work with <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoologists</a> and conservation medicine practitioners and may also be called out to treat marine species such as <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a> after a natural disaster or <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spill</a>.</li> <li>Aquatic medicine – mostly refers to veterinary care of fish in aquaculture (like salmon, cod, among other species), but can also include care of aquatic mammals. For certain countries with high economic income from aquaculture, this is an important part of the veterinary field (like Norway, Chile). Other countries (particularly those which are landlocked), might have little or no emphasis on aquatic medicine.</li> <li>Dentistry – Many practices are incorporating dentistry into their daily medical services. Veterinary dentistry can extend the life of the patient by preventing oral disease and keeping the teeth and gums of the patient in healthy condition.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veterinary_specialties">Veterinary specialties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Veterinary specialties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_specialties" title="Veterinary specialties">Veterinary specialties</a></div> <p>Veterinary specialists are in the minority compared to general practice veterinarians, and tend to be based at points of referral, such as veterinary schools or larger animal hospitals. Unlike human medicine, veterinary specialties often combine both the surgical and medical aspects of a biological system. </p><p>Veterinary specialties are accredited in North America by the AVMA through the American Board of Veterinary Specialties, in Europe by the European Board of Veterinary Specialisation and in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Veterinary Boards Council.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some veterinarians may have areas of interest outside of recognized specialties, they are not legally specialists. </p><p>Specialties can cover general topics such as <a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">anesthesiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_surgery" title="Veterinary surgery">surgery</a>, as well as organ system focus such as <a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">cardiology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">dermatology</a>. A full list can be seen at <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_specialties" title="Veterinary specialties">veterinary specialties</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_practice">Mobile practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mobile practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many veterinarians, especially in large animal practice, offer <a href="/wiki/House_call" title="House call">house calls</a> and farm calls through a mobile practice. The start-up and operating costs of a mobile practice are typically lower than those of a traditional brick and mortar hospital, which can cost millions of dollars or more for equipment and surgical supplies. Costs associated with mobile units can range from as low as $5,000 for a utility box in an SUV to around $250,000 for a fully equipped custom built chassis.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The potential advantages to the client are not having to transport the animal, lower stress for the animal, a lower risk of disease transmission from other animals, and convenience. A 2015 study published in the Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association proved that blood pressure readings, pulse rates and body temperature rates were increased by 11–16% when those readings were done in the clinic versus in the home.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, mobile practices often lack the facilities and equipment to provide advanced care, surgery, or hospitalization. Some mobile practices maintain a relationship with a traditional hospital for referral of cases needing more comprehensive care. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salary">Salary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Salary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last AVMA Report on Veterinary Compensation, published in 2018, indicated private practice associate veterinarians who had board certification earned a mean of $187,000. A veterinarian's salary can easily exceed $300,000 depending on the specialty. The median starting salary for new veterinary graduates without specialization in 2018 was $103,800 in the United States according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, while the lowest paid earned less than $89,540 annually.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States and districts with the highest mean salary are California ($398,340), Michigan ($325,100), Illinois ($324,870), New York ($322,500), and Hawaii ($221,150).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veterinarians who own their own clinics are typically paid a much higher salary. The average owner payout is $400,000 for every $1,000,000 of clinic income. In 2021 there were practices sold with $8–10,000,000 in yearly revenue with the owners drawing salaries of several million dollars. Over 90% of practice owners do not regret purchasing or starting their own practice, according to a 2020 survey of clinic owners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_regulation">Education and regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Education and regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vet_Students_Clinical_Training_2006-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vet_Students_Clinical_Training_2006-08.jpg/220px-Vet_Students_Clinical_Training_2006-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vet_Students_Clinical_Training_2006-08.jpg/330px-Vet_Students_Clinical_Training_2006-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vet_Students_Clinical_Training_2006-08.jpg/440px-Vet_Students_Clinical_Training_2006-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Veterinary students learning the dental treatment of a horse in August 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>In order to practice, vets must complete an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degree</a> in <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a>, and in most cases must also be registered with the relevant governing body for their jurisdiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veterinary_science_degrees">Veterinary science degrees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Veterinary science degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Degrees in veterinary medicine culminate in the award of a veterinary science degree, although the title varies by region. For instance, in North America, graduates will receive a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (Doctor of Veterinary Medicine or Veterinariae Medicinae Doctoris; DVM or VMD), whereas in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand or India they would be awarded a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Veterinary_Science" title="Bachelor of Veterinary Science">Bachelor of Veterinary Science, Surgery or Medicine</a> (BVS, BVSc, BVetMed or BVMS), and in Ireland graduates receive a Medicinae Veterinariae Baccalaureus (MVB). In continental Europe, the degree of Doctor Medicinae Veterinariae (DMV, DrMedVet, Dr. med. vet., MVDr.) or Doctor Veterinariae Medicinae (DVM, DrVetMed, Dr. vet. med.) is granted.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The award of a bachelor's degree was previously commonplace in the United States, but the degree name and academic standards were upgraded to match the 'doctor' title used by graduates. </p><p>Comparatively few universities have <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary schools">veterinary schools</a> that offer degrees which are accredited to qualify the graduates as registered vets. For example, there are 30 in the United States, 5 in Canada, 1 in New Zealand, 7 in Australia (4 of which offer degrees accredited by the <a href="/wiki/American_Veterinary_Medical_Association" title="American Veterinary Medical Association">American Veterinary Medical Association</a> (AVMA)), and 8 in the United Kingdom (4 of which offer degrees accredited by the <a href="/wiki/American_Veterinary_Medical_Association" title="American Veterinary Medical Association">American Veterinary Medical Association</a> (AVMA)).<sup id="cite_ref-AVMA_Accredited_Veterinary_Colleges_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVMA_Accredited_Veterinary_Colleges-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to this scarcity of places for veterinary degrees, admission to veterinary school is competitive and requires extensive preparation. In the United States in 2007, approximately 5,750 applicants competed for the 2,650 seats in the 28 accredited <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary school">veterinary schools</a>, with an acceptance rate of 46%.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With competitive admission, many schools may place heavy emphasis and consideration on a candidate's veterinary and animal experience. Formal experience is a particular advantage to the applicant, often consisting of work with veterinarians or scientists in clinics, <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a>, research, or some area of health science. Less formal experience is also helpful for the applicant to have, and this includes working with animals on a farm or ranch or at a stable or animal shelter and basic overall animal exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, approximately 80% of admitted students are female. In the early history of veterinary medicine of the United States, most veterinarians were males. However, in the 1990s this ratio reached parity, and now it has been reversed. </p><p>Preveterinary courses should emphasize the sciences. Most veterinary schools typically require applicants to have taken one year equivalent classes in <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">general biology</a>; and one semester of vertebrate embryology and biochemistry. Usually, the minimal mathematics requirement is college level calculus. Individual schools might require introduction to animal science, livestock judging, animal nutrition, cell biology, and genetics. However, due to the limited availability of these courses, many schools have removed these requirements to widen the pool of possible applicants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Registration_and_licensing">Registration and licensing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Registration and licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following academic education, most countries require a vet to be registered with the relevant governing body, and to maintain this license to practice. </p><p>According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, veterinarians must be licensed to practice in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Licensing entails passing an accredited program, a national exam, and a state exam. For instance, in the United States, a prospective vet must receive a passing grade on a national board examination, the North America Veterinary Licensing Exam. This exam must be completed over the course of eight hours, and consists of 360 multiple-choice questions, covering all aspects of veterinary medicine, as well as visual material designed to test diagnostic skills. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postgraduate_study">Postgraduate study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Postgraduate study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The percentage electing to undertake further study following registration in the United States has increased from 36.8% to 39.9% in 2008. About 25% of those or about 9% of graduates were accepted into traditional academic internships. Approximately 9% of veterinarians eventually board certify in one of 40 distinct specialties from 22<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specialty organizations recognized by the AVMA American Board of Veterinary Specialties (ABVS).<sup id="cite_ref-AVMA_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVMA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AVMA1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVMA1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ABVS_recognized_veterinary_specialties">ABVS recognized veterinary specialties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: ABVS recognized veterinary specialties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-Recognized_Veterinary_Specialty_Organizations_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recognized_Veterinary_Specialty_Organizations-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Anesthesiology and analgesia</td> <td>Animal welfare</td> <td>Avian practice </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bacteriology and mycology</td> <td>Beef cattle practice</td> <td>Behavior </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canine and feline medicine</td> <td>Cardiology</td> <td>Dairy practice </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dentistry</td> <td>Dermatology</td> <td>Exotic animal medicine </td></tr> <tr> <td>Emergency and critical care</td> <td>Equine medicine</td> <td>Epidemiology </td></tr> <tr> <td>Laboratory animal medicine</td> <td>Orthopaedics</td> <td>Internal medicine </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pathology</td> <td>Pharmacology</td> <td>Poultry medicine </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reproductive medicine</td> <td>Radiation oncology</td> <td>Radiology </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shelter medicine</td> <td>Surgery</td> <td>Swine health management </td></tr> <tr> <td>Toxicology</td> <td>Virology</td> <td>Zoological medicine </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curriculum_comparison_with_human_medicine">Curriculum comparison with human medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Curriculum comparison with human medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first two-year curriculum in both veterinary and human medical schools are very similar in course names, but in certain subjects are relatively different in content. Considering the courses, the first two-year curriculum usually includes biochemistry, physiology, histology, anatomy, pharmacology, microbiology, epidemiology, pathology and hematology.<sup id="cite_ref-cvm.msu.edu_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cvm.msu.edu-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some veterinary schools use the same biochemistry, histology, and microbiology books as human medical students; however, the course content is greatly supplemented to include the varied animal diseases and species differences. In the past, many veterinarians were trained in pharmacology using the same text books used by physicians. As the specialty of veterinary pharmacology has developed, more schools are using pharmacology textbooks written specifically for veterinarians. Veterinary physiology, anatomy, and histology is complex, as physiology often varies among species. Microbiology and virology of animals share the same foundation as human microbiology, but with grossly different disease manifestation and presentations. Epidemiology is focused on herd health and prevention of herd borne diseases and foreign animal diseases. Pathology, like microbiology and histology, is very diverse and encompasses many species and organ systems. Most veterinary schools have courses in small animal and large animal nutrition, often taken as electives in the clinical years or as part of the core curriculum in the first two years. </p><p>The final two-year curriculum is similar to that of human medicine only in clinical emphasis.<sup id="cite_ref-cvm.msu.edu_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cvm.msu.edu-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A veterinary student must be well prepared to be a fully functional veterinarian on the day of graduation, competent in both surgery and medicine. The graduating veterinarian must be able to pass medical board examination and be prepared to enter clinical practice on the day of graduation, while most human medical doctors in the United States complete 3 to 5 years of post-doctoral residency before practicing medicine independently, usually in a very narrow and focused specialty. Many veterinarians do also complete a post-doctoral residency, but it is not nearly as common as it is in human medicine. </p><p>In the last years, curricula in both human and veterinary medicine have been adapted with the aim of incorporating competency-based teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the importance of institutionalized systematic teacher feedback has been recognized and tools such as clinical encounter cards are being implemented in clinical veterinary education.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_human_medicine">Impact on human medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Impact on human medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some veterinarians pursue post-graduate training and enter research careers and have contributed to advances in many human and veterinary medical fields, including <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a>. Research veterinarians were the first to isolate <a href="/wiki/Oncovirus" title="Oncovirus">oncoviruses</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i> species, <i><a href="/wiki/Brucella" title="Brucella">Brucella</a></i> species, and various other <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogenic</a> agents. Veterinarians were in the forefront in the effort to suppress <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> in the United States. Veterinarians identified the <a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">botulism</a> disease-causing agent, developed <a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a>; a widely used anesthetic induction drug,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced an <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> used to treat human <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and developed <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgical</a> techniques for <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hip_replacement" title="Hip replacement">hip-joint replacement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplants</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupational_hazards">Occupational hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Occupational hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Veterinarians work with a wide variety of animal species typically in hospitals, clinics, labs, farms, and zoos.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veterinarians face many occupational hazards including zoonotic diseases, bites and scratches, hazardous drugs, needlestick injuries, ionizing radiation, and noise.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the U.S. Department of Labor, 12% of workers in the veterinary services profession reported a work-related injury or illness in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veterinary practices need a health and safety plan that addresses infection prevention and other hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workplaces should utilize engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment to keep their employees safe.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PPE such as gloves, safety goggles, lab coats, and hearing protection should be readily available with mandatory training on proper usage. Raising awareness is the most important step in promoting workplace health and safety.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_and_chemical_hazards">Biological and chemical hazards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Biological and chemical hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Needlestick injuries are the most common accidents among veterinarians, but they are likely underreported.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Needlesticks can result in hazardous drug or bloodborne-pathogen exposures. </p><p>Unlike human medical professionals, veterinarians receive minimal training on safe handling of hazardous drugs in school.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a large percentage of veterinarians are women of reproductive age and drug exposures put them at risk of infertility or other adverse health outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some antibiotics, steroids, and chemotherapy drugs are known to have negative effects on male fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> has issued guidance on the safe handling of hazardous drugs for veterinary workers.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal bites and scratches are another common injury in veterinary practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The close interactions with animals put veterinarians at increased risk of contracting zoonoses. A systematic review of veterinary students found that between 17% and 64% had acquired a zoonotic disease during their studies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animal species, work setting, health and safety practices, and training can all affect the risk of injury and illness.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_hazards">Physical hazards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Physical hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noise can be a prominent exposure, in which case a hearing loss prevention program may be recommended. A NIOSH study on kennel noise found that noise levels often exceeded OSHA's <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reducing noise is beneficial for animal and human health.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychosocial_hazards">Psychosocial hazards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Psychosocial hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chien_Chih-cheng" title="Chien Chih-cheng">Chien Chih-cheng</a></div> <p>Veterinarians have high suicide rates in comparison to the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> found that male veterinarians are 2.1 times and female veterinarians are 3.5 times as likely as the general population to die by suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some reasons for this could be long hours, work overload, client expectations and complaints, poor remuneration, euthanasia procedures, and poor work-life balance.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey of more than 11,000 vets found 9% had serious psychological distress, 31% experienced depressive episodes, and 17% had suicidal ideation.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Online support groups, such as Not One More Vet, have been established to help veterinarians who may be experiencing suicidal thoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NOMV educates veterinarians and vet techs about other ways to help themselves with mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another driver of stress can be student loan debt. A 2013 national survey found that average debt for veterinary medicine graduates was as high as $162,113.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veterinarian lifelong earning potential is less than a physician, so it can take a lot longer to break even.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_veterinarians#Fictional_veterinarians" title="List of veterinarians">List of veterinarians § Fictional veterinarians</a></div> <p>Reality televisions shows featuring veterinarians include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bondi_Vet" title="Bondi Vet">Bondi Vet</a></i>, an Australian factual television series documenting the work of veterinary surgeon <a href="/wiki/Chris_Brown_(veterinarian)" title="Chris Brown (veterinarian)">Chris Brown</a> at the Bondi Junction Veterinary Hospital.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Oakley,_Yukon_Vet" title="Dr. Oakley, Yukon Vet">Dr. Oakley, Yukon Vet</a></i>, about a Canadian veterinarian in the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> two of whose daughters assist her.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Incredible_Dr._Pol" title="The Incredible Dr. Pol">The Incredible Dr. Pol</a></i>, a US veterinarian reality show. Produced by National Geographic Wild, a Disney channel. It follows the life of Dr. Jan Pol and Pol Veterinarian Service in Michigan.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/E-Vet_Interns" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Vet Interns">E-Vet Interns</a></i> (1998–2002), a US show filmed at <a href="/wiki/Alameda_East_Veterinary_Hospital" title="Alameda East Veterinary Hospital">Alameda East Veterinary Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Vets" title="Emergency Vets">Emergency Vets</a></i>, filmed at <a href="/wiki/Alameda_East_Veterinary_Hospital" title="Alameda East Veterinary Hospital">Alameda East Veterinary Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rookie_Vets" class="mw-redirect" title="Rookie Vets">Rookie Vets</a></i> (2005), featuring students at <a href="/wiki/Massey_University" title="Massey University">Massey University</a> in New Zealand.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vet_School_Confidential" title="Vet School Confidential">Vet School Confidential</a></i> (2001), following students at <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_College_of_Veterinary_Medicine" title="Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine">Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine</a> in the US.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vets_in_Practice" title="Vets in Practice">Vets in Practice</a></i> (1997–2002), a British series.</li></ul> <p>Fictional works featuring a veterinarian as the main protagonist include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Herriot" title="James Herriot">James Herriot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/James_Herriot#Books" title="James Herriot">series of books</a> containing fictionalized stories of his career as a farm animal veterinarian in England, which was adapted as the BBC television series <i><a href="/wiki/All_Creatures_Great_and_Small_(1978_TV_series)" title="All Creatures Great and Small (1978 TV series)">All Creatures Great and Small</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Herriot.org_-_His_Works_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Herriot.org_-_His_Works-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Lives_of_Thomasina" title="The Three Lives of Thomasina">The Three Lives of Thomasina</a></i> about Andrew MacDhui, a veterinarian in a village in Scotland.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Dolittle" title="Doctor Dolittle">Doctor Dolittle</a> series of children's books, which have thrice been adapted into movies, <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Dolittle_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor Dolittle (film)">Doctor Dolittle</a></i> (1967), <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Dolittle_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Dolittle (film)">Dr. Dolittle</a></i> (1998), and <i><a href="/wiki/Dolittle_(film)" title="Dolittle (film)">Dolittle</a></i> (2020).</li> <li>The movie <i><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_(film)" title="Beethoven (film)">Beethoven</a></i>, featuring the evil veterinarian Dr. Herman Varnick.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veterinary_malpractice">Veterinary malpractice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Veterinary malpractice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most states in the US allow for malpractice lawsuit in case of death or injury to an animal from professional negligence. Usually the penalty is not greater than the value of the animal. Some states allow for punitive penalty, loss of companionship, and suffering, likely increasing the cost of veterinary malpractice insurance and the cost of veterinary care. Most veterinarians carry business, worker's compensation, and facility insurance to protect their clients and workers from injury inflicted by animals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Veterinary medicine in the United Kingdom">Veterinary medicine in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Veterinary medicine in the United States">Veterinary medicine in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_veterinarians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monuments to veterinarians">List of monuments to veterinarians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-What_is_a_mobile_vet-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-What_is_a_mobile_vet_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSoan" class="citation web cs1">Soan, kara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vets2yourpets.co.uk/what-is-a-mobile-vet/">"What is a Mobile Vet?"</a>. <i>Vets 2 Your Pets</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vets+2+Your+Pets&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Mobile+Vet%3F&rft.aulast=Soan&rft.aufirst=kara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvets2yourpets.co.uk%2Fwhat-is-a-mobile-vet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinarian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rollin, Bernard E. (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748292">"Ethics and euthanasia"</a>. <i>The Canadian Veterinary Journal</i>. <b>50</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1081–</span>1086. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-5286">0008-5286</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748292">2748292</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20046609">20046609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Veterinary+Journal&rft.atitle=Ethics+and+euthanasia&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1081-%3C%2Fspan%3E1086&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2748292%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0008-5286&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20046609&rft.aulast=Rollin&rft.aufirst=Bernard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2748292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinarian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsava.org/WSAVA/media/resources/Guidelines/WSAVA-Animal-Welfare-Guidelines-(2018).pdf">"WSAVA Animal Welfare Guidelines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Small Animal Veterinary Association</i>. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Small+Animal+Veterinary+Association&rft.atitle=WSAVA+Animal+Welfare+Guidelines&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsava.org%2FWSAVA%2Fmedia%2Fresources%2FGuidelines%2FWSAVA-Animal-Welfare-Guidelines-%282018%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinarian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051226112238/http://www.iava.o-f.com/historyana.htm">"G.K. Singh and R.S. Chauhan, "History of Veterinary Anatomy," Indian Association of Veterinary Anatomists"</a>. <i>o-f.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iava.o-f.com/historyana.htm">the original</a> on 26 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=o-f.com&rft.atitle=G.K.+Singh+and+R.S.+Chauhan%2C+%22History+of+Veterinary+Anatomy%2C%22+Indian+Association+of+Veterinary+Anatomists.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iava.o-f.com%2Fhistoryana.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinarian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc Mammerickx, <i>Claude Bourgelat: avocat des vétérinaires</i>, Bruxelles 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.L.Lupton, "Modern Practical Farriery", 1879, in the section: "The Diseases of Cattle Sheep and Pigs" pp. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pugh-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pugh_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pugh_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugh,_L.P1962" class="citation book cs1">Pugh, L.P (1962). <i>From Farriery to Veterinary Medicine 1785–1795</i>. Heffner, Cambridge (for RCVS). pp. <span class="nowrap">8–</span>19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Farriery+to+Veterinary+Medicine+1785%E2%80%931795&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Heffner%2C+Cambridge+%28for+RCVS%29&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Pugh%2C+L.P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinarian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotchen,_Ernest1990" class="citation book cs1">Cotchen, Ernest (1990). <i>The Royal Veterinary College London, A Bicentenary History</i>. Barracuda Books Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Veterinary+College+London%2C+A+Bicentenary+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=Barracuda+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Cotchen%2C+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinarian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avma.org/News/JAVMANews/Pages/110501u.aspx">"Exacting researcher brought profession into modern age"</a>. American Veterinary Medical Association. 18 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170723230333/https://www.avma.org/News/JAVMANews/Pages/110501u.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exacting+researcher+brought+profession+into+modern+age&rft.pub=American+Veterinary+Medical+Association&rft.date=2011-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avma.org%2FNews%2FJAVMANews%2FPages%2F110501u.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinarian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStöhrMeslin1997" class="citation book cs1">Stöhr K, Meslin FX (1997). "The role of veterinary public health in the prevention of zoonoses". <i>Viral Zoonoses and Food of Animal Origin</i>. 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(2024, March 20). Creating a Mentally Healthy Relationship with Social Media. Not One More Vet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nomv.org/2024/03/20/mentally-healthy-relationship-with-social-media/">https://www.nomv.org/2024/03/20/mentally-healthy-relationship-with-social-media/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunk2016" class="citation web cs1">Funk, Julie (15 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/the-high-cost-of-pursuing-a-dream-to-be-a-veterinarian-67513">"The high cost of pursuing a dream to be a veterinarian"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+high+cost+of+pursuing+a+dream+to+be+a+veterinarian&rft.date=2016-12-15&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthe-high-cost-of-pursuing-a-dream-to-be-a-veterinarian-67513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinarian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_Herriot.org_-_His_Works-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James_Herriot.org_-_His_Works_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamesherriot.org/his-works/">"His Works"</a>. <i>James Herriot.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222093958/http://www.jamesherriot.org/his-works/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Herriot.org&rft.atitle=His+Works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamesherriot.org%2Fhis-works%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinarian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Freyberger, P. (2009). <i>Vetting: The Making of a Veterinarian</i>. PJF Publishing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Herriot" title="James Herriot">Herriot, James</a> (2004)[1972]. <i><a href="/wiki/All_Creatures_Great_and_Small_(franchise)" title="All Creatures Great and Small (franchise)">All Creatures Great and Small</a></i>. St. Martin's Griffin.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarian&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Veterinarians" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Veterinarians">Veterinarians</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/veterinary/hazard.html">NIOSH guidance for Veterinary Safety and Health</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/exposure-biological-agents-and-related-health-problems-animal-related-occupations/view">European Agency for Safety and Health at Work</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veterinary_medicine" title="Template:Veterinary medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veterinary_medicine" title="Template talk:Veterinary medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veterinary_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veterinary medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Veterinary_medicine126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practitioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veterinarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraveterinary_worker" title="Paraveterinary worker">Paraveterinary worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_pharmacist" title="Veterinary pharmacist">Veterinary pharmacist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veterinarians" title="List of veterinarians">List of veterinarians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_education" title="Veterinary education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_veterinary_medicine" title="List of schools of veterinary medicine">List of schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_education_in_France" title="Veterinary education in France">Veterinary education in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinarian%27s_Oath" title="Veterinarian's Oath">Veterinarian's Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_Medical_College_Application_Service" title="Veterinary Medical College Application Service">Veterinary Medical College Application Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Veterinary_Medical_Association" title="American Veterinary Medical Association">American Veterinary Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Veterinary_Surgeons" title="Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons">Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Veterinarians_of_Ontario" title="College of Veterinarians of Ontario">College of Veterinarians of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-Based_Veterinary_Medicine_Association" title="Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine Association">Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_specialties" title="Veterinary specialties">Specialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_veterinary_medicine" title="Alternative veterinary medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_anesthesia" title="Veterinary anesthesia">Anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_veterinarian" title="Avian veterinarian">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_dentistry" title="Veterinary dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_ethics" title="Veterinary ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_animal_veterinarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Exotic animal veterinarian">Exotic animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_medicine" title="Fish medicine">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_nutrition" title="Animal nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_obstetrics" title="Veterinary obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_oncology" title="Veterinary oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_parasitology" title="Veterinary parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_pathology" title="Veterinary pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_public_health" title="Veterinary public health">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_surgery" title="Veterinary surgery">Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriogenology" title="Theriogenology">Theriogenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_virology" title="Veterinary virology">Virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Veterinary_Corps" title="United States Army Veterinary Corps">Veterinary Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine_in_Indonesia" title="Veterinary medicine in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Veterinary medicine in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Veterinary medicine in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_veterinary_medicine_in_the_Philippines" title="History of veterinary medicine in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202883#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202883#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202883#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vétérinaires"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119355947">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vétérinaires"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119355947">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575089">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="veterinární lékaři"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph232610&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="veterinární lékařky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph871501&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007538804905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10676063">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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