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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heliocentrism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Heliocentrism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heliocentrism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_the_Solar_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_the_Solar_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Discovery of the Solar System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_the_Solar_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speculation_on_extrasolar_planetary_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculation_on_extrasolar_planetary_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Speculation on extrasolar planetary systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculation_on_extrasolar_planetary_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_of_exoplanets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_of_exoplanets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Detection of exoplanets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_of_exoplanets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origin and evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin_and_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin and evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolved_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolved_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Evolved systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolved_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High-mass_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-mass_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>High-mass stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-mass_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower-mass_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower-mass_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Lower-mass stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower-mass_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_architectures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_architectures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>System architectures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-System_architectures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle System architectures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-System_architectures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peas_in_a_pod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peas_in_a_pod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Peas in a pod</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peas_in_a_pod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planets_and_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planets_and_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Planets and stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planets_and_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circumstellar_disks_and_dust_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circumstellar_disks_and_dust_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Circumstellar disks and dust structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circumstellar_disks_and_dust_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Comets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Other components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_configurations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_configurations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Orbital configurations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_configurations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mutual_inclination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutual_inclination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Mutual inclination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutual_inclination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Orbital dynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_planets,_relative_parameters_and_spacings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_planets,_relative_parameters_and_spacings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Number of planets, relative parameters and spacings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_planets,_relative_parameters_and_spacings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planet_capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planet_capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Planet capture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planet_capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zones</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zones-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Zones subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitable_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitable_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Habitable zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitable_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venus_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venus_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Venus zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venus_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galactic_distribution_of_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galactic_distribution_of_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Galactic distribution of planets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galactic_distribution_of_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Planetary system: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetensystem" title="Planetensystem – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Planetensystem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="نظام كوكبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام كوكبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_planetariu" title="Sistema planetariu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sistema planetariu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbyja_ypykatu" title="Mbyja ypykatu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbyja ypykatu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="গ্রহ ব্যবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রহ ব্যবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Планетная сістэма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Планетная сістэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плянэтная сыстэма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плянэтная сыстэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Планетарна система – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Планетарна система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_planetari" title="Sistema planetari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema planetari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_soustava" title="Planetární soustava – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Planetární soustava" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetsystemer" title="Planetsystemer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Planetsystemer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetensystem" title="Planetensystem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Planetensystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeedis%C3%BCsteem" title="Planeedisüsteem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Planeedisüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Πλανητικό σύστημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλανητικό σύστημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_planetario" title="Sistema planetario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema planetario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeda_sistemo" title="Planeda sistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Planeda sistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta-sistema" title="Planeta-sistema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Planeta-sistema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="سامانه سیاره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه سیاره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_plan%C3%A9taire" title="Système planétaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système planétaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetestelsel" title="Planetestelsel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Planetestelsel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_planetario" title="Sistema planetario – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sistema planetario" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%96%89%EC%84%B1%EA%B3%84" title="행성계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="행성계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Մոլորակային համակարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոլորակային համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="ग्रहीय मण्डल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रहीय मण्डल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetni_sustav" title="Planetni sustav – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Planetni sustav" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usoro_mbara_ala" title="Usoro mbara ala – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Usoro mbara ala" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_keplanetan" title="Sistem keplanetan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem keplanetan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lkerfi" title="Sólkerfi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sólkerfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_planetario" title="Sistema planetario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema planetario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA" title="מערכת כוכבי לכת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערכת כוכבי לכת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A9itesystem" title="Planéitesystem – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Planéitesystem" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Планетарен систем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Планетарен систем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_planet" title="Sistem planet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem planet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF" title="ဂြိုဟ်စု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂြိုဟ်စု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veivuravura_ivakarau" title="Veivuravura ivakarau – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Veivuravura ivakarau" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetenstelsel" title="Planetenstelsel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Planetenstelsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%91%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="惑星系 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="惑星系" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetsystem" title="Planetsystem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Planetsystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_planetari" title="Sistèma planetari – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sistèma planetari" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="سیارا پربندھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیارا پربندھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_planetarny" title="Układ planetarny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Układ planetarny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_planet%C3%A1rio" title="Sistema planetário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema planetário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_planetar" title="Sistem planetar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sistem planetar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Планетная система – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Планетная система" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Planetary system" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%C3%A1rna_s%C3%BAstava" title="Planetárna sústava – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Planetárna sústava" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetni_sestav" title="Planetni sestav – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Planetni sestav" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="سیستمی ھەسارەیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیستمی ھەسارەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Планетарни систем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Планетарни систем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeettakunta" title="Planeettakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Planeettakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsystem" title="Solsystem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Solsystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="கோள் தொகுதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோள் தொகுதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="ระบบดาวเคราะห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบดาวเคราะห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezegen_sistemi" title="Gezegen sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gezegen sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Планетна система – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Планетна система" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_h%C3%A0nh_tinh" title="Hệ hành tinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ hành tinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="行星系 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="行星系" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="行星系統 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="行星系統" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="行星系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="行星系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q206717#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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title="Planetary system">Revision as of 11:15, 28 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_system&action=edit&oldid=1260022684" title="Planetary system">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-28T11:15:17Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_system&action=edit&undoafter=1258044720&undo=1260022684" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/50.218.213.132" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/50.218.213.132" data-mw-revid="1260022684"><bdi>50.218.213.132</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:50.218.213.132" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:50.218.213.132">talk</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><span class="comment mw-comment-none">No edit summary</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-reverted">Reverted</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-references_removed">references removed</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_system&diff=next&oldid=1260022684" title="Planetary system" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 28:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 28:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div> ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'' (15th edition, Chicago, 1991) '''16''':787:2a. "For his advocacy of an infinity of suns and earths, he was burned at the stake in 1600."</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div> ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'' (15th edition, Chicago, 1991) '''16''':787:2a. "For his advocacy of an infinity of suns and earths, he was burned at the stake in 1600."</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">18th</del> century, the same possibility was mentioned by [[Sir Isaac Newton]] in the "[[General Scholium]]" that concludes his ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Principia]]''. Making a comparison to the Sun's planets, he wrote "And if the fixed stars are the centres of similar <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">systems,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">they</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">will</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">all</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">be</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">constructed</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">according</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to a similar design and subject</del> to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dominion</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of ''One''."<ref></del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">19th</ins> century, the same possibility was mentioned by [[Sir Isaac Newton]] in the "[[General Scholium]]" that concludes his ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Principia]]''. Making a comparison to the Sun's planets, he wrote "And if the fixed stars are the centres of similar <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">system.</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mars</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallest</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">planet</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">check</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">google</ins> to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">make</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sure.</ins> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Cite book |last1 = Newton</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div> |first1 = Isaac</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div> |first1 = Isaac</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div> |first2 = I. Bernard</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div> |first2 = I. Bernard</div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 11:15, 28 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Set of non-stellar objects in orbit around a star</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Solar systems" redirects here. For the Sun and its planetary system, see <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. For a system of stars, see <a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">Star system</a>. For the solar power company, see <a href="/wiki/Solar_Systems_(company)" title="Solar Systems (company)">Solar Systems (company)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist_Concept_Planetary_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Artist_Concept_Planetary_System.jpg/250px-Artist_Concept_Planetary_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Artist_Concept_Planetary_System.jpg/375px-Artist_Concept_Planetary_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Artist_Concept_Planetary_System.jpg/500px-Artist_Concept_Planetary_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>An artist's concept of a planetary system</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>planetary system</b> is a set of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravitationally</a> bound non-stellar <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">bodies</a> in or out of <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> around a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> or <a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">star system</a>. Generally speaking, systems with one or more <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> constitute a planetary system, although such systems may also consist of bodies such as <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar disk">circumstellar disks</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> together with the planetary system revolving around it, including <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, form the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <b>exoplanetary system</b> is sometimes used in reference to other planetary systems. </p><p>As of 24 July 2024, there are 7,026 confirmed <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a> in 4,949 planetary systems, with 1007 systems <a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">having more than one planet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Exoplanet_Catalog_(EPE)_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exoplanet_Catalog_(EPE)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disks</a> are known to be common while other objects are more difficult to observe. </p><p>Of particular interest to <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a> of planetary systems where planets could have surface liquid water, and thus, the capacity to support Earth-like life. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a> is the doctrine that the Sun is at the centre of the universe, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Geocentrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocentrism">geocentrism</a> (placing Earth at the centre of the universe). </p><p>The notion of a heliocentric Solar System with the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> at its centre is possibly first suggested in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> literature of <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">ancient India</a>, which often refers to the Sun as the "centre of spheres". Some interpret <a href="/wiki/Aryabhatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryabhatta">Aryabhatta</a>'s writings in <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%AD%C4%ABya" class="mw-redirect" title="Āryabhaṭīya">Āryabhaṭīya</a> as implicitly heliocentric. </p><p>The idea was first proposed in <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek astronomy">Greek astronomy</a> as early as the 3rd century BC by <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus of Samos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but received no support from most other ancient astronomers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_of_the_Solar_System">Discovery of the Solar System</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery and exploration of the Solar System</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg/190px-De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg/285px-De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg/380px-De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliocentric model">Heliocentric model</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> in <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, published in 1543, presented the first mathematically predictive heliocentric model of a planetary system. 17th-century successors <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Isaac Newton">Sir Isaac Newton</a> developed an understanding of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> which led to the gradual acceptance of the idea that the Earth moves around the Sun and that the planets are governed by the same physical laws that governed Earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speculation_on_extrasolar_planetary_systems">Speculation on extrasolar planetary systems</h3></div> <p>In the 16th century the Italian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a>, an early supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernican</a> theory that Earth and other planets orbit the Sun, put forward the view that the fixed stars are similar to the Sun and are likewise accompanied by planets. He was burned at the stake for his ideas by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, the same possibility was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Isaac Newton">Sir Isaac Newton</a> in the "<a href="/wiki/General_Scholium" title="General Scholium">General Scholium</a>" that concludes his <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophiae_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia</a></i>. Making a comparison to the Sun's planets, he wrote "And if the fixed stars are the centres of similar system. Mars is smallest planet and check google to make sure. </p> <pre>|first1 = Isaac |first2 = I. Bernard |last2 = Cohen |first3 = Anne |last3 = Whitman |title = The Principia: A New Translation and Guide |publisher = University of California Press |date = 1999 |orig-year = First published 1713 |page = 940 |isbn = 0-520-20217-1 |url = <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/keytonewtonsdyna0000brac">https://archive.org/details/keytonewtonsdyna0000brac</a> </pre> <p>|url-access = registration </p> <pre>}} </pre> <p></ref> </p><p>His theories gained popularity through the 19th and 20th centuries despite a lack of supporting evidence. Long before their confirmation by astronomers, conjecture on the nature of planetary systems had been a focus of the <a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">search for extraterrestrial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">has been a prevalent theme in fiction</a>, particularly science fiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_of_exoplanets">Detection of exoplanets</h3></div> <p>The first confirmed detection of an <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> was in 1992, with the discovery of several terrestrial-mass planets orbiting the <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a> <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12" title="PSR B1257+12">PSR B1257+12</a>. The first confirmed detection of exoplanets of a <a href="/wiki/Main-sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-sequence">main-sequence</a> star was made in 1995, when a giant planet, <a href="/wiki/51_Pegasi_b" title="51 Pegasi b">51 Pegasi b</a>, was found in a four-day orbit around the nearby <a href="/wiki/G-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="G-type star">G-type star</a> <a href="/wiki/51_Pegasi" title="51 Pegasi">51 Pegasi</a>. The frequency of detections has increased since then, particularly through advancements in <a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods of detecting extrasolar planets">methods of detecting extrasolar planets</a> and dedicated planet-finding programs such as the <a href="/wiki/Kepler_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler (spacecraft)">Kepler mission</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_evolution">Origin and evolution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Planetary migration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opo0113i.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Opo0113i.jpg/330px-Opo0113i.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Opo0113i.jpg/495px-Opo0113i.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Opo0113i.jpg/660px-Opo0113i.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the dynamics of a <a href="/wiki/Proplyd" title="Proplyd">proplyd</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Planetary systems come from <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disks</a> that form around stars as part of the process of <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star formation</a>. </p><p>During formation of a system, much material is gravitationally-scattered into distant orbits, and some planets are ejected completely from the system, becoming <a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">rogue planets</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolved_systems">Evolved systems</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High-mass_stars">High-mass stars</h4></div> <p>Planets orbiting <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsars</a> have been discovered. Pulsars are the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> explosions of high-mass stars, but a planetary system that existed before the supernova would likely be mostly destroyed. Planets would either evaporate, be pushed off of their orbits by the masses of gas from the exploding star, or the sudden loss of most of the mass of the central star would see them escape the gravitational hold of the star, or in some cases the supernova would <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_kick" title="Pulsar kick">kick</a> the pulsar itself out of the system at high velocity so any planets that had survived the explosion would be left behind as free-floating objects. Planets found around pulsars may have formed as a result of pre-existing stellar companions that were almost entirely evaporated by the supernova blast, leaving behind planet-sized bodies. Alternatively, planets may form in an <a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">accretion disk</a> of fallback matter surrounding a pulsar.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fallback disks of matter that failed to escape orbit during a supernova may also form planets around <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fallback_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fallback-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lower-mass_stars">Lower-mass stars</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protoplanetary_discs_observed_with_SPHERE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Protoplanetary_discs_observed_with_SPHERE.jpg/220px-Protoplanetary_discs_observed_with_SPHERE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Protoplanetary_discs_observed_with_SPHERE.jpg/330px-Protoplanetary_discs_observed_with_SPHERE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Protoplanetary_discs_observed_with_SPHERE.jpg/440px-Protoplanetary_discs_observed_with_SPHERE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Protoplanetary discs observed with the <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As stars evolve and turn into <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">asymptotic giant branch</a> stars, and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">planetary nebulae</a> they engulf the inner planets, evaporating or partially evaporating them depending on how massive they are.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20230503_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230503-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20220819_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20220819-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the star loses mass, planets that are not engulfed move further out from the star. </p><p>If an evolved star is in a binary or multiple system, then the mass it loses can transfer to another star, forming new protoplanetary disks and second- and third-generation planets which may differ in composition from the original planets, which may also be affected by the mass transfer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_architectures">System architectures</h2></div> <p>The Solar System consists of an inner region of small <a href="/wiki/Rocky_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky planets">rocky planets</a> and outer region of large <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a>. However, other planetary systems can have quite different architectures. Studies suggest that architectures of planetary systems are dependent on the conditions of their initial formation.<sup id="cite_ref-HasegawaPudritz2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HasegawaPudritz2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many systems with a <a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">hot Jupiter</a> gas giant very close to the star have been found. Theories, such as <a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">planetary migration</a> or scattering, have been proposed for the formation of large planets close to their parent stars.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At present,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> few systems have been found to be analogous to the Solar System with terrestrial planets close to the parent star. More commonly, systems consisting of multiple <a href="/wiki/Super-Earth" title="Super-Earth">Super-Earths</a> have been detected.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div> <p>Planetary system architectures may be partitioned into four classes based on how the mass of the planets is distributed around the host star:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Similar:</b> The masses of all planets in a system are similar to each other. This architecture class is the most commonly-observed in our galaxy. Examples include <a href="/wiki/TRAPPIST-1" title="TRAPPIST-1">Trappist-1</a>. The planets in these systems are said to be like 'peas in a pod'.<sup id="cite_ref-peas_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peas-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Mixed:</b> The masses of planets in a system show large increasing or decreasing variations. Examples of such systems are <a href="/wiki/Gliese_876" title="Gliese 876">Gliese 876</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kepler-89" title="Kepler-89">Kepler-89</a>.</li> <li><b>Anti-Ordered:</b> The massive planets of a system are close to the star and smaller planets are further away from the star. There are currently no known examples of this architecture class.</li> <li><b>Ordered:</b> The mass of the planets in a system tends to increase with increasing distance from the host star. The <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, with small <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">rocky planets</a> in the inner part and <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a> in the outer part, is a type of Ordered system.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peas_in_a_pod">Peas in a pod</h3></div> <p>Multiplanetary systems tend to be in a "peas in a pod" configuration meaning they tend to have the following factors:<sup id="cite_ref-peas_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peas-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Size: planets within a system tend to be either similar or ordered in size.</li> <li>Mass: planets within a system tend to be either similar or ordered in mass.</li> <li>Spacing: planets within a system tend to be equally spaced apart.</li> <li>Packing: small planets tend to be closely packed together, while large planets tend to have larger spacing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Planets_and_stars">Planets and stars</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet-hosting stars">Planet-hosting stars</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg/300px-Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg/450px-Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg/600px-Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>The Morgan-Keenan spectral classification</figcaption></figure> <p>Most known exoplanets orbit stars roughly similar to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>: that is, <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main-sequence stars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">spectral categories</a> F, G, or K. One reason is that planet-search programs have tended to concentrate on such stars. In addition, statistical analyses indicate that lower-mass stars (<a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarfs</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">spectral category</a> M) are less likely to have planets massive enough to be detected by the <a href="/wiki/Radial-velocity_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial-velocity method">radial-velocity method</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cumming08_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cumming08-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bonfils05_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonfils05-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, several tens of planets around red dwarfs have been discovered by the <a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Transit_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit method">transit method</a>, which can detect smaller planets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Circumstellar_disks_and_dust_structures">Circumstellar disks and dust structures</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar disk">Circumstellar disk</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-14114-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DebrisDisks-20140424.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NASA-14114-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DebrisDisks-20140424.jpg/250px-NASA-14114-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DebrisDisks-20140424.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NASA-14114-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DebrisDisks-20140424.jpg/375px-NASA-14114-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DebrisDisks-20140424.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NASA-14114-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DebrisDisks-20140424.jpg/500px-NASA-14114-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DebrisDisks-20140424.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Debris_disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Debris disks">Debris disks</a> detected in <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">HST</a> archival images of young stars, <i>HD 141943</i> and <i>HD 191089</i>, using improved imaging processes (April 24, 2014).</figcaption></figure> <p>After planets, circumstellar disks are one of the most commonly-observed properties of planetary systems, particularly of young stars. The Solar System possesses at least four major circumstellar disks (the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">scattered disc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a>) and clearly-observable disks have been detected around nearby solar analogs including <a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Eridani" title="Epsilon Eridani">Epsilon Eridani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tau_Ceti" title="Tau Ceti">Tau Ceti</a>. Based on observations of numerous similar disks, they are assumed to be quite common attributes of stars on the <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust clouds</a> have been studied in the Solar System and analogs are believed to be present in other planetary systems. Exozodiacal dust, an <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanetary</a> analog of <a href="/wiki/Zodiacal_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Zodiacal dust">zodiacal dust</a>, the 1–100 micrometre-sized grains of <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_carbon" title="Amorphous carbon">amorphous carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> dust that fill the plane of the Solar System<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been detected around the <a href="/wiki/51_Ophiuchi" title="51 Ophiuchi">51 Ophiuchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fomalhaut" title="Fomalhaut">Fomalhaut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VLTI/PIONIER_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VLTI/PIONIER-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tau_Ceti" title="Tau Ceti">Tau Ceti</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-VLTI/PIONIER_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VLTI/PIONIER-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a> systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comets">Comets</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comet</a></div> <p>As of November 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planetary_system&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there are 5,253 known Solar System comets<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they are thought to be common components of planetary systems. The first exocomets were detected in 1987<sup id="cite_ref-Ferlet_et_al.1987_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferlet_et_al.1987-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beust1990_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beust1990-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around <a href="/wiki/Beta_Pictoris" title="Beta Pictoris">Beta Pictoris</a>, a very young <a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A-type main-sequence star</a>. There are now a total of 11 stars around which the presence of exocomets have been observed or suspected.<sup id="cite_ref-Lagrange-Henri_et_al.1990_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lagrange-Henri_et_al.1990-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lecavelier_Des_Etangs_et_al.1997_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lecavelier_Des_Etangs_et_al.1997-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Welsh_et_al.2013_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welsh_et_al.2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kiefer_et_al.2014_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiefer_et_al.2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All discovered exocometary systems (<a href="/wiki/Beta_Pictoris" title="Beta Pictoris">Beta Pictoris</a>, <a href="/wiki/HR_10" class="mw-redirect" title="HR 10">HR 10</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lagrange-Henri_et_al.1990_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lagrange-Henri_et_al.1990-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/51_Ophiuchi" title="51 Ophiuchi">51 Ophiuchi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HR_2174&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HR 2174 (page does not exist)">HR 2174</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lecavelier_Des_Etangs_et_al.1997_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lecavelier_Des_Etangs_et_al.1997-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/49_Ceti" title="49 Ceti">49 Ceti</a>, <a href="/wiki/5_Vulpeculae" title="5 Vulpeculae">5 Vulpeculae</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Andromedae" title="2 Andromedae">2 Andromedae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_21620&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 21620 (page does not exist)">HD 21620</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_42111&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 42111 (page does not exist)">HD 42111</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_110411&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 110411 (page does not exist)">HD 110411</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Welsh_et_al.2013_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welsh_et_al.2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Space-20130107_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-20130107-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recently <a href="/wiki/HD_172555" title="HD 172555">HD 172555</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kiefer_et_al.2014_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiefer_et_al.2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are around very young <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification#Class_A" title="Stellar classification">A-type stars</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_components">Other components</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></div> <p>Computer modelling of an impact in 2013 detected around the star <a href="/wiki/NGC_2547" title="NGC 2547">NGC 2547</a>-ID8 by the <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a>, and confirmed by ground observations, suggests the involvement of large asteroids or <a href="/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">protoplanets</a> similar to the events believed to have led to the formation of terrestrial planets like the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on observations of the Solar System's large collection of natural satellites, they are believed common components of planetary systems; however, the existence of <a href="/wiki/Exomoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Exomoons">exomoons</a> has not yet been confirmed. The star <a href="/wiki/1SWASP_J140747.93-394542.6" class="mw-redirect" title="1SWASP J140747.93-394542.6">1SWASP J140747.93-394542.6</a>, in the constellation <a href="/wiki/Centaurus" title="Centaurus">Centaurus</a>, is a strong candidate for a natural satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indications suggest that the confirmed extrasolar planet <a href="/wiki/WASP-12b" title="WASP-12b">WASP-12b</a> also has at least one satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbital_configurations">Orbital configurations</h3></div> <p>Unlike the Solar System, which has orbits that are nearly circular, many of the known planetary systems display much higher <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of such a system is <a href="/wiki/16_Cygni" title="16 Cygni">16 Cygni</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mutual_inclination">Mutual inclination</h4></div> <p>The mutual <a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology#Inclination_vs._spin–orbit_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">inclination</a> between two planets is the angle between their <a href="/wiki/Orbital_plane" title="Orbital plane">orbital planes</a>. Many compact systems with multiple close-in planets interior to the equivalent orbit of <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> are expected to have very low mutual inclinations, so the system (at least the close-in part) would be even flatter than the Solar System. Captured planets could be captured into any arbitrary angle to the rest of the system. As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planetary_system&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there are only a few systems where mutual inclinations have actually been measured<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example is the <a href="/wiki/Upsilon_Andromedae" title="Upsilon Andromedae">Upsilon Andromedae</a> system: the planets c and d have a mutual inclination of about 30 degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orbital_dynamics">Orbital dynamics</h4></div> <p>Planetary systems can be categorized according to their orbital dynamics as resonant, non-resonant-interacting, hierarchical, or some combination of these. In resonant systems the orbital periods of the planets are in integer ratios. The <a href="/wiki/Kepler-223" title="Kepler-223">Kepler-223</a> system contains four planets in an 8:6:4:3 <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giant planets are found in mean-motion resonances more often than smaller planets.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In interacting systems the planets' orbits are close enough together that they perturb the orbital parameters. The Solar System could be described as weakly interacting. In strongly interacting systems <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler's laws">Kepler's laws</a> do not hold.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In hierarchical systems the planets are arranged so that the system can be gravitationally considered as a nested system of two-bodies, e.g. in a star with a close-in hot Jupiter with another gas giant much further out, the star and hot Jupiter form a pair that appears as a single object to another planet that is far enough out. </p><p>Other, as yet unobserved, orbital possibilities include: <a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">double planets</a>; various <a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration" title="Co-orbital configuration">co-orbital planets</a> such as quasi-satellites, trojans and exchange orbits; and interlocking orbits maintained by <a href="/wiki/Nodal_precession" title="Nodal precession">precessing orbital planes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number_of_planets,_relative_parameters_and_spacings"><span id="Number_of_planets.2C_relative_parameters_and_spacings"></span>Number of planets, relative parameters and spacings</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orbits_of_some_Kepler_Planetary_Systems.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/Orbits_of_some_Kepler_Planetary_Systems.jpg/350px-Orbits_of_some_Kepler_Planetary_Systems.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/Orbits_of_some_Kepler_Planetary_Systems.jpg/525px-Orbits_of_some_Kepler_Planetary_Systems.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/Orbits_of_some_Kepler_Planetary_Systems.jpg/700px-Orbits_of_some_Kepler_Planetary_Systems.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The spacings between orbits vary widely amongst the different systems discovered by the <a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1212.1859">On The Relative Sizes of Planets Within Kepler Multiple Candidate Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Ciardi" title="David Ciardi">David R. Ciardi</a> et al. December 9, 2012</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.4192">The Kepler Dichotomy among the M Dwarfs: Half of Systems Contain Five or More Coplanar Planets</a>, Sarah Ballard, John Asher Johnson, October 15, 2014</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1304.3341">Exoplanet Predictions Based on the Generalised Titius-Bode Relation</a>, Timothy Bovaird, Charles H. Lineweaver, August 1, 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1404.2552">The Solar System and the Exoplanet Orbital Eccentricity - Multiplicity Relation</a>, Mary Anne Limbach, Edwin L. Turner, April 9, 2014</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.3320">The period ratio distribution of Kepler's candidate multiplanet systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Steffen" title="Jason Steffen">Jason H. Steffen</a>, Jason A. Hwang, September 11, 2014</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1302.7190">Are Planetary Systems Filled to Capacity? A Study Based on Kepler Results</a>, Julia Fang, Jean-Luc Margot, February 28, 2013</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Planet_capture">Planet capture</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Free-floating planets</a> in open clusters have similar velocities to the stars and so can be recaptured. They are typically captured into wide orbits between 100 and 10<sup>5</sup> AU. The capture efficiency decreases with increasing cluster size, and for a given cluster size it increases with the host/primary<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please reword to avoid the use of a slash; this is ambiguous. (August 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> mass. It is almost independent of the planetary mass. Single and multiple planets could be captured into arbitrary unaligned orbits, non-coplanar with each other or with the stellar host spin, or pre-existing planetary system. Some planet–host metallicity correlation may still exist due to the common origin of the stars from the same cluster. Planets would be unlikely to be captured around <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a> because these are likely to be ejected from the cluster by a <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_kick" title="Pulsar kick">pulsar kick</a> when they form. Planets could even be captured around other planets to form free-floating planet binaries. After the cluster has dispersed some of the captured planets with orbits larger than 10<sup>6</sup> AU would be slowly disrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_tide" title="Galactic tide">galactic tide</a> and likely become free-floating again through encounters with other field stars or giant <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular clouds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WideRecapture_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WideRecapture-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zones">Zones</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitable_zone">Habitable zone</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habitable_zone_-_HZ.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Habitable_zone_-_HZ.png/220px-Habitable_zone_-_HZ.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Habitable_zone_-_HZ.png/330px-Habitable_zone_-_HZ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Habitable_zone_-_HZ.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>Location of habitable zone around different types of stars</figcaption></figure> <p>The habitable zone around a star is the region where the temperature range allows for liquid water to exist on a planet; that is, not too close to the star for the water to evaporate and not too far away from the star for the water to freeze. The heat produced by stars varies depending on the size and age of the star; this means the habitable zone will also vary accordingly. Also, the atmospheric conditions on the planet influence the planet's ability to retain heat so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet. </p><p>Habitable zones have usually been defined in terms of surface temperature; however, over half of Earth's biomass is from subsurface microbes,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and temperature increases as depth underground increases, so the subsurface can be conducive for life when the surface is frozen; if this is considered, the habitable zone extends much further from the star.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies in 2013 indicate that an estimated 22±8% of Sun-like<sup id="cite_ref-footnoteA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnoteA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stars have an Earth-sized<sup id="cite_ref-footnoteB_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnoteB-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> planet in the habitable<sup id="cite_ref-footnoteC_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnoteC-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> zone.<sup id="cite_ref-ucb1in5_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucb1in5-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-earthsunhzprev_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earthsunhzprev-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venus_zone">Venus zone</h3></div> <p>The <b>Venus zone</b> is the region around a star where a <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planet</a> would have <a href="/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Runaway greenhouse">runaway greenhouse</a> conditions like <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, but not so near the star that the atmosphere completely escapes. As with the habitable zone, the location of the Venus zone depends on several factors, including the type of star and properties of the planets such as mass, rotation rate, and atmospheric clouds. Studies of the Kepler spacecraft data indicate that 32% of <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarfs</a> have potentially Venus-like planets based on planet size and distance from star, increasing to 45% for <a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star" title="K-type main-sequence star">K-type</a> and <a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G-type</a> stars.<sup id="cite_ref-footnoteE_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnoteE-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several candidates have been identified, but spectroscopic follow-up studies of their atmospheres are required to determine whether they are like Venus.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galactic_distribution_of_planets">Galactic distribution of planets</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_planet" title="Extragalactic planet">Extragalactic planet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster#Planets" title="Globular cluster">Globular cluster § Planets</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planet_Discovery_Neighbourhood_in_Milky_Way_Galaxy.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Planet_Discovery_Neighbourhood_in_Milky_Way_Galaxy.jpeg/300px-Planet_Discovery_Neighbourhood_in_Milky_Way_Galaxy.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Planet_Discovery_Neighbourhood_in_Milky_Way_Galaxy.jpeg/450px-Planet_Discovery_Neighbourhood_in_Milky_Way_Galaxy.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Planet_Discovery_Neighbourhood_in_Milky_Way_Galaxy.jpeg/600px-Planet_Discovery_Neighbourhood_in_Milky_Way_Galaxy.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>90% of planets with known distances are within about 2000 <a href="/wiki/Light_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Light years">light years</a> of Earth, as of July 2014.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> is 100,000 light-years across, but 90% of planets with known distances are within about 2000 <a href="/wiki/Light_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Light years">light years</a> of Earth, as of July 2014. One method that can detect planets much further away is <a href="/wiki/Microlensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Microlensing">microlensing</a>. The upcoming <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a> could use microlensing to measure the relative frequency of planets in the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_bulge" title="Galactic bulge">galactic bulge</a> versus the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic disk">galactic disk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So far, the indications are that planets are more common in the disk than the bulge.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the distance of microlensing events is difficult: the first planet considered with high probability of being in the bulge is <a href="/w/index.php?title=MOA-2011-BLG-293Lb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MOA-2011-BLG-293Lb (page does not exist)">MOA-2011-BLG-293Lb</a> at a distance of 7.7 kiloparsecs (about 25,000 light years).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Population I</i>, or <i>metal-rich stars</i>, are those young stars whose <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metallicity</a> is highest. The high metallicity of population I stars makes them more likely to possess planetary systems than older populations, because planets form by the <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretion</a> of metals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Sun is an example of a metal-rich star. These are common in the <a href="/wiki/Spiral_arm" title="Spiral arm">spiral arms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Generally, the youngest stars, the extreme population I, are found farther in and intermediate population I stars are farther out, etc. The Sun is considered an intermediate population I star. Population I stars have regular <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical orbit">elliptical orbits</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a>, with a low <a href="/wiki/Relative_velocity" title="Relative velocity">relative velocity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Population II</i>, or <i>metal-poor stars</i>, are those with relatively low metallicity which can have hundreds (e.g. <a href="/wiki/BD_%2B17%C2%B0_3248" class="mw-redirect" title="BD +17° 3248">BD +17° 3248</a>) or thousands (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sneden%27s_Star" title="Sneden's Star">Sneden's Star</a>) times less metallicity than the Sun. These objects formed during an earlier time of the universe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Intermediate population II stars are common in the <a href="/wiki/Bulge_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulge (astronomy)">bulge</a> near the center of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> whereas Population II stars found in the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_spheroid#Galactic_spheroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic spheroid">galactic halo</a> are older and thus more metal-poor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Globular_clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Globular clusters">Globular clusters</a> also contain high numbers of population II stars.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the first planets around a halo star were announced around <a href="/wiki/Kapteyn%27s_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapteyn's star">Kapteyn's star</a>, the nearest halo star to Earth, around 13 light years away. However, later research suggests that <a href="/wiki/Kapteyn_b" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapteyn b">Kapteyn b</a> is just an artefact of stellar activity and that Kapteyn c needs more study to be confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metallicity of Kapteyn's star is estimated to be about 8<sup id="cite_ref-kepteynmetal_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kepteynmetal-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> times less than the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-kapteyn_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapteyn-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_morphological_classification" title="Galaxy morphological classification">types of galaxies</a> have different histories of <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star formation</a> and hence <a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">planet formation</a>. Planet formation is affected by the ages, metallicities, and orbits of stellar populations within a galaxy. Distribution of stellar populations within a galaxy varies between the different types of galaxies.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stars in <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy" title="Elliptical galaxy">elliptical galaxies</a> are much older than stars in <a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy" title="Spiral galaxy">spiral galaxies</a>. Most elliptical galaxies contain mainly <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution#Low-mass_stars" title="Stellar evolution">low-mass stars</a>, with minimal <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star-formation</a> activity.<sup id="cite_ref-author_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-author-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution of the different types of galaxies in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> depends on their location within <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">galaxy clusters</a>, with elliptical galaxies found mostly close to their centers.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System#Comparison_with_extrasolar_systems" title="Solar System">Comparison between the Solar System and extrasolar systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of exoplanets">List of exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">List of multiplanetary systems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-footnoteA-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-footnoteA_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, "Sun-like" means <a href="/wiki/G-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="G-type star">G-type star</a>. Data for Sun-like stars were not available so this statistic is an extrapolation from data about <a href="/wiki/K-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="K-type star">K-type stars</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-footnoteB-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-footnoteB_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, Earth-sized means 1–2 Earth radii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-footnoteC-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-footnoteC_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, "habitable zone" means the region with 0.25 to 4 times Earth's stellar flux (corresponding to 0.5–2 AU for the Sun).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-footnoteE-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-footnoteE_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the purpose of this, terrestrial-sized means 0.5–1.4 Earth radii, the "Venus zone" means the region with approximately 1 to 25 times Earth's stellar flux for M and K-type stars and approximately 1.1 to 25 times Earth's stellar flux for G-type stars.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kepteynmetal-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kepteynmetal_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kapteyn%27s_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapteyn's star">Kapteyn's star</a> estimated at [Fe/H]= −0.89. 10<sup>−0.89</sup> ≈ 1/8</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 394, <i>The Universal Book of Astronomy, from the Andromeda Galaxy to the Zone of Avoidance</i>, David J. Dsrling, Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, 2004. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-26569-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-26569-1">0-471-26569-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 314, <i>Collins Dictionary of Astronomy</i>, Valerie Illingworth, London: Collins, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-710297-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-710297-6">0-00-710297-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 382, <i>Collins Dictionary of Astronomy</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 420, <i>A Dictionary of Astronomy</i>, Ian Ridpath, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860513-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860513-7">0-19-860513-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exoplanet_Catalog_(EPE)-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Exoplanet_Catalog_(EPE)_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider" class="citation web cs1">Schneider, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/#catalog-table-section">"Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Extrasolar_Planets_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia">The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The work of Aristarchus's in which he proposed his heliocentric system has not survived. We only know of it now from a brief passage in <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Reckoner" title="The Sand Reckoner">The Sand Reckoner</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cosmos" in <i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (15th edition, Chicago, 1991) <b>16</b>:787:2a. "For his advocacy of an infinity of suns and earths, he was burned at the stake in 1600."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodsiadlowski1993" class="citation journal cs1">Podsiadlowski, Philipp (1993). 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S. van Albada; Norman Baker (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F152434">"On the Two Oosterhoff Groups of Globular Clusters"</a>. <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>185</b>: 477–498. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973ApJ...185..477V">1973ApJ...185..477V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F152434">10.1086/152434</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=On+the+Two+Oosterhoff+Groups+of+Globular+Clusters&rft.volume=185&rft.pages=477-498&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F152434&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973ApJ...185..477V&rft.au=T.+S.+van+Albada&rft.au=Norman+Baker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F152434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanetary+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1505.02778">Stellar activity mimics a habitable-zone planet around Kapteyn's star</a>, Paul Robertson (1 and 2), Arpita Roy (1 and 2 and 3), <a href="/wiki/Suvrath_Mahadevan" title="Suvrath Mahadevan">Suvrath Mahadevan</a> (1 and 2 and 3) ((1) Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Penn State University, (2) Center for Exoplanets & Habitable Worlds, Penn State University, (3) The Penn State Astrobiology Research Center), (Submitted on May 11, 2015 (v1), last revised June 1, 2015 (this version, v2))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kapteyn-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kapteyn_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.0818">Two planets around Kapteyn's star : a cold and a temperate super-Earth orbiting the nearest halo red-dwarf</a>, Guillem Anglada-Escudé, Pamela Arriagada, Mikko Tuomi, Mathias Zechmeister, James S. Jenkins, Aviv Ofir, Stefan Dreizler, Enrico Gerlach, Chris J. Marvin, Ansgar Reiners, Sandra V. Jeffers, R. Paul Butler, Steven S. Vogt, Pedro J. Amado, Cristina Rodríguez-López, Zaira M. Berdiñas, Julian Morin, Jeff D. Crane, Stephen A. Shectman, Ian B. Thompson, Mateo Díaz, Eugenio Rivera, Luis F. Sarmiento, Hugh R.A. Jones, (Submitted on June 3, 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0503298">Habitable Zones in the Universe</a>, G. Gonzalez, (Submitted on March 14, 2005 (v1), last revised March 21, 2005 (this version, v2))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-author-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-author_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John, D, (2006), <i>Astronomy</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4054-6314-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4054-6314-7">1-4054-6314-7</a>, p. 224-225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDressler,_A.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Dressler, A. (March 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F157753">"Galaxy morphology in rich clusters - Implications for the formation and evolution of galaxies"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>236</b>: 351–365. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980ApJ...236..351D">1980ApJ...236..351D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F157753">10.1086/157753</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Galaxy+morphology+in+rich+clusters+-+Implications+for+the+formation+and+evolution+of+galaxies.&rft.volume=236&rft.pages=351-365&rft.date=1980-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F157753&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980ApJ...236..351D&rft.au=Dressler%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F157753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanetary+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Planetary_systems" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Planetary systems">Planetary systems</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKóspálArdilaMoórÁbrahám2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kóspál, Ágnes; Ardila, David R.; Moór, Attila; Ábrahám, Péter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20090910-140315653">"On the Relationship Between Debris Disks and Planets"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>700</b> (2): L73–L77. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0007014">astro-ph/0007014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...537L.147O">2000ApJ...537L.147O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F700%2F2%2FL73">10.1088/0004-637X/700/2/L73</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16636256">16636256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=On+the+Relationship+Between+Debris+Disks+and+Planets&rft.volume=700&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=L73-L77&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0007014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16636256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F700%2F2%2FL73&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000ApJ...537L.147O&rft.aulast=K%C3%B3sp%C3%A1l&rft.aufirst=%C3%81gnes&rft.au=Ardila%2C+David+R.&rft.au=Mo%C3%B3r%2C+Attila&rft.au=%C3%81brah%C3%A1m%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.caltech.edu%2FCaltechAUTHORS%3A20090910-140315653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanetary+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzernoyGorkavyiMatherTaidakova2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ozernoy, Leonid M.; Gorkavyi, Nick N.; Mather, John C.; Taidakova, Tanya A. (2000). "Signatures of Exosolar Planets in Dust Debris Disks". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>537</b> (2): L147–L151. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0907.0028">0907.0028</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...700L..73K">2009ApJ...700L..73K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F312779">10.1086/312779</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1149097">1149097</a>.</cite><span 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style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_orbital_and_physical_parameters" title="Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters">Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Methods of detecting exoplanets</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planetary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_star" title="Planet-hosting star">Planet-hosting stars</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/PDS_70" title="PDS 70"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/100px-PDS_70.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/150px-PDS_70.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/200px-PDS_70.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1692" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Sizes<br />and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_planet_types" title="List of planet types">types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_planet" title="Carbon planet">Carbon planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreless_planet" title="Coreless planet">Coreless planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_planet" title="Desert planet">Desert planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hycean_planet" title="Hycean planet">Hycean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_planet" title="Ice planet">Ice planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_planet" title="Iron planet">Iron planet</a> (Super-Mercury)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_planet" title="Lava planet">Lava planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega-Earth" title="Mega-Earth">Mega-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Earth" title="Sub-Earth">Sub-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Earth" title="Super-Earth">Super-Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gaseous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_Jupiter" title="Eccentric Jupiter">Eccentric Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-Neptune" title="Mini-Neptune">Mini-Neptune</a> (Gas dwarf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">Hot Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Neptune" title="Hot Neptune">Hot Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Jupiter" title="Super-Jupiter">Super-Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Neptune" title="Super-Neptune">Super-Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-puff" title="Super-puff">Super-puff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-hot_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-hot Jupiter">Ultra-hot Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-hot_Neptune" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-hot Neptune">Ultra-hot Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanet" title="Blanet">Blanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonian_planet" title="Chthonian planet">Chthonian planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumbinary_planet" title="Circumbinary planet">Circumbinary planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumtriple_planet" title="Circumtriple planet">Circumtriple planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenopolis" title="Ecumenopolis">Ecumenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyeball_planet" title="Eyeball planet">Eyeball planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giant planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoplanet" title="Mesoplanet">Mesoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_object" title="Planetary-mass object">Planemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf#Low-mass_brown_dwarfs_versus_high-mass_planets" title="Brown dwarf">Planet/Brown dwarf boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">Protoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_planet" title="Pulsar planet">Pulsar planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub-brown dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Neptune" title="Sub-Neptune">Sub-Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toroidal_planet" title="Toroidal planet">Toroidal planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-cool_dwarf" title="Ultra-cool dwarf">Ultra-cool dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-short_period_planet" title="Ultra-short period planet">Ultra-short period planet (USP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation <br />and <br />evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Extraterrestrial sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_interiors" title="Exoplanet interiors">Internal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplanetary space">Interplanetary space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar dust">Interstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Planetary migration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planetary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Planet formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exocomet" title="Exocomet">Exocomet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar comet">Interstellar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exomoon" title="Exomoon">Exomoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidally_detached_exomoon" title="Tidally detached exomoon">Tidally detached</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li> <li>Orbits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion#Exoplanets" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">Retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojans" title="Co-orbital configuration">Trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance#Mean-motion_resonances_among_extrasolar_planets" title="Orbital resonance">Mean-motion resonances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titius%E2%80%93Bode_law#Lunar_systems_and_other_planetary_systems" title="Titius–Bode law">Titius–Bode law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Planet-hosting_stars">Host stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star#Planets" title="Binary star">Binary star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf#Planets_around_brown_dwarfs" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="F-type main-sequence star">F/Yellow-white dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="G-type main-sequence star">G/Yellow dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star#Planets" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="K-type main-sequence star">K/Orange dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf#Planets" title="Red dwarf">M/Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_planet" title="Pulsar planet">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant#Planets" title="Red giant">Red giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star#Planetary_systems" title="Subdwarf B star">Subdwarf B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant#Planets" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star#Planets" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf#Debris_disks_and_planets" title="White dwarf">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant#Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow giants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Detection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">Astrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Direct_imaging" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Direct imaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_directly_imaged_exoplanets" title="List of directly imaged exoplanets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">Microlensing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_microlensing" title="List of exoplanets detected by microlensing">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarimetry" title="Polarimetry">Polarimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Pulsar_timing" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Timing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_timing" title="List of exoplanets detected by timing">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy" title="Doppler spectroscopy">Radial velocity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_radial_velocity" title="List of exoplanets detected by radial velocity">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Transit_photometry" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Transit method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transiting_exoplanets" title="List of transiting exoplanets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-timing_variation" title="Transit-timing variation">Transit-timing variation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrooceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrooceanography">Astrooceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Catalogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalog_of_Nearby_Habitable_Systems" title="Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems">Nearby Habitable Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_Data_Explorer" title="Exoplanet Data Explorer">Exoplanet Data Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_Planets_Encyclopaedia" title="Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia">Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Exoplanet_Archive" title="NASA Exoplanet Archive">NASA Exoplanet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Star_and_Exoplanet_Database" title="NASA Star and Exoplanet Database">NASA Star and Exoplanet Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Exoplanet_Catalogue" title="Open Exoplanet Catalogue">Open Exoplanet Catalogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_planets" title="Lists of planets">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Exoplanetary systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanetary_host_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of exoplanetary host stars">Host stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">Multiplanetary systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_proplyds" title="List of stars with proplyds">Stars with proto-planetary discs</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of exoplanets">Exoplanets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_extremes" title="List of exoplanet extremes">Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_firsts" title="List of exoplanet firsts">Firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_exoplanets" title="List of nearest exoplanets">Nearest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_exoplanets" title="List of largest exoplanets">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most massive exoplanets">Heaviest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_terrestrial_exoplanet_candidates" title="List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates">Terrestrial candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1%E2%80%93500" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1–500">1–500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_501%E2%80%931000" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 501–1000">501–1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1001%E2%80%931500" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1001–1500">1001–1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1501%E2%80%932000" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1501–2000">1501–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_observed_during_Kepler%27s_K2_mission" title="List of exoplanets observed during Kepler's K2 mission">K2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">Potentially habitable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_exoplanets" title="List of proper names of exoplanets">Proper names</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Discovered exoplanets by year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_before_2000" title="List of exoplanets discovered before 2000">before 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_between_2000%E2%80%932009" title="List of exoplanets discovered between 2000–2009">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2010" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2011" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2012" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2013" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2014" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2015" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2016" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2017" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2018" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2019" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2020" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2021" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2022" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2023" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2024" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2024">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute" title="Carl Sagan Institute">Carl Sagan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_naming_convention" title="Exoplanet naming convention">Exoplanet naming convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_curve_(astronomy)#Exoplanets" title="Phase curve (astronomy)">Exoplanet phase curves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_planet" title="Extragalactic planet">Extragalactic planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics_of_terrestrial_exoplanets" title="Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets">Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunian_desert" title="Neptunian desert">Neptunian desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster#Planets" title="Globular cluster">Planets in globular clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_planet_radius_gap" title="Small planet radius gap">Small planet radius gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudarsky%27s_gas_giant_classification" title="Sudarsky's gas giant classification">Sudarsky's gas giant classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">Discoveries of exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_search_projects" title="List of exoplanet search projects">Search projects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stellar_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stellar_system" title="Template:Stellar system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stellar_system" title="Template talk:Stellar system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stellar_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stellar system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stellar_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stellar</a> <a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy" title="Dwarf galaxy">Dwarf galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Star cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercompact_stellar_system" title="Hypercompact stellar system">Hypercompact stellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_globular_cluster" title="Dark globular cluster">Dark globular cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_star_clusters" title="List of most massive star clusters">List of most massive star clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_star_clusters" title="List of largest star clusters">List of largest star clusters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercompact_stellar_system" title="Hypercompact stellar system">Hypercompact stellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">Star system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary star</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planetary system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unbound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar stream">Stellar stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_association" title="Stellar association">Stellar association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Moving group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Runaway star">Runaway star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics#Hypervelocity_stars" title="Stellar kinematics">Hypervelocity star</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visual grouping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_star" title="Double star">Double star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple star">Multiple star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Star cloud">Star cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Star_systems" title="Category:Star systems">Category:Star systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Star" title="Template:Star"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Star" title="Template talk:Star"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Star" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Star"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bok_globule" title="Bok globule">Bok globule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_stellar_object" title="Young stellar object">Young stellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Pre-main-sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_track" title="Hayashi track">Hayashi track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henyey_track" title="Henyey track">Henyey track</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">Red-giant branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">Horizontal branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic giant branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-AGB_star" title="Post-AGB star">post-AGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">super-AGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_loop" title="Blue loop">Blue loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf-Rayet_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf-Rayet nebula">Wolf-Rayet nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PG_1159_star" title="PG 1159 star">PG1159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">Dredge-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OH/IR_star" title="OH/IR star">OH/IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">Instability strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">Stellar population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Early-type star">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-type star">Late</a></li> <li>Main sequence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O-type_main-sequence_star" title="O-type main-sequence star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star" title="F-type main-sequence star">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star" title="K-type main-sequence star">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf">Subdwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_O_star" title="Subdwarf O star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star" title="Subdwarf B star">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">WR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_star" title="OB star">OB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">Giant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_giant" title="Blue giant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant">Bright giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">Supergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">Carbon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-type_star" title="S-type star">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_star" title="CN star">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH_star" title="CH star">CH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemically_peculiar_star" title="Chemically peculiar star">Chemically peculiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Am_star" title="Am star">Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ap_and_Bp_stars" title="Ap and Bp stars">Ap/Bp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEMP_star" title="CEMP star">CEMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-manganese_star" title="Mercury-manganese star">HgMn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium-weak_star" title="Helium-weak star">He-weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_star" title="Barium star">Barium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis_star" title="Lambda Boötis star">Lambda Boötis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_star" title="Lead star">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_star" title="Technetium star">Technetium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_star" title="Be star">Be</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_star" title="Shell star">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B(e)_star" title="B(e) star">B[e]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_star" title="Helium star">Helium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">Blue straggler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Remnants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS_00500%2B6713" title="IRAS 00500+6713">Parker's star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">Burster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">SGR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_star" title="Hypothetical star">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">Blue dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boson_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Boson star">Boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_star" title="Strange star">Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_star" title="Q star">Q</a></li></ul></li> <li>Black hole star <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black</a></li> <li>Hawking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow_object" title="Thorne–Żytkow object">Thorne–Żytkow object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_star" title="Iron star">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzar" title="Blitzar">Blitzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_fusion" title="Deuterium fusion">Deuterium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">C burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Ne burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">O burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Si burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor_(astronomy)" title="Fusor (astronomy)">Fusor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova#Recurrent_novae" title="Nova">Recurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microturbulence" title="Microturbulence">Microturbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Oscillations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">Radiation zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starspot" title="Starspot">Starspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">Stellar wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar-wind_bubble" title="Stellar-wind bubble">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_outflow" title="Bipolar outflow">Bipolar outflow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplyd" title="Proplyd">Proplyd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_luminosity" title="Eddington luminosity">Eddington luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_designations_and_names" title="Stellar designations and names">Designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Effective temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Photometric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">Color–color diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6mgren_sphere" title="Strömgren sphere">Strömgren sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_break" title="Kraft break">Kraft break</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">Star systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_binary" title="Contact binary">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_envelope" title="Common envelope">Common envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipsing_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary">Eclipsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_system#Multiple_star_systems" title="Star system">Multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planetary system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-centric<br />observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">Pole star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">Circumpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">Photographic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Radial velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric-standard_star" title="Photometric-standard star">Photometric-standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_stars" title="List of proper names of stars">Proper names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_star_extremes" title="List of star extremes">Extremes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Most massive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hottest_stars" title="List of hottest stars">Highest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coolest_stars" title="List of coolest stars">Lowest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest known stars">Largest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_known_stars" title="List of smallest known stars">Smallest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">Brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">Historical brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">Most luminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">Nearest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_bright_stars" title="List of nearest bright stars">bright</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects#List_of_most_distant_objects_by_type" title="List of the most distant astronomical objects">Most distant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_resolved_images" title="List of stars with resolved images">With resolved images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">With multiple exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_dwarfs" title="List of brown dwarfs">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_red_dwarfs" title="List of red dwarfs">Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novae_in_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" title="List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy">Milky Way novae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Supernovae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary nebulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_stellar_astronomy" title="Timeline of stellar astronomy">Timeline of stellar astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substellar_object" title="Substellar object">Substellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-dwarf_desert" title="Brown-dwarf desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet-hosting stars">Planet-hosting stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Stars" title="Category:Stars">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/14px-He1523a.jpg" 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, 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