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<span>Observations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Observations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Optical_light_curves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_light_curves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Optical light curves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_light_curves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_properties_and_energetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties_and_energetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Physical properties and energetics</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tidal disruption event</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pulling apart of a star by tidal forces when it gets too close to a supermassive black hole</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tde-simulation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tde-simulation.jpg/329px-Tde-simulation.jpg" decoding="async" width="329" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tde-simulation.jpg/494px-Tde-simulation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tde-simulation.jpg/658px-Tde-simulation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Simulation of a star being disrupted by a supermassive black hole during a tidal disruption event.<sup id="cite_ref-Price2024_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>tidal disruption event</b> (TDE) is a <a href="/wiki/Time-domain_astronomy" title="Time-domain astronomy">transient astronomical source</a> produced when a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> passes so close to a <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black hole</a> (SMBH) that it is pulled apart by the black hole's <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-universetoday_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universetoday-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The star undergoes <a href="/wiki/Spaghettification" title="Spaghettification">spaghettification</a>, producing a <a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_(astrophysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal stream (astrophysics)">tidal stream</a> of material that loops around the black hole. Some portion of the stellar material is captured into orbit, forming an <a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">accretion disk</a> around the black hole, which emits <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>. In a small fraction of TDEs, a <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Relativistic jet">relativistic jet</a> is also produced. As the material in the disk is gradually consumed by the black hole, the TDE fades over several months or years. </p><p>TDEs were predicted in the 1970s and first observed in the 1990s. Over a hundred have since been observed, with detections at optical, infrared, radio and X-ray wavelengths. Sometimes a star can survive the encounter with an SMBH, leaving a remnant; those events are termed partial TDEs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_disruption_event&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TDEs were first theorized by <a href="/wiki/Jack_G._Hills" title="Jack G. Hills">Jack G. Hills</a> in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A consequence of a star getting sufficiently close to a SMBH that the tidal forces between the star will overcome the star's <a href="/wiki/Self-gravitation" title="Self-gravitation">self-gravity</a>. In 1988 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> described how approximately half of the disrupted stellar material will remain bound, eventually accreting onto the black hole and forming a luminous accretion disk.<sup id="cite_ref-rees_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rees-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to early<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> studies, tidal disruption events are an inevitable consequence of massive black holes' activity hidden in galaxy nuclei. Later theorists concluded that the resulting explosion or flare of radiation from the accretion of the stellar debris could reveal the presence of a dormant black hole in the center of a normal galaxy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TDEs were first observed in the early 1990s using the X-ray <a href="/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT">ROSAT</a> All-Sky Survey.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observations">Observations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_disruption_event&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of May 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tidal_disruption_event&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, roughly 100 TDEs are known,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZTF_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZTF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have been discovered through several astronomical methods. such as optical transient surveys including <a href="/wiki/Zwicky_Transient_Facility" title="Zwicky Transient Facility">Zwicky Transient Facility</a> (ZTF)<sup id="cite_ref-ZTF_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZTF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/All_Sky_Automated_Survey_for_SuperNovae" title="All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae">All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae</a> (ASAS-SN).<sup id="cite_ref-holoien2019_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holoien2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other TDEs have been discovered in X-rays, using the <a href="/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT">ROSAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/EROSITA" title="EROSITA">eROSITA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TDEs have also been discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_light_curves">Optical light curves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_disruption_event&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Optical light curves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Light_curve" title="Light curve">light curves</a> of TDEs have an initially sharp rise in brightness, as the disrupted stellar material falls towards the black hole, followed by a more gradual decline lasting months or years. During the declining phase, the luminosity is proportional to <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t^{-5/3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t^{-5/3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f87d498746f7b363f87fcd91f92e4f2d757c8366" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.816ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t^{-5/3}}"></span>, where t is time,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some TDEs have been observed to deviate from the typical <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t^{-5/3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t^{-5/3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f87d498746f7b363f87fcd91f92e4f2d757c8366" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.816ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t^{-5/3}}"></span>rate has been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These properties allow TDEs to be distinguished from other <a href="/wiki/Transient_astronomical_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient astronomical source">transient astronomical sources</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Supernovae" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernovae">supernovae</a>. The peak luminosity of TDEs is proportional to the central black hole mass; it can approach or exceed that of their host galaxies, making them some of the brightest sources observed in the Universe.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties_and_energetics">Physical properties and energetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_disruption_event&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physical properties and energetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two broad classes of TDEs. The majority of TDEs consist of "non-relativistic" events, where the outflows from the TDE are akin to the energetics seen in <a href="/wiki/Type_Ib_and_Ic_supernovae" title="Type Ib and Ic supernovae">Type Ib and Ic supernovae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately 1% of TDEs, however, are relativistic TDEs, where an <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_jet" title="Astrophysical jet">astrophysical jet</a> is launched from the black hole shortly after the star is destroyed. This jet persists for several years before shutting off.<sup id="cite_ref-Eftekhari2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eftekhari2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tidal_disruption_event&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> only four TDEs with jets have been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tidal-disruption_radius">Tidal-disruption radius</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_disruption_event&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tidal-disruption radius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence_(black_hole)" title="Sphere of influence (black hole)">Sphere of influence (black hole)</a></div> <p>A star gets tidally disrupted when the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal force</a> exerted by a black hole <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{tidal}\approx {\frac {GM_{BH}R^{*}}{R^{3}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{tidal}\approx {\frac {GM_{BH}R^{*}}{R^{3}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/693730d4de76a97230c7d2aee7d9adecb4f7d97b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:18.525ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{tidal}\approx {\frac {GM_{BH}R^{*}}{R^{3}}}}"></span> exceeds the <a href="/wiki/Self-gravitation" title="Self-gravitation">self-gravity</a> of the star <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{sg}\approx {\frac {GM^{*}}{R^{*2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{sg}\approx {\frac {GM^{*}}{R^{*2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c17d9356fa294c029984864dafde50d2ce363e10" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:12.246ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{sg}\approx {\frac {GM^{*}}{R^{*2}}}}"></span> . The distance below which <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{tidal}>f_{sg}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{tidal}>f_{sg}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535c4a92ae7ae87cdd199cd7843238d53f7a24cc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.782ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{tidal}>f_{sg}}"></span> is called the tidal radius and is given approximately by:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{T}\approx R^{*}\left({\frac {M_{BH}}{M^{*}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{T}\approx R^{*}\left({\frac {M_{BH}}{M^{*}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c56f5344e9790e5f5ddb5f582447f5825f972ecc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:20.256ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{T}\approx R^{*}\left({\frac {M_{BH}}{M^{*}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>This is identical to the <a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> for disruptions of planetary bodies. </p><p>Usually, the tidal-disruption radius of a black hole is bigger than its <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius" title="Schwarzschild radius">Schwarzschild radius</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{S}={\frac {2GM}{c^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{S}={\frac {2GM}{c^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b0f6d4637671c252e3da2a31565adde1dc100e37" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:12.422ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{S}={\frac {2GM}{c^{2}}}}"></span>, but considering the radius and mass of the star fixed there is a mass for the black hole where both radii become equal meaning that at this point the star would simply disappear before being torn apart.<sup id="cite_ref-Physics_Today_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physics_Today-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rees_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rees-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_tidal_disruption_events">Notable tidal disruption events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_disruption_event&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable tidal disruption events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-list plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">unverified</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">indiscriminate</a> information</b> in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Embedded_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists">embedded lists</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tidal_disruption_event&action=edit">clean up the lists</a> by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GRB_110328A_(captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GRB_110328A_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/220px-GRB_110328A_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GRB_110328A_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/330px-GRB_110328A_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GRB_110328A_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/440px-GRB_110328A_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Hubble Space Telescope optical image of the TDE <a href="/wiki/Swift_J1644%2B57" title="Swift J1644+57">Swift J1644+57</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swift_J1644%2B57" title="Swift J1644+57">Swift J1644+57</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A relativistic jet that was launched during the disruption of a star 3.8 billion light years away. The jet lasted 1.5 years, at which point it shut off.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ASASSN-14li&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ASASSN-14li (page does not exist)">ASASSN-14li</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first radio detection of a non-relativistic outflow from a TDE, in 2014.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT2018hyz" title="AT2018hyz">AT2018hyz</a><sup id="cite_ref-AT2018hyz_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AT2018hyz-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A TDE that was radio quiet until approximately 750 days after the initial TDE event, and has been rising rapidly in radio frequencies since. This has been interpreted as a delayed radio outflow, or an off-axis jet.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASASSN-19bt" title="ASASSN-19bt">ASASSN-19bt</a> was discovered by the <a href="/wiki/All_Sky_Automated_Survey_for_SuperNovae" title="All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae">All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae</a> (ASAS-SN) project, with early-time, detailed observations by the <a href="/wiki/TESS" class="mw-redirect" title="TESS">TESS</a> satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-holoien2019_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holoien2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT2019qiz" title="AT2019qiz">AT2019qiz</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AT2022cmc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AT2022cmc (page does not exist)">AT2022cmc</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a jetted TDE discovered in 2022 by ZTF.</li> <li>ASASSN-20hx, located near the nucleus of galaxy NGC 6297, was discovered in July 2020 and noted that the observation represented one of the "very few tidal disruption events with <a href="/wiki/X-ray#Soft_and_hard_X-rays" title="X-ray">hard powerlaw X-ray spectra</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-AT-20200725_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AT-20200725-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AT-20200724_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AT-20200724-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_disruption_event&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Price2024-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Price2024_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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claimed tidal disruption events.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_holes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_holes" title="Template:Black holes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_holes" title="Template talk:Black holes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_holes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black holes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_holes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">Black holes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_black_holes" title="Outline of black holes">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BTZ_black_hole" title="BTZ black hole">BTZ black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_black_hole" title="Rotating black hole">Rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charged_black_hole" title="Charged black hole">Charged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)" title="Kugelblitz (astrophysics)">Kugelblitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primordial_black_hole" title="Primordial black hole">Primordial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_collapse_black_hole" title="Direct collapse black hole">Direct collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_black_hole" title="Rogue black hole">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malament%E2%80%93Hogarth_spacetime" title="Malament–Hogarth spacetime">Malament–Hogarth spacetime</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/80px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/120px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/160px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremal_black_hole" title="Extremal black hole">Extremal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_electron" title="Black hole electron">Electron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microquasar" title="Microquasar">Microquasar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate-mass_black_hole" title="Intermediate-mass black hole">Intermediate-mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">Active galactic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_quasar_group" title="Large quasar group">LQG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">Blazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVV_quasar" title="OVV quasar">OVV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Stellar evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Neutron_star" title="Template:Neutron star">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_limit" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:White_dwarf" title="Template:White dwarf">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Supernovae" title="Template:Supernovae">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_black_hole" title="Binary black hole">Binary black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermassive star">Supermassive star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Supermassive dark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_jet" title="Astrophysical jet">Astrophysical jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">Gravitational singularity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring_singularity" title="Ring singularity">Ring singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose%E2%80%93Hawking_singularity_theorems" title="Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems">Theorems</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">Event horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photon_sphere" title="Photon sphere">Photon sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innermost_stable_circular_orbit" title="Innermost stable circular orbit">Innermost stable circular orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergosphere" title="Ergosphere">Ergosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_process" title="Penrose process">Penrose process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blandford%E2%80%93Znajek_process" title="Blandford–Znajek process">Blandford–Znajek process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation" title="Hawking radiation">Hawking radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">Gravitational lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">Microlens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondi_accretion" title="Bondi accretion">Bondi accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E2%80%93sigma_relation" title="M–sigma relation">M–sigma relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-periodic_oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-periodic oscillation">Quasi-periodic oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics" title="Black hole thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekenstein_bound" title="Bekenstein bound">Bekenstein bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bousso%27s_holographic_bound" title="Bousso's holographic bound">Bousso's holographic bound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immirzi_parameter" title="Immirzi parameter">Immirzi parameter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius" title="Schwarzschild radius">Schwarzschild radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghettification" title="Spaghettification">Spaghettification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_complementarity" title="Black hole complementarity">Black hole complementarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox" title="Black hole information paradox">Information paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis" title="Cosmic censorship hypothesis">Cosmic censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ER_%3D_EPR" title="ER = EPR">ER = EPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_black_hole#Final_parsec_problem" title="Binary black hole">Final parsec problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(physics)" title="Firewall (physics)">Firewall (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_principle" title="Holographic principle">Holographic principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-hair_theorem" title="No-hair theorem">No-hair theorem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a> (<a href="/wiki/Derivation_of_the_Schwarzschild_solution" title="Derivation of the Schwarzschild solution">Derivation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric" title="Reissner–Nordström metric">Reissner–Nordström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman_metric" title="Kerr–Newman metric">Kerr–Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayward_metric" title="Hayward metric">Hayward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsingular_black_hole_models" title="Nonsingular black hole models">Nonsingular black hole models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(Newtonian_mechanics)" title="Dark star (Newtonian mechanics)">Dark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_eternally_collapsing_object" title="Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object">Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_star" title="Q star">Q star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzball_(string_theory)" title="Fuzzball (string theory)">Fuzzball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geon_(physics)" title="Geon (physics)">Geon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Analogs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_black_hole" title="Optical black hole">Optical black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_black_hole" title="Sonic black hole">Sonic black hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_black_holes" title="Lists of black holes">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_holes" title="List of black holes">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_black_holes" title="List of most massive black holes">Most massive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_known_black_holes" title="List of nearest known black holes">Nearest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quasars" title="List of quasars">Quasars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microquasars" title="List of microquasars">Microquasars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_black_holes" title="Outline of black holes">Outline of black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_Initiative" title="Black Hole Initiative">Black Hole Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_starship" title="Black hole starship">Black hole starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bounce" title="Big Bounce">Big Bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational waves">Gravitational waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst_progenitors" title="Gamma-ray burst progenitors">Gamma-ray burst progenitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity well">Gravity well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercompact_stellar_system" title="Hypercompact stellar system">Hypercompact stellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_paradigm" title="Membrane paradigm">Membrane paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_singularity" title="Naked singularity">Naked singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_III_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Population III star">Population III star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermassive star">Supermassive star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Supermassive dark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superluminal_motion" title="Superluminal motion">Superluminal motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_black_hole_physics" title="Timeline of black hole physics">Timeline of black hole physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">Wormhole</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tidal disruption event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_X-1" title="Cygnus X-1">Cygnus X-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XTE_J1650-500" class="mw-redirect" title="XTE J1650-500">XTE J1650-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XTE_J1118%2B480" title="XTE J1118+480">XTE J1118+480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A0620-00" title="A0620-00">A0620-00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sagittarius A*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaurus_A" title="Centaurus A">Centaurus A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Cluster" title="Phoenix Cluster">Phoenix Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PKS_1302-102" title="PKS 1302-102">PKS 1302-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OJ_287" title="OJ 287">OJ 287</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDSS_J0849%2B1114" title="SDSS J0849+1114">SDSS J0849+1114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TON_618" title="TON 618">TON 618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_0735.6%2B7421" title="MS 0735.6+7421">MS 0735.6+7421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeVe_1" title="NeVe 1">NeVe 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_A" title="Hercules A">Hercules A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3C_273" title="3C 273">3C 273</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q0906%2B6930" title="Q0906+6930">Q0906+6930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markarian_501" title="Markarian 501">Markarian 501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ULAS_J1342%2B0928" title="ULAS J1342+0928">ULAS J1342+0928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSO_J030947.49%2B271757.31" title="PSO J030947.49+271757.31">PSO J030947.49+271757.31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT2018hyz" title="AT2018hyz">AT2018hyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_J1644%2B57" title="Swift J1644+57">Swift J1644+57</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" 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