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type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Open knowledge</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab "><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Open_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Open+knowledge&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Open_knowledge&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"> <span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Free_knowledge&redirect=no&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Free knowledge">Free knowledge</a>)</span> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>Open knowledge</b> (or <b>free knowledge</b>) is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> that is free to use, reuse, and redistribute without legal, social, or technological restriction.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open knowledge organizations and activists have proposed principles and methodologies related to the production and distribution of knowledge in an open manner.</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Open_knowledge_facets.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Open_knowledge_facets.svg/400px-Open_knowledge_facets.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Open_knowledge_facets.svg/600px-Open_knowledge_facets.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Open_knowledge_facets.svg/800px-Open_knowledge_facets.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4265" data-file-height="1812"></a> <figcaption> Open knowledge is interpreted broadly, including the production of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_content?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free content">open content</a> (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_data?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open data">open data</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_source_software?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source software</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_educational_resources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open educational resources">open education resources</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_access?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open access">open access</a>), as well as practices (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open research">open research</a>). </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <span> <video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/What_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm/220px--What_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="226" data-mwtitle="What_is_open_knowledge?_(A_short_history_of_copyright)_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:What_is_open_knowledge%3F_(A_short_history_of_copyright)_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/What_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm/What_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/What_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm/What_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/What_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/What_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm/What_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/What_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm/What_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/What_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm/What_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/What_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm/What_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWhat_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWhat_is_open_knowledge%3F_%28A_short_history_of_copyright%29_by_Wikimedia_UK.webm&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr"> </video></span> <figcaption> Explainer video: <i>What is open knowledge? (A short history of copyright)</i> </figcaption> </figure> <p>The concept is related to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open-source_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open source</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Open_Definition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Open Definition">Open Definition</a>, whose first versions bore the title "Open Knowledge Definition", is derived from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_Source_Definition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Definition">Open Source Definition</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_history"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Twentieth_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Twentieth century</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Organisations_and_activities_promoting_open_knowledge"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Organisations and activities promoting open knowledge</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Open_knowledge&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Open_knowledge&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Similarly to other "open" concepts, though the term is rather new, the concept is old: One of the earliest surviving printed texts, a copy of the Buddhist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diamond_Sutra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a> produced in China around 868 AD, contains a dedication "for universal free distribution".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fourth volume of the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denis_Diderot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a> allowed re-use of his work in return for him having used material from other authors.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Open_knowledge&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Twentieth century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the early twentieth century, a debate about <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intellectual_property_rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property rights">intellectual property rights</a> developed within the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_Social_Democratic_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="German Social Democratic Party">German Social Democratic Party</a>. A key contributor was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Kautsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a> who in 1902 devoted a section of a pamphlet to "intellectual production", which he distinguished from material production:</p> <blockquote> <p>Communism in material production, anarchy in the intellectual that is the type of a Socialist mode of production, as it will develop from the rule of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>—in other words, from the Social Revolution through the logic of economic facts, whatever might be: the wishes, intentions, and theories of the proletariat.<sup id="cite_ref-KK_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KK-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40">: 40 </span></sup></p> </blockquote> <p>This view was based on an analysis according to which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Law_of_value?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Law of value">law of value</a> only affected material production, not intellectual production.</p> <p>With the development of the public Internet from the early 1990s, it became far easier to copy and share information across the world. The phrase "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_wants_to_be_free?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Information wants to be free">information wants to be free</a>" became a rallying cry for people who wanted to create an internet without the commercial barriers that they felt inhibited creative expression in traditional material production.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> was founded in 2001 with the ethos of providing information which could be edited and modified to improve its quality. The success of Wikipedia became instrumental in making open knowledge something that millions of people interacted with and contributed to.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Organisations_and_activities_promoting_open_knowledge">Organisations and activities promoting open knowledge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Open_knowledge&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Organisations and activities promoting open knowledge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OpenStreetMap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition</a> (SPARC)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_Commons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science Commons">Science Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Open_knowledge&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://opendefinition.org/od/">"Open Definition - Defining Open in Open Data, Open Content and Open Knowledge"</a>. <i>opendefinition.org</i>. Open Knowledge Open Definition Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opendefinition.org&rft.atitle=Open+Definition+-+Defining+Open+in+Open+Data%2C+Open+Content+and+Open+Knowledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendefinition.org%2Fod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+knowledge" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock" class="citation web cs1">Pollock, Rufus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rufuspollock.com/papers/value_of_the_public_domain.html">"The Value of the Public Domain"</a>. <i>rufuspollock.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rufuspollock.com&rft.atitle=The+Value+of+the+Public+Domain&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Rufus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frufuspollock.com%2Fpapers%2Fvalue_of_the_public_domain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+knowledge" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLough1984" class="citation book cs1">Lough, John (1984). Schwab, John E. (ed.). <i>Inventory of Diderot's Encyclopedie. Inventory of the plates, with a study of the contributors to the </i>Encyclopédie<i><span></span></i>. Vol. 7. Oxford: The Voltaire Foundation at the Talyor Institution. pp. 16–17. <q>Ce qui nous convient, nous le prenons partour où nous le trouvons; en revanche nous abondonnons notre travail à ceux qui voudront en disposer utilement. (<i>What suits us, we take wherever we find it; on the other hand, we give our work to those who want to use it usefully.</i>)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventory+of+Diderot%27s+Encyclopedie.+Inventory+of+the+plates%2C+with+a+study+of+the+contributors+to+the+Encyclop%C3%A9die&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=The+Voltaire+Foundation+at+the+Talyor+Institution&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Lough&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+knowledge" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-KK-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KK_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKautsky1903" class="citation book cs1">Kautsky, Karl (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/cu31924052957044"><i>The Social Revolution and, On the Morrow of the Social Revolution</i></a>. London: Twentieth Century Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Revolution+and%2C+On+the+Morrow+of+the+Social+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Twentieth+Century+Press&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Kautsky&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924052957044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+knowledge" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Open_knowledge&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conocimientu_llibre" title="Conocimientu llibre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conocimientu llibre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2589%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4_%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259E%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8" title="উন্মুক্ত জ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উন্মুক্ত জ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2593%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%259C" title="ओपेन नालेज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ओपेन नालेज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coneixement_lliure" title="Coneixement lliure – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coneixement lliure" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatud_teadmus" title="Avatud teadmus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avatud teadmus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conocimiento_abierto" title="Conocimiento abierto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conocimiento abierto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezagutza_ireki" title="Ezagutza ireki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ezagutza ireki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B4_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2" title="دانش باز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانش باز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoir_libre" title="Savoir libre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Savoir libre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2598%25A4%25ED%2594%2588_%25EB%2586%2580%25EB%25A6%25AC%25EC%25A7%2580" title="오픈 놀리지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오픈 놀리지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libera_savo" title="Libera savo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Libera savo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengetahuan_bebas" title="Pengetahuan bebas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengetahuan bebas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opin_%25C3%25BEekking" title="Opin þekking – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Opin þekking" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conoscenza_aperta" title="Conoscenza aperta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conoscenza aperta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengetahuan_bebas" title="Pengetahuan bebas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengetahuan bebas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Open knowledge" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conhecimento_livre" title="Conhecimento livre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conhecimento livre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuno%25C8%2599tin%25C8%259Be_deschise" title="Cunoștințe deschise – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cunoștințe deschise" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odprto_znanje" title="Odprto znanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odprto znanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoin_tieto" title="Avoin tieto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avoin tieto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri_kunskap" title="Fri kunskap – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fri kunskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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