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table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"> <p>The <b>proletariat</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>; from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> proletarius</i> 'producing offspring') is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social class">social class</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wage_labor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage labor">wage-earners</a>, those members of a society whose possession of significant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Value_(economics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Value (economics)">economic value</a> is their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour power">labour power</a> (their capacity to work).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A member of such a class is a <b>proletarian</b> or a <b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proletaire" class="extiw" title="wikt:proletaire">proletaire</a></b>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxist_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a> regards the proletariat under conditions of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> as an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exploitation of labour">exploited</a> class<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>⁠ forced to accept meager wages in return for operating the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Means_of_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ownership?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ownership">belong</a> to the class of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Business_owner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Business owner">business owners</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bourgeoisie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> argued that this capitalist oppression gives the proletariat <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proletarian internationalism">common economic and political interests</a> that transcend national boundaries,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> impelling them to unite and to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">take over power</a> from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitalist_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist class">capitalist class</a>, and eventually to create a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socialism">socialist</a> society free from class distinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Roman_Republic_and_Empire"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Roman Republic and Empire</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Modern_use"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Modern use</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Classic_liberal_view"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Classic liberal view</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Marxist_theory"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Marxist theory</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Proletarian_culture"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Proletarian culture</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Roman_Republic_and_Empire">Roman Republic and Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proletariat&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Roman Republic and Empire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Constitution of the Roman Republic</a> </div> <p>The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">proletarii</i></span> constituted a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social class in ancient Rome">social class of Roman citizens</a> who owned little or no property. The name presumably originated with the census, which Roman authorities conducted every five years to produce a register of citizens and their property, which determined their military duties and voting privileges. Those who owned 11,000 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/As_(Roman_coin)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="As (Roman coin)">assēs</a></i></span> (coins) or fewer fell below the lowest category for military service, and their children—<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">prōlēs</i></span> (offspring)—were listed instead of property; hence the name <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">proletarius</i></span> (producer of offspring). Roman <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Political history of the Roman military">citizen-soldiers</a> paid for their own horses and arms, and fought without payment for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_good?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common good">commonwealth</a>, but the only military contribution of a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">proletarius</i></span> was his children, the future Roman citizens who could colonize conquered territories. Officially, propertyless citizens were called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capite_censi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capite censi">capite censi</a></i></span> because they were "persons registered not as to their property...but simply as to their existence as living individuals, primarily as heads (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caput</i></span>) of a family."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Secessio_plebis.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Secessio_plebis.JPG/220px-Secessio_plebis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="392"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Secessio_plebis.JPG/220px-Secessio_plebis.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Secessio_plebis.JPG/330px-Secessio_plebis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Secessio_plebis.JPG/440px-Secessio_plebis.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secessio_plebis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a>, a form of protest in ancient Rome where the plebeians would leave the city, causing the economy to collapse </figcaption> </figure> <p>Although explicitly included by name in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Comitia Centuriata</i></span> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate Assembly</a>), <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">proletarii</i></span> were the lowest class, largely deprived of voting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only did <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">proletarii</i></span> have less voting "weight" in the various elections, but since voting ran hierarchically starting with the highest social ranks, a majority could be reached early and their votes never even taken. Late Roman historians such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livy">Livy</a> vaguely described the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Comitia Centuriata</i></span> as a popular assembly of early Rome composed of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">centuriae</i></span>, voting units representing classes of citizens according to wealth. This assembly, which usually met on the <span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campus_Martius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a></span></span> to discuss public policy, designated the military duties of Roman citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the reconstructions of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Comitia Centuriata</i></span> features 18 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">centuriae</i></span> of cavalry, and 170 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">centuriae</i></span> of infantry divided into five classes by wealth, plus 5 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">centuriae</i></span> of support personnel called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adsidui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adsidui">adsidui</a></i></span>, one of which represented the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">proletarii</i></span>. In battle, the cavalry brought their horses and arms, the top infantry class full arms and armour, the next two classes less, the fourth class only spears, the fifth slings, while the assisting <i>adsidui</i> held no weapons. If unanimous, the cavalry and top infantry class were enough to decide an issue.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A deeper reconstruction incorporating social backgrounds found that the senators, the knights, and the first class held 88 out of 193 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">centuriae</i></span>, the two lowest propertied classes held only 30 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">centuriae</i></span>, but the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">proletarii</i></span> held only 1. Musicians, by way of comparison, had more voting power despite far fewer citizens, with 2 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">centuriae</i></span>. "[F]or the voting to reach the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">proletarii</i></span> a very profound split in the elite and the higher classes was required."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proletariat&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Modern use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Classic_liberal_view">Classic liberal view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proletariat&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Classic liberal view" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_L%27Homme_%C3%A0_la_houe.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_L%27Homme_%C3%A0_la_houe.jpg/220px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_L%27Homme_%C3%A0_la_houe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2632" data-file-height="2126"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_L%27Homme_%C3%A0_la_houe.jpg/220px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_L%27Homme_%C3%A0_la_houe.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_L%27Homme_%C3%A0_la_houe.jpg/330px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_L%27Homme_%C3%A0_la_houe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_L%27Homme_%C3%A0_la_houe.jpg/440px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_L%27Homme_%C3%A0_la_houe.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Jean-François Millet – The man with the hoe </figcaption> </figure> <p>In the early 19th century, many Western European liberal scholars—who dealt with social sciences and economics—pointed out the socio-economic similarities of the modern rapidly growing industrial worker class and the classic proletarians. One of the earliest analogies can be found in the 1807 paper of French philosopher and political scientist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hugues_Felicit%C3%A9_Robert_de_Lamennais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugues Felicité Robert de Lamennais">Hugues Felicité Robert de Lamennais</a>. Later it was translated to English with the title "Modern Slavery".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Swiss liberal economist and historian <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Charles_L%C3%A9onard_de_Sismondi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi">Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi</a></span></span> was the first to apply the proletariat term to the working class created under capitalism, and whose writings were frequently cited by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. Marx most likely encountered the term while studying the works of Sismondi.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekins_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ekins-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lutz_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lutz-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gareth_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gareth-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Marxist_theory">Marxist theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proletariat&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Marxist theory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Berlin,_Alte_Nationalgalerie,_Adolph_von_Menzel,_das_Eisenwalzwerk.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Berlin%2C_Alte_Nationalgalerie%2C_Adolph_von_Menzel%2C_das_Eisenwalzwerk.JPG/220px-Berlin%2C_Alte_Nationalgalerie%2C_Adolph_von_Menzel%2C_das_Eisenwalzwerk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4777" data-file-height="2921"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Berlin%2C_Alte_Nationalgalerie%2C_Adolph_von_Menzel%2C_das_Eisenwalzwerk.JPG/220px-Berlin%2C_Alte_Nationalgalerie%2C_Adolph_von_Menzel%2C_das_Eisenwalzwerk.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Berlin%2C_Alte_Nationalgalerie%2C_Adolph_von_Menzel%2C_das_Eisenwalzwerk.JPG/330px-Berlin%2C_Alte_Nationalgalerie%2C_Adolph_von_Menzel%2C_das_Eisenwalzwerk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Berlin%2C_Alte_Nationalgalerie%2C_Adolph_von_Menzel%2C_das_Eisenwalzwerk.JPG/440px-Berlin%2C_Alte_Nationalgalerie%2C_Adolph_von_Menzel%2C_das_Eisenwalzwerk.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Adolph Menzel – Iron rolling mill (1872–1875) </figcaption> </figure> <p>Marx, who studied <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used the term <i>proletariat</i> in his socio-political theory (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>) to describe a progressive working class untainted by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Private_property?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Private property">private property</a> and capable of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revolution">revolutionary action</a> to topple capitalism and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classless_society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classless society">abolish social classes</a>, leading society to ever higher levels of prosperity and justice.</p> <p>Marx defined the proletariat as the social class having no significant ownership of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Means_of_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Means of production">means of production</a> (factories, machines, land, mines, buildings, vehicles) and whose only means of subsistence is to sell their labour power for a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wage">wage</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salary">salary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Marxist theory only vaguely defines the borders between the proletariat and adjacent social classes. In the socially superior, less progressive direction are the lower <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petite bourgeoisie">petty bourgeoisie</a>, such as small shopkeepers, who rely primarily on self-employment at an income comparable to an ordinary wage. Intermediate positions are possible, where wage-labor for an employer combines with self-employment. In another direction, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lumpenproletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lumpenproletariat">lumpenproletariat</a> or "rag-proletariat", which Marx considers a retrograde class, live in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Informal_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Informal economy">informal economy</a> outside of legal employment: the poorest outcasts of society such as beggars, tricksters, entertainers, buskers, criminals and prostitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socialism">Socialist</a> parties have often argued over whether they should organize and represent all the lower classes, or only the wage-earning proletariat.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg/200px-Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="990"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 260px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg/200px-Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="260" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg/300px-Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg/400px-Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> A 1911 <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrial_Worker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrial Worker">Industrial Worker</a></i> publication advocating industrial unionism based on a critique of capitalism. The proletariat "work for all" and "feed all". </figcaption> </figure> <p>According to Marxism, capitalism is based on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation of the proletariat</a> by the bourgeoisie: the workers, who own no means of production, must use the property of others to produce goods and services and to earn their living. Workers cannot rent the means of production (e.g. a factory or department store) to produce on their own account; rather, capitalists hire workers, and the goods or services produced become the property of the capitalist, who sells them at the market.</p> <p>Part of the net selling price pays the workers' wages (variable costs); a second part renews the means of production (constant costs, capital investment); while the third part is consumed by the capitalist class, split between the capitalist's personal profit and fees to other owners (rents, taxes, interest on loans, etc.). The struggle over the first part (wage rates) puts the proletariat and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bourgeoisie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> into irreconcilable conflict, as market competition pushes wages inexorably to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron_law_of_wages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron law of wages">minimum necessary</a> for the workers to survive and continue working. The second part, called capitalized surplus value, is used to renew or increase the means of production (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital_(economics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>), either in quantity or quality.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second and third parts are known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surplus_value?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a>, the difference between the wealth the proletariat produce and the wealth they consume.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Marxists argue that new wealth is created through labor applied to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_resource?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commodities that proletarians produce and capitalists sell are valued not for their usefulness, but for the amount of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_economics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour economics">labour</a> embodied in them: for example, air is essential but requires no labor to produce, and is therefore free; while a diamond is much less useful, but requires hundreds of hours of mining and cutting, and is therefore expensive. The same goes for the workers' labor power: it is valued not for the amount of wealth it produces, but for the amount of labor necessary to keep the workers fed, housed, sufficiently trained, and able to raise children as new workers. On the other hand, capitalists earn their wealth not as a function of their personal labor, which may even be null, but by the juridical relation of their property to the means of production (e.g. owning a factory or farmland).</p> <p>Marx argues that history is made by man and not destiny. The instruments of production and the working class that use the tools in order to produce are referred to as the moving forces of society. Over time, this developed into the levels of social class where the owners of resources joined to squeeze productivity out of the individuals who depended on their labor power. Marx argues that these relations between the exploiters and exploited results in different modes of production and the successive stages in history. These modes of production in which mankind gains power over nature is distinguished into five different systems: the Primitive Community, Slave State, Feudal State, Capitalist System, and finally the Socialist Society. The transition between these systems were all due to an increase in civil unrest among those who felt oppressed by a higher social class.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The contention with feudalism began once the merchants and guild artisans grew in numbers and power. Once they organized themselves, they began opposing the fees imposed on them by the nobles and clergy. This development led to new ideas and eventually established the Bourgeoisie class which Marx opposes. Commerce began to change the form of production and markets began to shift in order to support larger production and profits. This change led to a series of revolutions by the bourgeois which resulted in capitalism. Marx argues that this same model can and should be applied to the fight for the proletariat. Forming unions similar to how the merchants and artisans did will establish enough power to enact change. Ultimately, Marx's theory of the proletarian's struggle would eventually lead to the fall of capitalism and the emergence of a new mode of production, socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Marx argued that the proletariat would inevitably displace the capitalist system with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>, abolishing the social relationships underpinning the class system and then developing into a communist society in which "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a>, the concept of the proletariat emphasized having a proletarian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Class_consciousness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a>, rather than having proletarian social attributes (such as being an industrial worker).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 363">: 363 </span></sup> In this way of defining the proletariat, a proletarian class consciousness could be developed through a subjective standpoint with political education supplied by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 363">: 363 </span></sup> This conception of the proletariat allowed for a Marxist theoretical framing under which the revolution could address the relative weakness of industrial working classes in China.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 363">: 363 </span></sup> Exactly what constituted a proper proletarian class consciousness was subject to intellectual and political debate.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 97">: 97 </span></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Proletarian_culture">Proletarian culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proletariat&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Proletarian culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Marx argued that each social class had its characteristic culture and politics. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_socialist_states?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of socialist states">socialist states</a> stemming from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> championed and created the official version of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socialist_realism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socialist realism">proletarian culture</a>.</p> <p>Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have argued that this assessment has become outdated with the advent of mass education, mass communication and globalization. According to this argument, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Working-class_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Working-class culture">working-class culture</a> of capitalist countries tend to experience "prole drift" (proletarian drift), in which everything inexorably becomes commonplace and commodified. Examples include best-seller lists, films, music made to appeal to the masses, and shopping malls.<sup id="cite_ref-class_26-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-class-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proletariat&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Working_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Working class">Working class</a> – Social class composed of those employed in lower-tier jobs</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blue-collar_worker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue-collar worker</a> – Working-class person who performs manual labour</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consumtariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumtariat">Consumtariat</a> — global lower class in the framework of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Netocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Netocracy">netocracy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laborer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laborer">Laborer</a> – Low-skilled or unskilled worker</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peasant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peasant">Peasant</a> – Agricultural laborer or farmer with limited land ownership</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Precariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Precariat">Precariat</a> – Class of wage-earners in a tenuous job situation close to unemployment</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Poverty_and_inequality" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Proles (Nineteen Eighty-Four)</a> — analogue to the proletariat in George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four"</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prolefeed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolefeed">Prolefeed</a> – Fictional language in the novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four"<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletarianization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proletarianization">Proletarianization</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a> – Marxist social class concept</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletarian_literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proletarian literature">Proletarian literature</a> – Literature mainly written for or by the working class</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wage_slavery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a> – Dependence on wages or salary</li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proletariat&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a>, especially in his <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Study_of_History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Study of History">A Study of History</a></i>, uses the word "proletariat" in this general sense of people without property or a stake in society. Toynbee focuses particularly on the generative spiritual life of the "internal proletariat" (those living within a given civil society). He also describes the "heroic" folk legends of the "external proletariat" (poorer groups living outside the borders of a civilization). Compare Toynbee, <i>A Study of History</i> (Oxford University 1934–1961), 12 volumes, in Volume V <i>Disintegration of Civilizations, part one</i> (1939) at 58–194 (internal proletariat), and at 194–337 (external proletariat).</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proletariat&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/proletariat">"proletariat"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-06</span></span> – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Free_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Free Dictionary">The Free Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=proletariat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fproletariat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProletariat" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScrepanti2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Screpanti, Ernesto</a> (2019). "Measures of Exploitation". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DdDa1DwAAQBAJ"><i>Labour and Value: Rethinking Marx's Theory of Exploitation</i></a>. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers. p. 75. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.11647%252FOBP.0182">10.11647/OBP.0182</a></span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783747825?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781783747825"><bdi>9781783747825</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>Marx's value theory is a complex doctrine in which three different kinds of speculation coalesce: a philosophy aimed at proving that value is created by a labour substance; an explanation of the social relations of production in capitalism; and a method for measuring exploitation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Measures+of+Exploitation&rft.btitle=Labour+and+Value%3A+Rethinking+Marx%27s+Theory+of+Exploitation&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11647%2FOBP.0182&rft.isbn=9781783747825&rft.aulast=Screpanti&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdDa1DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProletariat" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxEngels2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Marx, Karl</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (2009) [1848]. "Proletarians and Communists". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLsm4g0a9hVQC"><i>The Communist Manifesto</i></a>. The Floating Press. pp. 28–29. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781775412434?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781775412434"><bdi>9781775412434</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>The Communists are distinguished from the other working-class parties [...]: [...] In the national struggles of the proletarians of the different countries, they point out and bring to the front the common interests of the entire proletariat, independently of all nationality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proletarians+and+Communists&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Manifesto&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=The+Floating+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781775412434&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Engels%2C+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLsm4g0a9hVQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProletariat" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAron2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raymond_Aron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raymond Aron">Aron, Raymond</a> (2017) [1955]. "The Myth of the Revolution". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DbTYrDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Opium of the Intellectuals</i></a> (reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. 56. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351478120?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781351478120"><bdi>9781351478120</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>[...] Marx offered the classless society as the solution to the enigma of history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+the+Revolution&rft.btitle=The+Opium+of+the+Intellectuals&rft.place=London&rft.pages=56&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351478120&rft.aulast=Aron&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbTYrDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProletariat" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolf Berger, <i>Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law</i> (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society 1953) at 380; 657.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berger, <i>Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law</i> (1953) at 351; 657 (quote).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titus Livius (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 59 BC</span> – AD 17), <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_(book)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita (book)">Ab urbe condita</a></i>, 1, 43; the first five books translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt as Livy, <i>The Early History of Rome</i> (Penguin 1960, 1971) at 81–82.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_Lintott?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew Lintott">Andrew Lintott</a>, <i>The Constitution of the Roman Republic</i> (Oxford University 1999) at 55–61, re the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Comitia Centuriata</i></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henrik Mouritsen, <i>Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 94–95. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Lamennais1840" class="citation book cs1">de Lamennais, Félicité Robert (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D-1MXAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dproletarian%26pg%3DPA9"><i>Modern Slavery</i></a>. J. Watson. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Slavery&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=J.+Watson&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=de+Lamennais&rft.aufirst=F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-1MXAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dproletarian%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProletariat" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ekins-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ekins_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkinsMax-Neef2006" class="citation book cs1">Ekins, Paul; Max-Neef, Manfred (2006). <i>Real Life Economics</i>. Routledge. pp. 91–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Life+Economics&rft.pages=91-93&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ekins&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Max-Neef%2C+Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProletariat" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkelundHébert2006" class="citation book cs1">Ekelund, Robert B. Jr.; Hébert, Robert F. (2006). <i>A History of Economic Theory and Method</i> (5th ed.). Waveland Press. p. 226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Economic+Theory+and+Method&rft.pages=226&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ekelund&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.+Jr.&rft.au=H%C3%A9bert%2C+Robert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProletariat" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lutz-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lutz_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutz2002" class="citation book cs1">Lutz, Mark A. (2002). <i>Economics for the Common Good: Two Centuries of Economic Thought in the Humanist Tradition</i>. Routledge. pp. 55–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+for+the+Common+Good%3A+Two+Centuries+of+Economic+Thought+in+the+Humanist+Tradition&rft.pages=55-57&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lutz&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProletariat" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gareth-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gareth_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStedman_Jones2006" class="citation book cs1">Stedman Jones, Gareth (2006). "Saint-Simon and the Liberal origins of the Socialist critique of Political Economy". In Aprile, Sylvie; Bensimon, Fabrice (eds.). <i>La France et l'Angleterre au XIXe siècle. Échanges, représentations, comparisons</i>. Créaphis. pp. 21–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint-Simon+and+the+Liberal+origins+of+the+Socialist+critique+of+Political+Economy&rft.btitle=La+France+et+l%27Angleterre+au+XIXe+si%C3%A8cle.+%C3%89changes%2C+repr%C3%A9sentations%2C+comparisons&rft.pages=21-47&rft.pub=Cr%C3%A9aphis&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Stedman+Jones&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProletariat" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sidney_Hook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sidney Hook">Sidney Hook</a>, <i>Marx and the Marxists</i> (Princeton: Van Nostrand 1955) at 13.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1887" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Marx, Karl</a> (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch06.htm">"Chapter Six: The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power"</a>. In Frederick Engels (ed.). <i>Das Kapital, Kritik der politischen Ökonomie</i> [<i>Capital: Critique of Political Economy</i>]. Moscow: Progress Publishers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Six%3A+The+Buying+and+Selling+of+Labour-Power&rft.btitle=Das+Kapital%2C+Kritik+der+politischen+%C3%96konomie&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1867-c1%2Fch06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProletariat" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lumpenproletariat">"Lumpenproletariat | Marxism"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Lumpenproletariat+%26%23124%3B+Marxism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FLumpenproletariat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProletariat" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1848" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm">"Bourgeois and Proletarians"</a>. <i>Manifesto of the Communist Party</i>. Progress Publishers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bourgeois+and+Proletarians&rft.btitle=Manifesto+of+the+Communist+Party&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1848%2Fcommunist-manifesto%2Fch01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProletariat" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luxemburg, Rosa. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Accumulation of Capital">The Accumulation of Capital</a>. Chapter 6, Enlarged Reproduction, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1913/accumulation-capital/ch06.htm">http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1913/accumulation-capital/ch06.htm</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx, Karl. The Capital, volume 1, chapter 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch06.htm">http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch06.htm</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx, Karl. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Critique of the Gotha Programme">Critique of the Gotha Programme</a>, I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm">http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.1994" class="citation book cs1">M., Rius (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/oclc/442879412"><i>Marx for beginners</i></a>. Icon Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874166-14-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-874166-14-5"><bdi>1-874166-14-5</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/442879412">442879412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx+for+beginners&rft.pub=Icon+Books&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F442879412&rft.isbn=1-874166-14-5&rft.aulast=M.&rft.aufirst=Rius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F442879412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProletariat" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx, Karl. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a>, part II, Proletarians and Communists <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm">http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCai蔡翔2016" class="citation book cs1">Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). <i>Revolution and its narratives: China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949–1966)</i>. Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duke_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7461-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7461-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-7461-9</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/932368688">932368688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+its+narratives%3A+China%27s+socialist+literary+and+cultural+imaginaries+%281949%E2%80%931966%29&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F932368688&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-7461-9&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=Xiang&rft.au=%E8%94%A1%E7%BF%94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProletariat" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-class-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-class_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFussell1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Fussell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Fussell">Fussell, Paul</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DaPbF1kuayJYC"><i>Class, A Guide Through the American Status System</i></a>. New York: Ballantine. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-31816-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-31816-9"><bdi>978-0-345-31816-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class%2C+A+Guide+Through+the+American+Status+System&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-345-31816-9&rft.aulast=Fussell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPbF1kuayJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProletariat" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proletariat&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackledge2011" class="citation news cs1">Blackledge, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210115927/http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber%3D11839">"Why workers can change the world"</a>. <i>Socialist Review</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber%3D11839">the original</a> on 2011-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-03</span></span>. <q>364</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socialist+Review&rft.atitle=Why+workers+can+change+the+world&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Blackledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialistreview.org.uk%2Farticle.php%3Farticlenumber%3D11839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProletariat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hal_Draper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hal Draper">Hal Draper</a>, <i>Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Vol. 2; The Politics of Social Classes</i>. (New York: Monthly Review Press 1978).</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proletariat&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proletariat&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Filedelinkerbot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1726721524"> <span>Last edited on 19 September 2024, at 04:52</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariaat" title="Proletariaat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Proletariaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="بروليتاريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروليتاريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariau" title="Proletariau – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Proletariau" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletari%25C3%25A1u" title="Proletariáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Proletariáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariya" title="Proletariya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proletariya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="সর্বহারা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সর্বহারা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BB-s%25C3%25A1n_kai-kip" title="Bû-sán kai-kip – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bû-sán kai-kip" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582" title="Пролетариат – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пролетариат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%258F%25D1%2582" title="Пралетарыят – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пралетарыят" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%258F%25D1%2582" title="Пралетарыят – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пралетарыят" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletaryat" title="Proletaryat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Proletaryat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582" title="Пролетариат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пролетариат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Proletariat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582" title="Пролетариат – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пролетариат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletari%25C3%25A1t" title="Proletariát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Proletariát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Proletariat" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Proletariat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proletariat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariaat" title="Proletariaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Proletariaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A0%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B5%25CF%2584%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CE%25AC%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF" title="Προλεταριάτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προλεταριάτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariado" title="Proletariado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proletariado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleto" title="Proleto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Proleto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletario" title="Proletario – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Proletario" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="پرولتاریا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرولتاریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prol%25C3%25A9tariat" title="Prolétariat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prolétariat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletari%25C3%25A2t" title="Proletariât – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Proletariât" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%25C3%25B3lat%25C3%25A1ireacht" title="Prólatáireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Prólatáireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariado" title="Proletariado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proletariado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2594%2584%25EB%25A1%25A4%25EB%25A0%2588%25ED%2583%2580%25EB%25A6%25AC%25EC%2595%2584" title="프롤레타리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프롤레타리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258A%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D5%25AC%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BF" title="Պրոլետարիատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրոլետարիատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="सर्वहारा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सर्वहारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarijat" title="Proletarijat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Proletarijat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariaro" title="Proletariaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Proletariaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proletariat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariato" title="Proletariato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proletariato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%2598%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%259F" title="פרולטריון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרולטריון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2598" title="პროლეტარიატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროლეტარიატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582" title="Пролетариат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пролетариат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleter" title="Proleter – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Proleter" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582" title="Пролетариат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пролетариат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariatus" title="Proletariatus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proletariatus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletari%25C4%2581ts" title="Proletariāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Proletariāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariatas" title="Proletariatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Proletariatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletari%25C3%25A1tus" title="Proletariátus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Proletariátus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258A%25E0%25B4%25B4%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B3%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%2597%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%2597%25E0%25B4%2582" title="തൊഴിലാളിവർഗ്ഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തൊഴിലാളിവർഗ്ഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="بروليتاريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروليتاريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Proletariat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%2581%25D1%258C" title="Пролетариатсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Пролетариатсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariaat" title="Proletariaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Proletariaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="सर्वहारा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सर्वहारा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2597%25E3%2583%25AD%25E3%2583%25AC%25E3%2582%25BF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2582%25A2%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%2588" title="プロレタリアート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロレタリアート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Proletariat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Proletariat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Proletariat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AA%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A9%258B%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A8%25A4%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A9%2580%25E0%25A8%2586" title="ਪਰੋਲਤਾਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰੋਲਤਾਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="پرولتاریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرولتاریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Proletariat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariado" title="Proletariado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Proletariado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proletariat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582" title="Пролетариат – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пролетариат" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582" title="Пролетариат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пролетариат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariati" title="Proletariati – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Proletariati" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proletariat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletari%25C3%25A1t_(sociol%25C3%25B3gia)" title="Proletariát (sociológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Proletariát (sociológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Proletariat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582" title="Пролетаријат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пролетаријат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarijat" title="Proletarijat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Proletarijat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariaatti" title="Proletariaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Proletariaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Proletariat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletaryado" title="Proletaryado – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Proletaryado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AE%25BF_%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D" title="பாட்டாளி வருக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாட்டாளி வருக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%259E" title="ชนกรรมาชีพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชนกรรมาชีพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarya" title="Proletarya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Proletarya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582" title="Пролетаріат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пролетаріат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DB%2581" title="پرولتاریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پرولتاریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giai_c%25E1%25BA%25A5p_v%25C3%25B4_s%25E1%25BA%25A3n" title="Giai cấp vô sản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giai cấp vô sản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%2584%25A1%25E7%2594%25A2%25E9%259A%258E%25E7%25B4%259A" title="無產階級 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="無產階級" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2597%25A0%25E4%25BA%25A7%25E9%2598%25B6%25E7%25BA%25A7" title="无产阶级 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="无产阶级" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%2584%25A1%25E7%2594%25A2%25E9%259A%258E%25E7%25B4%259A" title="無產階級 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="無產階級" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarya" title="Proletarya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" 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