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id="toc-Books_in_German_not_translated_into_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_editor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_editor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>As editor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_editor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_in_French_not_translated_into_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_in_French_not_translated_into_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Books in French not translated into English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_in_French_not_translated_into_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translations_from_the_Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_from_the_Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Translations from the Arabic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations_from_the_Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthologies_of_Burckhardt’s_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthologies_of_Burckhardt’s_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Anthologies of Burckhardt’s writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthologies_of_Burckhardt’s_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Titus Burckhardt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Titus Burckhardt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Titus Burckhardt" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="تیتوس بورکهارت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیتوس بورکهارت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Titus Burckhardt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Titus Burckhardt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Titus Burckhardt" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA" title="ابراهيم بوخاردت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابراهيم بوخاردت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Titus Burckhardt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Titus Burckhardt" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Titus Burckhardt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%82,_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Буркхардт, Титус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буркхардт, Титус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="تیتۆس بروکھارت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تیتۆس بروکھارت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Titus Burckhardt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Swiss traditionalist author (1908–1984)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Titus Burckhardt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Titus-Burckhardt-portrait-for-WikiCommons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Titus-Burckhardt-portrait-for-WikiCommons.jpg/220px-Titus-Burckhardt-portrait-for-WikiCommons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Titus-Burckhardt-portrait-for-WikiCommons.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1908-10-24</span>)</span>24 October 1908<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 January 1984<span style="display:none">(1984-01-15)</span> (aged 75)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i>Sacred Art in East and West: Its Principles and Methods</i></li><li><i>Introduction to Sufi Doctrine</i></li><li><i>Chartres and the Birth of the Cathedral</i></li><li><i>Art of Islam, Language and Meaning</i></li><li><i>Siena, City of the Virgin</i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Perennialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennialism">Perennialism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School">Traditionalist School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_Western_esotericism" title="Academic study of Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamology">Islamology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred art">Sacred art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Titus Burckhardt</b> (24 October 1908 – 15 January 1984) was a <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a> writer and a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School">Perennialist or Traditionalist School</a>. He was the author of numerous works on metaphysics, <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, esoterism, <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, symbolism and <a href="/wiki/Religious_art" title="Religious art">sacred art</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Burckhardt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scion of a patrician family of <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuheyl_Omar2000125_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuheyl_Omar2000125-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titus Burckhardt was the son of the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Carl_Burckhardt_(sculptor)" title="Carl Burckhardt (sculptor)">Carl Burckhardt</a> (1878–1923) and the grand-nephew of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Jacob Burckhardt</a> (1818–1897), an art historian and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> specialist. His genealogical tree also includes <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Burckhardt" title="Johann Ludwig Burckhardt">John Lewis Burckhardt</a> (1784–1817), the explorer who discovered the <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabatean</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> and the Egyptian temples of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddart199210Du_Pasquier198459_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddart199210Du_Pasquier198459-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was born in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy, on October 24, 1908. The following year his family settled in Basel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202028_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202028-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended the same primary school as <a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a>, who became a lifelong friend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddart199210_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddart199210-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920, his family left Basel for <a href="/wiki/Ligornetto" title="Ligornetto">Ligornetto</a> in the Swiss canton of Ticino, where his father died three years later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202032,_34_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202032,_34-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1927, Burckhardt began studying painting, sculpture and art history in Munich and Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202032_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202032-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawn to a traditional lifestyle that the West could not offer him, he took advantage of a break in his studies to visit Morocco (1928 or 1929), where he dedicated himself to drawing and painting. He was captivated by this sojourn, which marked the beginning of his spiritual quest. On his return, he discovered the works of the French metaphysician <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a>, in whom "he found the key to the world that had entranced him".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202034_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202034-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1933, Burckhardt returned to Morocco in search of a spiritual master.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon2007157_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon2007157-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He converted to Islam and learned Arabic,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr200316_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr200316-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enabling him to assimilate the Sufi classics in their original language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuheyl_Omar2000136_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuheyl_Omar2000136-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After some disappointments, his search led him to <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, where he met Sheikh Ali al-Darqawi,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon2007157_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon2007157-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the grandson and spiritual successor of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Arabi_al-Darqawi" title="Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi">Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi</a> (†1823), the reformer of the <a href="/wiki/Shadhili" title="Shadhili">Shadhili</a> order.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> and received into the <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Darqawiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Darqawiya">Darqawiya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202035_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202035-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a bid to meet his material needs, he acquired a flock of sheep and pastured them in the countryside of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Atlas" title="Middle Atlas">Middle Atlas</a>, but this did little to improve his precarious finances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202037_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202037-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parallel with this, he took up an apprenticeship in <i><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a></i> tile-making with a master craftsman from Fez, who urged him to memorize the <a href="/wiki/Al-Alfiyya_of_Ibn_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Alfiyya of Ibn Malik">Alfiyya of Ibn Malik</a>, a didactic poem of a thousand verses which sets out all the rules of Arabic grammar; Burckhardt remained ever grateful to him for this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoopuyt2020240_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoopuyt2020240-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1935, he was visited in Fez by Frithjof Schuon, who was on his way back to Europe from the <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)"><i>zawiya</i></a> of the late <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Alawi" title="Ahmad al-Alawi">Sheikh al-Alawi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mostaganem" title="Mostaganem">Mostaganem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202038_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202038-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schuon had received initiation from this Shadhili Sheikh in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burckhardt soon realized that his predestined guide was none other than his childhood friend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202040_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202040-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burckhardt's complete integration into local life made him suspect in the eyes of the French authorities, who ordered him to leave the country. Thus in the spring of 1935, he returned to Basel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon2007158_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon2007158-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked the beginning of his correspondence with René Guénon,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202052_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202052-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as his affiliation with Schuon's tariqa. Schuon, who was living in France at that time, charged Burckhardt with the spiritual direction of his disciples in Basel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202040_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202040-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1936 to 1938 Burckhardt studied art history and Oriental languages at the University of Basel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202052_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202052-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1937 marked the beginning of his collaboration with the Guénonian-inspired journal <i>Études Traditionnelles</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanteins198466_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanteins198466-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he published articles on traditional art (in particular Hindu, Christian and Muslim art), alchemy, traditional cosmology and astrology, folklore and various symbolisms. Many of these articles were later collected into two volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journal also published his translations of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> treatises by <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Kar%C4%ABm_al-J%C4%ABl%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karīm al-Jīlī">Abd al-Karim al-Jili</a> and al-Arabi al-Darqawî.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the view of the Pakistani professor Muhammed Suheyl Omar, Burckhardt is one of the few authors who has not only expounded, but also assimilated, Ibn Arabi's metaphysics,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuheyl_Omar2000137-138_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuheyl_Omar2000137-138-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view confirmed by the Iranian Islamologist <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr2020204_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr2020204-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who has also said that Burckhardt's <i>opus</i> has contributed to the West's interest in Ibn Arabi since the second half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr200316_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr200316-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burckhardt married in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202054_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202054-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, he was appointed artistic director and director of publications by the Swiss German publishing house Urs Graf, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Olten" title="Olten">Olten</a> and Basel and specializing in the reproduction of medieval <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a>. He remained there until his retirement in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202055_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202055-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His working languages were German, French, Arabic, Latin, English and Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorella198476_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorella198476-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his wife settled in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, halfway between Olten and <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, where Schuon resided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202059_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202059-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quality of Urs Graf's publications brought it a worldwide reputation in its domain,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanteins198465_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanteins198465-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in October 1950, in a private audience, Burckhardt presented <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a quadrichromic <a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">facsimile</a> in three volumes of the celebrated <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a> (<i>Evangeliorum quatuor codex Cenannensis</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a> tradition dating from 800 A.D., published by his company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202057Faure200082,_91_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202057Faure200082,_91-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, Burckhardt and his wife moved to Lausanne,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202059_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202059-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he founded the French-Swiss branch of Urs Graf<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianca200014_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianca200014-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and created the collection <i>Stätten des Geistes</i> ("Cities of the Spirit") for which he wrote and illustrated three volumes: <i><a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, City of the Virgin</i>, <i>Fez, City of Islam</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a> and the Birth of the Cathedral</i>. These completed the collection, which already included volumes on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Ireland">Celtic Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Pasquier198460_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Pasquier198460-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951, 1958 and 1960 other publishing houses brought out the original editions of Burckhardt's <i>Introduction to Sufi Doctrine</i>, <i>Sacred Art in East and West</i> and <i>Alchemy, Science of the Cosmos, Science of the Soul</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref2020177-180_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref2020177-180-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Guénon, <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a> and Schuon, Burckhardt became identified as one of the great 20th century spokesmen of the <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophia_perennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophia perennis">philosophia perennis</a></i>, "that 'uncreated wisdom' expressed in <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and other authentic esoteric and <a href="/wiki/Sapience" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapience">sapiential</a> teachings".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddart19927-9_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddart19927-9-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the philosopher <a href="/wiki/William_Stoddart" title="William Stoddart">William Stoddart</a>, Burckhardt — historian and philosopher of art,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure200076_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure200076-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> esoterist initiated in a Sufi path, metaphysician and artist<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr200061,_66,_71_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr200061,_66,_71-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — devoted his work as a writer to expounding "the different aspects of Wisdom and Tradition."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddart19927_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddart19927-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morocco having recovered its independence in 1956, Burckhardt returned there regularly from 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202065_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202065-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, together with the Moroccan government, delegated him to Fez to take charge of the plan for restoration and rehabilitation of the <a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">medina</a> and its religious patrimony, as well as its handcrafts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202069_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202069-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained there for five years, aware that the old city was probably the best preserved model of Islamic urbanism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon200040_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon200040-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that once rehabilitated, Fez "could become a reference for the continuity of a traditional urban model, capable of evolution yet still conserving its intrinsic qualities."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianca200015_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianca200015-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first two years Burkhardt, with drawing board and camera, singlehandedly made an inventory of the outstanding buildings, religious and secular, from the exterior and the interior, to evaluate their state of conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon198472_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon198472-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the three following years he led an interdisciplinary team tasked with establishing a master plan for the rehabilitation of the monuments and the urban fabric, including handcrafts "whose role is to create an ambiance that allows spiritual values to shine through."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon2007160-161_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon2007160-161-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Master Plan of Urbanism for the City of Fez" was adopted and published by UNESCO in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon2007160_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon2007160-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his mission to Fez, Burckhardt edited a general work on Islamic art, <i>Art of Islam: Language and Meaning</i>, at the request of the organisers of the <i>Festival of the Islamic World</i> (London, 1976), of which he became one of the guiding forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianca200016Du_Pasquier198461_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianca200016Du_Pasquier198461-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was regularly invited as a specialist on traditional art and urbanism to give lectures, in both the Orient and the West, and to host or participate in seminars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon2007161Michon200052-_53_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon2007161Michon200052-_53-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islamologist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Michon" title="Jean-Louis Michon">Jean-Louis Michon</a>, who knew him well, described his qualities as a speaker thus: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As a lecturer, he had a rare pedagogical gift. Thanks to his natural humility, he knew how to make himself accessible to the average man. Without ever erring into simplification or vulgarization, he managed to present key ideas clearly: fundamental notions that he developed from several angles with a benevolent deliberateness.... In one hour of conversation in a calm tone, punctuated by silences that had nothing hesitant about them but on the contrary facilitated reflection and assimilation, he would set forth several major topics, each illustrated by particularly striking examples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon2007159_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon2007159-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>For Prof. <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a>, Burckhardt is the first Westerner "to seriously expound the inner meaning of Islamic art"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, according to Nasr, it is in large part due to his influence that European and American universities began offering courses on Islamic art and architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr200063_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr200063-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His capacities in this domain prompted Saudi Arabia to mandate him as adviser in the development of plans for a university campus in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. So it was that in 1978 and 1979, together with the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood Award</a> laureate <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Fathy" title="Hassan Fathy">Hassan Fathy</a> and Jean-Louis Michon, he oversaw the office of the American architects tasked with these plans, in order that the principles and spirit of traditional Muslim architecture be respected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianca200017-18_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianca200017-18-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burckhardt's empathy for Native American spirituality led him to the American West in 1979 to visit the medicine man <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Yellowtail" title="Thomas Yellowtail">Thomas Yellowtail</a>; they had met in Paris in 1953 and again in Lausanne in 1954, and had maintained a deep friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2000232_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2000232-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His interest in the Native Americans was manifested in two published works: the German version of <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk_Speaks" title="Black Elk Speaks">Black Elk Speaks</a></i> (1955) and, eleven years later, <i>Der wilde Westen</i> ("The Wild West"), an illustrated compilation of quotes from famous Indian chiefs and 19th century settlers and cowboys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2000230-231_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2000230-231-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, despite a debilitating <a href="/wiki/Neuropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropathy">neuropathy</a>, Burckhardt went for the last time to Fez as guest of honour at the inauguration by the Director-General of UNESCO of the international campaign for the conservation of the medina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon2007162Chouiref202087_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon2007162Chouiref202087-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died in Lausanne on January 15, 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202087_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202087-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Burckhardt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_translated_into_English">Books translated into English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Burckhardt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Books translated into English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>An Introduction to Sufi Doctrine</i>. Translated from the French by D. M. Matheson. Lahore, Pakistan: Ashraf, 1959; Wellingborough, England: Thorsons, 1976.</li> <li><i>Art of Islam: Language and Meaning</i>. Translated from the French by Peter Hobson. London: Islamic Festival Trust, 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/37098112/Art_of_Islam_Language_and_Meaning_Titus_Burckhardt_pdf?auto=download">[1]</a></li> <li><i>Siena, City of the Virgin</i>. Translated from the German by Margaret Brown. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1960.</li> <li><i>Famous Illuminated Manuscripts</i>. Partial translation of <i>Von wunderbaren Büchern</i>. Olten & Lausanne, Switzerland: Urs Graf Verlag, 1964.</li> <li><i>Mirror of the Intellect: Essays on Traditional Science and Sacred Art</i>. Translated by William Stoddart. Cambridge, England: Quinta Essentia, 1987; Albany/NY, USA: State University of New York Press, 1987.</li> <li><i>Fez, City of Islam</i>. Translated from the German by William Stoddart. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Texts_Society" title="Islamic Texts Society">Islamic Texts Society</a>, 1992.</li> <li><i>Chartres and the Birth of the Cathedral</i>. Translated by William Stoddart. Ipswich, England: Golgonooza Press, 1995; Bloomington/IN, USA: <a href="/wiki/World_Wisdom" title="World Wisdom">World Wisdom</a> Books, 1995.</li> <li><i>The Universality of Sacred Art</i>. Colombo, Sri Lanka: The Sri Lanka Institute of Traditional Studies, 1999.</li> <li><i>Moorish Culture in Spain</i>. Translated from the German by Alisa Jaffa and William Stoddart. Louisville/KY, USA: Fons Vitae, 1999.</li> <li><i>Sacred Art in East and West</i>. Translated from the French by <a href="/wiki/Walter_James,_4th_Baron_Northbourne" title="Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne">Lord Northbourne</a>. Bedfont, Middlesex, England: Perennial Books, 1967; Louisville/KY, USA: Fons Vitae, 2001; Bloomington/IN, USA: World Wisdom Books, 2001.</li> <li><i>Alchemy, Science of the Cosmos, Science of the Soul</i>. Translated from the German by William Stoddart. London: Stuart and Watkins, 1967; Baltimore/MD, USA: Penguin Books, 1972; Shaftesbury, Dorset, England: Element Books, 1986; Louisville/KY, USA: Fons Vitae, 2001.</li> <li><i>Mystical Astrology according to Ibn Arabī</i>. Translated from the French by Bulent Rauf. Sherbourne, England: Beshara, 1977; Louisville/KY, USA: Fons Vitae, 2002.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_in_German_not_translated_into_English">Books in German not translated into English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Burckhardt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Books in German not translated into English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Land am Rande der Zeit</i>. Basel, Switzerland: Urs Graf Verlag, 1941.</li> <li><i>Schweizer Volkskunst/Art Populaire Suisse</i>. Basel, Switzerland: Urs Graf Verlag, 1941.</li> <li><i>Tessin</i> (<i>Das Volkserbe der Schweiz</i>, Band I). Basel, Switzerland: Urs Graf Verlag, 1943, 1959 (enlarged edition).</li> <li><i>Von wunderbaren Büchern</i>. Olten, Switzerland & Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany: Urs Graf Verlag, 1963.</li> <li><i>Marokko, Westlicher Orient: ein Reiseführer</i>. Olten, Switzerland & Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany: Walter-Verlag, 1972.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_editor">As editor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Burckhardt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As editor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Wallis</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand_Ramuz" title="Charles Ferdinand Ramuz">Charles Ferdinand Ramuz</a>. Basel, Switzerland: Urs Graf Verlag, 1956.</li> <li><i>Lachen und Weinen</i>. Olten, Switzerland & Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany: Urs Graf Verlag, 1964.</li> <li><i>Die Jagd</i>. Olten, Switzerland & Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany: Urs Graf Verlag, 1964.</li> <li><i>Der wilde Westen</i>. Olten, Switzerland & Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany: Urs Graf Verlag, 1966.</li> <li><i>Scipio und Hannibal: Kampf um das Mittelmeer</i> by Friedrich Donauer. Cover design and six illustrations by Titus Burckhardt. Olten, Switzerland & Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany: Walter-Verlag, 1939.</li> <li><i>Zeus und Eros: Briefe und Aufzeichnungen des Bildhauers Carl Burckhardt</i> (1878–1923). Basel, Switzerland: Urs Graf Verlag, 1956.</li> <li><i>Athos, der Berg des Schweigens</i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sherrard" title="Philip Sherrard">Philip Sherrard</a>. Translation by Titus Burckhardt of the English original <i>Athos, the Mountain of Silence</i>. Lausanne, Switzerland & Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany: Urs Graf Verlag, 1959.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_in_French_not_translated_into_English">Books in French not translated into English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Burckhardt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Books in French not translated into English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Symboles: recueil d'essais</i>. Milan, Italy: Archè, 1980.</li> <li><i>Science moderne et sagesse traditionnelle</i>. Milan, Italy: Archè, 1986.</li> <li><i>Aperçus sur la connaissance sacrée</i>. Milan, Italy: Archè, 1987.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Translations_from_the_Arabic">Translations from the Arabic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Burckhardt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Translations from the Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>with introduction and commentaries </p> <ul><li>Ibn Arabī, <i>La sagesse des prophètes</i> (<i>Fusūs al-hikam</i>). Paris: Albin Michel, 2008.</li> <li>Abd al-Karīm al-Jīlī, <i>De l'homme universel</i> (<i>Al-insān al-kāmil</i>). Paris: Dervy, 1975.</li> <li>Al-Arabî al-Darqāwī, <i>Lettres d'un maître soufi</i>. Milan, Italy: Archè, 1978.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthologies_of_Burckhardt’s_writings"><span id="Anthologies_of_Burckhardt.E2.80.99s_writings"></span>Anthologies of Burckhardt’s writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Burckhardt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anthologies of Burckhardt’s writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Stoddart" title="William Stoddart">Stoddart, William</a> (ed.), <i>The Essential Titus Burckhardt: Reflections on Sacred Art, Faiths, and Civilizations</i>. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a>. Bloomington/IN, USA: World Wisdom Books, 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O._Fitzgerald" title="Michael O. Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald, Michael O.</a> (ed.), <i>The Foundations of Christian Art</i>. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Keith_Critchlow" title="Keith Critchlow">Keith Critchlow</a>. Bloomington/IN, USA: World Wisdom Books, 2006; <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_vZ3f0cfJgC&q=The+Foundations+of+Christian+Art">[2]</a>.</li> <li>Fitzgerald, Michael O. (ed.), <i>Foundations of Oriental Art & Symbolism</i>. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Keeble" title="Brian Keeble">Brian Keeble</a>. Bloomington/IN, USA: World Wisdom Books, 2009; <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SelZ_qRsklcC">[3]</a>.</li> <li>Chouiref, Tayeb (ed.), <i>Titus Burckhardt: Le soufisme entre Orient et Occident</i>, volume 2 (études et analyses). Wattrelos, France: Tasnîm, 2020.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Burckhardt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBianca2000" class="citation book cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bianca, Stefano (2000), "Quelques souvenirs personnels de ma collaboration avec Titus Burckhardt", in Jaafar Kansoussi (ed.), <i>Sagesse et splendeur des arts islamiques : Hommage à Titus Burckhardt</i> (in French), Marrakesh: Al Quobba Zarqua, p. 13-20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quelques+souvenirs+personnels+de+ma+collaboration+avec+Titus+Burckhardt&rft.btitle=Sagesse+et+splendeur+des+arts+islamiques+%3A+Hommage+%C3%A0+Titus+Burckhardt&rft.place=Marrakesh&rft.pages=13%26%2345%3B20&rft.pub=Al+Quobba+Zarqua&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bianca&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorella1984" class="citation journal cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borella, Jean (April–June 1984), "Rencontre d'un métaphysicien", <i>Études Traditionnelles</i> (in French) (484), Paris: Éditions Traditionnelles: 76–78</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+Traditionnelles&rft.atitle=Rencontre+d%27un+m%C3%A9taphysicien&rft.issue=484&rft.pages=76-78&rft.date=1984-04%2F1984-06&rft.aulast=Borella&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanteins1984" class="citation journal cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Canteins, Jean (April–June 1984), "De l'auteur et de son œuvre", <i>Études Traditionnelles</i> (in French) (484), Paris: Éditions Traditionnelles: 63–68</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+Traditionnelles&rft.atitle=De+l%27auteur+et+de+son+%C5%93uvre&rft.issue=484&rft.pages=63-68&rft.date=1984-04%2F1984-06&rft.aulast=Canteins&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChouiref2020" class="citation book cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chouiref, Tayeb (2020), <i>Titus Burckhardt : Le soufisme entre Orient et Occident, </i>volume 1<i> </i>(biographie, souvenirs et témoignages)<i><span></span></i> (in French), Wattrelos, France: Tasnîm, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-109130027-8" title="Special:BookSources/979-109130027-8"><bdi>979-109130027-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titus+Burckhardt+%3A+Le+soufisme+entre+Orient+et+Occident%2C+volume+1+%28biographie%2C+souvenirs+et+t%C3%A9moignages%29&rft.place=Wattrelos%2C+France&rft.pub=Tasn%C3%AEm&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-109130027-8&rft.aulast=Chouiref&rft.aufirst=Tayeb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Pasquier1984" class="citation journal cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Du Pasquier, Roger (April–June 1984), "Un porte-parole de la Tradition universelle", <i>Études Traditionnelles</i> (in French) (484), Paris: Éditions Traditionnelles: 59–62</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+Traditionnelles&rft.atitle=Un+porte-parole+de+la+Tradition+universelle&rft.issue=484&rft.pages=59-62&rft.date=1984-04%2F1984-06&rft.aulast=Du+Pasquier&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaure2000" class="citation book cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Faure, Philippe (2000), "Un comparatisme au service de l'art sacré : arts islamiques et arts chrétiens médiévaux dans l'œuvre de Titus Burckhardt (1908-1984)", in Jaafar Kansoussi (ed.), <i>Sagesse et splendeur des arts islamiques : Hommage à Titus Burckhardt</i> (in French), Marrakesh: Al Quobba Zarqua, p. 75-92</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Un+comparatisme+au+service+de+l%27art+sacr%C3%A9+%3A+arts+islamiques+et+arts+chr%C3%A9tiens+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vaux+dans+l%27%C5%93uvre+de+Titus+Burckhardt+%281908-1984%29&rft.btitle=Sagesse+et+splendeur+des+arts+islamiques+%3A+Hommage+%C3%A0+Titus+Burckhardt&rft.place=Marrakesh&rft.pages=75%26%2345%3B92&rft.pub=Al+Quobba+Zarqua&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Faure&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2000" class="citation book cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fitzgerald, Michael (2000), "Titus Burckhardt : un grand ami des Indiens d'Amérique", in Jaafar Kansoussi (ed.), <i>Sagesse et splendeur des arts islamiques : Hommage à Titus Burckhardt</i> (in French), Marrakesh: Al Quobba Zarqua, p. 230-235</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Titus+Burckhardt+%3A+un+grand+ami+des+Indiens+d%27Am%C3%A9rique&rft.btitle=Sagesse+et+splendeur+des+arts+islamiques+%3A+Hommage+%C3%A0+Titus+Burckhardt&rft.place=Marrakesh&rft.pages=230%26%2345%3B235&rft.pub=Al+Quobba+Zarqua&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span> ♦ English version:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs2">"Titus Burckhardt: A Great Friend of the American Indians", <i>Sacred Web</i> (43), Vancouver, Summer 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sacred+Web&rft.atitle=Titus+Burckhardt%3A+A+Great+Friend+of+the+American+Indians&rft.ssn=summer&rft.issue=43&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=burckhardt+indians+fitzgerald.pdf">[4]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKansoussi2000" class="citation book cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kansoussi, Jaafar (2000), <i>Sagesse et splendeur des arts islamiques : Hommage à Titus Burckhardt</i> (in French), Marrakesh, Morocco: Al Quobba Zarqua</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sagesse+et+splendeur+des+arts+islamiques+%3A+Hommage+%C3%A0+Titus+Burckhardt&rft.place=Marrakesh%2C+Morocco&rft.pub=Al+Quobba+Zarqua&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kansoussi&rft.aufirst=Jaafar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurant2000" class="citation book cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laurant, Jean-Pierre (2000), "Tradition et art sacré en Occident au début du XX<sup>ème</sup> siècle : quelques compagnons de route de Titus Burckhardt", in Jaafar Kansoussi (ed.), <i>Sagesse et splendeur des arts islamiques : Hommage à Titus Burckhardt</i> (in French), Marrakesh: Al Quobba Zarqua, p. 31-36</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tradition+et+art+sacr%C3%A9+en+Occident+au+d%C3%A9but+du+XX%3Csup%3E%C3%A8me%3C%2Fsup%3E+si%C3%A8cle+%3A+quelques+compagnons+de+route+de+Titus+Burckhardt&rft.btitle=Sagesse+et+splendeur+des+arts+islamiques+%3A+Hommage+%C3%A0+Titus+Burckhardt&rft.place=Marrakesh&rft.pages=31%26%2345%3B36&rft.pub=Al+Quobba+Zarqua&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Laurant&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoopuyt2020" class="citation book cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Loopuyt, Marc (2020), "Rencontres avec Sidi Ibrahîm Burckhardt", in Tayeb Chouiref (ed.), <i>Titus Burckhardt : Le soufisme entre Orient et Occident, </i>volume 1<i> </i>(biographie, souvenirs et témoignages)<i><span></span></i> (in French), Wattrelos, France: Tasnîm, p. 236-244, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-109130027-8" title="Special:BookSources/979-109130027-8"><bdi>979-109130027-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rencontres+avec+Sidi+Ibrah%C3%AEm+Burckhardt&rft.btitle=Titus+Burckhardt+%3A+Le+soufisme+entre+Orient+et+Occident%2C+volume+1+%28biographie%2C+souvenirs+et+t%C3%A9moignages%29&rft.place=Wattrelos%2C+France&rft.pages=236%26%2345%3B244&rft.pub=Tasn%C3%AEm&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-109130027-8&rft.aulast=Loopuyt&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichon1984" class="citation journal cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michon, Jean-Louis (April–June 1984), "Titus Burckhardt à Fès, 1972-1977", <i>Études Traditionnelles</i> (in French) (484), Paris: Éditions Traditionnelles: 69–75</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+Traditionnelles&rft.atitle=Titus+Burckhardt+%C3%A0+F%C3%A8s%2C+1972-1977&rft.issue=484&rft.pages=69-75&rft.date=1984-04%2F1984-06&rft.aulast=Michon&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span> ♦ English translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs2">"Titus Burckhardt in Fes, 1972–1977", <i>Studies in Comparative Religion</i>, <b>16</b> (1–2), Bedfont, Middlesex, England: Perennial Books, Winter–Spring 1984</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Comparative+Religion&rft.atitle=Titus+Burckhardt+in+Fes%2C+1972%E2%80%931977&rft.chron=winter%E2%80%93spring&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichon2007" class="citation book cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michon, Jean-Louis (2007), "Postscript: Titus Burckhardt à Fès", in Titus Burckhardt (ed.), <i>Fès ville d'Islam</i> (in French), Milan: Archè, p. 157-162, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7252-201-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7252-201-1"><bdi>978-88-7252-201-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postscript%3A+Titus+Burckhardt+%C3%A0+F%C3%A8s&rft.btitle=F%C3%A8s+ville+d%27Islam&rft.place=Milan&rft.pages=157%26%2345%3B162&rft.pub=Arch%C3%A8&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-88-7252-201-1&rft.aulast=Michon&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichon2000" class="citation book cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michon, Jean-Louis (2000), "Titus Burckhardt et le sens de la beauté : pourquoi, comment il a aimé le Maroc", in Jaafar Kansoussi (ed.), <i>Sagesse et splendeur des arts islamiques : Hommage à Titus Burckhardt</i> (in French), Marrakesh: Al Quobba Zarqua, p. 37-60</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Titus+Burckhardt+et+le+sens+de+la+beaut%C3%A9+%3A+pourquoi%2C+comment+il+a+aim%C3%A9+le+Maroc&rft.btitle=Sagesse+et+splendeur+des+arts+islamiques+%3A+Hommage+%C3%A0+Titus+Burckhardt&rft.place=Marrakesh&rft.pages=37%26%2345%3B60&rft.pub=Al+Quobba+Zarqua&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Michon&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2020" class="citation book cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2020), "Avec Titus Burckhardt au tombeau d'Ibn Arabî", in Tayeb Chouiref (ed.), <i>Titus Burckhardt : Le soufisme entre Orient et Occident, </i>volume 1<i> </i>(biographie, souvenirs et témoignages)<i><span></span></i> (in French), Wattrelos, France: Tasnîm, p. 200-207, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-109130027-8" title="Special:BookSources/979-109130027-8"><bdi>979-109130027-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avec+Titus+Burckhardt+au+tombeau+d%27Ibn+Arab%C3%AE&rft.btitle=Titus+Burckhardt+%3A+Le+soufisme+entre+Orient+et+Occident%2C+volume+1+%28biographie%2C+souvenirs+et+t%C3%A9moignages%29&rft.place=Wattrelos%2C+France&rft.pages=200%26%2345%3B207&rft.pub=Tasn%C3%AEm&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-109130027-8&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2000" class="citation book cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2000), "La vision du sens spirituel de l'art islamique chez Titus Ibrahim Burckhardt", in Jaafar Kansoussi (ed.), <i>Sagesse et splendeur des arts islamiques : Hommage à Titus Burckhardt</i> (in French), Marrakesh: Al Quobba Zarqua, p. 61-73</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+vision+du+sens+spirituel+de+l%27art+islamique+chez+Titus+Ibrahim+Burckhardt&rft.btitle=Sagesse+et+splendeur+des+arts+islamiques+%3A+Hommage+%C3%A0+Titus+Burckhardt&rft.place=Marrakesh&rft.pages=61%26%2345%3B73&rft.pub=Al+Quobba+Zarqua&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2003" class="citation book cs2">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2003), "Foreword", in William Stoddart (ed.), <i>The Essential Titus Burckhardt: Reflections on Sacred Art, Faiths, and Civilizations</i>, Bloomington/IN: World Wisdom, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933-31638-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933-31638-3"><bdi>978-1-933-31638-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Titus+Burckhardt%3A+Reflections+on+Sacred+Art%2C+Faiths%2C+and+Civilizations&rft.place=Bloomington%2FIN&rft.pub=World+Wisdom&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-933-31638-3&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr1999" class="citation journal cs2">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1999), "The Spiritual Significance of Islamic Art: The Vision of Titus Ibrahim Burckhardt", <i>Sophia</i>, <b>5</b> (2), Oakton/VA: Foundation for Traditional Studies</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sophia&rft.atitle=The+Spiritual+Significance+of+Islamic+Art%3A+The+Vision+of+Titus+Ibrahim+Burckhardt&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaya1984" class="citation journal cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schaya, Leo (April–June 1984), "Souvenir d'une amitié", <i>Études Traditionnelles</i> (in French) (484), Paris: Éditions Traditionnelles: 79–80</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+Traditionnelles&rft.atitle=Souvenir+d%27une+amiti%C3%A9&rft.issue=484&rft.pages=79-80&rft.date=1984-04%2F1984-06&rft.aulast=Schaya&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddart1992" class="citation book cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stoddart, William (1992), "Introduction", in Titus Burckhardt (ed.), <i>Miroir de l'intellect</i> (in French), Lausanne, Switzerland: L’Âge d’Homme, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941532-36-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-941532-36-4"><bdi>0-941532-36-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Miroir+de+l%27intellect&rft.place=Lausanne%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=L%E2%80%99%C3%82ge+d%E2%80%99Homme&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-941532-36-4&rft.aulast=Stoddart&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddart2003" class="citation book cs2">Stoddart, William (2003), "Introduction", in William Stoddart (ed.), <i>The Essential Titus Burckhardt: Reflections on Sacred Art, Faiths, and Civilizations</i>, Bloomington/IN: World Wisdom, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933-31638-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933-31638-3"><bdi>978-1-933-31638-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Titus+Burckhardt%3A+Reflections+on+Sacred+Art%2C+Faiths%2C+and+Civilizations&rft.place=Bloomington%2FIN&rft.pub=World+Wisdom&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-933-31638-3&rft.aulast=Stoddart&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddart1999" class="citation journal cs2">Stoddart, William (1999), "Titus Burckhardt and the Traditional School", <i>Sophia</i>, <b>5</b> (2), Oakton/VA: Foundation for Traditional Studies</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sophia&rft.atitle=Titus+Burckhardt+and+the+Traditional+School&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Stoddart&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuheyl_Omar2000" class="citation book cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suheyl Omar, Muhammed (2000), "Étude sur l'importance des œuvres de Ibrahim Azzedine (Titus Burckhardt)", in Jaafar Kansoussi (ed.), <i>Sagesse et splendeur des arts islamiques : Hommage à Titus Burckhardt</i> (in French), Marrakesh: Al Quobba Zarqua, p. 103-104, 125-140</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%89tude+sur+l%27importance+des+%C5%93uvres+de+Ibrahim+Azzedine+%28Titus+Burckhardt%29&rft.btitle=Sagesse+et+splendeur+des+arts+islamiques+%3A+Hommage+%C3%A0+Titus+Burckhardt&rft.place=Marrakesh&rft.pages=103%26%2345%3B104%2C+125%26%2345%3B140&rft.pub=Al+Quobba+Zarqua&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Suheyl+Omar&rft.aufirst=Muhammed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitus+Burckhardt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Burckhardt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <i>Symboles</i> (1980), comprising "Le masque sacré", "Le symbolisme du jeu des échecs", "La Jérusalem céleste et le paradis de Vaikuntha", "Le retour d'Ulysse", "Considérations sur l'alchimie", "Les sciences traditionnelles à Fès", "Commentaire des Noms divins par l'imâm Ghazzâlî", "Du Barzakh" and "La prière d'Ibn Mashish".<br /> • <i>Aperçus sur la connaissance sacrée</i> (1987), comprising "Le folklore dans l'art ornemental", "Principes et méthodes de l'art traditionnel", "Généralités sur l'art musulman", "Nature de la perspective cosmologique", "Le temple, corps de l'homme divin", "La symbolique du miroir dans la mystique islamique", "De la Thora, de l'Évangile et du Coran", "Le Prototype unique" and "La danse du Soleil".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Extract from a letter from Burckhardt to Schuon, October 24th, 1950: "... the Holy Father Pius XII gave the impression of a martyr, almost a cadaver resuscitated from the grave, very poor, delicate, completely noble, emanating a painfully touching goodness... His state of sanctity is evident and no longer has anything to do with the clerical and diplomatic entourage in which he moves, solitary and prudent."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Burckhardt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuheyl_Omar2000125-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuheyl_Omar2000125_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuheyl_Omar2000">Suheyl Omar 2000</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddart199210Du_Pasquier198459-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddart199210Du_Pasquier198459_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoddart1992">Stoddart 1992</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFDu_Pasquier1984">Du Pasquier 1984</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202028-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202028_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddart199210-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddart199210_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoddart1992">Stoddart 1992</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202032,_34-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202032,_34_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 32, 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202032-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202032_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202034-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202034_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon2007157-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon2007157_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon2007157_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichon2007">Michon 2007</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr200316-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr200316_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr200316_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2003">Nasr 2003</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuheyl_Omar2000136-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuheyl_Omar2000136_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuheyl_Omar2000">Suheyl Omar 2000</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titus Burckhardt, <i>Lettres d’un maître soufi</i>, Milan: Archè, 1978, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202035-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202035_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202037-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202037_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoopuyt2020240-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoopuyt2020240_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoopuyt2020">Loopuyt 2020</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202038-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202038_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Baptiste Aymard, "Frithjof Schuon : approche biographique" in <i>Connaissance des religions</i>, numéro hors-série, Paris: Le Courrier du Livre, 1999, p. 15-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202040-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202040_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202040_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon2007158-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon2007158_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichon2007">Michon 2007</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202052-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202052_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202052_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanteins198466-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanteins198466_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanteins1984">Canteins 1984</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal <i>Études Traditionnelles</i> 1937 to 1959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuheyl_Omar2000137-138-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuheyl_Omar2000137-138_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuheyl_Omar2000">Suheyl Omar 2000</a>, p. 137-138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr2020204-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr2020204_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2020">Nasr 2020</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202054-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202054_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202055-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202055_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorella198476-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorella198476_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorella1984">Borella 1984</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202059-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202059_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202059_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanteins198465-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanteins198465_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanteins1984">Canteins 1984</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202057Faure200082,_91-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202057Faure200082,_91_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 57; <a href="#CITEREFFaure2000">Faure 2000</a>, p. 82, 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianca200014-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianca200014_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianca2000">Bianca 2000</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Pasquier198460-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Pasquier198460_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Pasquier1984">Du Pasquier 1984</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref2020177-180-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref2020177-180_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 177-180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddart19927-9-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddart19927-9_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoddart1992">Stoddart 1992</a>, p. 7-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure200076-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure200076_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaure2000">Faure 2000</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr200061,_66,_71-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr200061,_66,_71_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2000">Nasr 2000</a>, p. 61, 66, 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddart19927-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddart19927_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoddart1992">Stoddart 1992</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202065-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202065_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202069-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202069_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon200040-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon200040_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichon2000">Michon 2000</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianca200015-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianca200015_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianca2000">Bianca 2000</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon198472-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon198472_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichon1984">Michon 1984</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon2007160-161-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon2007160-161_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichon2007">Michon 2007</a>, p. 160-161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon2007160-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon2007160_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichon2007">Michon 2007</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianca200016Du_Pasquier198461-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianca200016Du_Pasquier198461_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianca2000">Bianca 2000</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFDu_Pasquier1984">Du Pasquier 1984</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon2007161Michon200052-_53-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon2007161Michon200052-_53_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichon2007">Michon 2007</a>, p. 161; <a href="#CITEREFMichon2000">Michon 2000</a>, p. 52- 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon2007159-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon2007159_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichon2007">Michon 2007</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ramin_Jahanbegloo" title="Ramin Jahanbegloo">Ramin Jahanbegloo</a> (2010), In Search of the Sacred: A Conversation with Seyyed Hossein Nasr on his Life and Thought, Santa Barbara/CA: Praeger, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr200063-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr200063_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2000">Nasr 2000</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianca200017-18-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianca200017-18_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianca2000">Bianca 2000</a>, p. 17-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2000232-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2000232_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2000">Fitzgerald 2000</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2000230-231-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2000230-231_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2000">Fitzgerald 2000</a>, p. 230-231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichon2007162Chouiref202087-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichon2007162Chouiref202087_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichon2007">Michon 2007</a>, p. 162; <a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouiref202087-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouiref202087_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouiref2020">Chouiref 2020</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Burckhardt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Almqvist" title="Kurt Almqvist">Kurt Almqvist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Ananda Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Critchlow" title="Keith Critchlow">Keith Critchlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cutsinger" title="James Cutsinger">James Cutsinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Laude" title="Patrick Laude">Patrick Laude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Michon" title="Jean-Louis Michon">Jean-Louis Michon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_James,_4th_Baron_Northbourne" title="Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne">Lord Northbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Oldmeadow" title="Harry Oldmeadow">Harry Oldmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Pallis" title="Marco Pallis">Marco Pallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitall_Perry" title="Whitall Perry">Whitall Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Schaya" title="Leo Schaya">Leo Schaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huston_Smith" title="Huston Smith">Huston Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stoddart" title="William Stoddart">William Stoddart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah-Kazemi" title="Reza Shah-Kazemi">Reza Shah-Kazemi</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Burckhardt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nb-helveticat.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?query=any,contains,%22Titus+Burckhardt%22&tab=LibraryCatalog&search_scope=MyInstitution&vid=41SNL_51_INST:helveticat&lang=de&offset=0">Publications by and about Titus Burckhardt</a> in the catalogue Helveticat of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Library" title="Swiss National Library">Swiss National Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051217020546/http://www.fonsvitae.com/titusburckhardt.html">Books by Titus Burckhardt (Fons Vitae publishing)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220011005/http://www.geocities.com/divinecities/titusburckhardt.html">Works of Titus Burckhardt in Hungarian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwisdom.com/public/authors/Titus-Burckhardt.aspx">Titus Burckhardt resource page (at World Wisdom): excerpts, detailed biography, photos, extensive bibliography, additional links</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123413#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123413#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123413#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011934977X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/59079778">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/14539/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqqvDHGVTrDWrQHFmYMfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118946447">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50042304">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118945404">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118945404">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Burckhardt, Titus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV047743">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2004192776&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1162563">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/24948">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069048975">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Burckhardt, Titus, 1908-1984"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000168751&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=66676">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810575518605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" 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