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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A8ncia_del_sistema_Terra" title="Ciència del sistema Terra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciència del sistema Terra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdsystemwissenschaft" title="Erdsystemwissenschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erdsystemwissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa_s%C3%BCsteemi_teadus" title="Maa süsteemi teadus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maa süsteemi teadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_del_sistema_Tierra" title="Ciencia del sistema Tierra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciencia del sistema Tierra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="علم سیستم زمین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علم سیستم زمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_du_syst%C3%A8me_Terre" title="Science du système Terre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scientific study of the Earth's spheres and their natural integrated systems</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs.jpg/350px-Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs.jpg/525px-Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs.jpg/700px-Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>An ecological analysis of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> in an <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">systems biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">systems ecology</a> seeks a <a href="/wiki/Holistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic">holistic</a> view of the interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Earth system science</b> (<b>ESS</b>) is the application of <a href="/wiki/Systems_science" title="Systems science">systems science</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jacobson2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobson2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, it considers interactions and 'feedbacks', through material and energy fluxes, between the Earth's sub-systems' cycles, processes and "spheres"—<a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">cryosphere</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geosphere" title="Geosphere">geosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedosphere" title="Pedosphere">pedosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even the <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—as well as the impact of human societies on these components.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its broadest scale, Earth system science brings together researchers across both the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social</a> sciences, from fields including <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">glaciology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Space_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Space science">space science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the broader subject of <a href="/wiki/Systems_science" title="Systems science">systems science</a>, Earth system science assumes a <a href="/wiki/Holism_in_science" title="Holism in science">holistic view</a> of the dynamic interaction between the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_earth_science#Earth's_spheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of earth science">spheres</a> and their many constituent subsystems fluxes and processes, the resulting <a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">spatial organization</a> and time evolution of these systems, and their variability, stability and instability.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsets of Earth System science include <a href="/wiki/Systems_geology" title="Systems geology">systems geology</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">systems ecology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many aspects of Earth System science are fundamental to the subjects of <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climate science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_system_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Science_Education_Resource_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Education Resource Center">Science Education Resource Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carleton_College" title="Carleton College">Carleton College</a>, offers the following description: "Earth System science embraces chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics and applied sciences in transcending disciplinary boundaries to treat the Earth as an integrated system. It seeks a deeper understanding of the physical, chemical, biological and human interactions that determine the past, current and future states of the Earth. Earth System science provides a physical basis for understanding the world in which we live and upon which humankind seeks to achieve sustainability".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earth System science has articulated four overarching, definitive and critically important features of the Earth System, which include: </p> <ol><li>Variability: Many of the Earth System's natural 'modes' and variabilities across space and time are beyond human experience, because of the stability of the recent Holocene. Much Earth System science therefore relies on studies of the Earth's past behaviour and models to anticipate future behaviour in response to pressures.</li> <li>Life: Biological processes play a much stronger role in the functioning and responses of the Earth System than previously thought. It appears to be integral to every part of the Earth System.</li> <li>Connectivity: Processes are connected in ways and across depths and lateral distances that were previously unknown and inconceivable.</li> <li>Non-linear: The behaviour of the Earth System is typified by strong non-linearities. This means that abrupt change can result when relatively small changes in a 'forcing function' push the System across a '<a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">threshold</a>'.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_system_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For millennia, humans have speculated how the physical and living elements on the surface of the Earth combine, with gods and goddesses frequently posited to embody specific elements. The notion that the Earth, itself, is alive was a regular theme of Greek philosophy and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Tickell_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tickell-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early scientific interpretations of the Earth system began in the field of <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, initially in the Middle East<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and China,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and largely focused on aspects such as the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">age of the Earth</a> and the large-scale processes involved in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_formation" title="Mountain formation">mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">ocean</a> formation. As <a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">geology developed as a science</a>, understanding of the interplay of different facets of the Earth system increased, leading to the inclusion of factors such as the <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of the Earth">Earth's interior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">planetary geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">living systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth-like worlds</a>. </p><p>In many respects, the foundational concepts of Earth System science can be seen in the natural philosophy 19th century geographer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vernadsky" title="Vladimir Vernadsky">Vladimir Vernadsky</a> (1863–1945) saw the functioning of the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> as a geological force generating a dynamic disequilibrium, which in turn promoted the diversity of life. </p><p>In parallel, the field of <a href="/wiki/Systems_science" title="Systems science">systems science</a> was developing across numerous other scientific fields, driven in part by the increasing availability and <a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">power</a> of <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>, and leading to the development of <a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">climate models</a> that began to allow the detailed and interacting <a href="/wiki/Numerical_weather_prediction" title="Numerical weather prediction">simulations</a> of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-edwards2010_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent extension of these models has led to the development of "Earth system models" (ESMs) that include facets such as the cryosphere and the biosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-washington2009_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washington2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, where a <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> committee called the Earth System Science Committee was formed in 1983. The earliest reports of NASA's ESSC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112104410706;view=1up;seq=3"><i>Earth System Science: Overview</i></a> (1986), and the book-length <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vj4rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173"><i>Earth System Science: A Closer View</i></a> (1988), constitute a major landmark in the formal development of Earth system science.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early works discussing Earth system science, like these NASA reports, generally emphasized the increasing human impacts on the Earth system as a primary driver for the need of greater integration among the life and geo-sciences, making the origins of Earth system science parallel to the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Global_change" title="Global change">global change</a> studies and programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_science">Climate science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_system_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Climatology and climate change have been central to Earth System science since its inception, as evidenced by the prominent place given to climate change in the early NASA reports discussed above. The Earth's <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a> is a prime example of an emergent property of the whole planetary system, that is, one which cannot be fully understood without regarding it as a single integrated entity. It is also a system where human impacts have been growing rapidly in recent decades, lending immense importance to the successful development and advancement of Earth System science research. As just one example of the centrality of <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a> to the field, leading American climatologist <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Mann" title="Michael E. Mann">Michael E. Mann</a> is the Director of one of the earliest centers for Earth System science research, the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University, and its mission statement reads, "the Earth System Science Center (ESSC) maintains a mission to describe, model, and understand the Earth's climate system".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_system&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Climate-system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Climate-system.jpg/330px-Climate-system.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Climate-system.jpg/495px-Climate-system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Climate-system.jpg/660px-Climate-system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>The five components of the climate system all interact. They are the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">cryosphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_system_:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_system_:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1451">: 1451 </span></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Earth's <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">complex system</a> with five interacting components: the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a> (air), the <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a> (water), the <a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">cryosphere</a> (ice and permafrost), the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> (earth's upper rocky layer) and the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> (living things).<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_system_:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_system_:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1451">: 1451 </span></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></i> is the statistical characterization of the climate system.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_system_:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_system_:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1450">: 1450 </span></sup> It represents the average <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a>, typically over a period of 30 years, and is determined by a combination of processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a> and wind patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circulation in the atmosphere and oceans transports heat from the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical regions">tropical regions</a> to regions that receive less energy from the Sun. <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">Solar radiation</a> is the main driving force for this circulation. The <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a> also moves energy throughout the climate system. In addition, certain chemical elements are constantly moving between the components of the climate system. Two examples for these <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biochemical cycles</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycles</a>. </p> The climate system can change due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate variability">internal variability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">external forcings</a>. These external forcings can be natural, such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate" title="Solar activity and climate">variations in solar intensity</a> and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans. Accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> in the atmosphere, mainly being emitted by people burning <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>, is causing <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Human activity also releases cooling <a href="/wiki/Aerosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosols">aerosols</a>, but their net effect is far less than that of greenhouse gases.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_system_:0_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_system_:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1451">: 1451 </span></sup> Changes can be amplified by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change feedback">feedback processes</a> in the different climate system components.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_system_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earth System science can be studied at a postgraduate level at some universities. In general education, the <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>, in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Keck_Geology_Consortium" title="Keck Geology Consortium">Keck Geology Consortium</a> and with support from five divisions within the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, convened a workshop in 1996, "to define common educational goals among all disciplines in the Earth sciences". In its report, participants noted that, "The fields that make up the Earth and space sciences are currently undergoing a major advancement that promotes understanding the Earth as a number of interrelated systems". Recognizing the rise of this <a href="/wiki/Systems_approach" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems approach">systems approach</a>, the workshop report recommended that an Earth System science curriculum be developed with support from the National Science Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, the Earth System Science Education Alliance (ESSEA) was begun, and currently includes the participation of 40+ institutions, with over 3,000 teachers having completed an ESSEA course as of fall 2009".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_system_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Related concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of <i>earth system law</i> (still in its infancy as per 2021) is a sub-discipline of <a href="/wiki/Earth_system_governance" title="Earth system governance">earth system governance</a>, itself a subfield of earth system sciences analyzed from a social sciences perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_system_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/48px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/64px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a> – Fields of natural science related to Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_governance" title="Earth system governance">Earth system governance</a> – Field of scholarly inquiry in the social sciences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_System_Science_Partnership" title="Earth System Science Partnership">Earth System Science Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_spheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's spheres">Ecosphere</a> – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to Earth sciences<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosphere" title="Geosphere">Geosphere</a> – Collective name for the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_change" title="Global change">Global change</a> – planetary-scale changes in the Earth system<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a> – Limits not to be exceeded if humanity wants to survive in a safe ecosystem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_geology" title="Systems geology">Systems geology</a> – Geology as a set of interacting processes</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_system_science&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStanley2005" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, Steven M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jd01mugCR7EC"><i>Earth System History</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780716739074" title="Special:BookSources/9780716739074"><bdi>9780716739074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+System+History&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780716739074&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djd01mugCR7EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+system+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacobson2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jacobson2000_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2000" class="citation book cs1">Jacobson, Michael; et al. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=85YkdAm5tdoC&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA52.w.5.0.135"><i>Earth System Science, From Biogeochemical Cycles to Global Changes</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Elsevier Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123793706" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123793706"><bdi>978-0123793706</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+System+Science%2C+From+Biogeochemical+Cycles+to+Global+Changes&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier+Academic+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0123793706&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3D85YkdAm5tdoC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26output%3Dreader%26hl%3Den%26pg%3DGBS.PA52.w.5.0.135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+system+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKump2004" class="citation book cs1">Kump, Lee; et al. (2004). <i>The Earth System</i> (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-142059-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-142059-5"><bdi>978-0-13-142059-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth+System&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-13-142059-5&rft.aulast=Kump&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+system+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiansenHamblin2014" class="citation book cs1">Christiansen, E.H.; Hamblin, W.K. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KEUoAwAAQBAJ&q=Dynamic+Earth+Hamblin"><i>Dynamic Earth</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781449659028" title="Special:BookSources/9781449659028"><bdi>9781449659028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamic+Earth&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781449659028&rft.aulast=Christiansen&rft.aufirst=E.H.&rft.au=Hamblin%2C+W.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKEUoAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DDynamic%2BEarth%2BHamblin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+system+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisMurton2005" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Charles; Murton, Julian B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F0KswTI39l8C&q=Cryospheric+Systems:+Glaciers+and+Permafrost"><i>Cryospheric Systems: Glaciers and Permafrost</i></a>. Geological Society of London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781862391758" title="Special:BookSources/9781862391758"><bdi>9781862391758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cryospheric+Systems%3A+Glaciers+and+Permafrost&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+London&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781862391758&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Murton%2C+Julian+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF0KswTI39l8C%26q%3DCryospheric%2BSystems%3A%2BGlaciers%2Band%2BPermafrost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+system+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockell2008" class="citation book cs1">Cockell, Charles (28 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=95omVa4NRHIC"><i>An Introduction to the Earth-Life System</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521493918" title="Special:BookSources/9780521493918"><bdi>9780521493918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Earth-Life+System&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.isbn=9780521493918&rft.aulast=Cockell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D95omVa4NRHIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+system+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhtaniFujiiHesseLysak2000" class="citation book cs1">Ohtani, Shin-ichi; Fujii, Ryoichi; Hesse, Michael; Lysak, Robert L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkuzsHT_U7sC&q=Magnetospheric+Current+Systems"><i>Magnetospheric Current Systems</i></a>. American Geophysical Union. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875909769" title="Special:BookSources/9780875909769"><bdi>9780875909769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnetospheric+Current+Systems&rft.pub=American+Geophysical+Union&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780875909769&rft.aulast=Ohtani&rft.aufirst=Shin-ichi&rft.au=Fujii%2C+Ryoichi&rft.au=Hesse%2C+Michael&rft.au=Lysak%2C+Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQkuzsHT_U7sC%26q%3DMagnetospheric%2BCurrent%2BSystems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+system+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhlersMossKrafft2006" class="citation book cs1">Ehlers, Eckart; Moss, C.; Krafft, Thomas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Id3Z5XTcOWgC&q=Earth+System+Science+in+the+Anthropocene:+Emerging+Issues+and+Problems"><i>Earth System Science in the Anthropocene: Emerging Issues and Problems</i></a>. Springer Science+Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540265900" title="Special:BookSources/9783540265900"><bdi>9783540265900</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+System+Science+in+the+Anthropocene%3A+Emerging+Issues+and+Problems&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783540265900&rft.aulast=Ehlers&rft.aufirst=Eckart&rft.au=Moss%2C+C.&rft.au=Krafft%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DId3Z5XTcOWgC%26q%3DEarth%2BSystem%2BScience%2Bin%2Bthe%2BAnthropocene%3A%2BEmerging%2BIssues%2Band%2BProblems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+system+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButz2004" class="citation book cs1">Butz, Stephen D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JB4ArbvXXDEC"><i>Science of Earth Systems</i></a>. Thomson Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0766833913" title="Special:BookSources/978-0766833913"><bdi>978-0766833913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+of+Earth+Systems&rft.pub=Thomson+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0766833913&rft.aulast=Butz&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJB4ArbvXXDEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+system+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHergarten2002" class="citation book cs1">Hergarten, Stefan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eBZbupdVnYAC&q=editions:XHdrTJ13cowC"><i>Self-Organized Criticality in Earth Systems</i></a>. 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href="/wiki/Template:Systems_science" title="Template:Systems science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_science" title="Template talk:Systems science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Systems_science" title="Systems science">Systems science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/System" title="System">System</a><br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_human%E2%80%93environment_system" title="Coupled human–environment system">Coupled human–environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">Multi-agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">Recommender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">Social</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_time" title="Doubling time">Doubling time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_leverage_points" title="Twelve leverage points">Leverage points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limiting_factor" title="Limiting factor">Limiting factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">Negative feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">Positive feedback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_systems" title="Living systems">Living systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_pharmacology" title="Systems pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_philosophy" title="Systems philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_scientists" title="List of systems scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_L._Ackoff" title="Russell L. Ackoff">Russell L. Ackoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Aladjev" title="Victor Aladjev">Victor Aladjev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Ashby" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_H._B%C3%A1n%C3%A1thy" title="Béla H. Bánáthy">Béla H. Bánáthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman" title="Richard E. Bellman">Richard E. Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bowen" title="Murray Bowen">Murray Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright">Mary Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._West_Churchman" title="C. West Churchman">C. West Churchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Emery" title="Fred Emery">Fred Emery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Forrest" title="Stephanie Forrest">Stephanie Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_J._Grosz" title="Barbara J. Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._S._Hall" title="Charles A. S. Hall">Charles A. S. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(systems_scientist)" title="Mike Jackson (systems scientist)">Mike Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Kavraki" title="Lydia Kavraki">Lydia Kavraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Kay" title="James J. Kay">James J. Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faina_Mihajlovna_Kirillova" class="mw-redirect" title="Faina Mihajlovna Kirillova">Faina M. Kirillova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Klir" title="George Klir">George Klir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Norton Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_D._Mesarovic" title="Mihajlo D. Mesarovic">Mihajlo D. Mesarovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grier_Miller" title="James Grier Miller">James Grier Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard T. Odum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapoport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seddon" title="John Seddon">John Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Senge" title="Peter Senge">Peter Senge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Trist" title="Eric Trist">Eric Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_archaeology" title="Systems theory in archaeology">Systems theory in archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_political_science" title="Systems theory in political science">Systems theory in political science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_sciences_organizations" title="List of systems sciences organizations">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Cybernetica" title="Principia Cybernetica">Principia Cybernetica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_science" title="Category:Systems science">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Systems_theory" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Systems theory">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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