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<li id="toc-Rise_of_militarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_militarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Rise of militarism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_militarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Economic factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_of_the_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_of_the_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Independence of the military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_of_the_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Expansionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_of_military_adventurism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_military_adventurism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Growth of military adventurism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_military_adventurism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_militarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_militarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Opposition to militarism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_militarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan_attacking_Pearl_Harbor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan_attacking_Pearl_Harbor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Japan attacking Pearl Harbor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan_attacking_Pearl_Harbor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Postwar Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References and 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarisme_japon%C3%A8s" title="Militarisme japonès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Militarisme japonès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarismo_japon%C3%A9s" title="Militarismo japonés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Militarismo japonés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="نظامی‌گری ژاپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نظامی‌گری ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarisme_japonais" title="Militarisme japonais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Militarisme japonais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8_%EA%B5%B0%EA%B5%AD%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="일본 군국주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본 군국주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="जापानी सैन्यवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जापानी सैन्यवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militerisme_Jepang" title="Militerisme Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Militerisme Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarismo_giapponese" title="Militarismo giapponese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Militarismo giapponese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism in Shōwa Japan</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Navy_Land_Forces_for_Nanking_memorial_services01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Japanese_Navy_Land_Forces_for_Nanking_memorial_services01.jpg/300px-Japanese_Navy_Land_Forces_for_Nanking_memorial_services01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Japanese_Navy_Land_Forces_for_Nanking_memorial_services01.jpg/450px-Japanese_Navy_Land_Forces_for_Nanking_memorial_services01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Japanese_Navy_Land_Forces_for_Nanking_memorial_services01.jpg/600px-Japanese_Navy_Land_Forces_for_Nanking_memorial_services01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1783" data-file-height="1127" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_land_forces" title="Imperial Japanese Navy land forces">Imperial Japanese Navy land forces</a> marching in occupied <a href="/wiki/Nanking" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking">Nanking</a>, 1937</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks history-of-japan"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Japan" title="Category:History of Japan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History of Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg/250px-KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg/330px-KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg/500px-KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="844" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Prehistoric</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">35,000–14,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">14,000–1000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1000 BC–300 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Ancient</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">300–538 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Classical</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">538–710</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">710–794</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Nine_Years%27_War" title="Former Nine Years' War">Former Nine Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Three-Year_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Three-Year War">Later Three-Year War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">794–1185</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Feudal</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB_War" title="Jōkyū War">Jōkyū War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1185–1333</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1336–1573</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Imjin_War" title="Imjin War">Imjin War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara" title="Battle of Sekigahara">Battle of Sekigahara</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1573–1603</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Early modern</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period"><b>Edo</b> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Tokugawa)</span></a> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ryukyu" title="Invasion of Ryukyu">Invasion of Ryukyu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka" title="Siege of Osaka">Siege of Osaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1603–1868</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Modern</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Disposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Disposition">Ryūkyū Disposition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Colonization of Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Colonization of Korea</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1868–1912</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Intervention in Siberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1912–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa</a></b> <div class="plainlist wraplinks" style="padding-left:1.4em;text-align:left;line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Militarism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Invasion of Manchuria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/May_15_incident" title="May 15 incident">May 15 incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/February_26_incident" title="February 26 incident">February 26 incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anpo_protests" title="Anpo protests">Anpo protests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Asset price bubble</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1926–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cool_Japan" title="Cool Japan">Cool Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">Tōhoku earthquake</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">Imperial transition</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1989–2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Shinzo_Abe" title="Assassination of Shinzo Abe">Abe assassination</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Noto_earthquake" title="2024 Noto earthquake">Noto earthquake</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2019–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Topics</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan#History" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Era names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Historiography</a></li> <li>Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Japan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Japan">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shinto" title="History of Shinto">Shinto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-war_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war Japan">Post-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="History of science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Japan">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_history" title="Glossary of Japanese history">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Japanese_history" title="Timeline of Japanese history">Timeline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Japan" title="Template:History of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Japan" title="Template talk:History of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Japanese militarism</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本軍国主義</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nihon gunkoku shugi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> was the <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> which advocated the belief that <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a> should dominate the political and social life of the nation, and the belief that the strength of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan">military</a> is equal to the strength of a nation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was most prominent from the start of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese defeat</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, roughly 1873 to 1945. Since then, <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">pacifism</a> has been enshrined in the postwar <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a> as one of its key tenets. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_militarism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_militarism">Rise of militarism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_militarism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise of militarism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The military had a strong influence on Japanese society from the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>. Almost all leaders in Japanese society during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> (whether in the military, politics or business) were ex<i>-<a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a></i> or descendants of <i>samurai</i>, and shared a set of values and outlooks. The early Meiji government viewed Japan as threatened by western <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, and one of the prime motivations for the <i><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_Kyohei" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukoku Kyohei">Fukoku Kyohei</a></i> policy ("Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Armed Forces") was to strengthen Japan's economic and industrial foundations, so that a strong military could be built to defend Japan against outside powers. </p><p>The rise of universal <a href="/wiki/Military_conscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Military conscription">military conscription</a>, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a> in 1873, along with the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a> in 1882 enabled the military to indoctrinate thousands of men from various social backgrounds with military-patriotic values and the concept of unquestioning loyalty to the Emperor as the basis of the Japanese state <i>(<a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">kokutai</a>)</i>. Yamagata, like many Japanese, was strongly influenced by the recent striking success of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> in transforming itself from an agricultural state to a leading modern industrial and military power. He accepted Prussian political ideas, which favored military expansion abroad and authoritarian government at home. The Prussian model also devalued the notion of civilian control over the independent military, which meant that in Japan, as in Germany, the military could develop into a state within a state, thus exercising greater influence on politics in general.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the German victory in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Army_War_College_(Japan)" title="Army War College (Japan)">Army Staff College</a> and the Japanese <a href="/wiki/General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff">General Staff</a> paid close attention to Major <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Meckel" title="Jakob Meckel">Jakob Meckel</a>'s views on the superiority of the German military model over the French system as the reason for German victory. In response to a Japanese request, Prussian Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Elder">Helmuth von Moltke</a> sent Meckel to Japan to become an <a href="/wiki/O-yatoi_gaikokujin" class="mw-redirect" title="O-yatoi gaikokujin">O-yatoi gaikokujin</a> (foreign advisor).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan, Meckel worked closely with future <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Ministers</a> General <a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura Tarō</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a>, and with army strategist General <a href="/wiki/Kawakami_Soroku" title="Kawakami Soroku">Kawakami Soroku</a>. Meckel made numerous recommendations which were implemented, including reorganization of the command structure of the army into <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> and regiments, thus increasing mobility, strengthening the army logistics and transportation structure with the major army bases connected by railways, establishing <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> and engineering regiments as independent commands, and revising the <a href="/wiki/Military_conscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Military conscription">universal conscription</a> system to abolish virtually all exceptions. A bust of Meckel was sited in front of the Japanese Army Staff College from 1909 through 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although his period in Japan (1885–1888) was relatively short, Meckel had a tremendous impact on the development of the Japanese military. He is credited with having introduced <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Clausewitz</a>'s military theories<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Prussian concept of war games (<i><a href="/wiki/Kriegsspiel" title="Kriegsspiel">Kriegsspiel</a></i>) in a process of refining tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By training some sixty of the highest-ranking Japanese officers of the time in tactics, strategy and organization, he was able to replace the previous influences of the French advisors with his own philosophies. Meckel especially reinforced <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Roesler" title="Hermann Roesler">Hermann Roesler</a>'s ideal of subservience to the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a>, as expressly codified in Articles XI-XIII of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a>, by teaching his pupils that Prussian military success was a consequence of the officer class's unswerving loyalty to their sovereign Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of political parties in the late Meiji period was coupled with the rise of secret and semi-secret patriotic societies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gen%27y%C5%8Dsha" title="Gen'yōsha">Gen'yōsha</a> (1881) and <a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society"><i>Kokuryukai</i></a> (1901), which coupled political activities with <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> activities and <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a>, and supported <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a> overseas as a solution to Japan's domestic issues. </p><p>Japan felt looked down on by Western countries during the late 19th century. The phrase <a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">fukoku kyōhei</a> (rich nation, strong army) was created during this time and shows how Japanese officials saw imperialism as the way to gain respect and power.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a more aggressive foreign policy, and victory over China in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> and over <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Russia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, Japan joined the imperialist powers. The need for a strong military to secure Japan's new overseas empire was strengthened by a sense that only through a strong military would Japan earn the respect of western nations, and thus revision of the <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">unequal treaties</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_factors">Economic factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_militarism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Power">Great Power</a> status was considered dependent on resource-rich <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empires</a>, both as a source of raw materials for military and industrial production, and international prestige. </p><p>Due to the lack of resources in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_home_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese home islands">Japanese home islands</a>, raw materials such as iron, oil, and coal largely had to be imported. The success of Japan in securing <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (1895) and Korea (1910) had brought Japan primarily agricultural colonies. In terms of resources, the Japanese military looked towards <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>'s iron and coal, <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, and China's vast resources. However, the army was at variance with the <a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a> financial and industrial corporations on how to manage economic expansion, a conflict also affecting domestic politics.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_of_the_military">Independence of the military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_militarism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Independence of the military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also forming part of the basis for the growth of militarism was the freedom from <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">civilian control</a> enjoyed by the Japanese armed forces. In 1878, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff</a> office, modelled after the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">German General Staff</a>. This office was independent of, and equal (and later superior) to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of War of Japan">Ministry of War of Japan</a> in terms of authority. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> soon followed with the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a>. These General Staff offices were responsible for the planning and execution of military operations, and reported directly to the emperor. As the Chiefs of the General Staff were not cabinet ministers, they did not report to the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a>, and were thus completely independent of any civilian oversight or control. </p><p>The Army and the Navy also had decisive say on the formation (and survival) of any civilian government. Since the law required that the posts of Army Minister and Navy Minister be filled by active-duty officers nominated by their respective services, and since the law also required that a prime minister resign if he could not fill all of his cabinet posts, both the Army and the Navy had final say on the formation of a cabinet, and could bring down the cabinet at any time by withdrawing their minister and refusing to nominate a successor. In reality, while this tactic was used only one time (ironically to prevent a General, <a href="/wiki/Kazushige_Ugaki" title="Kazushige Ugaki">Kazushige Ugaki</a>, from becoming Prime Minister in 1937), the threat always loomed large when the military made any demands on the civilian leadership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansionism">Expansionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_militarism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expansionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō period">Taishō period</a>, Japan saw a short period of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">democratic rule</a> (the so-called "Taisho democracy"), and several diplomatic attempts were made to encourage peace, such as the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a> and participation in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. However, with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a>, the apparent collapse of the world economic order with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> starting in 1929, coupled with the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Trade_barriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade barriers">trade barriers</a> by western nations and an increasing radicalism in Japanese politics including issues of domestic terrorist violence (including an assassination attempt on the emperor in 1932 and a number of attempted <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups d'état</a> by ultra-nationalist secret societies) led to a resurgence of so-called "jingoistic" patriotism, a weakening of democratic forces and a belief that the military could solve all threats both domestic and foreign. <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Patriotic education</a> also strengthened the sense of a <i><a href="/wiki/Hakko_ichiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakko ichiu">hakko ichiu</a></i>, or a divine mission to unify Asia under Japanese rule. </p><p>Those who continued to resist the "military solution" including nationalists with unquestionable patriotism, such as generals <a href="/wiki/Jotaro_Watanabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jotaro Watanabe">Jotaro Watanabe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetsuzan_Nagata" title="Tetsuzan Nagata">Tetsuzan Nagata</a> and ex-Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara" title="Kijūrō Shidehara">Kijūrō Shidehara</a> were driven from office or an active role in the government. </p><p>A turning point came with the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a> of 1930. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Osachi_Hamaguchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Osachi Hamaguchi">Osachi Hamaguchi</a> and his <i><a href="/wiki/Rikken_Minseito" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikken Minseito">Minseito</a></i> party agreed to a treaty which would severely limit Japanese naval power. This treaty was strongly opposed by the military, who claimed that it would endanger national defense, and was portrayed by the opposition <i><a href="/wiki/Rikken_Seiyukai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikken Seiyukai">Rikken Seiyukai</a></i> party as having been forced upon Japan by a hostile United States, which further inflamed growing <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_Showa_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophobia in Showa Japan">anti-foreign sentiment</a>. </p><p>The Japanese system of party government finally met its demise with the <a href="/wiki/May_15_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="May 15 Incident">May 15 Incident</a> in 1932, when a group of junior naval officers and army cadets assassinated Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Inukai_Tsuyoshi" title="Inukai Tsuyoshi">Inukai Tsuyoshi</a>. Although the assassins were put on trial and sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment, they were seen popularly as having acted out of patriotism and the atmosphere was set where the military was able to act with little restraint. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_of_military_adventurism">Growth of military adventurism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_militarism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Growth of military adventurism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg/250px-First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg/330px-First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg/500px-First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Japanese troops march into <a href="/wiki/Zhengyangmen" title="Zhengyangmen">Zhengyangmen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> after capturing the city in July 1937.</figcaption></figure> <p>Japan had been involved in the Asian continent continuously from the First Sino-Japanese War, <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>, Russo-Japanese War, World War I and the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Intervention">Siberian Intervention</a>. During the term of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tanaka_Giichi" title="Tanaka Giichi">Tanaka Giichi</a> from 1927 to 1929, Japan sent troops three times to China to obstruct <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s unification campaign. In June 1928, adventurist officers of the <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a> embarked on unauthorized initiatives to protect Japanese interests in Manchuria, including the assassination of a former ally, warlord <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin" title="Zhang Zuolin">Zhang Zuolin</a>, in hopes of sparking a general conflict. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Manchurian_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchurian Incident">Manchurian Incident</a> of September 1931 did not fail, and it set the stage for the Japanese military takeover of all of Manchuria. Kwantung Army conspirators blew up a few meters of <a href="/wiki/South_Manchurian_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="South Manchurian Railway">South Manchurian Railway</a> Company track near <a href="/wiki/Mukden" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden">Mukden</a>, blamed it on Chinese saboteurs, and used the event as an excuse to invade and seize the vast territory. </p><p>In Tokyo one month later, in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Colors_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Colors Incident">Imperial Colors Incident</a>, military figures failed in an attempt to establish a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a>, but again the news was suppressed and the military perpetrators were not punished. </p><p>In January 1932, Japanese forces attacked Shanghai in the <a href="/wiki/First_Shanghai_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="First Shanghai Incident">First Shanghai Incident</a>, waging a three-month undeclared war there before a truce was reached. The civilian government in Tokyo was powerless to prevent these military adventures, and instead of being condemned, the Kwangtung Army's actions enjoyed considerable popular support. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg/250px-Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg/330px-Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg/500px-Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> in 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>Inukai's successors, military men chosen by <a href="/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi">Saionji Kinmochi</a>, the last surviving <a href="/wiki/Genr%C5%8D" title="Genrō">genrō</a>, recognized <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> and generally approved the army's actions in securing Manchuria as an industrial base, an area for Japanese emigration, and a potential staging ground for war with the Soviet Union. Various army factions contended for power amid increasing <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_dissent" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of dissent">suppression of dissent</a> and more assassinations. In the <a href="/wiki/February_26_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="February 26 Incident">February 26 Incident</a> of 1936, the Army's elite <a href="/wiki/IJA_1st_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 1st Division">First Infantry Division</a> staged an attempted coup d'état in yet another effort to overthrow civilian rule. The revolt was put down by other military units, and its leaders were executed after <a href="/wiki/Secret_trial" title="Secret trial">secret trials</a>. Despite public dismay over these events and the discredit they brought to numerous military figures, Japan's civilian leadership capitulated to the army's demands in the hope of ending domestic violence. Increases were seen in defense budgets, naval construction (Japan announced it would no longer accede to <a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">disarmament</a> treaties), and patriotic indoctrination as Japan moved toward a wartime footing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>, an agreement to exchange information and collaborate in preventing communist activities, was signed by Japan and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Italy</a> joined a year later). War was launched against China with the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a> of July 7, 1937 in which a clash near Beijing between Chinese and Japanese troops quickly escalated into the full-scale warfare of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Japanese_Border_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Japanese Border Wars">Soviet-Japanese Border Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> in 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the military's long tradition of independence from civilian control, its efforts at staging a coup d'état to overthrow the civilian government, and its forcing Japan into war through insubordination and military adventurism, the military was ultimately unable to force a military dictatorship on Japan. </p><p>Under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Konoe_Fumimaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Konoe Fumimaro">Konoe Fumimaro</a>, the Japanese government was streamlined to meet war-time conditions, and through the <a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="National Mobilization Law">National Mobilization Law</a>, it was given absolute power over the nation's assets. In 1940, all <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a> were ordered to dissolve into the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a>, forming a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian values</a>. Even so, there was much entrenched opposition from the government bureaucrats, and in the 1942 general election for the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Japan">Japanese Diet</a>, the military was still unable to do away with the last vestiges of party politics. This was partly due to the fact that the military itself was not a monolithic structure, but was rent internally with its own <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_politics_and_background" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Army politics and background">political factions</a>. Even Japan's wartime Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hideki Tōjō">Hideki Tōjō</a>, had difficulty controlling portions of his own military. </p><p>Japan's overseas possessions, greatly extended as a result of early successes in the Pacific War were organized into a <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>, which was to have integrated Asia politically and economically—under Japanese leadership—against Western domination. </p><p>Militarism was even reflected in the clothing trends of the 1930s. Male <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a> designs adopted explicitly militaristic imagery, including soldiers, <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a> and tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These designs were not on public display but on linings and undergarments. They symbolised – or in the case of boy's clothes, were hoped to bring about – the alignment of the individual's goals with those of Japan as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_militarism">Opposition to militarism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_militarism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opposition to militarism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the apparently monolithic national consensus on the official aggressive policies pursued by the Imperial government in the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a>, some substantial opposition did exist. This was one of various forms of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dissidence_during_the_Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period">Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period</a>. </p><p>The most organized open opposition to militarism was from the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Japanese Communist Party</a>. In the early 1930s Communist activists attempted to influence army conscripts, but the party was suppressed during the mid-1930s within Japan. </p><p>Personal opposition included individuals from the fields of party politics, business and culture. Some notable examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Takashi" title="Hara Takashi">Hara Takashi</a>, a commoner and liberal thinker of the <a href="/wiki/Rikken_Seiy%C5%ABkai" title="Rikken Seiyūkai">Rikken Seiyūkai</a>, had become <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">prime minister</a> in 1918 with the rallying cry of "Militarism is dead." Three years later, however, Hara was assassinated.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara" title="Kijūrō Shidehara">Kijūrō Shidehara</a> followed a non-interventionist policy toward China, attempting to stabilize its relations with Great Britain and the United States. The term "Shidehara diplomacy" came to describe Japan's liberal foreign policy during the 1920s, and was assailed by military interests who believed it was weakening the country.</li> <li>Baron <a href="/wiki/Takuma_Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Takuma Dan">Takuma Dan</a>, director of <a href="/wiki/Mitsui" title="Mitsui">Mitsui</a> Bank, was an important opponent of Japan overseas interventions and was known for his pro-American views. He was murdered on March 5, 1932, in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Blood_Incident" title="League of Blood Incident">League of Blood Incident</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minobe_Tatsukichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Minobe Tatsukichi">Minobe Tatsukichi</a>, a respected professor at <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Imperial University">Tokyo Imperial University</a> declared the emperor to be a part of the constitutional structure of Japan rather than a sacred power beyond the state itself in 1935. His constitutional interpretation was overwhelmingly accepted by bureaucrats until the 1930s. In the increasingly militant 1930s, these ideas led to attacks against Minobe in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_House_of_Peers" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese House of Peers">House of Peers</a> and his resignation from that body.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Takao_(politician)" title="Saitō Takao (politician)">Saitō Takao</a>, a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Rikken_Minseito" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikken Minseito">Rikken Minseito</a> party. On February 2, 1940, he made a speech in the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Japan">Diet</a> in which he sharply questioned the prosecution and justification of <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Japan's "holy war" in China</a>. He was expelled from the Diet on March 7, 1940, and his speech also led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Diet_Members_Believing_the_Objectives_of_the_Holy_War" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War">League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a>.</li> <li>Admiral <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dkichi_Takagi" title="Sōkichi Takagi">Sōkichi Takagi</a>, an opponent of Japan's decision to declare war on the United States, was asked by Navy Minister <a href="/wiki/Shigetar%C5%8D_Shimada" title="Shigetarō Shimada">Shigetarō Shimada</a> to compile a report analyzing Japanese defeats during the Pacific campaign of 1942. His analysis convinced Takagi of Japan's inevitable defeat. Believing that the only solution for Japan was the elimination of the Tojo-led government and a truce with the United States, Takagi began planning for the assassination of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hideki Tōjō">Hideki Tōjō</a> before his removal from office in July 1944.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan%C5%8D_Jigor%C5%8D" title="Kanō Jigorō">Kanō Jigorō</a>, creator of <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> and founder of the modern Japanese educational system, member of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Olympic_Committee" title="Japanese Olympic Committee">Japan's Olympic Committee</a>, and de facto foreign minister for Japan was allegedly a staunch opponent of militarism. Concerned that his Judo school, the Kodokan, would be used as a military training center, he obtained a promise from the Emperor that it would not be. Alternate sources list different causes of death, and some consider his passing to be suspicious.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan_attacking_Pearl_Harbor">Japan attacking Pearl Harbor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_militarism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Japan attacking Pearl Harbor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg/250px-Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg/330px-Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg/500px-Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>Japanese Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> as head of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> on 29 April 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor happened on December 7, 1941. <a href="/wiki/Events_leading_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor">Multiple events led to the attack</a>, such as the Japanese peoples' opposition to <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernism</a> and the breaking off of negotiations between Japan and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="this is more of a pop culture site, so an academic source would be better (June 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Japan had plans to take over other Asian countries, which resulted in the US stripping any war materials and resources to be sold to the Japanese and freezing all Japanese assets and bank accounts in the US. The US fleet moved from being stationed in California to be moved in Pearl Harbor to somewhat control Japan's aggression and imposed on an embargo of essential materials, because Japan was trying to take over and control more territories.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="this is more of a pop culture site, so an academic source would be better (June 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_Japan">Postwar Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_militarism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Postwar Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite efforts to totally militarize Japanese society during the war, including such measures as the <a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="National Mobilization Law">National Service Draft Ordinance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a>, Japanese militarism was discredited by the failure of Japan's military in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">American occupation</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a>, many of its former military leaders were tried for <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">war crimes</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo tribunal">Tokyo tribunal</a>. Furthermore, its government and educational system were revised and <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">pacifism</a> was written into the postwar <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a> as one of its key tenets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_militarism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> (Emperor Shōwa) became emperor upon <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">his father</a>'s death (December 25).</li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Tanaka_Giichi" title="Tanaka Giichi">Tanaka Giichi</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">prime minister</a> (April 20).</li> <li>1928: Hirohito is enthroned as the Emperor (November 10).</li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Osachi_Hamaguchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Osachi Hamaguchi">Osachi Hamaguchi</a> becomes prime minister (July 2).</li> <li>1930: Hamaguchi is wounded in an assassination attempt (November 14).</li> <li>1931: Hamaguchi dies and <a href="/wiki/Wakatsuki_Reijir%C5%8D" title="Wakatsuki Reijirō">Wakatsuki Reijirō</a> becomes prime minister (April 14). <a href="/wiki/Inukai_Tsuyoshi" title="Inukai Tsuyoshi">Inukai Tsuyoshi</a> becomes prime minister (December 13) and increases funding for the military in China. <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> occurs (18 September).</li> <li>1932: After an attack on Japanese monks in Shanghai (January 18), Japanese forces shell the city (January 29). <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> is established with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pu_Yi" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Pu Yi">Henry Pu Yi</a> as emperor (February 29). Inukai is assassinated during a coup attempt and <a href="/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Makoto" title="Saitō Makoto">Saitō Makoto</a> becomes prime minister (May 15). Japan is censured by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> (December 7).</li> <li>1933: Japan leaves the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> (March 27).</li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Keisuke_Okada" title="Keisuke Okada">Keisuke Okada</a> becomes prime minister (July 8). Japan withdraws from the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a> (December 29).</li> <li>1936: Coup attempt, the <a href="/wiki/February_26_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="February 26 Incident">February 26 Incident</a>, crushed by <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a>. <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dki_Hirota" title="Kōki Hirota">Kōki Hirota</a> becomes prime minister (March 9). Japan signs its <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">first pact with Nazi Germany</a> (November 25) and occupies <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a> (December 3). <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a> established in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>.</li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Senj%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Hayashi" title="Senjūrō Hayashi">Senjūrō Hayashi</a> becomes prime minister (February 2). Prince <a href="/wiki/Konoe_Fumimaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Konoe Fumimaro">Konoe Fumimaro</a> becomes prime minister (June 4). The <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> starts with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lugou_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lugou Bridge">Battle of Lugou Bridge</a> (July 7). Japan captures <a href="/wiki/Beiping" class="mw-redirect" title="Beiping">Beiping</a> (July 31). Japanese troops occupy <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> (December 13), beginning the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing massacre">Nanjing massacre</a>.</li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taierzhuang" title="Battle of Taierzhuang">Battle of Taierzhuang</a> (March 24). <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> falls to Japanese forces (October 21).</li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Hiranuma_Kiichir%C5%8D" title="Hiranuma Kiichirō">Hiranuma Kiichirō</a> becomes prime minister (January 5). Japanese forces suffer a military defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a> against Soviet forces (September 15). <a href="/wiki/Nobuyuki_Abe" title="Nobuyuki Abe">Nobuyuki Abe</a> becomes prime minister (August 30).</li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Mitsumasa_Yonai" title="Mitsumasa Yonai">Mitsumasa Yonai</a> becomes prime minister (January 16). Konoe becomes prime minister for his second term (July 22). <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a> (August–September). Japan occupies <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> in the wake of the fall of Paris to the Germans, and signs the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> (September 27).</li> <li>1941: Japan and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> sign a <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">non-aggression pact</a> (April 13). General <a href="/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hideki Tōjō">Hideki Tōjō</a> becomes prime minister (October 18). Japanese naval forces attack <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, Hawaii (December 7) (see <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a>), prompting the United States to declare war on Japan (December 8) (see <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>). Japan conquers <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (December 25).</li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> surrenders to Japan (February 15). <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Japan bombs Australia (February 19)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Indian Ocean raid</a> (March 31-April 10). <a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a> on Tokyo (April 18). <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a> (May 4 – 8). <a href="/wiki/Sanko_sakusen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanko sakusen">Sanko sakusen</a> implemented in North China. American forces in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> surrender (May 8). Japan defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a> (June 6).</li> <li>1943: Japan defeated at <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a> (February 9) and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Battle of Tarawa</a> (November 23).</li> <li>1944: Japan defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan" title="Battle of Saipan">Battle of Saipan</a> (July 9). Tojo resigns and <a href="/wiki/Kuniaki_Koiso" title="Kuniaki Koiso">Kuniaki Koiso</a> becomes prime minister (July 22).</li> <li>1945: U.S. bombers begin <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">firebombing of major Japanese cities</a>. Japan defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a> (March 26). Admiral <a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Kantarō Suzuki">Kantarō Suzuki</a> becomes prime minister (April 7). <a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre" title="Manila massacre">Manila massacre</a>. Japan defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a> (June 21). U.S. drops atomic bombs <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">on Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki bomb (August 9)</a>. Telegram sent to Allied Nations agreeing Potsdam terms (7am August 10). USSR declares <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">war on Japan</a> (August 8) and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">invades Manchuria</a> (August 9) and break through at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutanchiang" title="Battle of Mutanchiang">Battle of Mutanchiang</a> (August 12–16). <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito broadcasts Japan's acceptance</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a> (August 15). The official <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender ceremony</a> in Tokyo bay follows on September 2: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a> begins (until April 28, 1952, upon the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_militarism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism in Shōwa Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_political_and_military_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Japanese political and military incidents">List of Japanese political and military incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_political_figures_in_early_Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" title="List of Japanese political figures in early Shōwa period">List of Japanese political figures in early Shōwa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism_in_Asia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Imperialism in Asia (disambiguation)">Imperialism in Asia (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dissidence_during_the_early_Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese dissidence during the early Shōwa period">Japanese dissidence during the early Shōwa period</a> for Japanese opponents to Japanese militarism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_militarism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piers Brendon, <i>The dark valley: A panorama of the 1930s</i> (Knopf, 2000) pp 438–64, 633–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shin'ichi Kitaoka, "The army as bureaucracy: Japanese militarism revisited." <i>Journal of Military History</i> 57.5 (1993): 67+.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Bernd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_jBOpYASMQC&q=Japan+and+Germany+in+the+modern+world"><i>Japan and Germany in the Modern World</i>, p. 31.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nishitani, Yuko <i>et al.</i> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nozPlJIkyDsC&dq=Klemens+Wilhelm+Jacob+Meckel&pg=PA29"><i>Japanese and European Private International Law in Comparative Perspective</i>, p. 29 n6.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Welch, Claude Emerson. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcTXLxWeZ00C&dq=Klemens+Wilhelm+Jacob+Meckel&pg=PA161"><i>Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries</i>, p. 161.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bassford, Christopher. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmCpdoajce0C&dq=Klemens+Wilhelm+Jacob+Meckel&pg=PA74"><i>Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945</i>, p. 74.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schramm, Helmar. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cZpRNb9a13gC&dq=Klemens+Wilhelm+Jacob+Meckel&pg=PA574"><i>Collection, Laboratory, Theater</i>, p. 429.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcTXLxWeZ00C&dq=Klemens+Wilhelm+Jacob+Meckel&pg=PA161">p. 162.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHopper2005" class="citation book cs1">Hopper, Helen (2005). <i>Fukuzawa yukichi: from samurai to capitalist</i>. New York, New York: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-07802-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-07802-0"><bdi>0-321-07802-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fukuzawa+yukichi%3A+from+samurai+to+capitalist&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Pearson+Education%2C+Inc&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-321-07802-0&rft.aulast=Hopper&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+militarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hillis, Lory <i>Japan's Military Masters: The Army in Japanese people not live with farm on hilltop when fish swim in moist creek with bottletop bill. Life</i> Washington 1943 pp127-130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkins-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2008" class="citation journal cs1">Atkins, Jacqueline M. (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1077&context=tsaconf">"Omoshirogara Textile Design and Children's Clothing in Japan 1910–1930"</a>. <i>Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. Paper 77</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Textile+Society+of+America+Symposium+Proceedings.+Paper+77.&rft.atitle=Omoshirogara+Textile+Design+and+Children%27s+Clothing+in+Japan+1910%E2%80%931930&rft.date=2008-09&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1077%26context%3Dtsaconf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+militarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2016" class="citation web cs1">Perkins, Sam (November 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-propaganda-kimonos-japan-kept-hidden-from-outsiders">"The Propaganda Kimonos Japan Kept Hidden From Outsiders"</a>. <i>Atlas Obscura</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=The+Propaganda+Kimonos+Japan+Kept+Hidden+From+Outsiders&rft.date=2016-11-16&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-propaganda-kimonos-japan-kept-hidden-from-outsiders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+militarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2015" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Anna (2015). "Dress in the Taishō and early Shōwa periods: traditions transformed". In Jackson, Anna (ed.). <i>Kimono: the art and evolution of Japanese fashion</i>. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500518021" title="Special:BookSources/9780500518021"><bdi>9780500518021</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/990574229">990574229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dress+in+the+Taish%C5%8D+and+early+Sh%C5%8Dwa+periods%3A+traditions+transformed&rft.btitle=Kimono%3A+the+art+and+evolution+of+Japanese+fashion&rft.place=London&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F990574229&rft.isbn=9780500518021&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+militarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/the-rise-of-militaristic-nationalism-november-96-world-war-ii-feature.htm">"The Rise of Militaristic Nationalism - November '96 World War II Feature"</a>. <i>HistoryNet</i>. August 19, 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryNet&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Militaristic+Nationalism+-+November+%2796+World+War+II+Feature&rft.date=1996-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fthe-rise-of-militaristic-nationalism-november-96-world-war-ii-feature.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+militarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_militarism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bassford, Christopher. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmCpdoajce0C&q=Klemens+Wilhelm+Jacob+Meckel"><i>Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945.</i></a> New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508383-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508383-5">978-0-19-508383-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeasley,_William_G.1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Beasley" title="William G. Beasley">Beasley, William G.</a> (1991). <i>Japanese Imperialism 1894–1945</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822168-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822168-1"><bdi>0-19-822168-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Imperialism+1894%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-822168-1&rft.au=Beasley%2C+William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+militarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHopper2005" class="citation book cs1">Hopper, Helen (2005). <i>Fukuzawa yukichi: from samurai to capitalist</i>. New York, New York: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-07802-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-07802-0"><bdi>0-321-07802-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fukuzawa+yukichi%3A+from+samurai+to+capitalist&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Pearson+Education%2C+Inc&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-321-07802-0&rft.aulast=Hopper&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+militarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">Dower, John W.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hae0dC_NaiUC&q=Embracing+Defeat."><i>Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II.</i></a> New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32027-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32027-5">978-0-393-32027-5</a></li> <li>Dower, John W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iIyBIAAACAAJ&q=Japan+in+War+and+Peace"><i>Japan in War & Peace.</i></a> New York: <a href="/wiki/The_New_Press" title="The New Press">The New Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-279-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-279-3">978-1-56584-279-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGow2004" class="citation book cs1">Gow, Ian (2004). <i>Military Intervention in Pre-War Japanese Politics: Admiral Kato Kanji and the Washington System'<span></span></i>. RoutledgeCurzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1315-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1315-8"><bdi>0-7007-1315-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Intervention+in+Pre-War+Japanese+Politics%3A+Admiral+Kato+Kanji+and+the+Washington+System%27&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7007-1315-8&rft.aulast=Gow&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+militarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHook2007" class="citation book cs1">Hook, Glenn D (2007). <i>Militarization and Demilitarization in Contemporary Japan</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000OI0VTI">B000OI0VTI</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Militarization+and+Demilitarization+in+Contemporary+Japan&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000OI0VTI%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Hook&rft.aufirst=Glenn+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+militarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIto,_Tomohide2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomohide_Ito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomohide Ito (page does not exist)">Ito, Tomohide</a> (2019). <i>Militarismus des Zivilen in Japan 1937–1940: Diskurse und ihre Auswirkungen auf politische Entscheidungsprozesse, (Reihe zur Geschichte Asiens; Bd. 19)</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudicium_Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iudicium Verlag (page does not exist)">Iudicium Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3862052202" title="Special:BookSources/978-3862052202"><bdi>978-3862052202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Militarismus+des+Zivilen+in+Japan+1937%E2%80%931940%3A+Diskurse+und+ihre+Auswirkungen+auf+politische+Entscheidungsprozesse%2C+%28Reihe+zur+Geschichte+Asiens%3B+Bd.+19%29&rft.pub=Iudicium+Verlag&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3862052202&rft.au=Ito%2C+Tomohide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+militarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon,_Andrew2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gordon_(historian)" title="Andrew Gordon (historian)">Gordon, Andrew</a> (2003). <i>A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511061-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511061-7"><bdi>0-19-511061-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Japan%3A+From+Tokugawa+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-511061-7&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+militarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kitaoka, Shin'ichi. "The army as bureaucracy: Japanese militarism revisited." <i>Journal of Military History</i> 57.5 (1993): 67+.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaki2007" class="citation book cs1">Maki, John M (2007). <i>Japanese Militarism, Past and Present</i>. Thompson Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-2272-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-2272-7"><bdi>978-1-4067-2272-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Militarism%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Thompson+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-2272-7&rft.aulast=Maki&rft.aufirst=John+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+militarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Martin, Bernd. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_jBOpYASMQC&q=Japan+and+Germany+in+the+modern+world."><i>Japan and Germany in the modern world.</i></a> Providence/Oxford: Berghahn Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-047-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-047-2">978-1-84545-047-2</a></li> <li>Schramm, Helmar, Ludger Schwarte and Jan Lazardzig. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cZpRNb9a13gC&q=Klemens+Wilhelm+Jacob+Meckel"><i>Collection, Laboratory, Theater: Scenes of Knowledge in the 17th Century.</i></a> Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017736-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017736-7">978-3-11-017736-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSims2001" class="citation book cs1">Sims, Richard (2001). <i>Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868–2000</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-23915-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-23915-7"><bdi>0-312-23915-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Political+History+Since+the+Meiji+Renovation+1868%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-312-23915-7&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+militarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSunoo1975" class="citation book cs1">Sunoo, Harold Hwakon (1975). <i>Japanese Militarism, Past and Present</i>. Burnham Inc Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88229-217-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88229-217-X"><bdi>0-88229-217-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Militarism%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Burnham+Inc+Pub&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-88229-217-X&rft.aulast=Sunoo&rft.aufirst=Harold+Hwakon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+militarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Welch, Claude Emerson. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcTXLxWeZ00C&q=Klemens+Wilhelm+Jacob+Meckel"><i>Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries.</i></a> Albany: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-348-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-348-1">978-0-87395-348-1</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Japan98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Japan98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Imperial Seal of Japan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/250px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Mutsuhito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Yoshihito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Hirohito)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration<br />(ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and<br />deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code"><i>Senjinkun</i> military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a></i> after 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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