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id="toc-National_Union_of_Mineworkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Association_of_Colliery_Overmen,_Deputies_and_Shotfirers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Association_of_Colliery_Overmen,_Deputies_and_Shotfirers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Association_of_Colliery_Overmen,_Deputies_and_Shotfirers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequence_of_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequence_of_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Sequence of events </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sequence_of_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sequence of events subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sequence_of_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calls_for_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calls_for_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Calls for action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calls_for_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thatcher's_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thatcher's_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Thatcher's strategy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thatcher's_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_over_a_national_ballot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_over_a_national_ballot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Debate over a national ballot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_over_a_national_ballot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pit_closures_announced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pit_closures_announced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Pit closures announced </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pit_closures_announced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Action_begins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Action_begins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Action begins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Action_begins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Picketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Picketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Picketing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Picketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strike_ballots_by_NACODS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strike_ballots_by_NACODS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Strike ballots by NACODS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strike_ballots_by_NACODS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_judgments_on_legality_of_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_judgments_on_legality_of_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Court judgments on legality of strike </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_judgments_on_legality_of_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakaway_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakaway_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Breakaway union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakaway_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_formal_end" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_formal_end"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 The formal end </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_formal_end-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ballots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ballots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Votes_for_strike_action_by_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Votes_for_strike_action_by_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Votes for strike action by area </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Votes_for_strike_action_by_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobilisation_of_police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobilisation_of_police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mobilisation of police </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobilisation_of_police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_welfare_benefit_payments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_welfare_benefit_payments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 No welfare benefit payments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_welfare_benefit_payments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MI5_"counter-subversion"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MI5_"counter-subversion""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 MI5 "counter-subversion" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MI5_"counter-subversion"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion_and_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion_and_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Public opinion and the media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion_and_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NUM_links_with_Libya_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NUM_links_with_Libya_and_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 NUM links with Libya and the Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NUM_links_with_Libya_and_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundraising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundraising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Fundraising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundraising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women_Against_Pit_Closures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_Against_Pit_Closures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.1 Women Against Pit Closures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_Against_Pit_Closures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation_in_observing_the_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation_in_observing_the_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Variation in observing the strike </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variation_in_observing_the_strike-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Variation in observing the strike subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Variation_in_observing_the_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analysis_of_the_situation_in_Nottinghamshire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_the_situation_in_Nottinghamshire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Analysis of the situation in Nottinghamshire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_the_situation_in_Nottinghamshire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses_to_the_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses_to_the_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Responses to the strike </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responses_to_the_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Long-term impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Long-term_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Long-term impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Long-term_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pardons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pardons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Pardons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pardons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Historical assessments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Cultural references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Films and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Video games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveys_and_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys_and_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Surveys and analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys_and_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memoirs,_social_and_cultural_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoirs,_social_and_cultural_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Memoirs, social and cultural history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoirs,_social_and_cultural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_and_local_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_and_local_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Regional and local studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_and_local_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" > 22 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_(1984-1985)" title="إضراب عمال المناجم البريطانية (1984-1985) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إضراب عمال المناجم البريطانية (1984-1985)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%86%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_1984%E2%80%941985" title="Забастоўка брытанскіх шахцёраў 1984—1985 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Забастоўка брытанскіх шахцёраў 1984—1985" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(1984%E2%80%9385)" title="Стачка на миньорите в Обединеното кралство (1984–85) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стачка на миньорите в Обединеното кралство (1984–85)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_de_miners_brit%C3%A0nics_(1984-1985)" title="Vaga de miners britànics (1984-1985) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vaga de miners britànics (1984-1985)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streic_y_Glowyr_(1984%E2%80%9385)" title="Streic y Glowyr (1984–85) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Streic y Glowyr (1984–85)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_britiske_minearbejderstrejke_1984-85" title="Den britiske minearbejderstrejke 1984-85 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den britiske minearbejderstrejke 1984-85" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britischer_Bergarbeiterstreik_1984/1985" title="Britischer Bergarbeiterstreik 1984/1985 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britischer Bergarbeiterstreik 1984/1985" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_minera_en_Reino_Unido_de_1984_a_1985" title="Huelga minera en Reino Unido de 1984 a 1985 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Huelga minera en Reino Unido de 1984 a 1985" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984-85eko_Erresuma_Batuko_meatzarien_greba" title="1984-85eko Erresuma Batuko meatzarien greba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1984-85eko Erresuma Batuko meatzarien greba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%DB%B8%DB%B5%E2%80%93%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B8%DB%B4)" title="اعتصاب معدنچیان بریتانیا (۸۵–۱۹۸۴) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعتصاب معدنچیان بریتانیا (۸۵–۱۹۸۴)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ve_des_mineurs_britanniques_de_1984-1985" title="Grève des mineurs britanniques de 1984-1985 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grève des mineurs britanniques de 1984-1985" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stailc_na_mianad%C3%B3ir%C3%AD_sa_R%C3%ADocht_Aontaithe_(1984%E2%80%931985)" title="Stailc na mianadóirí sa Ríocht Aontaithe (1984–1985) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stailc na mianadóirí sa Ríocht Aontaithe (1984–1985)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A8_1984%E2%80%941985_%D5%A9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Բրիտանացի հանքափորների գործադուլը 1984—1985 թվականներին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրիտանացի հանքափորների գործադուլը 1984—1985 թվականներին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogok_kerja_penambang_Britania_Raya_1984%E2%80%9395" title="Mogok kerja penambang Britania Raya 1984–95 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mogok kerja penambang Britania Raya 1984–95" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciopero_dei_minatori_britannici_del_1984-1985" title="Sciopero dei minatori britannici del 1984-1985 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sciopero dei minatori britannici del 1984-1985" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_(1984%E2%80%931985)" title="שביתת הכורים בבריטניה (1984–1985) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שביתת הכורים בבריטניה (1984–1985)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a 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border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Support_the_Miners_March.Camberwell_Road,_SE5,_London._1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Support_the_Miners_March.Camberwell_Road%2C_SE5%2C_London._1984.jpg/300px-Support_the_Miners_March.Camberwell_Road%2C_SE5%2C_London._1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Support_the_Miners_March.Camberwell_Road%2C_SE5%2C_London._1984.jpg/450px-Support_the_Miners_March.Camberwell_Road%2C_SE5%2C_London._1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Support_the_Miners_March.Camberwell_Road%2C_SE5%2C_London._1984.jpg/600px-Support_the_Miners_March.Camberwell_Road%2C_SE5%2C_London._1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="1164" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Support the Miners March, London, 1984</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">6 March 1984 – 3 March 1985 (1984-03-06 – 1985-03-03) (11 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, mostly; <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Proposed pit closures and job losses</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ridley_Plan" title="Ridley Plan">Ridley Plan</a></li><li>Prevention of pit closures</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Pit closures, job losses, foreign coal imports, political unrest, major decline in union influence in British politics</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:33%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(Great_Britain)" title="National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)">Nat. Union of Mineworkers</a> (NUM)</div></td> <td style="width:33%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">Nat. Coal Board</a> (NCB)</div></td> <td style="width:33%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">HM Gov.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Met_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Met Police">Met Police</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Police" title="South Yorkshire Police">SY Police</a></li><li>other police</li></ul></div></div></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-3 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a> </div> <div> <a href="/wiki/Ian_MacGregor" title="Ian MacGregor">Ian MacGregor</a> </div><div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Brittan" title="Leon Brittan">Leon Brittan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wright_(police_officer)" title="Peter Wright (police officer)">Peter Wright</a></li></ul></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Number</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:33%;"><div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Total: 142,000</li><li>Orgreave: 5,000</li></ul></div></div></td> <td style="width:33%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> </div></td> <td style="width:33%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> Orgreave: 5,000</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Death(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Injuries</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Police: 51</li><li>NUM: 72</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Arrested</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">11,291</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" title="Detention (imprisonment)">Detained</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">150–200</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_charge" title="Criminal charge">Charged</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">8,392</td></tr></tbody></table> The 1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike was a major <a href="/wiki/Industrial_action" title="Industrial action">industrial action</a> within the British <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal industry</a> in an attempt to prevent closures of pits that the government deemed "uneconomic" in the coal industry, which had been nationalised in 1947. It was led by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(Great_Britain)" title="National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)">National Union of Mineworkers</a> (NUM) against the <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a> (NCB), a government agency. Opposition to the strike was led by the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, who wanted to reduce the power of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>. The NUM was divided over the action, which began in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, and some mineworkers, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a>, worked through the dispute. Few major trade unions supported the NUM, primarily using the argument of the absence of a vote at national level. Violent confrontations between <a href="/wiki/Picketing#Types_of_picket" title="Picketing">flying pickets</a> and police characterised the year-long strike, which ended in a decisive victory for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Thatcher_ministry" title="Second Thatcher ministry">Conservative government</a> and allowed the closure of most of Britain's collieries (coal mines). Many observers regard the strike as "the most bitter industrial dispute in British history".<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Around_World-2">[2]</a> The number of person-days of work lost to the strike was over 26 million, making it the largest since the <a href="/wiki/1926_General_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1926 General Strike">1926 General Strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Around_World-2">[2]</a> The journalist <a href="/wiki/Seumas_Milne" title="Seumas Milne">Seumas Milne</a> said of the strike that "it has no real parallel – in size, duration and impact – anywhere in the world".<a href="#cite_note-Milne_1994-3">[3]</a>: ix  The NCB was encouraged to gear itself towards reduced subsidies in the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> After a strike was narrowly averted in February 1981, pit closures and pay restraint led to unofficial strikes. The main strike started on 6 March 1984 with a walkout at <a href="/wiki/Cortonwood_Colliery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortonwood Colliery">Cortonwood Colliery</a>, which led to the NUM's Yorkshire Area's sanctioning of a strike on the grounds of a ballot result from 1981 in the Yorkshire Area, which was later challenged in court. The NUM President, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a>, made the strike official across Britain on 12 March 1984, but the lack of a national ballot beforehand caused controversy. The NUM strategy was to cause a severe energy shortage of the sort that had won victory in the <a href="/wiki/1972_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike" title="1972 United Kingdom miners' strike">1972 strike</a>. The government strategy, designed by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, was threefold: to build up ample coal stocks, to keep as many miners at work as possible, and to use police to break up attacks by pickets on working miners. The critical element was the NUM's failure to hold a national strike ballot.<a href="#cite_note-Howell_1987-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Darlington_2005-6">[6]</a>: 71–95 <a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Goodman_1985_p._48-7">[7]</a> The strike was ruled illegal in September 1984, as no national ballot of NUM members had been held.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> It ended on 3 March 1985. It was a defining moment in British industrial relations, the NUM's defeat significantly weakening the <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">trade union movement</a>. It was a major victory for Thatcher and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, with the Thatcher government able to consolidate their economic programme. The number of strikes fell sharply in 1985 as a result of the "<a href="/wiki/Demonstration_effect" title="Demonstration effect">demonstration effect</a>" and trade union power in general diminished.<a href="#cite_note-Around_World-2">[2]</a> Three deaths resulted from events related to the strike. The much-reduced coal industry was privatised in December 1994, ultimately becoming <a href="/wiki/UK_Coal" title="UK Coal">UK Coal</a>. In 1983, Britain had 175 working pits, all of which had closed by the end of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Poverty increased in former coal mining areas, and in 1994 <a href="/wiki/Grimethorpe" title="Grimethorpe">Grimethorpe</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a> was the poorest settlement in the country.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Coal_Mining_Jobs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/UK_Coal_Mining_Jobs.png/350px-UK_Coal_Mining_Jobs.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/UK_Coal_Mining_Jobs.png/525px-UK_Coal_Mining_Jobs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/UK_Coal_Mining_Jobs.png/700px-UK_Coal_Mining_Jobs.png 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Coal mining employment in the UK, 1880–2012 (DECC data)</figcaption></figure> While more than 1,000 collieries were working in the UK during the first half of the 20th century, by 1984 only 173 were still operating<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and employment had dropped from its peak of 1 million in 1922, down to 231,000 for the decade to 1982.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> This long-term decline in coal employment was common across the developed world; in the United States, employment in the coal-mining industry continued to fall from 180,000 in 1985 to 70,000 in the year 2000.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Coal mining, <a href="/wiki/Nationalised" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalised">nationalised</a> by <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government in 1947, was managed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a> (NCB) under <a href="/wiki/Ian_MacGregor" title="Ian MacGregor">Ian MacGregor</a> in 1984. As in most of Europe, the industry was heavily subsidised. In 1982–1983, the operating loss per tonne was £3.05, and international market prices for coal were about 25% cheaper than that charged by the NCB.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The calculation of these operating losses was disputed, with the Marxist historian <a href="/wiki/John_Saville" title="John Saville">John Saville</a> declaring costs other than operating losses were included in the data as part of a scheme to undermine trade unions.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> By 1984, the richest seams of coal had been increasingly worked out and the remaining coal was more and more expensive to reach. The solution was mechanisation and greater efficiency per worker, making many miners redundant due to overcapacity of production.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-16">[16]</a> The industry was restructured between 1958 and 1967 in cooperation with the unions, with a halving of the workforce; offset by government and industry initiatives to provide alternative employment. Stabilisation occurred between 1968 and 1977, when closures were minimised with the support of the unions even though the broader economy slowed. The accelerated contraction imposed by Thatcher after 1979 was strenuously opposed by the unions. In the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">post-war consensus</a>, policy allowed for closures only where agreed to by the workers, who in turn received guaranteed economic security. Consensus did not apply when closures were enforced and redundant miners had severely limited employment alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips_2013-17">[17]</a>: 99–115  The NUM's <a href="/wiki/Three-Day_Week#Background" title="Three-Day Week">strike in 1974</a> played a major role in bringing down <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>'s Conservative government. The party's response was the <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Plan" title="Ridley Plan">Ridley Plan</a>, an internal report that was leaked to <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> magazine and appeared in its 27 May 1978 issue. Ridley described how a future Conservative government could resist and defeat a major strike in a nationalised industry. In Ridley's opinion, trade union power in the UK was interfering with market forces, pushing up inflation, and the unions' undue political power had to be curbed to restore the UK's economy.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Union_of_Mineworkers">National Union of Mineworkers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: National Union of Mineworkers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winter_at_Blackhall_colliery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Winter_at_Blackhall_colliery.jpg/220px-Winter_at_Blackhall_colliery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Winter_at_Blackhall_colliery.jpg/330px-Winter_at_Blackhall_colliery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Winter_at_Blackhall_colliery.jpg/440px-Winter_at_Blackhall_colliery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blackhall_Colliery" title="Blackhall Colliery">Blackhall Colliery</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a> in 1970</figcaption></figure> The mining industry was effectively a <a href="/wiki/Closed_shop" title="Closed shop">closed shop</a>. Although not official policy, employment of non-unionised labour would have led to a mass walkout of mineworkers.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 267  The <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(Great_Britain)" title="National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)">National Union of Mineworkers</a> (NUM) came into being in 1945 and in 1947 most collieries in Britain were nationalised (958 nationalised, 400 private).<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/5">5</a>  Demand for coal was high in the years following the Second World War, and Polish refugees were drafted to work in the pits.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 8  Over time, coal's share in the energy market declined relative to oil and nuclear.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/6">6</a>  Large-scale closures of collieries occurred in the 1960s, which led to migration of miners from the run-down coalfields (Scotland, Wales, Lancashire, the north-east of England) to Yorkshire and the Midlands coalfields.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/8">8</a>  After a period of inaction from the NUM leadership over employment cuts, there was an <a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1969)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1969)">unofficial strike in 1969</a>, after which many more militant candidates were elected to NUM leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_2005-22">[22]</a>: 17 <a href="#cite_note-Amos_2011-23">[23]</a>: 248–250  The threshold for endorsement of strike action in a national ballot was reduced from two-thirds in favour to 55% in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_1994-24">[24]</a>: 11–12  There was then success in the <a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1972)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1972)">national strike in 1972</a>, an overtime ban, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1974)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1974)">strike in 1974</a> (which led to the <a href="/wiki/Three-Day_Week" title="Three-Day Week">Three-Day Week</a>).<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/9">9–14</a>  The NUM's success in bringing down the Heath government demonstrated its power, but it caused resentment at their demand to be treated as a special case in wage negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 11  The NUM had a decentralised regional structure and certain regions were seen as more militant than others. Scotland, South Wales and Kent were militant and had some communist officials, whereas the Midlands were much less militant.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 12  The only nationally coordinated actions in the 1984–1985 strike were the mass pickets at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orgreave" title="Battle of Orgreave">Orgreave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ddintro-25">[25]</a> In the more militant mining areas, strikebreakers were reviled and never forgiven for betraying the community. In 1984, some <a href="/wiki/Pit_village" title="Pit village">pit villages</a> had no other industries for many miles around.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 10  In <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a>, miners showed a high degree of solidarity, as they came from isolated villages where most workers were employed in the pits, had similar lifestyles, and had an evangelical religious style based on Methodism that led to an ideology of egalitarianism.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The dominance of mining in these local economies led Oxford professor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Glyn" title="Andrew Glyn">Andrew Glyn</a> to conclude that no pit closure could be beneficial for government revenue.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>: 24  From 1981, the NUM was led by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a>, a militant trade unionist and socialist, with strong leanings towards communism.<a href="#cite_note-NLR_1975-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Scargill was a vocal opponent of Thatcher's government. In March 1983, he stated "The policies of this government are clear – to destroy the coal industry and the NUM".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Scargill wrote in the NUM journal The Miner: "Waiting in the wings, wishing to chop us to pieces, is Yankee steel butcher MacGregor. This 70-year-old multi-millionaire import, who massacred half the steel workforce in less than three years, is almost certainly brought in to wield the axe on pits. It's now or never for Britain's mineworkers. This is the final chance – while we still have the strength – to save our industry".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> On 12 May 1983, in response to being questioned on how he would respond if the Conservatives were re-elected in the <a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">general election</a>, Scargill replied: "My attitude would be the same as the attitude of the working class in Germany when the Nazis came to power. It does not mean that because at some stage you elect a government that you tolerate its existence. You oppose it".<a href="#cite_note-Times130583-33">[33]</a> He also said he would oppose a second-term Thatcher government "as vigorously as I possibly can".<a href="#cite_note-Times130583-33">[33]</a> After the election, Scargill called for <a href="/wiki/Extra-parliamentary_opposition" title="Extra-parliamentary opposition">extra-parliamentary action</a> against the Conservative government in a speech to the NUM conference in Perth on 4 July 1983: <blockquote>"A fight back against this Government's policies will inevitably take place outside rather than inside Parliament. When I talk about 'extra-parliamentary action' there is a great outcry in the press and from leading Tories about my refusal to accept the democratic will of the people. I am not prepared to accept policies elected by a minority of the British electorate. I am not prepared quietly to accept the destruction of the coal industry, nor am I willing to see our social services decimated. This totally undemocratic Government can now easily push through whatever laws it chooses. Faced with possible parliamentary destruction of all that is good and compassionate in our society, extra-parliamentary action will be the only course open to the working class and the Labour movement."<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></blockquote> Scargill also rejected the idea that pits that did not make a profit were "uneconomic": he claimed there was no such thing as an uneconomic pit and argued that no pits should close except due to geological exhaustion or safety.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2011-35">[35]</a>: 356 <a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Association_of_Colliery_Overmen,_Deputies_and_Shotfirers">National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers">edit</a>]</div> No mining could legally be done without being overseen by an overman or deputy.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/161">161–162</a>  Their union, the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Colliery_Overmen,_Deputies_and_Shotfirers" title="National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers">National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers</a> (NACODS) with 17,000 members in 1984, was less willing to take industrial action.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/161">161–162</a>  Its constitution required a two-thirds majority for a national strike.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/164">164</a>  During the 1972 strike, violent confrontations between striking NUM and non-striking NACODS members led to an agreement that NACODS members could stay off work without loss of pay if they were faced with aggressive picketing.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/161">161–162</a>  Thus solidarity with striking NUM members could be shown by claims of violence preventing the crossing of picket lines even without a NACODS union vote for strike action. Initially the threshold for striking was not met; although a majority had voted for strike action, it was not enough. However, later during the strike 82% did vote for strike action.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sequence_of_events">Sequence of events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sequence of events">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calls_for_action">Calls for action</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Calls for action">edit</a>]</div> In January 1981, the Yorkshire area of the NUM held a successful ballot to approve strike action over any pit threatened with closure on economic grounds.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 169  This led to a two-week local strike over the closure of <a href="/wiki/Orgreave_Colliery" title="Orgreave Colliery">Orgreave Colliery</a>, but the ballot result was later invoked to justify strikes over other closures, including <a href="/wiki/Cortonwood" title="Cortonwood">Cortonwood</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 169  In February 1981, the government announced plans to close 23 pits across the country but the threat of a national strike was enough to force a back down. Coal stocks would last only six weeks, after which Britain would shut down and people would demand concessions. Thatcher realised she needed at least a six-month supply of coal to win a strike.<a href="#cite_note-Moore_2016-37">[37]</a>: 142–145  In 1982, NUM members accepted a 9.3% pay rise, rejecting their leaders' call for a strike.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Most pits proposed for closure in 1981 were closed on a case-by-case basis by the colliery review procedure, and the NCB cut employment by 41,000 between March 1981 and March 1984.<a href="#cite_note-BallotTable-39">[39]</a> The effect of closures was lessened by transfers to other pits and the opening up of the <a href="/wiki/Selby_Coalfield" title="Selby Coalfield">Selby Coalfield</a> where working conditions and wages were relatively favourable.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 25–26  Localised strikes occurred at Kinneil Colliery in Scotland and <a href="/wiki/Rhondda_Heritage_Park" title="Rhondda Heritage Park">Lewis Merthyr Colliery</a> in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-BallotTable-39">[39]</a> The industry's Select Committee heard that 36,040 of the 39,685 redundancies between 1973 and 1982 were of men aged 55 and over, and redundancy pay was increased substantially in 1981 and 1983.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 25–26  The NUM balloted its members for national strikes in January 1982, October 1982 and March 1983 regarding pit closures and restrained wages and each time a minority voted in favour, well short of the required 55% majority.<a href="#cite_note-BallotTable-39">[39]</a> In protest at a pay offer of 5.2%, the NUM instituted an overtime ban in November 1983, which remained in place at the onset of the strike.<a href="#cite_note-YorkshireMain-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thatcher's_strategy">Thatcher's strategy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Thatcher's strategy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Premier_Thatcher_tijdens_een_persconferentie,_Bestanddeelnr_932-7044.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Premier_Thatcher_tijdens_een_persconferentie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-7044.jpg/170px-Premier_Thatcher_tijdens_een_persconferentie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-7044.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Premier_Thatcher_tijdens_een_persconferentie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-7044.jpg/255px-Premier_Thatcher_tijdens_een_persconferentie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-7044.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Premier_Thatcher_tijdens_een_persconferentie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-7044.jpg/340px-Premier_Thatcher_tijdens_een_persconferentie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-7044.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2447" data-file-height="3674" /></a><figcaption>Margaret Thatcher in 1983</figcaption></figure> Thatcher expected Scargill to force a confrontation, and in response she set up a defence in depth.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2003-41">[41]</a>: 355–364 <a href="#cite_note-Moore_2016-37">[37]</a>: 142–150  She believed that the excessive costs of increasingly inefficient collieries had to end in order to grow the economy. She planned to close inefficient pits and depend more on imported coal, oil, gas and nuclear. She appointed hardliners to key positions, set up a high level planning committee,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and allocated funds from the highly profitable electrical supply system to stockpile at least six months' worth of coal.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Thatcher's team set up mobile police units so that forces from outside the strike areas could neutralise efforts by flying pickets to stop the transport of coal to power stations. It used the National Recording Centre (NRC), set up in 1972 by the Association of Chief Police Officers for England and Wales linking 43 police forces to enable police forces to travel to assist in major disturbances.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Scargill played into her hands by ignoring the buildup of coal stocks and calling the strike at the end of winter when demand for coal was declining.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 1983, Thatcher appointed Ian MacGregor to head the National Coal Board. He had turned the <a href="/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Steel Corporation">British Steel Corporation</a> from one of the least efficient steel-makers in Europe to one of the most efficient, bringing the company into near profit.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2003-41">[41]</a>: 99–100  Success was achieved at the expense of halving the workforce in two years and he had overseen a 14-week national strike in 1980. His tough reputation raised expectations that coal jobs would be cut on a similar scale and confrontations between MacGregor and Scargill seemed inevitable.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_over_a_national_ballot">Debate over a national ballot</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Debate over a national ballot">edit</a>]</div> On 19 April 1984 a Special National Delegate Conference was held where there was a vote on whether to hold a national ballot or not. The NUM delegates voted 69–54 not to have a national ballot,<a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2011-35">[35]</a>: 357  a position argued for by Arthur Scargill. Scargill states: "Our special conference was held on 19 April. <a href="/wiki/Mick_McGahey" title="Mick McGahey">McGahey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Heathfield" title="Peter Heathfield">Heathfield</a> and I were aware from feedback that a slight majority of areas favoured the demand for a national strike ballot; therefore, we were expecting and had prepared for that course of action with posters, ballot papers and leaflets. A major campaign was ready to go for a "Yes" vote in a national strike ballot."<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-16">[16]</a> McGahey said: "We shall not be constitutionalised out of a strike...Area by area will decide and there will be a domino effect".<a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2011-35">[35]</a>: 357  Without a national ballot, most miners in <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Derbyshire" title="South Derbyshire">South Derbyshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> kept on working during the strike, along with a sizeable minority in <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>. The police provided protection for working miners from aggressive picketing.<a href="#cite_note-Amos_2011-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pit_closures_announced">Pit closures announced</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pit closures announced">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KentNUMStrikeBadge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/KentNUMStrikeBadge.JPG/220px-KentNUMStrikeBadge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/KentNUMStrikeBadge.JPG/330px-KentNUMStrikeBadge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/KentNUMStrikeBadge.JPG/440px-KentNUMStrikeBadge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>A badge produced by Kent NUM in support of the miners' strike</figcaption></figure> On 6 March 1984, the NCB announced that the agreement reached after the 1974 strike was obsolete, and that to reduce government subsidies, 20 collieries would close with a loss of 20,000 jobs. Many communities in <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>, Scotland and Wales would lose their primary source of employment.<a href="#cite_note-Hutton_2005-47">[47]</a> Scargill said the government had a long-term strategy to close more than 70 pits. The government denied the claim and MacGregor wrote to every NUM member claiming Scargill was deceiving them and there were no plans to close any more pits than had already been announced. Cabinet papers released in 2014 indicate that MacGregor wished to close 75 pits over a three-year period.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Meanwhile, the Thatcher government had prepared against a repeat of the effective 1974 industrial action by stockpiling coal, converting some power stations to burn heavy fuel oil, and recruiting fleets of road hauliers to transport coal in case sympathetic railwaymen went on strike to support the miners.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Action_begins">Action begins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Action begins">edit</a>]</div> Sensitive to the impact of proposed closures, miners in various coalfields began strike action. In <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Coalfield" title="South Yorkshire Coalfield">Yorkshire</a>, miners at <a href="/wiki/Manvers_Main_Colliery" title="Manvers Main Colliery">Manvers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 86  <a href="/wiki/Cadeby,_South_Yorkshire" title="Cadeby, South Yorkshire">Cadeby</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 66  <a href="/wiki/Silverwood_Colliery" title="Silverwood Colliery">Silverwood</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 66  <a href="/wiki/Kiveton_Park_Colliery" title="Kiveton Park Colliery">Kiveton Park</a><a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 66  and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Main_Colliery" title="Yorkshire Main Colliery">Yorkshire Main</a><a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 218  were on unofficial strike for other issues before official action was called. More than 6,000 miners were on strike from 5 March at <a href="/wiki/Cortonwood" title="Cortonwood">Cortonwood</a> and Bullcliffe Wood, near Wakefield.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 67  Neither pit's reserves were exhausted. Bullcliffe Wood had been under threat, but Cortonwood had been considered safe. Action was prompted on 5 March by the NCB's announcement that five pits would be subject to "accelerated closure" in just five weeks; the other three were <a href="/wiki/Herrington" title="Herrington">Herrington</a> in County Durham, <a href="/wiki/Snowdown" title="Snowdown">Snowdown</a> in Kent and <a href="/wiki/Polmaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Polmaise">Polmaise</a> in Scotland. The next day, pickets from Yorkshire appeared at pits in Nottinghamshire and <a href="/wiki/Harworth_Colliery" title="Harworth Colliery">Harworth Colliery</a> closed after a mass influx of pickets amid claims that Nottinghamshire was "<a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">scabland</a> in 1926".<a href="#cite_note-Amos_2011-23">[23]</a>: 293  On 12 March 1984, Scargill declared the NUM's support for the regional strikes in Yorkshire and Scotland, and called for action from NUM members in all other areas but decided not to hold a nationwide vote which was used by his opponents to delegitimise the strike.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Picketing">Picketing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Picketing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miners_strike_rally_London_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Miners_strike_rally_London_1984.jpg/220px-Miners_strike_rally_London_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Miners_strike_rally_London_1984.jpg/330px-Miners_strike_rally_London_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Miners_strike_rally_London_1984.jpg/440px-Miners_strike_rally_London_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Miners' strike rally in London, 1984</figcaption></figure> The strike was almost universally observed in <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, but there was less support across the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a> and in North Wales. Nottinghamshire became a target for aggressive and sometimes violent picketing as Scargill's pickets tried to stop local miners from working.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 264  Lancashire miners were reluctant to strike, but most refused to cross picket lines formed by the Yorkshire NUM.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 81–82  Picketing in Lancashire was less aggressive and is credited with a more sympathetic response from the local miners.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 81–82  The '<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orgreave" title="Battle of Orgreave">Battle of Orgreave</a>' took place on 18 June 1984 at the Orgreave Coking Plant near <a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a>, which striking miners were attempting to blockade. The confrontation, between about 5,000 miners and the same number of police, broke into violence after <a href="/wiki/Police_on_horseback" class="mw-redirect" title="Police on horseback">police on horseback</a> charged with <a href="/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)" title="Baton (law enforcement)">truncheons</a> drawn – 51 picketers and 72 policemen were injured. Other less well known, but bloody, battles between pickets and police took place, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Maltby,_South_Yorkshire" title="Maltby, South Yorkshire">Maltby, South Yorkshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> During the strike, 11,291 people were arrested, mostly for breach of the peace or obstructing roads whilst picketing, of whom 8,392 were charged and between 150 and 200 were imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-Around_World-2">[2]</a> At least 9,000 mineworkers were dismissed after being arrested whilst picketing even when no charges were brought.<a href="#cite_note-Around_World-2">[2]</a> After the 1980 steel strike, many hauliers <a href="/wiki/Blacklist_(employment)" title="Blacklist (employment)">blacklisted</a> drivers who refused to cross picket lines to prevent them obtaining work, and so more drivers crossed picket lines in 1984–1985 than in previous disputes.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 144  Picketing failed to have the widespread impact of earlier stoppages that led to <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">blackouts and power cuts</a> in the 1970s and electricity companies maintained supplies throughout the winter, the time of biggest demand.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> From September, some miners returned to work even where the strike had been universally observed. It led to an escalation of tension, and riots in <a href="/wiki/Easington,_County_Durham" title="Easington, County Durham">Easington</a> in Durham<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/203">203–204</a>  and <a href="/wiki/Brampton_Bierlow" title="Brampton Bierlow">Brampton Bierlow</a> in Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/206">206–207</a>  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strike_ballots_by_NACODS">Strike ballots by NACODS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Strike ballots by NACODS">edit</a>]</div> In April 1984, NACODS voted to strike but was short of the two-thirds majority that their constitution required.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/164">164</a>  In areas where the strike was observed, most NACODS members did not cross picket lines and, under an agreement from the 1972 strike, stayed off work on full pay.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/161">161–162</a>  When the number of strikebreakers increased in August, Merrick Spanton, the NCB personnel director, said he expected NACODS members to cross picket lines to supervise their work threatening the 1972 agreement which led to a second ballot.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/161">161–162</a>  MacGregor suggested that deputies could be replaced by outsiders as <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> had done during the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Air_Traffic_Controllers_Organization_(1968)#August_1981_strike" title="Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)">1981 airline strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In September, for the first time, NACODS voted to strike with a vote of 81% in favour.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 196  The government then made concessions over the review procedure for unprofitable collieries, much to the anger of MacGregor, and a deal negotiated by North Yorkshire NCB Director Michael Eaton persuaded NACODS to call off the strike action.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 197–200  The results of the review procedure were not binding on the NCB, and the NUM rejected the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_2005-22">[22]</a>: 36–37  Reviews for Cadeby in Yorkshire and Bates in Northumberland concluded that the pits could stay open but the NCB overruled and closed them.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_2005-22">[22]</a>: 36–37  The abandonment of strike plans when most of their demands had not been met led to conspiracy theories on the motives of NACODS leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_2005-22">[22]</a>: 36–37  MacGregor later admitted that if NACODS had gone ahead with a strike, a compromise would probably have been forced on the NCB. Files later made public showed that the government had an informant inside the <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> (TUC), passing information about negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 2009, Scargill wrote that the settlement agreed with NACODS and the NCB would have ended the strike and said, "The monumental betrayal by NACODS has never been explained in a way that makes sense."<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_judgments_on_legality_of_strike">Court judgments on legality of strike</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Court judgments on legality of strike">edit</a>]</div> In the first month of the strike, the NCB secured a court injunction to restrict picketing in Nottinghamshire, but the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Energy_and_Climate_Change" title="Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change">Energy Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Walker,_Baron_Walker_of_Worcester" title="Peter Walker, Baron Walker of Worcester">Peter Walker</a> forbade MacGregor from invoking it as the government considered it would antagonise the miners and unite them behind the NUM.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 157–158  Legal challenges were brought by groups of working miners, who subsequently organised as the Working Miners' Committee. <a href="/wiki/David_Hart_(political_activist)" title="David Hart (political activist)">David Hart</a>, a farmer and property developer with libertarian political beliefs, did much to organise and fund working miners.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 157–158  On 25 May, a writ issued in the High Court by Colin Clark from Pye Hill Colliery, sponsored by Hart, was successful in forbidding the Nottinghamshire area from instructing that the strike was official and to be obeyed.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 165  Similar actions were successful in Lancashire and South Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 165  In September, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Nicholls,_Baron_Nicholls_of_Birkenhead" title="Donald Nicholls, Baron Nicholls of Birkenhead">Lord Justice Nicholls</a> heard two cases, in the first, North Derbyshire miners argued that the strike was illegal both at area level, as a majority of its miners had voted against, and at national level, as there had been no ballot. In the second, two miners from <a href="/wiki/Manton_Colliery" title="Manton Colliery">Manton Colliery</a>, in the Yorkshire area but geographically in North Nottinghamshire, argued that the area-level strike in Yorkshire was illegal. Miners at Manton had overwhelmingly voted against the strike, but police had advised that their safety could not be guaranteed.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/46">46</a>  The NUM was not represented at the hearing.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/46">46</a>  The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> ruled that the NUM had breached its constitution by calling a strike without holding a ballot.<a href="#cite_note-Illegal-56">[56]</a> Although Nicholls did not order the NUM to hold a ballot, he forbade the union from disciplining members who crossed picket lines.<a href="#cite_note-Illegal-56">[56]</a> The strike in Yorkshire relied on a ballot from January 1981, in which 85.6% of the members voted to strike if any pit was threatened with closure on economic grounds.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 169  The motion was passed with regard to the closure of Orgreave Colliery, which prompted a two-week strike.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 169  The NUM executive approved the decision in Yorkshire to invoke the ballot result as binding on 8 March 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 169  Nicholls ruled that the 1981 ballot result was "too remote in time [with]... too much change in the branch membership of the Area since then for that ballot to be capable of justifying a call to strike action two and a half years later."<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 171  He ruled that the Yorkshire area could not refer to the strike as "official", although he did not condemn the strike as "illegal" as he did in the case of the national strike and the North Derbyshire strike.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 171  Scargill referred to the ruling as "another attempt by an unelected judge to interfere in the union's affairs."<a href="#cite_note-Illegal-56">[56]</a> He was fined £1,000 (paid by an anonymous businessman), and the NUM was fined £200,000. When the union refused to pay, an order was made to <a href="/wiki/Sequestration_(law)" title="Sequestration (law)">sequester</a> the union's assets, but they had been transferred abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2011-35">[35]</a>: 366  In October 1984, the NUM executive voted to cooperate with the court to recover the funds, despite opposition from Scargill, who stated in court that he was only apologising for his contempt of court because the executive voted for him to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 175–176  By the end of January 1985, around £5 million of NUM assets had been recovered.<a href="#cite_note-Thatcher_1993-57">[57]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/downingstreetyea00that/page/n409">374</a>  A <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a> decision in Edinburgh ruled that Scottish miners had acted within their rights by taking local ballots on a show of hands and so union funds in Scotland could not be sequestered. "During the strike, the one area they couldn't touch was Scotland. They were sequestering the NUM funds, except in Scotland, because the judges deemed that the Scottish area had acted within the rules of the Union" – <a href="/wiki/David_Hamilton_(British_politician)" title="David Hamilton (British politician)">David Hamilton</a> MP, Midlothian.<a href="#cite_note-Hutton_2005-47">[47]</a>: 8  Scargill claims "It was essential to present a united response to the NCB and we agreed that, if the coal board planned to force pit closures on an area by area basis, then we must respond at least initially on that same basis. The NUM's rules permitted areas to take official strike action if authorised by our national executive committee in accordance with Rule 41."<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakaway_union">Breakaway union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Breakaway union">edit</a>]</div> The Nottinghamshire NUM supported the strike, but most of its members continued to work and many considered the strike unconstitutional given their majority vote against a strike and absence of a ballot for a national strike.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 262  As many working miners felt the NUM was not doing enough to protect them from intimidation from pickets, a demonstration was organised on May Day in <a href="/wiki/Mansfield" title="Mansfield">Mansfield</a>, in which the representative Ray Chadburn was shouted down, and fighting ensued between protesters for and against the strike.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 264  In NUM elections in summer 1984, members in Nottinghamshire voted out most of the leaders who had supported the strike, so that 27 of 31 newly elected were opposed to the strike.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 227  The Nottinghamshire NUM then opposed the strike openly and stopped payments to local strikers.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 227  The national NUM attempted to introduce "Rule 51", to discipline area leaders who were working against national policy.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 227  The action was nicknamed the "star chamber court" by working miners (in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a> in English history).<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 227  It was prevented by an injunction from the High Court.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 228  Working miners in Nottinghamshire and South Derbyshire set up a new union: the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Mineworkers" title="Union of Democratic Mineworkers">Union of Democratic Mineworkers</a> (UDM).<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 274  It attracted members from many isolated pits in England – including <a href="/wiki/Agecroft_Colliery" title="Agecroft Colliery">Agecroft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parsonage_Colliery" title="Parsonage Colliery">Parsonage</a> in Lancashire, Chase Terrace and Trenton Workshops in Staffordshire, and <a href="/wiki/Daw_Mill" title="Daw Mill">Daw Mill</a> in Warwickshire.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 274  Although most Leicestershire miners continued working, they voted to stay in the NUM.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 276  Unlike Nottinghamshire, the leadership in Leicestershire never attempted to enforce the strike,<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 276  and an official, Jack Jones, had publicly criticised Scargill.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 227  At some pits in Nottinghamshire – Ollerton, Welbeck and Clipstone – roughly half the workforce stayed in the NUM.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 234  The TUC neither recognised nor condemned the new union.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 276  The UDM was eventually de facto recognised when the NCB included it in wage negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 304–305  MacGregor strongly encouraged the UDM.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 234  He announced that NUM membership was no longer a prerequisite for mineworkers' employment, ending the closed shop.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 227  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_formal_end">The formal end</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The formal end">edit</a>]</div> The number of strikebreakers, sometimes referred to pejoratively as scabs, increased from the start of January, as the strikers struggled to pay for food as union pay ran out.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 201  They were not treated with the same contempt by strikers as those who had returned to work earlier, but in some collieries, fights broke out between hunger scabs who had been active pickets, and those who had broken the strike earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 201  The strike ended on 3 March 1985, nearly a year after it had begun. The South Wales area called for a return to work on condition that men sacked during the strike would be reinstated, but the NCB rejected the proposal when its bargaining position was improved by miners returning to work.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/249">249</a>  Only the Yorkshire and Kent regions voted against ending the strike.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/249">249–251</a>  One of the few concessions made by the NCB was to postpone the closure of the five pits: Cortonwood, Bullcliffe Wood, <a href="/wiki/Herrington#Herrington_Country_Park" title="Herrington">Herrington</a>, Polmaise and Snowdown.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/253">253</a>  The issue of sacked miners was important in Kent, where several men had been sacked for a sit-in at <a href="/wiki/Betteshanger_Colliery" class="mw-redirect" title="Betteshanger Colliery">Betteshanger Colliery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Kent NUM leader Jack Collins said after the decision to go back without any agreement of amnesty for the sacked men, "The people who have decided to go back to work and leave men on the sidelines are traitors to the trade-union movement."<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/254">254</a>  The Kent NUM continued picketing across the country, delaying the return to work at many pits for two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/254">254</a>  Some sources claim that the Scottish NUM continued the strike alongside Kent.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_1994-24">[24]</a>: 69  At several pits, miners' wives groups organised the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Carnations" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnations">carnations</a>, the flower that symbolises the hero, at the pit gates on the day the miners went back. Many pits marched back to work behind <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass bands</a>, in processions dubbed "loyalty parades". Scargill led a procession accompanied by a Scots piper, back to work at <a href="/wiki/Barrow_Colliery" title="Barrow Colliery">Barrow Colliery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worsborough" class="mw-redirect" title="Worsborough">Worsborough</a> but then it was stopped by a picket of Kent miners. Scargill said, "I never cross a picket line," and turned the procession away.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/254">254</a>  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballots">Ballots</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ballots">edit</a>]</div> The role of ballots in NUM policy had been disputed over a number of years, and a series of legal disputes in 1977 left their status unclear. In 1977, the implementation of an incentive scheme proved controversial, as different areas would receive different pay rates. After the NUM's National Executive Conference rejected the scheme, NUM leader <a href="/wiki/Joe_Gormley_(trade_unionist)" title="Joe Gormley (trade unionist)">Joe Gormley</a> arranged a national ballot. The Kent area who opposed the scheme sought a court injunction to prevent it, but <a href="/wiki/Lord_Denning" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Denning">Lord Denning</a> ruled that "the conference might not have spoken with the true voice of all the members and in his view a ballot was a reasonable and democratic proposal". The scheme was rejected by 110,634 votes to 87,901. The Nottinghamshire, South Derbyshire and Leicestershire areas resolved to adopt the incentive scheme as their members would benefit from increased pay. The Yorkshire, Kent and South Wales areas sought an injunction to prevent these actions on the grounds of the ballot result. <a href="/wiki/Tasker_Watkins" title="Tasker Watkins">Mr. Justice Watkins</a> ruled that, "The result of a ballot, nationally conducted, is not binding upon the National Executive Committee in using its powers in between conferences. It may serve to persuade the committee to take one action or another, or to refrain from action, but it has no great force or significance."<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_2005-22">[22]</a>: 32  Scargill did not call a ballot for national strike action, perhaps due to uncertainty over the outcome. Instead, he started the strike by allowing each region to call its own strikes, imitating Gormley's strategy over wage reforms; it was argued that 'safe' regions should not be allowed to ballot other regions out of jobs. The decision was upheld by a vote by the NUM executive five weeks into the strike.<a href="#cite_note-cpgb-59">[59]</a> The NUM had held three ballots on national strikes: 55% voted against in January 1982, and 61% voted against in October 1982 and March 1983.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 169  Before the March 1983 vote, the Kent area, one of the most militant, argued for national strikes to be called by conferences of delegates rather than by ballot, but the proposal was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/32">32–33</a>  As the strike began in 1984 with unofficial action in Yorkshire, there was pressure from strikers to make it official, and NUM executives who insisted on a ballot were attacked by pickets at an executive meeting in Sheffield in April.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/77">77</a>  In contrast, a sit-in down the pit was held by supporters of a ballot at <a href="/wiki/Hem_Heath" title="Hem Heath">Hem Heath</a> in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/73">73</a>  Although the Yorkshire area had a policy of opposing a national ballot, there was support for a ballot expressed by Yorkshire branches at <a href="/wiki/Glasshoughton" title="Glasshoughton">Glasshoughton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 69  <a href="/wiki/Grimethorpe" title="Grimethorpe">Grimethorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shireoaks" title="Shireoaks">Shireoaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinsley,_West_Yorkshire" title="Kinsley, West Yorkshire">Kinsley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 82  Two polls by <a href="/wiki/MORI" class="mw-redirect" title="MORI">MORI</a> in April 1984 found that the majority of miners supported a strike.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/78">78</a>  <a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a> wrote in his memoirs that Scargill had interpreted a <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> poll that suggested a comfortable majority of miners favoured a national strike to be a trick and that he would actually lose a national ballot.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In ballots in South Wales on 10 March 1984, only 10 of the 28 pits voted in favour of striking, but the arrival of pickets from Yorkshire the next day led to virtually all miners in South Wales going on strike in solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/262">262</a>  The initial vote against strike action by most lodges in South Wales was interpreted as an act of retaliation for a lack of support from Yorkshire in years when numerous pits in Wales were closing, especially following the closure of the Lewis Merthyr colliery in March 1983 and only 54% of Yorkshire miners voting for a national strike that month, a full 14% below the vote for a national strike in both South Wales and Kent.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Area ballots on 15 and 16 March 1984 saw verdicts against a strike in Cumberland, Midlands, North Derbyshire (narrowly), South Derbyshire, Lancashire, Leicestershire (with around 90% against), Nottinghamshire and North Wales.<a href="#cite_note-WorkersLiberty-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 71 <a href="#cite_note-Richards_1996-63">[63]</a>: 100  The Northumberland NUM voted by a small majority in favour, but below the 55% needed for official approval.<a href="#cite_note-WorkersLiberty-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 71  NUM leaders in Lancashire argued that, as 41% had voted in favour of a strike, all its members should strike "in order to maintain unity".<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 71  The Conservative government under Thatcher enforced a law that required unions to ballot members on strike action. On 19 July 1984, Thatcher said in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> that giving in to the miners would be surrendering the rule of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_mob" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of the mob">rule of the mob</a>. She referred to union leaders as "<a href="/wiki/The_Enemy_Within_(Milne_book)" title="The Enemy Within (Milne book)">the enemy within</a>" and claimed they did not share the values of other British people; advocates of the strike misinterpreted the quote to suggest that Thatcher had used it as a reference to all miners.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Thatcher on 19 July 1984 delivered a speech in which she spoke to backbench MPs and compared the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> to the strike: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We had to fight the enemy without in the Falklands. We always have to be aware of the enemy within, which is much more difficult to fight and more dangerous to liberty.<a href="#cite_note-1984strike-65">[65]</a></blockquote> She claimed that the miners' leader was making the country witness an attempt at preventing democracy.<a href="#cite_note-1984strike-65">[65]</a> On the day after the Orgreave picket of 18 June, which saw five thousand pickets clash violently with police, she remarked: <blockquote>I must tell you... that what we have got is an attempt to substitute the rule of the mob for the rule of law, and it must not succeed. [cheering] It must not succeed. There are those who are using violence and intimidation to impose their will on others who do not want it.... The rule of law must prevail over the rule of the mob.<a href="#cite_note-rule_of_law-66">[66]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Neil Kinnock</a> supported the call for a national ballot in April 1984.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/73">73</a>  Scargill's response to the Orgreave incident was: <blockquote>We've had riot shields, we've had riot gear, we've had police on horseback charging into our people, we've had people hit with truncheons and people kicked to the ground.... The intimidation and the brutality that has been displayed are something reminiscent of a Latin American state.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></blockquote> At the Battle of Orgreave on 18 June 1984, the NUM pickets failed to stop the movement of lorries amid police violence and subsequent retaliation by the pickets, with the footage controversially reversed by the BBC on their news broadcast. The violence was costing the NUM public support in the country as a whole, as a Gallup poll showed 79% disapproval of NUM methods. While it was now clear that the government had the equipment, the forces, the organisation, and the will to prevail against pickets, the strong pro-strike solidarity outside of the Midlands and the possibility of extended strike action by other trade unions, especially the NACODS which could shut down every pit in the country if NACODS members went on strike, was a constant threat for the government and had the outcome of who would be likely to win the miners' strike dispute hanging in the balance for many months. The number of miners at work grew to 53,000 by late June.<a href="#cite_note-Moore_2016-37">[37]</a>: 2:158  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Votes_for_strike_action_by_area">Votes for strike action by area</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Votes for strike action by area">edit</a>]</div> The table shows a breakdown by area of the results of strike ballots of January 1982, October 1982 and March 1983, and the results of area ballots in March 1984. The table is taken from Callinicos & Simons (1985).<a href="#cite_note-BallotTable-39">[39]</a> Cases from 1984 where lodges voted separately (as in South Wales and Scotland) are not shown. <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center" align="centre"> <caption>Votes for strike action by NUM area, 1982–1984<a href="#cite_note-BallotTable-39">[39]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Area / Groups </th> <th>Members (approx) </th> <th>% for strike action, national ballot of January 1982 </th> <th>% for strike action, national ballot of October 1982 </th> <th>% for strike action, national ballot of March 1983 </th> <th>% for strike action, area ballots of March 1984 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Area_of_the_National_Union_of_Mineworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland Area of the National Union of Mineworkers">Cumberland</a></td> <td>650</td> <td>52</td> <td>36</td> <td>42</td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Derbyshire_Area_of_the_National_Union_of_Mineworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Derbyshire Area of the National Union of Mineworkers">Derbyshire</a></td> <td>10,500</td> <td>50</td> <td>40</td> <td>38</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>S. Derbyshire</td> <td>3,000</td> <td>16</td> <td>13</td> <td>12</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Durham_Area_of_the_National_Union_of_Mineworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Durham Area of the National Union of Mineworkers">Durham</a></td> <td>13,000</td> <td>46</td> <td>31</td> <td>39</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kent_Area_of_the_National_Union_of_Mineworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent Area of the National Union of Mineworkers">Kent</a></td> <td>2,000</td> <td>54</td> <td>69</td> <td>68</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leicestershire_Area_of_the_National_Union_of_Mineworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Leicestershire Area of the National Union of Mineworkers">Leicester</a></td> <td>2,500</td> <td>20</td> <td>13</td> <td>18</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Area_of_the_National_Union_of_Mineworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Midlands Area of the National Union of Mineworkers">Midlands</a> (West)</td> <td>12,200</td> <td>27</td> <td>23</td> <td>21</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire_Area_of_the_National_Union_of_Mineworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nottinghamshire Area of the National Union of Mineworkers">Nottingham</a></td> <td>32,000</td> <td>30</td> <td>21</td> <td>19</td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Area_of_the_National_Union_of_Mineworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancashire Area of the National Union of Mineworkers">Lancashire</a></td> <td>7,500</td> <td>40</td> <td>44</td> <td>39</td> <td>41 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Area_of_the_National_Union_of_Mineworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Northumberland Area of the National Union of Mineworkers">Northumberland</a></td> <td>5,000</td> <td>37</td> <td>32</td> <td>35</td> <td>52 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Area_of_the_National_Union_of_Mineworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Area of the National Union of Mineworkers">Scotland</a></td> <td>11,500</td> <td>63</td> <td>69</td> <td>50</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Area_of_the_National_Union_of_Mineworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Area of the National Union of Mineworkers">Yorkshire</a></td> <td>56,000</td> <td>66</td> <td>56</td> <td>54</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Area_of_the_National_Union_of_Mineworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="North Wales Area of the National Union of Mineworkers">North Wales</a></td> <td>1,000</td> <td>18</td> <td>24</td> <td>23</td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Area_of_the_National_Union_of_Mineworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="South Wales Area of the National Union of Mineworkers">South Wales</a></td> <td>21,000</td> <td>54</td> <td>59</td> <td>68</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colliery_Officials_and_Staffs_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Colliery Officials and Staffs Area">Colliery Officials</a></td> <td>16,000</td> <td>14</td> <td>10</td> <td>15</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cokemen%27s_Area_of_the_National_Union_of_Mineworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cokemen's Area of the National Union of Mineworkers">Cokemen</a></td> <td>4,500</td> <td>32</td> <td>22</td> <td>39</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>National Average</th> <th></th> <th>45</th> <th>39</th> <th>39</th> <th>— </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobilisation_of_police">Mobilisation of police</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mobilisation of police">edit</a>]</div> The government mobilised police forces from around Britain including the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> in an attempt to stop pickets preventing strikebreakers from working. They attempted to stop pickets travelling from Yorkshire to Nottinghamshire which led to many protests.<a href="#cite_note-travel_stopped-68">[68]</a> On 26 March 1984, pickets protested against the police powers by driving very slowly on the M1 and the A1 around Doncaster.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/70">70</a>  The government claimed the actions were to uphold the law and safeguard individual <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>. The police were given powers to halt and reroute traffic away from collieries, and some areas of Nottinghamshire became difficult to reach by road.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/69">69</a>  In the first 27 weeks of the strike, 164,508 "presumed pickets" were prevented from entering the county.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/69">69</a>  When pickets from Kent were stopped at the <a href="/wiki/Dartford_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartford Tunnel">Dartford Tunnel</a> and preventing from travelling to the Midlands, the Kent NUM applied for an injunction against use of this power.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/70">70</a>  Sir <a href="/wiki/Michael_Havers" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Havers">Michael Havers</a> initially denied the application outright, but Mr Justice Skinner later ruled that the power may only be used if the anticipated breach of the peace were "in close proximity both in time and place".<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/70">70</a>  On 16 July 1984, Thatcher convened a ministerial meeting to consider declaring a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>, with the option to use 4,500 military drivers and 1,650 <a href="/wiki/Tipper_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipper truck">tipper trucks</a> to keep coal supplies available. This backup plan was not needed and was not implemented.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> During the strike 11,291 people were arrested and 8,392 were charged with <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_the_peace" title="Breach of the peace">breach of the peace</a> or obstructing the highway. In many former mining areas antipathy towards the police remained strong for many years.<a href="#cite_note-the_village-70">[70]</a> Bail forms for picketing offences set restrictions on residence and movement in relation to NCB property.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/70">70</a>  <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a> compared the powers to the racial <a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">pass laws</a> in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/71">71</a>  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_welfare_benefit_payments">No welfare benefit payments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: No welfare benefit payments">edit</a>]</div> Welfare benefits had never been available to strikers but their dependents had been entitled to make claims in previous disputes. Clause 6 of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Security_Act_1980&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social Security Act 1980 (page does not exist)">Social Security Act 1980</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> banned the dependents of strikers from receiving "urgent needs" payments and applied a compulsory deduction from the benefits of strikers' dependents. The government viewed the legislation not as concerned with saving public funds but "to restore a fairer bargaining balance between employers and trade unions" by increasing the necessity to return to work.<a href="#cite_note-ddwelfare-72">[72]</a> The Department of Social Security assumed that striking miners were receiving £15 per week from the union (equivalent to £49 in 2019), based on payments early in the strike that were not made in the later months when funds had become exhausted.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 220 <a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MI5_"counter-subversion"">MI5 "counter-subversion"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: MI5 "counter-subversion"">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_MI5" title="Director General of MI5">Director General of MI5</a> from 1992 to 1996, Dame <a href="/wiki/Stella_Rimington" title="Stella Rimington">Stella Rimington</a>, wrote in her autobiography in 2001 that MI5 'counter-subversion' exercises against the NUM and striking miners included <a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">tapping</a> union leaders' phones. She denied the agency had <a href="/wiki/Informers" class="mw-redirect" title="Informers">informers</a> in the NUM, specifically denying its chief executive <a href="/wiki/Roger_Windsor" title="Roger Windsor">Roger Windsor</a> had been an agent.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion_and_the_media">Public opinion and the media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Public opinion and the media">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(biographer)" title="John Campbell (biographer)">John Campbell</a> "though there was widespread sympathy for the miners, faced with the loss of their livelihoods, there was remarkably little public support for the strike, because of Scargill's methods".<a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2011-35">[35]</a>: 358  When asked in a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> in July 1984 whether their sympathies lay mainly with the employers or the miners, 40% said employers; 33% were for the miners; 19% were for neither and 8% did not know. When asked the same question during 5–10 December 1984, 51% had most sympathy for the employers; 26% for the miners; 18% for neither and 5% did not know.<a href="#cite_note-King-75">[75]</a> When asked in July 1984 whether they approved or disapproved of the methods used by the miners, 15% approved; 79% disapproved and 6% did not know. When asked the same question during 5–10 December 1984, 7% approved; 88% disapproved and 5% did not know.<a href="#cite_note-King-75">[75]</a> In July 1984, when asked whether they thought the miners were using responsible or irresponsible methods, 12% said responsible; 78% said irresponsible and 10% did not know. When asked the same question in August 1984, 9% said responsible; 84% said irresponsible and 7% did not know.<a href="#cite_note-King-75">[75]</a> <div class="center"> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse" style="display:inline-table;margin:2px 0px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Gallup poll: Public sympathies </th></tr> <tr> <th>July 1984 </th> <th>December 1984 </th></tr> <tr> <td> <div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:200px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:200px;min-height:200px;max-width:200px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:100px;right:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:100px;right:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border-width:0px 80.901699437495px 58.778525229247px 0px;border-bottom-color:Green"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;right:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Green"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;right:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border-width:99.211470131448px 12.53332335643px 0px 0px;border-right-color:Orange"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Orange"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border-width:48.175367410172px 0px 0px 87.630668004386px;border-top-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:200px;min-height:200px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/200px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/300px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/400px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_74774766f4f6e870" /><map name="ImageMap_74774766f4f6e870"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="100,100,200,100,199,99,199,97,199,95,199,93,199,91,199,89,199,87,198,85,198,83,198,81,197,79,197,77,196,75,196,73,195,71,194,69,194,67,193,65,192,63,192,62,191,60,190,58,189,56,188,54,187,53,186,51,185,49,184,47,183,46,182,44,181,42,180,41,178,39,177,38,176,36,175,35,173,33,172,32,171,30,169,29,168,27,166,26,165,25,163,23,162,22,160,21,158,20,157,19,155,17,154,16,152,15,150,14,148,13,147,12,145,11,143,10,141,10,139,9,138,8,136,7,134,7,132,6,130,5,128,5,126,4,124,4,122,3,120,3,118,2,116,2,115,2,113,1,111,1,109,1,107,1,105,1,103,1,101,1,99,1,97,1,95,1,93,1,91,1,89,1,87,1,85,2,83,2,81,2,79,3,77,3,75,4,73,4,71,5,69,5,67,6,65,7,63,7,62,8,60,9,58,10,56,10,54,11,53,12,51,13,49,14,47,15,46,16,44,17,42,18,41,20,39,21,37,22,36,23,34,25,33,26,31,27,30,29,29,30,27,31,26,33,24,34,23,36,22,37,21,39,19,41,19,42,100,100" alt="Employers: 40%" title="Employers: 40%" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="100,100,19,42,17,43,16,45,15,47,14,48,13,50,12,52,11,54,10,55,9,57,9,59,8,61,7,63,6,64,6,66,5,68,4,70,4,72,3,74,3,76,2,78,2,80,1,82,1,84,1,86,0,88,0,90,0,92,0,94,0,96,0,98,0,100,0,102,0,104,0,106,0,108,0,110,0,112,0,114,1,116,1,118,1,120,2,122,2,123,3,125,3,127,4,129,4,131,5,133,6,135,6,137,7,139,8,141,9,142,10,144,10,146,11,148,12,149,13,151,14,153,15,155,16,156,18,158,19,160,20,161,21,163,22,164,24,166,25,167,26,169,28,170,29,172,31,173,32,174,34,176,35,177,37,178,38,180,40,181,41,182,43,183,45,184,46,185,48,186,50,187,52,188,53,189,55,190,57,191,59,192,61,193,62,193,64,194,66,195,68,195,70,196,72,197,74,197,76,198,78,198,80,199,82,199,84,199,86,200,87,200,100,100" alt="Miners: 33%" title="Miners: 33%" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="100,100,87,200,89,200,91,200,93,200,95,200,97,200,99,200,101,200,103,200,105,200,107,200,109,200,111,200,113,200,115,199,117,199,119,199,121,198,123,198,125,197,127,197,129,196,130,196,132,195,134,194,136,194,138,193,140,192,142,191,143,190,145,189,147,189,149,188,150,187,152,186,154,184,155,183,157,182,159,181,160,180,162,179,163,177,165,176,167,175,168,173,169,172,171,171,172,169,174,168,175,166,176,165,177,163,179,162,180,160,181,158,182,157,183,155,184,153,185,152,186,150,187,149,100,100" alt="Neither: 19%" title="Neither: 19%" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="100,100,187,149,188,147,189,145,190,143,191,142,192,140,192,138,193,136,194,134,194,132,195,130,196,128,196,126,197,125,197,123,197,121,198,119,198,117,198,115,199,113,199,111,199,109,199,107,199,105,199,103,199,101,200,101,100,100" alt="Don't know: 8%" title="Don't know: 8%" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> <div> <ul style="list-style:none;column-width:12em;"><li>  Employers: 40%</li> <li>  Miners: 33%</li> <li>  Neither: 19%</li> <li>  Don't know: 8%</li></ul> </div> </div> </td> <td> <div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:200px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:200px;min-height:200px;max-width:200px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:100px;right:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;right:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;right:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border-width:6.2790519529313px 99.802672842827px 0px 0px;border-right-color:Green"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Green"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border-width:99.211470131448px 0px 0px 12.53332335643px;border-top-color:Orange"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border-width:30.901699437495px 0px 0px 95.105651629515px;border-top-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:200px;min-height:200px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/200px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/300px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/400px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_07163eb5e68d35b2" /><map name="ImageMap_07163eb5e68d35b2"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="100,100,200,100,199,99,199,97,199,95,199,93,199,91,199,89,199,87,198,85,198,83,198,81,197,79,197,77,196,75,196,73,195,71,194,69,194,67,193,65,192,63,192,62,191,60,190,58,189,56,188,54,187,53,186,51,185,49,184,47,183,46,182,44,181,42,180,41,178,39,177,38,176,36,175,35,173,33,172,32,171,30,169,29,168,27,166,26,165,25,163,23,162,22,160,21,158,20,157,19,155,17,154,16,152,15,150,14,148,13,147,12,145,11,143,10,141,10,139,9,138,8,136,7,134,7,132,6,130,5,128,5,126,4,124,4,122,3,120,3,118,2,116,2,115,2,113,1,111,1,109,1,107,1,105,1,103,1,101,1,99,1,97,1,95,1,93,1,91,1,89,1,87,1,85,2,83,2,81,2,79,3,77,3,75,4,73,4,71,5,69,5,67,6,65,7,63,7,62,8,60,9,58,10,56,10,54,11,53,12,51,13,49,14,47,15,46,16,44,17,42,18,41,20,39,21,37,22,36,23,34,25,33,26,31,27,30,29,29,30,27,31,26,33,24,34,23,36,22,37,21,39,19,41,18,42,17,44,16,46,15,47,14,49,13,51,12,52,11,54,10,56,9,58,8,60,7,61,7,63,6,65,5,67,5,69,4,71,3,73,3,75,2,77,2,79,2,80,1,82,1,84,1,86,0,88,0,90,0,92,0,94,0,96,0,98,0,100,0,102,0,104,0,106,0,107,100,100" alt="Employers: 51%" title="Employers: 51%" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="100,100,0,107,0,109,0,111,0,113,1,115,1,117,1,119,2,121,2,123,2,125,3,126,3,128,4,130,5,132,5,134,6,136,7,138,8,140,8,142,9,143,10,145,11,147,12,149,13,150,14,152,15,154,16,156,17,157,18,159,19,160,21,162,22,164,23,165,25,167,26,168,27,170,29,171,30,172,31,174,33,175,34,176,36,178,38,179,39,180,41,181,42,183,44,184,46,185,47,186,49,187,51,188,53,189,54,190,56,191,58,191,60,192,62,193,64,194,65,195,67,195,69,196,71,196,73,197,75,197,77,198,79,198,81,199,83,199,85,199,87,200,89,200,91,200,93,200,95,200,97,200,99,200,101,200,103,200,105,200,107,200,109,200,111,200,112,200,100,100" alt="Miners: 26%" title="Miners: 26%" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="100,100,112,200,114,199,116,199,118,199,120,198,122,198,124,197,126,197,128,196,130,196,131,195,133,195,135,194,137,193,139,192,141,192,143,191,144,190,146,189,148,188,150,187,151,186,153,185,155,184,156,183,158,182,160,180,161,179,163,178,164,177,166,175,167,174,169,173,170,171,172,170,173,168,174,167,176,165,177,164,178,162,179,161,181,159,182,157,183,156,184,154,185,152,186,151,187,149,188,147,189,145,190,144,191,142,191,140,192,138,193,136,194,134,194,132,195,131,100,100" alt="Neither: 18%" title="Neither: 18%" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="100,100,195,131,195,129,196,128,196,126,197,124,197,122,198,120,198,118,198,116,199,114,199,112,199,110,199,108,199,106,199,104,199,102,200,101,100,100" alt="Don't know: 5%" title="Don't know: 5%" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> <div> <ul style="list-style:none;column-width:12em;"><li>  Employers: 51%</li> <li>  Miners: 26%</li> <li>  Neither: 18%</li> <li>  Don't know: 5%</li></ul> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse" style="display:inline-table;margin:2px 0px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Gallup poll: Approval of strikers' methods </th></tr> <tr> <th>July 1984 </th> <th>December 1984 </th></tr> <tr> <td> <div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:200px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:200px;min-height:200px;max-width:200px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Green"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border-width:0px 0px 80.901699437495px 58.778525229247px;border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:100px;right:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;right:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border-width:36.812455268468px 0px 0px 92.977648588825px;border-top-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:200px;min-height:200px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/200px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/300px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/400px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_3961875b101e9c99" /><map name="ImageMap_3961875b101e9c99"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="100,100,200,100,199,99,199,97,199,95,199,93,199,91,199,89,199,87,198,85,198,83,198,81,197,79,197,77,196,75,196,73,195,71,194,69,194,67,193,65,192,63,192,62,191,60,190,58,189,56,188,54,187,53,186,51,185,49,184,47,183,46,182,44,181,42,180,41,178,39,177,38,176,36,175,35,173,33,172,32,171,30,169,29,168,27,166,26,165,25,163,23,162,22,160,21,158,20,158,20,100,100" alt="Approve: 15%" title="Approve: 15%" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" 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alt="Disapprove: 79%" title="Disapprove: 79%" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="100,100,192,137,193,135,194,134,195,132,195,130,196,128,196,126,197,124,197,122,198,120,198,118,198,116,199,114,199,112,199,110,199,108,199,106,199,104,199,102,200,101,100,100" alt="Don't know: 6%" title="Don't know: 6%" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> <div> <ul style="list-style:none;column-width:12em;"><li>  Approve: 15%</li> <li>  Disapprove: 79%</li> <li>  Don't know: 6%</li></ul> </div> </div> </td> <td> <div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:200px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:200px;min-height:200px;max-width:200px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Green"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border-width:0px 0px 42.577929156507px 90.482705246602px;border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:100px;right:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;right:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border-width:30.901699437495px 0px 0px 95.105651629515px;border-top-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:200px;min-height:200px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/200px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/300px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/400px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_ac41b7109cea75b9" /><map name="ImageMap_ac41b7109cea75b9"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="100,100,200,100,199,99,199,97,199,95,199,93,199,91,199,89,199,87,198,85,198,83,198,81,197,79,197,77,196,75,196,73,195,71,194,69,194,67,193,65,192,63,192,62,191,60,190,58,100,100" alt="Approve: 7%" title="Approve: 7%" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="100,100,190,58,189,56,188,54,187,53,186,51,185,49,184,47,183,46,182,44,181,42,180,41,179,39,177,38,176,36,175,35,173,33,172,32,171,30,169,29,168,27,166,26,165,25,163,23,162,22,160,21,158,20,157,19,155,17,154,16,152,15,150,14,148,13,147,12,145,11,143,10,141,10,139,9,138,8,136,7,134,7,132,6,130,5,128,5,126,4,124,4,122,3,120,3,118,2,117,2,115,2,113,1,111,1,109,1,107,1,105,1,103,1,101,1,99,1,97,1,95,1,93,1,91,1,89,1,87,1,85,2,83,2,81,2,79,3,77,3,75,4,73,4,71,5,69,5,67,6,65,7,63,7,62,8,60,9,58,10,56,10,54,11,53,12,51,13,49,14,47,15,46,16,44,17,42,18,41,20,39,21,37,22,36,23,34,25,33,26,31,27,30,29,29,30,27,31,26,33,24,34,23,36,22,37,21,39,19,41,18,42,17,44,16,46,15,47,14,49,13,51,12,52,11,54,10,56,9,58,8,60,7,61,7,63,6,65,5,67,5,69,4,71,3,73,3,75,2,77,2,79,2,80,1,82,1,84,1,86,0,88,0,90,0,92,0,94,0,96,0,98,0,100,0,102,0,104,0,106,0,108,0,110,0,112,0,114,1,116,1,118,1,120,2,122,2,124,3,126,3,128,4,130,5,132,5,134,6,136,7,137,7,139,8,141,9,143,10,145,11,147,12,148,13,150,14,152,15,153,16,155,17,157,18,158,19,160,20,162,22,163,23,165,24,166,26,168,27,169,28,171,30,172,31,173,33,175,34,176,36,177,37,179,39,180,40,181,42,182,44,183,45,185,47,186,49,187,50,188,52,189,54,190,56,190,58,191,59,192,61,193,63,194,65,194,67,195,69,196,71,196,73,197,75,197,76,198,78,198,80,199,82,199,84,199,86,200,88,200,90,200,92,200,94,200,96,200,98,200,100,200,102,200,104,200,106,200,108,200,110,200,112,200,114,199,116,199,118,199,120,198,122,198,124,197,126,197,128,196,130,196,132,195,134,195,135,194,137,193,139,192,141,192,143,191,145,190,146,189,148,188,150,187,152,186,153,185,155,184,157,183,158,181,160,180,161,179,163,178,164,177,166,175,167,174,169,172,170,171,172,170,173,168,174,167,176,165,177,164,178,162,180,160,181,159,182,157,183,156,184,154,185,152,186,150,187,149,188,147,189,145,190,143,191,142,191,140,192,138,193,136,194,134,194,132,195,131,100,100" alt="Disapprove: 88%" title="Disapprove: 88%" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="100,100,195,131,195,129,196,128,196,126,197,124,197,122,198,120,198,118,198,116,199,114,199,112,199,110,199,108,199,106,199,104,199,102,200,101,100,100" alt="Don't know: 5%" title="Don't know: 5%" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> <div> <ul style="list-style:none;column-width:12em;"><li>  Approve: 7%</li> <li>  Disapprove: 88%</li> <li>  Don't know: 5%</li></ul> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse" style="display:inline-table;margin:2px 0px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Gallup poll: Are the miners acting responsibly? </th></tr> <tr> <th>July 1984 </th> <th>August 1984 </th></tr> <tr> <td> <div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:200px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:200px;min-height:200px;max-width:200px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Green"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border-width:0px 0px 68.454710592869px 72.896862742141px;border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:100px;right:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;right:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border-width:58.778525229247px 0px 0px 80.901699437495px;border-top-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:200px;min-height:200px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/200px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/300px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/400px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_908780a29733809d" /><map name="ImageMap_908780a29733809d"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="100,100,200,100,199,99,199,97,199,95,199,93,199,91,199,89,199,87,198,85,198,83,198,81,197,79,197,77,196,75,196,73,195,71,194,69,194,67,193,65,192,63,192,62,191,60,190,58,189,56,188,54,187,53,186,51,185,49,184,47,183,46,182,44,181,42,180,41,178,39,177,38,176,36,175,35,173,33,172,32,100,100" alt="Responsibly: 12%" title="Responsibly: 12%" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" 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transparent;position:absolute;bottom:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border-width:0px 0px 53.5826794979px 84.432792550202px;border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:100px;right:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;right:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border:0;background-color:Red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:100px;left:100px;width:100px;height:100px;border-width:42.577929156507px 0px 0px 90.482705246602px;border-top-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:200px;min-height:200px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/200px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/300px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/400px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_17698a27282674d3" /><map name="ImageMap_17698a27282674d3"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="100,100,200,100,199,99,199,97,199,95,199,93,199,91,199,89,199,87,198,85,198,83,198,81,197,79,197,77,196,75,196,73,195,71,194,69,194,67,193,65,192,63,192,62,191,60,190,58,189,56,188,54,187,53,186,51,185,49,184,47,184,47,100,100" alt="Responsibly: 9%" title="Responsibly: 9%" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" 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alt="Irresponsibly: 84%" title="Irresponsibly: 84%" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="100,100,190,143,191,141,192,139,192,138,193,136,194,134,194,132,195,130,196,128,196,126,197,124,197,122,198,120,198,118,198,116,199,114,199,112,199,110,199,108,199,106,199,104,199,102,200,101,100,100" alt="Don't know: 7%" title="Don't know: 7%" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> <div> <ul style="list-style:none;column-width:12em;"><li>  Responsibly: 9%</li> <li>  Irresponsibly: 84%</li> <li>  Don't know: 7%</li></ul> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a> newspaper took a very anti-strike position, as did the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a>, and even the Labour Party-supporting <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> became hostile as the strike became increasingly violent.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 251–252  The <a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)">Morning Star</a> was the only national daily newspaper that consistently supported the striking miners and the NUM. Socialist groups saw the mainstream media as deliberately misrepresenting the miners' strike, with Mick Duncan of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Workers%27_Liberty" title="Alliance for Workers' Liberty">Alliance for Workers' Liberty</a> saying of The Sun's reporting of the strike: "The day-to-day reporting involved more subtle attacks, or a biased selection of facts and a lack of alternative points of view. These things arguably had a far bigger negative effect on the miners' cause".<a href="#cite_note-media1-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-media2-77">[77]</a> Writing in the Industrial Relations Journal immediately after the strike in 1985, Professor Brian Towers of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> commented on the way the media had portrayed strikers, stating that there had been "the obsessive reporting of the 'violence' of generally relatively unarmed men and some women who, in the end, offered no serious challenge to the truncheons, shields and horses of a well-organised, optimally deployed police force."<a href="#cite_note-towersb-78">[78]</a> The stance of the Daily Mirror varied. Having initially been uninterested in the dispute, the paper's owner Robert Maxwell took a supportive stance in July 1984 by organising a seaside trip for striking miners and meeting with NUM officials to discuss tactics.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 251–252  However, Maxwell insisted that Scargill should condemn the violence directed against strike-breakers, which he was unwilling to do.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 251–252  The Daily Mirror then adopted a more critical stance, and journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Pilger" title="John Pilger">John Pilger</a> published several articles on the violence directed against strike-breakers.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 251–252  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NUM_links_with_Libya_and_the_Soviet_Union">NUM links with Libya and the Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: NUM links with Libya and the Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> As the courts seized the NUM's assets, it began to look abroad for money, and found supplies in the Soviet bloc and, it was mistakenly thought, also from Libya. These countries were highly unpopular with the British public. The Soviet Union's official trade union federation donated £1.5 million to the NUM.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 228 <a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Media reports alleged that senior NUM officials were personally keeping some of the funds. In November 1984, it was alleged that senior NUM officials had travelled to Libya for money.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Cash from the Libyan government was particularly damaging coming seven months after the murder of policewoman <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Fletcher">Yvonne Fletcher</a> outside the Libyan embassy in London by Libyan agents. In 1990, the Daily Mirror and TV programme <a href="/wiki/The_Cook_Report" title="The Cook Report">The Cook Report</a> claimed that Scargill and the NUM had received money from the Libyan government. The allegations were based on allegations by Roger Windsor, who was the NUM official who had spoken to Libyan officials. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Greenslade" title="Roy Greenslade">Roy Greenslade</a>, the editor of the Mirror, said 18 years later he was "now convinced that Scargill didn't misuse strike funds and that the union didn't get money from Libya."<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> This was long after an investigation by <a href="/wiki/Seumas_Milne" title="Seumas Milne">Seumas Milne</a> described the allegations as wholly without substance and a "classic smear campaign".<a href="#cite_note-milne-82">[82]</a> MI5 surveillance on NUM vice-president <a href="/wiki/Mick_McGahey" title="Mick McGahey">Mick McGahey</a> found he was "extremely angry and embarrassed" about Scargill's links with the Libyan regime, but did not express his concerns publicly;<a href="#cite_note-Andrew-83">[83]</a> however he was happy to take money from the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Andrew-83">[83]</a> Stella Rimington, wrote, "We in MI5 limited our investigations to those who were using the strike for subversive purposes."<a href="#cite_note-Rimington-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> trade union <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> criticised Scargill for "going too far and threatening the elected government", which influenced some Polish miners in Britain to oppose the strike.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_1994-24">[24]</a>: 96  Scargill opposed Solidarity as an "anti-socialist organisation which desires the overthrow of a socialist state".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The supply of Polish coal to British power stations during the strike led to a brief picket of the embassy of Poland in London.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_1994-24">[24]</a>: 45 <a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 92  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence">Violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Violence">edit</a>]</div> The strike was the most violent industrial dispute in Britain of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_2005-22">[22]</a>: 37  Strikes in the British coal industry had a history of violence, but the 1984–1985 strike exceeded even the 1926 strike in the levels of violence.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_2005-22">[22]</a>: 37  Nevertheless, the majority of pickets lines were non-violent.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_2005-22">[22]</a>: 37  Instances of violence directed against working miners were reported from the start. The BBC reported that pickets from Polmaise Colliery had punched miners at <a href="/wiki/Loanhead" title="Loanhead">Bilston Glen Colliery</a> who were trying to enter their workplace on 12 March.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Property, families and pets belonging to working miners were also attacked.<a href="#cite_note-attacks-87">[87]</a> Ted McKay, the North Wales secretary who supported a national ballot before strike action, said he had received death threats and threats to kidnap his children.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The intimidation of working miners in Nottinghamshire, vandalism to cars and pelting them with stones, paint or brake fluid, was a major factor in the formation of the breakaway UDM.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 264  Occasionally, attacks were made on working members of NACODS and administrative staff. In March 1984 the NCB announced it would abandon <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Main_Colliery" title="Yorkshire Main Colliery">Yorkshire Main Colliery</a> after a deputy engineer suffered a split chin from being stoned and administrative staff had to be escorted out by the police.<a href="#cite_note-YorkshireMain-40">[40]</a> Some pits continued working without significant disruption. In Leicestershire only 31 miners went on strike for the full 12 months<a href="#cite_note-Bell_2009-89">[89]</a>: 7  and in South Derbyshire only 17, but these areas were not targeted by pickets in the same way as Nottinghamshire.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 262  On 9 July 1984 pickets at <a href="/wiki/Rossington" title="Rossington">Rossington</a> Colliery attempted to trap 11 NCB safety inspectors inside the colliery. Camera teams were present as two police vans arrived to assist the safety inspectors and were attacked by missiles from the pickets.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 94  Following the breakdown of relations between the NUM and the ISTC (<a href="/wiki/Iron_and_Steel_Trades_Confederation" title="Iron and Steel Trades Confederation">Iron and Steel Trades Confederation</a>), NUM pickets threw bricks, concrete and eggs full of paint at lorries transporting coal and iron ore to South Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 139  In September 1984, Viv Brook, assistant chief constable of South Wales Police, warned that throwing concrete from motorway bridges was likely to kill someone.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Taxi driver, <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_David_Wilkie" title="Killing of David Wilkie">David Wilkie</a>, was killed on 30 November 1984 while driving a non-striking miner to <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Vale" title="Merthyr Vale">Merthyr Vale</a> Colliery, in South Wales. Two striking miners dropped a concrete post onto his car from a road bridge and he died at the scene. The miners served a prison sentence for <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a>. Police reported that the incident had a sobering effect on many of the pickets and led to a decrease in aggression.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/214">214</a>  In <a href="/wiki/Airedale,_Castleford" title="Airedale, Castleford">Airedale, Castleford</a> where most miners were on strike, a working miner, Michael Fletcher, was savagely beaten in November 1984.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/214">214</a>  A masked gang waving baseball bats invaded his house and beat him for five minutes, whilst his pregnant wife and children hid upstairs.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/214">214</a>  Fletcher suffered a broken shoulder blade, dislocated elbow and two broken ribs.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Two miners from Wakefield were convicted of causing grievous bodily harm and four others were acquitted of riot and assault.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 164  Scargill said in December 1984 that those who returned to work after taking the NCB's incentives for strikebreaking should be treated as "lost lambs" rather than traitors.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/214">214</a>  When questioned by the media, Scargill refused to condemn the violence, which he attributed to the hardship and frustration of pickets,<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/155">155</a>  with the one exception being the killing of David Wilkie.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/214">214</a>  There was criticism of picket-line violence from lodges at striking pits, such as the resolution by the Grimethorpe and Kellingley lodges in Yorkshire that condemned throwing bricks.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_1994-24">[24]</a>: 58–59  Even amongst supporters, picketing steel plants to prevent deliveries of coal and coke caused great divisions. Local branches agreed to deals with local steel plants on the amounts to be delivered. In June 1984, the NUM area leader for South Wales, Emlyn Williams, defied orders from Scargill to stop deliveries of coal by rail to steel plants, but he capitulated after a vote by the national executive to end dispensations.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/105">105</a>  Violence in Nottinghamshire was directed towards strikers and supporters of the NUM national line. NUM secretary Jimmy Hood reported his car was vandalised and his garage set on fire.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/117">117</a>  In Leicestershire, scab was chanted by the working majority against the few who went on strike, on the grounds that they had betrayed their area's union.<a href="#cite_note-minersadvice-92">[92]</a> Two pickets, David Jones and Joe Green, were killed in separate incidents,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and three teenagers (Darren Holmes, aged 15, and Paul Holmes and Paul Womersley, both aged 14) died picking coal from a colliery waste heap in the winter. The NUM names its memorial lectures after the pickets.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Jones's death raised tensions between strikers and those who continued to work. On 15 March 1984,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> he was hit in the chest by a half-brick thrown by a youth who opposed the strike when he confronted him for vandalising his car, but the post-mortem ruled that this had not caused his death and it was more likely to have been caused by being pressed against the pit gates earlier in the day.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/59">59–60</a>  News of his death led to hundreds of pickets staying in Ollerton town centre overnight.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/61">61</a>  At the request of Nottinghamshire Police, Scargill appeared and called for calm in the wake of the tragedy.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/61">61</a>  Several working miners in Ollerton reported that their gardens and cars had been vandalised during the night.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/61">61–62</a>  Ollerton Colliery closed for a few days as a mark of respect for Jones.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 99  Policing was extensive from the start, a policy to avoid the problems of 1972, when the police were overwhelmed by the number of pickets at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltley_Gate" title="Battle of Saltley Gate">Battle of Saltley Gate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 101  Many families in South Yorkshire complained that the police were abusive and damaged property needlessly whilst pursuing pickets.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 120, 247  During the Battle of Orgreave, television cameras caught a policeman repeatedly lashing out at a picket on his head with a truncheon but no charges were made against the officer, identified as a member of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_Police" title="Northumbria Police">Northumbria Police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/104">104</a>  The heavy-handed policing at Orgreave, including from some senior officers was criticised.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 101  At the 1985 <a href="/wiki/Police_Federation_of_England_and_Wales" title="Police Federation of England and Wales">Police Federation</a> conference, Ronald Carroll from West Yorkshire Police argued that, "The police were used by the Coal Board to do all their dirty work. Instead of seeking the civil remedies under the existing civil law, they relied completely on the police to solve their problems by implementing the criminal law."<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 100  A motion at the 1984 Labour Party conference won heavy support for blaming all the violence in the strike on the police, despite opposition from Kinnock.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/226">226</a>  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fundraising">Fundraising</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Fundraising">edit</a>]</div> Union funds struggled to cover the year-long strike, so strikers had to raise their own funds. The Kent area's effective fundraising from sympathisers in London and in continental Europe was resented by other areas.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 229  The Yorkshire area's reliance on mass picketing led to a neglect of fundraising, and many Yorkshire strikers were living in poverty by the winter of 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 229  A soup kitchen opened in Yorkshire in April 1984, for the first time since the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-49">[49]</a> Wakefield Council provided free meals for children during school holidays.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-49">[49]</a> The Labour-dominated councils of Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and Wakefield reduced council-house rents and local tax rates for striking miners, but the Conservative Selby Council refused any assistance, although the Selby pits had higher numbers of commuters.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 133  In Leicestershire, the area's NUM made no payments to the few who went on strike, on the grounds that the area had voted against industrial action.<a href="#cite_note-BBCDirtyThirty-97">[97]</a> Fundraising for the so-called "Dirty Thirty" striking Leicestershire miners was extensive and they redirected some of their excess aid to other parts of the NUM.<a href="#cite_note-BBCDirtyThirty-97">[97]</a> Many local businesses in pit villages donated money to NUM funds, although some claimed they were threatened with boycotts or vandalism if they did not contribute.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 220  <a href="/wiki/Lesbians_and_Gays_Support_the_Miners" title="Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners">Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners</a> held "Pits and Perverts" concerts to raise money which led the NUM to become supportive of <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a> in subsequent years.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 228  Some groups prioritised aid to pits in South Wales, as they felt that Scargill was distributing donations to his most favoured pits in Kent and Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The ISTC donated food parcels and toys during the summer, but gave no money as they did not want to be accused of financing the aggressive picketing.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 228  <a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesterfield FC">Chesterfield FC</a> gave discounted tickets to striking miners until the start of 1985, when it abandoned the policy as most North Derbyshire miners had returned to work.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/234">234</a>  <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> donated $20,000 to the Northumberland and Durham Miners Support Group in the aftermath of the strike.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women_Against_Pit_Closures">Women Against Pit Closures</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Women Against Pit Closures">edit</a>]</div> In the early weeks of the strike, the media reported that miners' wives in Nottinghamshire were encouraging their husbands to defy the flying pickets and were against the strike.<a href="#cite_note-PenAndSword-100">[100]</a> In response, a group of miners' wives and girlfriends who supported the strike set up a network that became known as <a href="/wiki/Women_Against_Pit_Closures" title="Women Against Pit Closures">Women Against Pit Closures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PenAndSword-100">[100]</a> The support groups organised collections outside supermarkets, communal kitchens, benefit concerts and other activities. The strike marked an important development in the traditional mining heartlands, where feminist ideas had not been strong.<a href="#cite_note-ddwomen-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variation_in_observing_the_strike">Variation in observing the strike</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Variation in observing the strike">edit</a>]</div> The figures below are given in Richards (1996). The figures of working and striking miners were an issue of controversy throughout the dispute, and some other sources give figures that contradict Richards's table. <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center" align="centre"> <caption>Levels of participation in the 1984–1985 strike by area<a href="#cite_note-Richards_1996-63">[63]</a>: 109  </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Area </th> <th>Manpower </th> <th>% on strike 19 November 1984 </th> <th>% on strike 14 February 1985 </th> <th>% on strike 1 March 1985 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cokeworks</td> <td>4,500</td> <td>95.6</td> <td>73</td> <td>65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kent</td> <td>3,000</td> <td>95.9</td> <td>95</td> <td>93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lancashire</td> <td>6,500</td> <td>61.5</td> <td>49</td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leicestershire</td> <td>1,900</td> <td>10.5</td> <td>5</td> <td>1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Midlands (West)</td> <td>19,000</td> <td>32.3</td> <td>25</td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Derbyshire</td> <td>10,500</td> <td>66.7</td> <td>44</td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>North East England</td> <td>23,000</td> <td>95.5</td> <td>70</td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Wales</td> <td>1,000</td> <td>35</td> <td>10</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nottinghamshire</td> <td>30,000</td> <td>20</td> <td>14</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scotland</td> <td>13,100</td> <td>93.9</td> <td>75</td> <td>69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Derbyshire</td> <td>3,000</td> <td>11</td> <td>4</td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Wales</td> <td>21,500</td> <td>99.6</td> <td>98</td> <td>93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Workshops</td> <td>9,000</td> <td>55.6</td> <td>55</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yorkshire</td> <td>56,000</td> <td>97.3</td> <td>90</td> <td>83 </td></tr> <tr> <th>NATIONAL</th> <th>202,000</th> <th>72.5</th> <th>62.2</th> <th>56.6 </th></tr></tbody></table> No figures are available for the 1,000 NCB staff employees. Some of the above areas were large and had high internal variances. Within the large geographical Yorkshire area, there was still something of a regional variation in observing the strike despite the still high 97.3% overall Yorkshire solidarity rate in observing the strike in November 1984, as miners from South Yorkshire were considerably more militant than miners from North Yorkshire. This was something which became clearer still in the last three months of the strike with the number of North Yorkshire miners drifting back to work.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_1994-24">[24]</a>: 78  At the South Leicester colliery, there was reportedly only one miner who stayed on strike for the full 12 months.<a href="#cite_note-Bell_2009-89">[89]</a>: 10  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis_of_the_situation_in_Nottinghamshire">Analysis of the situation in Nottinghamshire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Analysis of the situation in Nottinghamshire">edit</a>]</div> A number of reasons have been advanced for the lack of support by the Nottinghamshire miners for the strike. It was compared to the return to work led by <a href="/wiki/George_Spencer_(Labour_politician)" title="George Spencer (Labour politician)">George Spencer</a> in Nottinghamshire during the 1926 coal strike, but Nottinghamshire had gone on strike alongside other regions in 1972 and 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Paterson-102">[102]</a> Other explanations include the perception that Nottinghamshire pits were safe from the threat of closure, as they had large reserves, and the area-level incentive scheme introduced by Tony Benn caused them to be amongst the best-paid in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Paterson-102">[102]</a> David Amos noted that some pits in Nottinghamshire closed in the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-DAMOS-103">[103]</a> He argues that Nottinghamshire miners reacted in the same way in 1984 as they did to the unofficial strikes in 1969 and 1970, both of which saw blockading of Nottinghamshire pits by striking miners from South Yorkshire and both of which were regarded as unconstitutional under NUM rules.<a href="#cite_note-DAMOS-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amos_2011-23">[23]</a> As the Nottinghamshire collieries had attracted displaced miners from Scotland and the north-east in the 1960s, it has been argued that they were reluctant to strike to stop pit closures when there had been no action to save their home pits from closure.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_1994-24">[24]</a>: 96 <a href="#cite_note-Paterson-102">[102]</a> A large Polish community in Nottinghamshire (especially <a href="/wiki/Ollerton" title="Ollerton">Ollerton</a>) had been alienated by Scargill's policy of supporting the Communist government in Poland against the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a> union, which the NUM previously had supported.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_1994-24">[24]</a>: 96  <a href="/wiki/David_John_Douglass" title="David John Douglass">David John Douglass</a>, a branch delegate at Hatfield Colliery dismissed the suggestions as the <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a> pits also had large numbers of displaced and Polish miners, yet it was amongst the most militant areas of the NUM.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_1994-24">[24]</a>: 96  Nottinghamshire NUM executive Henry Richardson argued that the Nottinghamshire miners would have probably voted for strike had they not been subjected to so much intimidation within days of the walk-out in Yorkshire, which prompted many to defy the Yorkshire pickets as a matter of principle.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/78">78</a>  At some pits, most miners initially refused to cross picket lines formed by Welsh miners but returned to work when more aggressive pickets arrived from Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 98  After the strike, Mick McGahey, one of the most prominent voices against a national ballot, said that he accepted "some responsibility" for alienating the Nottinghamshire miners through aggressive picketing.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 98  Jonathan and Ruth Winterton have suggested that the greater success of picketing in Lancashire, a region with little tradition of mining militancy but where the majority of its miners were on strike for the majority of the 1984–85 national strike, might be ascribed to the more diplomatic tactics of the North Yorkshire NUM pickets that went to Lancashire, and to the North Yorkshire NUM officials who worked with the Lancashire NUM to coordinate more respectful picketing, in contrast to the aggressive tactics adopted by South Yorkshire pickets in Nottinghamshire.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 81–82  The Marxist academic <a href="/wiki/Alex_Callinicos" title="Alex Callinicos">Alex Callinicos</a> has suggested that the NUM officials had failed to make the case to their members adequately and believes that the Nottinghamshire miners were simply ignorant of the issues.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses_to_the_strike">Responses to the strike</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Responses to the strike">edit</a>]</div> The opposition Labour Party was divided in its attitude,<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 110  its leader <a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Neil Kinnock</a>, whose late father had been a miner, was critical of the government's handling of the strike, but distanced himself from the leadership of the NUM over the issues of the ballot and violence against strikebreakers.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 6  Kinnock later said that it was "the greatest regret of [his] whole life" that he did not call for a national ballot at an earlier stage.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> He condemned the actions of pickets and police as "violence", which prompted a statement from the Police Federation that some officers would struggle to work under a Labour government.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 111–112  He appeared on a picket line on 3 January 1985,<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 113  after having said in November that he was "too busy".<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 300  Kinnock appeared at a Labour Party rally alongside Scargill in <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a> on 30 November 1984 – the day of the killing of David Wilkie. His speech developed into an argument with hecklers who saw him as having betrayed the NUM by failing to support the strike.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 294–295  Kinnock began by saying, "We meet here tonight in the shadow of an outrage." When interrupted, Kinnock accused the hecklers of "living like parasites off the struggle of the miners." As Kinnock denounced the lack of the ballot, violence against strikebreakers and Scargill's tactical approach, he was asked by hecklers what he had done for the striking miners. Kinnock shouted back, "Well, I was not telling them lies. That's what I was not doing during that period."<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 294–295  It was a thinly-veiled attack on Scargill, whom he later admitted he detested.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Kinnock later blamed Scargill for the failure of the strike.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Former party leader and prime minister <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a> said that a ballot was needed to decide when to end the strike and return to work.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 111  Tony Benn was vocal in support of Scargill's leadership during the strike.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 300  In addition, 12 left-wing MPs refused to sit down in the Commons in January in an attempt to force a debate on the strike.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 110  The Communist Party supported the strike and opposed Thatcher's government, but expressed reservations about Scargill's tactics. Peter Carter said that Scargill had "the idea that the miners could win the strike alone through a re-run of Saltley Gate".<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 298  The 39th congress of the party passed a motion that the strike could not succeed without sympathy from the wider public and other unions, and that the aggressive picketing was dividing the working class and alienating public support.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 299  In contrast to the close cooperation with the TUC in the 1970s, the NUM never asked the TUC to support the strike and wrote at the outset to say that, "No request is being made by this union for the intervention or assistance of the TUC."<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 129–131  Scargill disliked <a href="/wiki/Len_Murray" title="Len Murray">Len Murray</a> and blamed the TUC for the failure of the <a href="/wiki/1926_General_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1926 General Strike">1926 General Strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 130  Part way through the strike, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Willis" title="Norman Willis">Norman Willis</a> took over from Murray as general secretary of the TUC. He attempted to repair relations between Scargill and Kinnock, but to no avail.<a href="#cite_note-Willis-108">[108]</a> When speaking in a miners' hall in November 1984, Willis condemned the violence and advocated a compromise, which led to a noose being lowered slowly from the rafters until it rested close to his head.<a href="#cite_note-Willis-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The NUM had a "Triple Alliance" with the ISTC and the railway unions. Solidarity action was taken by railway workers and few crossed picket lines,<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 150  but the NUM never asked the railway unions to strike.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 136  In contrast, Scargill demanded that steel workers not cross miners' picket lines and only work to keep furnaces in order.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 137–138  Bill Sirs of the ISTC felt that Scargill was reneging on an agreement to deliver coke. British Steel was planning to close a steel plant and steel workers feared that support for the strikers might make closure more likely.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 137–139  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hull_cranes_during_dockers_strike,_1984.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hull_cranes_during_dockers_strike%2C_1984.JPG/220px-Hull_cranes_during_dockers_strike%2C_1984.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hull_cranes_during_dockers_strike%2C_1984.JPG/330px-Hull_cranes_during_dockers_strike%2C_1984.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hull_cranes_during_dockers_strike%2C_1984.JPG/440px-Hull_cranes_during_dockers_strike%2C_1984.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>Hull cranes stand idle during the short-lived dockers' strike which began on 8 July</figcaption></figure> The National Union of Seamen supported the strike and limited the transport of coal. The decision was taken by a delegates' conference and not authorised by an individual ballot. Transport leaders, Ross Evans and Ron Todd, supported the NUM "without reservation", but an increasing proportion of drivers were not unionised and they failed to have much influence.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 140–142  The <a href="/wiki/Electrical,_Electronic,_Telecommunications_and_Plumbing_Union" title="Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union">Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union</a>, actively opposed the strike; Ian MacGregor's autobiography detailed how its leaders supplied the government with information that allowed the strike to be defeated.<a href="#cite_note-MacGregor_1986-110">[110]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enemieswithinsto0000macg/page/384">384</a>  The EETPU was supportive of the breakaway Union of Democratic Mineworkers and met with its leaders before the TUC had extended formal recognition.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 276  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Long-term_impact">Long-term impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Long-term impact">edit</a>]</div> During the strike, many pits lost their customers and the immediate problem facing the industry was due to the <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession" title="Early 1980s recession">economic recession of the early-1980s</a>. There was extensive competition in the world coal market and a concerted move towards oil and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> for power production. The government's policy, the <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Plan" title="Ridley Plan">Ridley Plan</a>, was to reduce Britain's reliance on coal on the grounds that it could be imported from <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> more cheaply than it could be produced in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The strike emboldened the NCB to accelerate the closure of pits on economic grounds. Tensions between strikers and those who worked continued after the return to work. Many strikebreakers left the industry and were shunned or attacked by other miners. Almost all the strikebreakers in Kent had left the industry by April 1986, after suffering numerous attacks on their homes.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">[21]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils/page/305">305</a>  At <a href="/wiki/Betteshanger_Colliery" class="mw-redirect" title="Betteshanger Colliery">Betteshanger Colliery</a>, posters were put up with photographs and names of the thirty strikebreakers.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 217  A <a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">wildcat strike</a> at South Kirkby Colliery was supported by neighbouring Ferrymoor-Riddings on 30 April 1985 after four men were dismissed for attacks on strikebreakers, and another wildcat strike occurred at Hatfield Colliery in April 1986 after it emerged that there was a strikebreaker had not been transferred away from the pit.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 218  In contrast, other pits that had been divided by the strike managed to work without any harassment.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 217  The NCB was accused of deserting the strikebreakers, as abuse, threats and assaults continued, and requests for transfers to other pits were declined.<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 218  Michael Eaton argued that "a decision to return to work was a personal decision on the part of the individual."<a href="#cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">[50]</a>: 218  Miners were demoralised and sought work in other industries. Scargill's authority in the NUM was challenged and his calls for another strike in 1986 were ignored.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 303  Mick McGahey, who was loyal to Scargill during the strike, became critical of him. McGahey claimed the leadership was becoming separated from its membership, the violence had gone too far and argued for reconciliation with the UDM.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 98, 303  Scargill said that it was a "tragedy that people from the far north should pontificate about what we should be doing to win back members for the NUM."<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 303  Scargill became president of the NUM for life in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 171–172  In the aftermath of the strike, miners were offered large redundancy payments in ballots organised by the NCB and the offers were accepted even at the most militant pits. The manager of the militant Yorkshire Main Colliery said at the time of the pit's vote to close in October 1985, "I know people who abused us and threatened us on the picket line and then were the first to put in for redundancy."<a href="#cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">[20]</a>: 239  In 1991, the <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Police" title="South Yorkshire Police">South Yorkshire Police</a> paid compensation of £425,000 to 39 miners who were arrested during the incident.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt-112">[112]</a> This was for "assault, false imprisonment and malicious prosecution".<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt-112">[112]</a> The coal industry was privatised in December 1994 creating "R.J.B. Mining", subsequently known as <a href="/wiki/UK_Coal" title="UK Coal">UK Coal</a>. Between the end of the strike and privatisation, pit closures continued with many closures in the early-1990s. There were 15 British Coal deep mines left in production at the time of privatisation,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> but by March 2005, there were only eight deep mines left.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Since then, the last pit in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, Ellington Colliery has closed whilst pits at Rossington and <a href="/wiki/Harworth" title="Harworth">Harworth</a> have been mothballed. In 1983, Britain had 174 working collieries; by 2009 there were six.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The last deep colliery in the UK, <a href="/wiki/Kellingley_Colliery" title="Kellingley Colliery">Kellingley Colliery</a>, known locally as "The Big K" closed for the last time on 18 December 2015, bringing an end to centuries of deep coal mining. The 1994 <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> inquiry into poverty classified Grimethorpe in South Yorkshire as the poorest settlement in the country and one of the poorest in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a> became an <a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Objective 1 development zone</a> and every <a href="/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wards and electoral divisions of the United Kingdom">ward</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">City of Wakefield</a> district was classified as in need of special assistance.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In 2003, the reduced mining industry was reportedly more productive in terms of output per worker than the coal industries in France, Germany and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> A murder in <a href="/wiki/Annesley" title="Annesley">Annesley</a>, Nottinghamshire in 2004 was believed to be the result of an argument between former members of the NUM and UDM, indicating continued tensions, but was subsequently found to be unrelated.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2016_Brexit_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Brexit referendum">2016 Brexit referendum</a>, cities and regions at the heart of the dispute voted by a majority to leave.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Scargill, a supporter of leaving the EU, said that the Brexit vote presented an opportunity to re-open closed coal mines.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In 2021 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fahy" title="Peter Fahy">Peter Fahy</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Chief_constable" title="Chief constable">chief constable</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police" title="Greater Manchester Police">Greater Manchester Police</a>, argued the policing of the strike was politically motivated and "took policing a long time to recover" from, and warned that the proposed <a href="/wiki/Police,_Crime,_Sentencing_and_Courts_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill">Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill</a> risked drawing policing into politics once more.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pardons">Pardons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Pardons">edit</a>]</div> In October 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> announced plans to introduce legislation to pardon Scottish miners convicted of certain offences during the strike. The announcement, by <a href="/wiki/Humza_Yousaf" title="Humza Yousaf">Humza Yousaf</a>, the Scottish justice secretary, followed the recommendation of an independent review on the impact of policing on communities during the strike.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_assessments">Historical assessments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Historical assessments">edit</a>]</div> Many historians have provided interpretations and explanations of the defeat, largely centring on Scargill's decisions. <ul><li>Numerous scholars have concluded that Scargill's decisive tactical error was to substitute his famous flying picket for the holding of a national strike ballot. His policy divided the NUM membership, undermined his position with the leaders of the trade union movement, hurt the union's reputation in British public opinion, and led to violence along the picket line. That violence strengthened the stature of the Coal Board and the Thatcher government.<a href="#cite_note-Howell_1987-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Darlington_2005-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Goodman_1985_p._48-7">[7]</a></li> <li>Robert Taylor depicts Scargill as an 'industrial Napoleon' who called a strike 'at the wrong time' on the 'wrong issue', and adopted strategies and tactics that were 'impossibilist', with 'an inflexible list of extravagant non-negotiable demands' that amounted to 'reckless adventurism' that was 'a dangerous, self-defeating delusion'.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li> <li>Journalist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marr" title="Andrew Marr">Andrew Marr</a> argues that:</li></ul> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Many found Scargill inspiring; many others found him frankly scary. He had been a Communist and retained strong Marxist views and a penchant for denouncing anyone who disagreed with him as a traitor.... Scargill had indeed been elected by a vast margin and he set about turning the NUM's once moderate executive into a reliably militant group.... By adopting a position that no pits should be closed on economic grounds, even if the coal was exhausted...he made sure confrontation would not be avoided. Exciting, witty Arthur Scargill brought coalmining to a close in Britain far faster than would have happened had the NUM been led by some prevaricating, dreary old-style union hack.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></blockquote></dd></dl> <ul><li>In a book published by the <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Mining_Museum_for_England" title="National Coal Mining Museum for England">National Coal Mining Museum for England</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_John_Douglass" title="David John Douglass">David John Douglass</a> argues that too much focus has been put on the personality of Scargill and not enough on the decision of the Yorkshire NUM to invoke the area's 1981 ballot result to strike against economic closures.</li></ul> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There is a prevailing view that Arthur Scargill, the NUM National President, called the strike. He did not. The strike started in Yorkshire, and he was not present at the delegate Council meeting in Barnsley. He had no means of calling a strike in Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass_2005-22">[22]</a>: 29 </blockquote></dd></dl> In January 2014, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> stated, "I think if anyone needs to make an apology for their role in the miners' strike it should be Arthur Scargill for the appalling way that he led the union." This was in the Prime Minister's rejection of Labour calls for an apology for government actions during the 1984–1985 miners' strike. His comments followed a question in the Commons from Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Lisa Nandy</a>, who said the miners and their families deserved an apology for the mine closures.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cultural references">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike" title="Special:EditPage/1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike%22">"1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films_and_television">Films and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Films and television">edit</a>]</div> Independent filmmakers documented the strike including the behaviour of the police, the role of miners' wives and the role of the media. The outcome was the Miner's Campaign Tapes.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a> made three films about the strike. Which Side Are You On? focussed on music and poetry was made for <a href="/wiki/The_South_Bank_Show" title="The South Bank Show">The South Bank Show</a> but was rejected on the grounds that it was too politically partial for an arts programme.<a href="#cite_note-Loach-133">[133]</a> After winning an award at an Italian film festival, it was broadcast on Channel 4 on 9 January 1985.<a href="#cite_note-Loach-133">[133]</a> End of the Battle... Not the End of the War? (1985) suggested that the Conservative Party planned tactics for defeating the NUM from the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The Arthur Legend, broadcast for <a href="/wiki/Dispatches_(TV_programme)" title="Dispatches (TV programme)">Dispatches</a> on Channel 4 in 1991, analysed allegations of financial impropriety and links with Libya against Arthur Scargill, and argued that the claims made by the Daily Mirror and The Cook Report were baseless.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The setting for the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> film <a href="/wiki/Castle_in_the_Sky" title="Castle in the Sky">Castle in the Sky</a> was inspired by the Welsh strikes. Director <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a> was visiting Wales at the time, and was impressed by the way the Welsh miners fought to save their way of life, and their sense of community.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The 2000 film <a href="/wiki/Billy_Elliot" title="Billy Elliot">Billy Elliot</a>, set in 1984, was based around mining communities in <a href="/wiki/Easington_Colliery" title="Easington Colliery">Easington Colliery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seaham" title="Seaham">Seaham</a>. The father and brother of the title character are striking miners. Several scenes depict the chaos at picket lines, clashes between armies of police and striking miners, and the shame associated with crossing the picket line. It showed the abject poverty associated with the strike and the harshness and desperation of not having coal for heat in winter. The film was turned into a musical, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Elliot_the_Musical" title="Billy Elliot the Musical">Billy Elliot the Musical</a> with music by <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a> and book and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hall_(playwright)" title="Lee Hall (playwright)">Lee Hall</a>, who wrote the film's screenplay.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The 1996 film <a href="/wiki/Brassed_Off" title="Brassed Off">Brassed Off</a> was set 10 years after the strike in the era when numerous pits closed before the privatisation of British Coal. The film refers to the strike and some of the dialogue contrasts the resistance in 1984 with the resignation with which most miners responded to the pit closures of the early 1990s. It was set in the fictional town of Grimley, a thin disguise for the hard-hit ex-mining village of Grimethorpe, where some of it was filmed. The satirical <a href="/wiki/Comic_Strip_Presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic Strip Presents">Comic Strip Presents</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/The_Strike" title="The Strike">The Strike</a>" (1988) depicts an idealistic Welsh screenwriter's growing dismay as his hard-hitting and grittily realistic script about the strike is mutilated by a <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a> producer into an all-action thriller. The film parodies Hollywood films by overdramatising the strike and changing most of the important historic facts. It won a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rose" title="Golden Rose">Golden Rose</a> and Press Reward at the <a href="/wiki/Rose_d%27Or" title="Rose d'Or">Montreux Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The "1984" episode of the 1996 <a href="/wiki/BBC_television_drama" title="BBC television drama">BBC television drama</a> serial <a href="/wiki/Our_Friends_in_the_North" title="Our Friends in the North">Our Friends in the North</a> revolves around the strike, and scenes of clashes between the police and strikers were re-created using many men who had taken part in the real-life events on the miners' side. In 2005, BBC One broadcast the one-off drama Faith, written by <a href="/wiki/William_Ivory" title="William Ivory">William Ivory</a>. Many of the social scenes were filmed in the former colliery town of Thorne, near Doncaster. It viewed the strike from the perspective of both the police and the miners.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The British film <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Man" title="The Big Man">The Big Man</a> casts <a href="/wiki/Liam_Neeson" title="Liam Neeson">Liam Neeson</a> as a Scottish coalminer who has been unemployed since the strike. His character has been blacklisted due to striking a police officer and has served a six-month prison sentence for the offence.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The 2014 film <a href="/wiki/Pride_(2014_film)" title="Pride (2014 film)">Pride</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Warchus" title="Matthew Warchus">Matthew Warchus</a>, is based on a true story of a group of LGBT activists who raised funds to assist and support families in a Welsh mining village.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> David Peace's novel <a href="/wiki/GB84" title="GB84">GB84</a> is set during the strike.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Val_McDermid" title="Val McDermid">Val McDermid</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/A_Darker_Domain" title="A Darker Domain">A Darker Domain</a> (2008) has a plotline set in the strike. Multiple reviewers gave the book acclaim for exploring its social and emotional repercussions.<a href="#cite_note-Times-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scanlon-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman-144">[144]</a> Kay Sutcliffe, the wife of a striking miner at <a href="/wiki/Aylesham" title="Aylesham">Aylesham</a>, wrote the poem "Coal not Dole", which became popular with the Women Against Pit Closures groups across the country and was later made into a song by Norma Waterson.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The verse novel Hope Now by A. L. Richards, published 2013 by Landfox Press, is set in the South Wales Valleys and is based on events during the strike.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In 2001, British visual artist <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Deller" title="Jeremy Deller">Jeremy Deller</a> worked with historical societies, battle re-enactors, and people who participated in the violent 1984 clashes between picketers and police to reconstruct and re-enact the Battle of Orgreave. A documentary about the re-enactment was produced by Deller and director Mike Figgis and was broadcast on British television; and Deller published a book called The English Civil War Part II documenting both the project and the historical events it investigates.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> On 5 March 2010, the 25th anniversary of the strike, an artwork by visual artist Dan Savage was unveiled in <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Civic_Centre" title="Sunderland Civic Centre">Sunderland Civic Centre</a>. Commissioned by Sunderland City Council, Savage worked with the Durham Miners Association to create the large scale commemorative window, which features images and symbols of the strike and the North East's mining heritage.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In August 1984, photographer Keith Pattison was commissioned by Sunderland's Artists' Agency to photograph the strike in Easington Colliery for a month. He remained there on and off until it ended in March 1985, photographing from behind the lines a community rallying together against implacable opposition. Twenty-five years later, on 6 May 2010, Election Day, Pattison took David Peace to Easington to interview three of the people caught up in the strike. A selection of the photographs together with the interviews were published in book form – 'No Redemption' (Flambard Press).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Premiering on 13 June 2022, the BBC One series <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_(2022_TV_series)" title="Sherwood (2022 TV series)">Sherwood (2022 TV series)</a> is a fictionalized murder mystery set both in 1984 and in the present day in the <a href="/wiki/Ashfield_District" title="Ashfield District">Ashfield</a> area of Nottinghamshire surrounding deep divisions in the community between striking miners, police officers, non-striking miners, and their descendants.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In 2024 a documentary film about the strikes was shown on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Miners%27_Strike:_A_Frontline_Story" title="Miners' Strike: A Frontline Story">Miners' Strike: A Frontline Story</a>. The documentary was directed by Ben Anthony and presented both archive footage and stories from individuals directly involved in the strike.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">The Clash</a> staged two benefit concerts for the striking miners at <a href="/wiki/Brixton_Academy" title="Brixton Academy">Brixton Academy</a> in London. The strike is the subject of songs by many music groups including the <a href="/wiki/Manic_Street_Preachers" title="Manic Street Preachers">Manic Street Preachers</a>' "<a href="/wiki/A_Design_for_Life" title="A Design for Life">A Design for Life</a>", and "1985", from the album <a href="/wiki/Lifeblood_(album)" title="Lifeblood (album)">Lifeblood</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(band)" title="Pulp (band)">Pulp</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Hits_(Pulp_album)" title="Hits (Pulp album)">Last Day of the Miners' Strike</a>"; <a href="/wiki/Funeral_for_a_Friend" title="Funeral for a Friend">Funeral for a Friend</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Hours_(Funeral_for_a_Friend_album)" title="Hours (Funeral for a Friend album)">History</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Ewan_MacColl" title="Ewan MacColl">Ewan MacColl</a>'s cassette of pro-NUM songs Daddy, What Did You Do In The Strike?. <a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a> recorded a song about the strike called "<a href="/wiki/We_Work_the_Black_Seam" title="We Work the Black Seam">We Work the Black Seam</a>" for his first solo album, <a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_the_Blue_Turtles" title="The Dream of the Blue Turtles">The Dream of the Blue Turtles</a>, in 1985.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bragg" title="Billy Bragg">Billy Bragg</a>'s version of "<a href="/wiki/Which_Side_Are_You_On%3F" title="Which Side Are You On?">Which Side Are You On?</a>", encapsulated the strikers' feeling of betrayal by the perceived indifference of wider elements within British society. Bragg raised awareness through his music and disagreement with the Thatcher government.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Crowd sounds from the strike feature at the start of <a href="/wiki/The_Smiths" title="The Smiths">The Smiths</a>' 1987 song "<a href="/wiki/Last_Night_I_Dreamt_That_Somebody_Loved_Me" title="Last Night I Dreamt That Somebody Loved Me">Last Night I Dreamt That Somebody Loved Me</a>". However, this version only appears on the album <a href="/wiki/Strangeways,_Here_We_Come" title="Strangeways, Here We Come">Strangeways, Here We Come</a> and not the single edit which has made subsequent compilation albums.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Throughout the strike, the South London group <a href="/wiki/Test_Dept" title="Test Dept">Test Dept</a> travelled on their "battle bus" to Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland, Paddington and Glasgow. They filmed images of the strike in one town and showed at their next gig, where they met the miners, joined pickets and raised funds. The songs of the South Wales Striking Miners' Choir and the speeches of Kent miner Alan Sutcliffe are included on their 1985 album Shoulder to Shoulder.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Cutler" title="Chris Cutler">Chris Cutler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hodgkinson" title="Tim Hodgkinson">Tim Hodgkinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Cooper" title="Lindsay Cooper">Lindsay Cooper</a> from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cow" title="Henry Cow">Henry Cow</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wyatt" title="Robert Wyatt">Robert Wyatt</a> and poet <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Mitchell" title="Adrian Mitchell">Adrian Mitchell</a> recorded <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Nightingale" title="The Last Nightingale">The Last Nightingale</a> in October 1984 to raise money for the strikers and their families.<a href="#cite_note-AM-review-153">[153]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Red_Hill_Mining_Town" title="Red Hill Mining Town">Red Hill Mining Town</a>", by <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a> is about the breakdown of relationships during the strike.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The storyline of <a href="/wiki/Radio_K.A.O.S." title="Radio K.A.O.S.">Radio K.A.O.S.</a>, a 1987 album by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Waters" title="Roger Waters">Roger Waters</a>, makes several references to the strike and its repercussions. The strike saw the resurgence of traditional folk songs about coal mining. <a href="/wiki/Dick_Gaughan" title="Dick Gaughan">Dick Gaughan</a> released a mixture of old and new songs on his LP True and Bold. An old Northumbrian folk song, "<a href="/wiki/Blackleg_Miner" title="Blackleg Miner">Blackleg Miner</a>" gained attention when recorded by <a href="/wiki/Steeleye_Span" title="Steeleye Span">Steeleye Span</a> in 1970 and was played to show support for the NUM and intimidate strikebreakers.<a href="#cite_note-Amos_2011-23">[23]</a>: 291  The album <a href="/wiki/Every_Valley" title="Every Valley">Every Valley</a> from <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Broadcasting_(band)" title="Public Service Broadcasting (band)">Public Service Broadcasting</a> is based on the history of the <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Wales" title="Mining in Wales">mining industry in Wales</a>, more specifically chronicling the rise and decline of the country's <a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">coal industry</a>, the miners' strike plays a huge role on the album.<a href="#cite_note-clashmusic-1-154">[154]</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newmodelarmy.org/the-music/lyrics/247-the-charge">The Charge</a>", from <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army_(band)" title="New Model Army (band)">New Model Army</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Thunder_and_Consolation" title="Thunder and Consolation">Thunder and Consolation</a>, 1989) compares the Miners' strike to "<a href="/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade_(poem)" title="The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)">The charge of the Light Brigade</a>".<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Video games">edit</a>]</div> The first entry in the <a href="/wiki/Monty_Mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Monty Mole">Monty Mole</a> series of games, Wanted: Monty Mole, published for the <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> in 1984, was directly inspired by reports of miners' families' stealing coal during the strike: the game involves Monty Mole stealing coal to heat his home.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> The historical fiction novel "Minor Miner" by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Morgan_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Morgan (author) (page does not exist)">Matthew Morgan</a> is a conspiracy drama in which the Thatcher government intentionally escalates tensions with <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> in 1984 to draw attention away from the controversial UK Miners' Strikes in an attempt to improve the political party's approval ratings ahead of an election.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/28px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/42px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/56px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organised_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Organised labour">Organised labour portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/25px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/38px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/51px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="530" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:1980s" title="Portal:1980s">1980s portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Heathfield" title="Betty Heathfield">Betty Heathfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_David_Wilkie" title="Killing of David Wilkie">Killing of David Wilkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heathfield" title="Peter Heathfield">Peter Heathfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_Against_Pit_Closures" title="Lesbians Against Pit Closures">Lesbians Against Pit Closures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_for_Miners" title="Music for Miners">Music for Miners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent" title="Winter of Discontent">Winter of Discontent</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_3503000/3503346.stm">"1984: The beginning of the end for British coal"</a>. BBC News. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926110208/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_3503000/3503346.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1984%3A+The+beginning+of+the+end+for+British+coal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmarch%2F12%2Fnewsid_3503000%2F3503346.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Around_World-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Around_World_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Around_World_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Around_World_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Around_World_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Around_World_2-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YZ2ms23ZuVQC&q=statisticians+strike">Strikes Around the World, 1968–2005: Case-studies of 15 Countries</a>. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 2007. pp. 352–354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-05260285-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-05260285-1"><bdi>978-9-05260285-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strikes+Around+the+World%2C+1968%E2%80%932005%3A+Case-studies+of+15+Countries&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=352-354&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9-05260285-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYZ2ms23ZuVQC%26q%3Dstatisticians%2Bstrike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milne_1994-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Milne_1994_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seumas_Milne" title="Seumas Milne">Milne, Seumas</a> (2004) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241204161132/https://books.google.com/books?id=55iV2JlUz9YC&hl=en">The Enemy Within: The Secret War Against the Miners</a>. London, UK and New York, USA: Verso. pp. ix, 18–19, 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-508-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-508-1"><bdi>978-1-84467-508-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=55iV2JlUz9YC&hl=en">the original</a> on 4 December 2024NB. pp. 18–19 give details of the 1991 payouts to miners from the Battle of Orgreave.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enemy+Within%3A+The+Secret+War+Against+the+Miners&rft.place=London%2C+UK+and+New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=ix%2C+18-19%2C+23&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-508-1&rft.aulast=Milne&rft.aufirst=Seumas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D55iV2JlUz9YC%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1981/nov/23/national-coal-board">"National Coal Board"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. Million. 23 November 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104171608/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1981/nov/23/national-coal-board">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=National+Coal+Board&rft.date=1981-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1981%2Fnov%2F23%2Fnational-coal-board&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howell_1987-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howell_1987_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howell_1987_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell1987" class="citation journal cs1">Howell, David; et al. (1987). "Goodbye to All That?: A review of literature on the 1984/5 miners' strike". Work, Employment & Society. 1 (3): 388–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0950017087001003007">10.1177/0950017087001003007</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23745863">23745863</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154609889">154609889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Work%2C+Employment+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Goodbye+to+All+That%3F%3A+A+review+of+literature+on+the+1984%2F5+miners%27+strike&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=388-404&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154609889%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23745863%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0950017087001003007&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darlington_2005-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darlington_2005_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darlington_2005_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarlington2005" class="citation journal cs1">Darlington, R. R. (2005). "There is no alternative: Exploring the options in the 1984–5 miners' strike". Capital and Class. 87: 71–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capital+and+Class&rft.atitle=There+is+no+alternative%3A+Exploring+the+options+in+the+1984%E2%80%935+miners%27+strike.&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=71-95&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Darlington&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geoffrey_Goodman_1985_p._48-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_Goodman_1985_p._48_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_Goodman_1985_p._48_7-1">b</a> Geoffrey Goodman, The miners' strike (Palgrave Macmillan, 1985), p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/28/newsid_2540000/2540813.stm">"BBC ON THIS DAY – 28 – 1984: Pit dispute 'illegal' says judge"</a>. 28 September 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002235052/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/28/newsid_2540000/2540813.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+ON+THIS+DAY+%E2%80%93+28+%E2%80%93+1984%3A+Pit+dispute+%27illegal%27+says+judge&rft.date=1984-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fseptember%2F28%2Fnewsid_2540000%2F2540813.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-35803048">"Last British deep coal mine capped off"</a>. BBC News. 14 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200331051805/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-35803048">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2020. 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Retrieved 11 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uk+Department+for+Business%2C+Energy+%26+Industrial+Strategy&rft.atitle=Historical+coal+data%3A+coal+production%2C+availability+and+consumption+1853+to+2016&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fstatistical-data-sets%2Fhistorical-coal-data-coal-production-availability-and-consumption-1853-to-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CEU1021210001#0v">"All Employees: Mining and Logging: Coal Mining"</a>. 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International Labor and Working-Class History. 94: 156–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0147547918000108">10.1017/S0147547918000108</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311070042/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-labor-and-working-class-history/article/abs/implementing-the-ridley-report-the-role-of-thatchers-policy-unit-during-the-miners-strike-of-19841985/0ADA615B8A768CE8ACBC0A8A0D56E830">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Labor+and+Working-Class+History&rft.atitle=Implementing+the+Ridley+Report%3A+The+Role+of+Thatcher%27s+Policy+Unit+during+the+Miners%27+Strike+of+1984%E2%80%931985&rft.volume=94&rft.pages=156-201&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0147547918000108&rft.au=Rawsthorne%2C+Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-labor-and-working-class-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fimplementing-the-ridley-report-the-role-of-thatchers-policy-unit-during-the-miners-strike-of-19841985%2F0ADA615B8A768CE8ACBC0A8A0D56E830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adeney-Lloyd_1988-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-71">bt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-72">bu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-73">bv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-74">bw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adeney-Lloyd_1988_20-75">bx</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdeneyLloyd1988" class="citation book cs1">Adeney, Martin; Lloyd, John (1988). The Miners' Strike 1984–5: Loss Without Limit. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7102-1371-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7102-1371-9"><bdi>0-7102-1371-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miners%27+Strike+1984%E2%80%935%3A+Loss+Without+Limit&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7102-1371-9&rft.aulast=Adeney&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SundayTimes_1985-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SundayTimes_1985_21-50">ay</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikethatchersc0000wils">"Strike: 358 Days that Shook the Nation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Times">Sunday Times</a>. London, UK. 1985. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-38445-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-38445-X"><bdi>0-340-38445-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Strike%3A+358+Days+that+Shook+the+Nation&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-340-38445-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrikethatchersc0000wils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglass_2005-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_2005_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_2005_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_2005_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_2005_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_2005_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_2005_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_2005_22-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_2005_22-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_2005_22-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglass2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_John_Douglass" title="David John Douglass">Douglass, David John</a> (2005). Strike, not the end of the story. Overton, Yorkshire, UK: National Coal Mining Museum for England. pp. 17, 29, 32, 36–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strike%2C+not+the+end+of+the+story&rft.place=Overton%2C+Yorkshire%2C+UK&rft.pages=17%2C+29%2C+32%2C+36-37&rft.pub=National+Coal+Mining+Museum+for+England&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=David+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amos_2011-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amos_2011_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amos_2011_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amos_2011_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amos_2011_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amos_2011_23-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2012" class="citation web cs1">Amos, David (2012) [December 2011]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14091/1/575419.pdf">"The Nottinghamshire miners', the Union of Democratic Mineworkers and the 1984–85 miners strike: scabs or scapegoats?"</a> (PDF) (PhD dissertation). University of Nottingham. pp. 248–250, 291, 293, 349–363. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928215227/http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14091/1/575419.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2015. <q>In 1984 this tradition derived not from 1926, but from more recent unofficial disputes of 1969, 1970 and to some extent 1981. As the evidence in Chapter 5 shows, the reaction in many parts of the Nottingham Area of the NUM to the 1984–85 strike was the same as it had been to the unofficial disputes of the past; they were seen as being unconstitutional and unauthorised.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nottinghamshire+miners%27%2C+the+Union+of+Democratic+Mineworkers+and+the+1984%E2%80%9385+miners+strike%3A+scabs+or+scapegoats%3F&rft.pages=248-250%2C+291%2C+293%2C+349-363&rft.pub=University+of+Nottingham&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.nottingham.ac.uk%2F14091%2F1%2F575419.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglass_1994-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_1994_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_1994_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_1994_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_1994_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_1994_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_1994_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_1994_24-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_1994_24-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_1994_24-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglass1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_John_Douglass" title="David John Douglass">Douglass, David John</a> (1994). Pit Sense versus the State: A history of militant miners in the Doncaster area. London, UK: Phoenix Press. pp. 11–12, 45, 58–59, 69, 78, 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948984-26-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-948984-26-0"><bdi>0-948984-26-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pit+Sense+versus+the+State%3A+A+history+of+militant+miners+in+the+Doncaster+area&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=11-12%2C+45%2C+58-59%2C+69%2C+78%2C+96&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-948984-26-0&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=David+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ddintro-25"><a href="#cite_ref-ddintro_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenyon1985" class="citation book cs1">Benyon, Huw (1985). "Introduction". In Benyon, Huw (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diggingdeeperiss0000unse">Digging Deeper: Issues in the Miners' Strike</a>. London: Verso. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diggingdeeperiss0000unse/page/1">1–25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-820-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-820-3"><bdi>0-86091-820-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Digging+Deeper%3A+Issues+in+the+Miners%27+Strike&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-25&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-86091-820-3&rft.aulast=Benyon&rft.aufirst=Huw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiggingdeeperiss0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlafur_Berger2001" class="citation journal cs1">Llafur Berger, Stefan (2001). "Working-Class Culture and the Labour Movement in the South Wales and the Ruhr Coalfields, 1850–2000: A Comparison". Journal of Welsh Labour History/Cylchgrawn Hanes Llafur Cymru. 8 (2): 5–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Welsh+Labour+History%2FCylchgrawn+Hanes+Llafur+Cymru&rft.atitle=Working-Class+Culture+and+the+Labour+Movement+in+the+South+Wales+and+the+Ruhr+Coalfields%2C+1850%E2%80%932000%3A+A+Comparison&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=5-40&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Llafur+Berger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Andrew Glyn, The Economic Case Against Pit Closure, Sheffield, National Union of Mineworkers, 1984 in Loss without Limit. p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-NLR_1975-28"><a href="#cite_ref-NLR_1975_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScargill,_Arthur_(interview)1975" class="citation journal cs1">Scargill, Arthur (interview) (July–August 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/92/arthur-scargill-the-new-unionism">"The New Unionism"</a>. New Left Review (I/92): 3–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328201853/http://newleftreview.org/I/92/arthur-scargill-the-new-unionism">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=The+New+Unionism&rft.issue=I%2F92&rft.pages=3-33&rft.date=1975-07%2F1975-08&rft.au=Scargill%2C+Arthur+%28interview%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F92%2Farthur-scargill-the-new-unionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988">:: Q: could you tell us how you became a militant trade unionist?: A: Well, my initiation wasn't in the trade union at all. It was in the political movement [...] So that was my initial introduction into socialism and into political militancy." </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Hari" title="Johann Hari">Johann Hari</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/nssubsfilter.php3?newTemplate=NSArticle_NS&newDisplayURN=200206100016">"Comrades up in Arms"</a>, New Statesman, 10 June 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcSmithCarrell2003" class="citation news cs1">McSmith, Andy; Carrell, Severin (2 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/stalin-apologists-drink-to-the-memory-of-uncle-joe-599222.html">"Stalin apologists drink to the memory of Uncle Joe"</a>. The Independent. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110302065410/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/stalin-apologists-drink-to-the-memory-of-uncle-joe-599222.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Stalin+apologists+drink+to+the+memory+of+Uncle+Joe&rft.date=2003-03-02&rft.aulast=McSmith&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft.au=Carrell%2C+Severin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fstalin-apologists-drink-to-the-memory-of-uncle-joe-599222.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/28/newsid_2531000/2531033.stm">"1983: Macgregor named as coal boss"</a>. BBC News. 28 March 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002234758/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/28/newsid_2531000/2531033.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1983%3A+Macgregor+named+as+coal+boss&rft.date=1983-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmarch%2F28%2Fnewsid_2531000%2F2531033.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Paul Routledge, "Pit strike would last 'very long time' warns NCB", The Times (8 March 1983), p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Times130583-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Times130583_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Times130583_33-1">b</a> Paul Routledge, "Tories likened to Nazis", The Times (13 May 1983), p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Paul Routledge, "Pit leaders seek backing for big pay increases", The Times (5 July 1983), p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_2011-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2011_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2011_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2011_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2011_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2011_35-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(biographer)" title="John Campbell (biographer)">Campbell, John</a> (2011). Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. pp. 355–371 [356–358, 366].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Thatcher%3A+The+Iron+Lady&rft.pages=355-371+356-358%2C+366&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Peter Jenkins, Mrs Thatcher's Revolution: The Ending of the Socialist Era (London: Pan, 1988), pp. 226–228. </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore_2016-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_2016_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_2016_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_2016_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2016" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Charles (2016). Margaret Thatcher: At her zenith; in London, Washington, and Moscow. pp. 142–182 [142–145, 142–150, 2:158].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Thatcher%3A+At+her+zenith%3B+in+London%2C+Washington%2C+and+Moscow&rft.pages=142-182+142-145%2C+142-150%2C+2%3A158&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlavinFreudenheimRhoden1982" class="citation news cs1">Slavin, Barbara; Freudenheim, Milt; Rhoden, William C. (24 January 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9E01E1DB1E38F937A15752C0A964948260">"The World; British Miners Settle for Less"</a>. The New York Times. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090816081427/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+World%3B+British+Miners+Settle+for+Less&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1982-01-24&rft.aulast=Slavin&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Freudenheim%2C+Milt&rft.au=Rhoden%2C+William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fsec%3Dhealth%26res%3D9E01E1DB1E38F937A15752C0A964948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BallotTable-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BallotTable_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BallotTable_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BallotTable_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BallotTable_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BallotTable_39-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/callinicos/1985/miners/chap2.html">Towards Confrontation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004113351/https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/callinicos/1985/miners/chap2.html">Archived</a> 4 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in </li> <li id="cite_note-YorkshireMain-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YorkshireMain_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YorkshireMain_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/the-northerner/2015/mar/06/miners-strike-1984-num-yorkshire-archive#comments">"Colliery closure reversed in crisis coalfield"</a>. The Guardian. 6 March 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106143505/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/the-northerner/2015/mar/06/miners-strike-1984-num-yorkshire-archive#comments">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Colliery+closure+reversed+in+crisis+coalfield&rft.date=1984-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2Fthe-northerner%2F2015%2Fmar%2F06%2Fminers-strike-1984-num-yorkshire-archive%23comments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_2003-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2003_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2003_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(biographer)" title="John Campbell (biographer)">Campbell, John</a> (2003). Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady. pp. 99–100, 355–364.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Thatcher%3A+The+Iron+Lady&rft.pages=99-100%2C+355-364&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Jim Phillips, "Containing, Isolating, and Defeating the Miners: The UK Cabinet Ministerial Group on Coal and the Three Phases of the 1984–85 Strike." Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 35 (2014): 117–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> "Sir Peter Gregson, civil servant – obituary: Whitehall mandarin who helped lay the groundwork for Mrs Thatcher's defeat of Arthur Scargill," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/12062743/Sir-Peter-Gregson-civil-servant-obituary.html">The Telegraph 21 Dec 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926145627/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/12062743/Sir-Peter-Gregson-civil-servant-obituary.html">Archived</a> 26 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Martin Kettle, "The National Reporting Centre and the 1984 miners' strike," in Bob Fine and Robert Millar, eds., Policing the miners' strike (1985), pp. 23–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> J. McIlroy, "Police and pickets: The law against the miners" in Beynon ed. Digging Deeper: Issues in the Miners' Strike (1985), pp. 101–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitken2013" class="citation book cs1">Aitken, Jonathan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/margaretthatcher0000aitk">Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality</a>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/margaretthatcher0000aitk/page/447">447</a>–448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781620403426" title="Special:BookSources/9781620403426"><bdi>9781620403426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Thatcher%3A+Power+and+Personality&rft.pages=447-448&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781620403426&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmargaretthatcher0000aitk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutton_2005-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton_2005_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton_2005_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2005" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Guthrie (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002451/http://www.stenlake.co.uk/books/view_book.php?ref=395">Coal Not Dole – Memories of the 1984/85 Miners' Strike</a>. Catrine, Ayrshire: Stenlake Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84033-329-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84033-329-9"><bdi>978-1-84033-329-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stenlake.co.uk/books/view_book.php?ref=395">the original</a> on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coal+Not+Dole+%E2%80%93+Memories+of+the+1984%2F85+Miners%27+Strike.&rft.place=Catrine%2C+Ayrshire&rft.pub=Stenlake+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84033-329-9&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Guthrie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stenlake.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fview_book.php%3Fref%3D395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25549596">"Cabinet papers reveal 'secret coal pits closure plan'"</a>. BBC News. 3 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403124952/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25549596">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Cabinet+papers+reveal+%27secret+coal+pits+closure+plan%27&rft.date=2014-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-25549596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/sense_of_place/miners/miners_strike.shtml">"BBC – Bradford and West Yorkshire – A Sense of Place – Coal mining in West Yorkshire: The end of an era"</a>. bbc.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117202511/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/sense_of_place/miners/miners_strike.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Bradford+and+West+Yorkshire+%E2%80%93+A+Sense+of+Place+%E2%80%93+Coal+mining+in+West+Yorkshire%3A+The+end+of+an+era&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbradford%2Fsense_of_place%2Fminers%2Fminers_strike.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winterton_1989-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winterton_1989_50-35">aj</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintertonWinterton1989" class="citation book cs1">Winterton, Jonathan; Winterton, Ruth (1989). Coal, Crisis, and Conflict: The 1984–85 Miners' Strike in Yorkshire. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71902548-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71902548-8"><bdi>978-0-71902548-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coal%2C+Crisis%2C+and+Conflict%3A+The+1984%E2%80%9385+Miners%27+Strike+in+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-71902548-8&rft.aulast=Winterton&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Winterton%2C+Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Alan Sked and Chris Cook, Post-war Britain: A political history (Harvester Press, 1979), p. 449. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/21/newsid_2527000/2527559.stm">"On this Day, 21 September – 1984: Maltby picket sparks violence"</a>. BBC News. 21 September 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002233920/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/21/newsid_2527000/2527559.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=On+this+Day%2C+21+September+%E2%80%93+1984%3A+Maltby+picket+sparks+violence.&rft.date=1984-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fseptember%2F21%2Fnewsid_2527000%2F2527559.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/3/newsid_2515000/2515019.stm">"On this Day, 3 March – 1985: Miners call off year-long strike"</a>. BBC News. 3 March 1985. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002234802/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/3/newsid_2515000/2515019.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=On+this+Day%2C+3+March+%E2%80%93+1985%3A+Miners+call+off+year-long+strike&rft.date=1985-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmarch%2F3%2Fnewsid_2515000%2F2515019.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacintyre2009" class="citation news cs1">Macintyre, Donald (7 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ian-macgregor-scourge-of-miners-dies-1156189.html">"Ian MacGregor, scourge of miners, dies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403230806/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ian-macgregor-scourge-of-miners-dies-1156189.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Ian+MacGregor%2C+scourge+of+miners%2C+dies&rft.date=2009-03-07&rft.aulast=Macintyre&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fian-macgregor-scourge-of-miners-dies-1156189.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansHencke2005" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Rob; Hencke, David (16 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politics.guardian.co.uk/foi/story/0,,1484704,00.html">"Mole betrayed striking miners"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124001036/http://politics.guardian.co.uk/foi/story/0,,1484704,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mole+betrayed+striking+miners&rft.date=2005-05-16&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Hencke%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitics.guardian.co.uk%2Ffoi%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1484704%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Illegal-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Illegal_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Illegal_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Illegal_56-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/28/newsid_2540000/2540813.stm">"BBC ON THIS DAY – 28 September – 1984: Pit dispute 'illegal' says judge"</a>. bbc.co.uk. 28 September 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002235052/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/28/newsid_2540000/2540813.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+ON+THIS+DAY+%E2%80%93+28+September+%E2%80%93+1984%3A+Pit+dispute+%27illegal%27+says+judge&rft.date=1984-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fseptember%2F28%2Fnewsid_2540000%2F2540813.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thatcher_1993-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Thatcher_1993_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThatcher1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher, Margaret</a> (1993). "Chapter 13". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/downingstreetyea00that">The Downing Street Years</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/downingstreetyea00that/page/n409">374</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638321-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638321-5"><bdi>978-0-00-638321-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13&rft.btitle=The+Downing+Street+Years&rft.pages=374&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-00-638321-5&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdowningstreetyea00that&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dovermuseum.co.uk/Exhibitions/Coal-Mining-in-Kent/History/Betteshanger-Colliery.aspx">"Betteshanger Colliery"</a>. www.dovermuseum.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304020847/https://www.dovermuseum.co.uk/Exhibitions/Coal-Mining-in-Kent/History/Betteshanger-Colliery.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dovermuseum.co.uk&rft.atitle=Betteshanger+Colliery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dovermuseum.co.uk%2FExhibitions%2FCoal-Mining-in-Kent%2FHistory%2FBetteshanger-Colliery.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpgb-59"><a href="#cite_ref-cpgb_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglass2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_John_Douglass" title="David John Douglass">Douglass, David John</a> (31 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820224224/http://www.cpgb.org.uk/worker/454/scargillism.html">"Scargillism and the miners"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Weekly_Worker" title="Weekly Worker">Weekly Worker</a> (454). <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpgb.org.uk/worker/454/scargillism.html">the original</a> on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weekly+Worker&rft.atitle=Scargillism+and+the+miners&rft.issue=454&rft.date=2002-10-31&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=David+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpgb.org.uk%2Fworker%2F454%2Fscargillism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Livingstone, Ken (2011). You Can't Say That: Memoirs. Faber and Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571280414" title="Special:BookSources/978-0571280414">978-0571280414</a>. A Daily Mail opinion poll of miners showed that Scargill could, in fact, win comfortably, but his closest confidant told me that Scargill believed that the Mail had rigged the poll and that he wouldn't win. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/callinicos/1985/miners/chap1.html">The Strike Begins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001020157/https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/callinicos/1985/miners/chap1.html">Archived</a> 1 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallinicosSimons1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Callinicos" title="Alex Callinicos">Callinicos, Alex</a>; Simons, Mike (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/callinicos/1985/miners/index.html">The great strike: the miners strike of 1984–5 and its lessons</a>. London: Socialist Worker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905998-50-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-905998-50-2"><bdi>0-905998-50-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004113351/https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/callinicos/1985/miners/chap2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+strike%3A+the+miners+strike+of+1984%E2%80%935+and+its+lessons&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Socialist+Worker&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-905998-50-2&rft.aulast=Callinicos&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Simons%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fetol%2Fwriters%2Fcallinicos%2F1985%2Fminers%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorkersLiberty-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorkersLiberty_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorkersLiberty_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2019-04-11/great-miners-strike-1984-5-twelve-months-shook-britain-story-strike">"The Great Miners Strike 1984-5: Twelve Months that Shook Britain: the Story of the Strike | Workers' Liberty"</a>. www.workersliberty.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311070236/https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2019-04-11/great-miners-strike-1984-5-twelve-months-shook-britain-story-strike">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.workersliberty.org&rft.atitle=The+Great+Miners+Strike+1984-5%3A+Twelve+Months+that+Shook+Britain%3A+the+Story+of+the+Strike+%26%23124%3B+Workers%27+Liberty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.workersliberty.org%2Fstory%2F2019-04-11%2Fgreat-miners-strike-1984-5-twelve-months-shook-britain-story-strike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards_1996-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_1996_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_1996_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1996" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Andrew J. (1996). Miners on Strike: Class Solidarity and Division in Britain. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Berg_Publishers" title="Berg Publishers">Berg</a>. pp. 100, 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-172-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-172-7"><bdi>978-1-85973-172-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miners+on+Strike%3A+Class+Solidarity+and+Division+in+Britain&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=100%2C+109&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-172-7&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: Everything She Wants, 2015, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-1984strike-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1984strike_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1984strike_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105563">"Speech to 1922 Committee ("the enemy within")"</a>. 19 July 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206234058/https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105563">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speech+to+1922+Committee+%28%22the+enemy+within%22%29&rft.date=1984-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.margaretthatcher.org%2Fdocument%2F105563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rule_of_law-66"><a href="#cite_ref-rule_of_law_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=105691">"Remarks on Orgreave picketing ("attempt to substitute the rule of the mob for the rule of law")"</a>. Margaret Thatcher Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311090352/http://margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=105691">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Margaret+Thatcher+Foundation&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+Orgreave+picketing+%28%22attempt+to+substitute+the+rule+of+the+mob+for+the+rule+of+law%22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.margaretthatcher.org%2Fspeeches%2Fdisplaydocument.asp%3Fdocid%3D105691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/29/newsid_2494000/2494793.stm">"On This Day, 29 May – 1984: Miners and police clash at Orgreave"</a>. BBC News. 29 May 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013338/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/29/newsid_2494000/2494793.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=On+This+Day%2C+29+May+%E2%80%93+1984%3A+Miners+and+police+clash+at+Orgreave&rft.date=1984-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmay%2F29%2Fnewsid_2494000%2F2494793.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-travel_stopped-68"><a href="#cite_ref-travel_stopped_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/9/newsid_2903000/2903651.stm">"On this day, 9 April – 1984: Dozens arrested in picket line violence"</a>. BBC News. 9 April 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307124502/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/9/newsid_2903000/2903651.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=On+this+day%2C+9+April+%E2%80%93+1984%3A+Dozens+arrested+in+picket+line+violence&rft.date=1984-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fapril%2F9%2Fnewsid_2903000%2F2903651.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2014" class="citation web cs1">Lyons, James (3 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/miners-strike-margaret-thatcher-prepared-2981964">"Miners' strike: Margaret Thatcher was prepared to declare state of emergency and use 4,500 troops to break unions"</a>. mirror. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180629102603/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/miners-strike-margaret-thatcher-prepared-2981964">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mirror&rft.atitle=Miners%27+strike%3A+Margaret+Thatcher+was+prepared+to+declare+state+of+emergency+and+use+4%2C500+troops+to+break+unions&rft.date=2014-01-03&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fminers-strike-margaret-thatcher-prepared-2981964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_village-70"><a href="#cite_ref-the_village_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson" class="citation web cs1">Richardson, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213112232/http://www.the-villager.co.uk/Archives.asp?FILE=19950503002">"Remember The Miners Strike"</a>. The Villager.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-villager.co.uk/Archives.asp?FILE=19950503002">the original</a> on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Villager.co.uk&rft.atitle=Remember+The+Miners+Strike&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-villager.co.uk%2FArchives.asp%3FFILE%3D19950503002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1980/30/section/6/enacted">Social Security Act 1980</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923075146/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1980/30/section/6/enacted">Archived</a> 23 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.legislation.gov.uk, accessed 3 November 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-ddwelfare-72"><a href="#cite_ref-ddwelfare_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesNovak1985" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Chris; Novak, Tony (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diggingdeeperiss0000unse">"Welfare Against the Workers"</a>. In Benyon, Huw (ed.). Digging Deeper: Issues in the Miners' Strike. London: Verso. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diggingdeeperiss0000unse/page/87">87–100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-820-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-820-3"><bdi>0-86091-820-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Welfare+Against+the+Workers&rft.btitle=Digging+Deeper%3A+Issues+in+the+Miners%27+Strike&rft.place=London&rft.pages=87-100&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-86091-820-3&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Novak%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiggingdeeperiss0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> A. Booth and R. Smith, "The irony of the Iron Fist: Social security and the miners' strike 1984–85" Journal of Law and Society (1985) 12#3: 365–374. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton-Taylor2001" class="citation news cs1">Norton-Taylor, Richard (8 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/freedom/Story/0,2763,548675,00.html">"Former MI5 chief blasts secrets act"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620114856/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/sep/08/books.freedomofinformation">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Former+MI5+chief+blasts+secrets+act&rft.date=2001-09-08&rft.aulast=Norton-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffreedom%2FStory%2F0%2C2763%2C548675%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_75-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2001" class="citation book cs1">King, Anthony, ed. (April 2001). British Political Opinion 1937–2000: The Gallup Polls. Compiled by Robert J. Wybrow. Politico's Publishing. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902301-88-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-902301-88-9"><bdi>1-902301-88-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Political+Opinion+1937%E2%80%932000%3A+The+Gallup+Polls&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Politico%27s+Publishing&rft.date=2001-04&rft.isbn=1-902301-88-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-media1-76"><a href="#cite_ref-media1_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2004" class="citation web cs1">Duncan, Mick (13 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workersliberty.org/node/2366">"The miners' strike 1984–5: lies, damned lies and the press"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(newspaper)" title="Solidarity (newspaper)">Solidarity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Workers%27_Liberty" title="Alliance for Workers' Liberty">Alliance for Workers' Liberty</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcml.org.uk/culture/miners.htm">the original</a> on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Working+Class+Movement+Library&rft.atitle=Writing+and+the+Miners%27+Strike+1984%E2%80%935&rft.aulast=Palfrey&rft.aufirst=Sammy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcml.org.uk%2Fculture%2Fminers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-towersb-78"><a href="#cite_ref-towersb_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowers1985" class="citation journal cs1">Towers, B. (1985). "Posing larger questions: The British miners' Strike of 1984–85". Industrial Relations Journal. 16 (2): 8–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2338.1985.tb00510.x">10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00510.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Relations+Journal&rft.atitle=Posing+larger+questions%3A+The+British+miners%27+Strike+of+1984%E2%80%9385&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8-25&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2338.1985.tb00510.x&rft.aulast=Towers&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkhorova2014" class="citation book cs1">Prokhorova, Irina (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7g-BAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR7">1990: Russians Remember a Turning Point</a>. Quercus. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623655341" title="Special:BookSources/9781623655341"><bdi>9781623655341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1990%3A+Russians+Remember+a+Turning+Point&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Quercus&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781623655341&rft.aulast=Prokhorova&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7g-BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e8FAAAAAIBAJ&pg=5939,6427434">"Kinnock leads condemnation of NUM's Libyan links"</a>. Glasgow Herald. 29 October 1984. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411225545/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e8FAAAAAIBAJ&pg=5939,6427434">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glasgow+Herald&rft.atitle=Kinnock+leads+condemnation+of+NUM%27s+Libyan+links&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1984-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3De8FAAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5939%2C6427434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenslade2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Greenslade" title="Roy Greenslade">Greenslade, Roy</a> (27 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politics.guardian.co.uk/media/story/0,12123,942541,00.html">"Sorry, Arthur"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124073117/http://politics.guardian.co.uk/media/story/0,12123,942541,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sorry%2C+Arthur&rft.date=2002-05-27&rft.aulast=Greenslade&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitics.guardian.co.uk%2Fmedia%2Fstory%2F0%2C12123%2C942541%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-milne-82"><a href="#cite_ref-milne_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seumas_Milne" title="Seumas Milne">Milne, Seumas</a> (2004) [1994]. "The Secret War Against the Miners". In <a href="/wiki/John_Pilger" title="John Pilger">Pilger, John</a> (ed.). Tell me no Lies: Investigative Journalism and its triumphs. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 284–382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-06288-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-06288-3"><bdi>0-224-06288-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Secret+War+Against+the+Miners&rft.btitle=Tell+me+no+Lies%3A+Investigative+Journalism+and+its+triumphs&rft.place=London&rft.pages=284-382&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-224-06288-3&rft.aulast=Milne&rft.aufirst=Seumas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2010" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Christopher (2010). The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5. 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The Glasgow Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118221112/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19830908&id=hfU9AAAAIBAJ&pg=2345%2C1392758">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Glasgow+Herald&rft.atitle=Scargill+angers+unions+with+Solidarity+attack&rft.date=1983-09-08&rft.aulast=McKinlay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2507%26dat%3D19830908%26id%3DhfU9AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2345%2C1392758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_2540000/2540175.stm">"BBC ON THIS DAY – 12 March – 1984: Miners strike over threatened pit closures"</a>. bbc.co.uk. 12 March 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307124151/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_2540000/2540175.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+ON+THIS+DAY+%E2%80%93+12+March+%E2%80%93+1984%3A+Miners+strike+over+threatened+pit+closures&rft.date=1984-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmarch%2F12%2Fnewsid_2540000%2F2540175.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-attacks-87"><a href="#cite_ref-attacks_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3437083.stm">"What is a scab?"</a>. BBC News. 4 March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220162057/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3437083.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What+is+a+scab%3F&rft.date=2004-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F3437083.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/8550787.stm">"BBC News – Former NUM officer's fears in 1984/85 miners' strike"</a>. bbc.co.uk. 5 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311070303/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/8550787.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+Former+NUM+officer%27s+fears+in+1984%2F85+miners%27+strike&rft.date=2010-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2F8550787.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell_2009-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_2009_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_2009_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2009" class="citation book cs1">Bell, David (2009). The Dirty Thirty: Heroes of the Miners' Strike. Nottingham: Five Leaves. pp. 7, 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90551267-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-90551267-6"><bdi>978-1-90551267-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dirty+Thirty%3A+Heroes+of+the+Miners%27+Strike&rft.place=Nottingham&rft.pages=7%2C+10&rft.pub=Five+Leaves&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-90551267-6&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoseley1984" class="citation news cs1">Boseley, Sarah (1 December 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/dec/01/miners-strike-taxi-driver-killed-1984">"From the archive, 1 December 1984: Taxi driver killed by striking miners"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221151446/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/dec/01/miners-strike-taxi-driver-killed-1984">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=From+the+archive%2C+1+December+1984%3A+Taxi+driver+killed+by+striking+miners&rft.date=1984-12-01&rft.aulast=Boseley&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2014%2Fdec%2F01%2Fminers-strike-taxi-driver-killed-1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//RTV/1984/11/23/BGY601140337/?s=colliery">"U.K.: BEATEN MINER"</a>. ITN Source. 23 November 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311070048/https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/footage/itn">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITN+Source&rft.atitle=U.K.%3A+BEATEN+MINER&rft.date=1984-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itnsource.com%2Fshotlist%2F%2FRTV%2F1984%2F11%2F23%2FBGY601140337%2F%3Fs%3Dcolliery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-minersadvice-92"><a href="#cite_ref-minersadvice_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minersadvice.co.uk/reviews_%20the_dirty_thirty.htm">"Book Review by David Douglass (Miner's Advice) – The dirty thirty: heroes of the miners' strike by David Bell"</a>. minersadvice.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311070305/http://www.minersadvice.co.uk/reviews_%20the_dirty_thirty.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minersadvice.co.uk&rft.atitle=Book+Review+by+David+Douglass+%28Miner%27s+Advice%29+%E2%80%93+The+dirty+thirty%3A+heroes+of+the+miners%27+strike+by+David+Bell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minersadvice.co.uk%2Freviews_%2520the_dirty_thirty.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art/16995/Miners'+Strike+timeline">Miners' Strike timeline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213221307/https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/16995/Miners%27+Strike+timeline">Archived</a> 13 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Socialist Worker. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.num.org.uk/?p=news&c=num&id=333">"David Jones/Joe Green Memorial Lecture Report"</a>. National Union of Mineworkers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080224035558/http://www.num.org.uk/?p=news&c=num&id=333">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Union+of+Mineworkers&rft.atitle=David+Jones%2FJoe+Green+Memorial+Lecture+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.num.org.uk%2F%3Fp%3Dnews%26c%3Dnum%26id%3D333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGouiffes" class="citation cs2">Gouiffes, Pierre-François, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfgouiffes.net/uploads/files/091231%20Margaret%20Thatcher%20and%20the%20miners.pdf">Margaret Thatcher and the Miners</a> (PDF), p. 322, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119143801/http://pfgouiffes.net/uploads/files/091231%20Margaret%20Thatcher%20and%20the%20miners.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2015, retrieved 19 January 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Thatcher+and+the+Miners&rft.pages=322&rft.aulast=Gouiffes&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpfgouiffes.net%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2F091231%2520Margaret%2520Thatcher%2520and%2520the%2520miners.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.users.ic24.net/~terrynorm/Justice/chronology.htm">The Justice for Mineworkers Campaign</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002329/http://www.users.ic24.net/~terrynorm/Justice/chronology.htm">archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 19 January 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Justice+for+Mineworkers+Campaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.users.ic24.net%2F~terrynorm%2FJustice%2Fchronology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCDirtyThirty-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCDirtyThirty_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCDirtyThirty_97-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/leicester/content/articles/2009/02/24/dirty_thirty_feature.shtml">BBC Leicester – History – On Strike in Leicestershire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120225631/http://www.bbc.co.uk/leicester/content/articles/2009/02/24/dirty_thirty_feature.shtml">Archived</a> 20 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, published 24 February 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoward2014" class="citation news cs1">Doward, Jamie (27 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/sep/21/mark-ashton-gay-pride-film">"The real-life triumphs of the gay communist behind hit movie Pride"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102658/http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/sep/21/mark-ashton-gay-pride-film">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+real-life+triumphs+of+the+gay+communist+behind+hit+movie+Pride&rft.date=2014-12-27&rft.aulast=Doward&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2014%2Fsep%2F21%2Fmark-ashton-gay-pride-film&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavery2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Lavery" title="Ian Lavery">Lavery, Ian</a> (12 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribunemag.co.uk/2021/07/the-england-team-are-the-best-of-us">"The England Team Are the Best of Us"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)" title="Tribune (magazine)">Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210712151425/https://tribunemag.co.uk/2021/07/the-england-team-are-the-best-of-us">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune&rft.atitle=The+England+Team+Are+the+Best+of+Us&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft.aulast=Lavery&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribunemag.co.uk%2F2021%2F07%2Fthe-england-team-are-the-best-of-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PenAndSword-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PenAndSword_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PenAndSword_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarveyJenkinsonMelcalf2014" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Mark; Jenkinson, Martin; Melcalf, Mark (2014). The Miners' Strike. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47383665-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47383665-5"><bdi>978-1-47383665-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miners%27+Strike&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-47383665-5&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Jenkinson%2C+Martin&rft.au=Melcalf%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ddwomen-101"><a href="#cite_ref-ddwomen_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoach1985" class="citation book cs1">Loach, Loretta (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diggingdeeperiss0000unse">"We'll be right here to the end...and after: Women in the Miners' Strike"</a>. In Benyon, Huw (ed.). Digging Deeper: Issues in the Miners' Strike. London: Verso. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diggingdeeperiss0000unse/page/169">169–179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-820-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-820-3"><bdi>0-86091-820-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=We%27ll+be+right+here+to+the+end...and+after%3A+Women+in+the+Miners%27+Strike&rft.btitle=Digging+Deeper%3A+Issues+in+the+Miners%27+Strike&rft.place=London&rft.pages=169-179&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-86091-820-3&rft.aulast=Loach&rft.aufirst=Loretta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiggingdeeperiss0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paterson-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson_102-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2014" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Jeremy (18 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115418/http://www.nottinghampost.com/30-years-bitter-conflict-divided-mining/story-20822500-detail/story.html">"Miners' strike: 30 years on from bitter conflict that divided mining communities"</a>. Nottingham Post. Nottingham. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nottinghampost.com/30-years-bitter-conflict-divided-mining/story-20822500-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nottingham+Post&rft.atitle=Miners%27+strike%3A+30+years+on+from+bitter+conflict+that+divided+mining+communities&rft.date=2014-03-18&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nottinghampost.com%2F30-years-bitter-conflict-divided-mining%2Fstory-20822500-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAMOS-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DAMOS_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAMOS_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nottsheritagegateway.org.uk/events/minersstrike.htm">"The Nottinghamshire Heritage Gateway > Events > The Nottinghamshire Miners, the UDM and the 1984–85 Miners' Strike (1980–1985) by Dr David Amos > Overview"</a>. nottsheritagegateway.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721193510/http://www.nottsheritagegateway.org.uk/events/minersstrike.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nottsheritagegateway.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Nottinghamshire+Heritage+Gateway+%3E+Events+%3E+The+Nottinghamshire+Miners%2C+the+UDM+and+the+1984%E2%80%9385+Miners%27+Strike+%281980%E2%80%931985%29+by+Dr+David+Amos+%3E+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nottsheritagegateway.org.uk%2Fevents%2Fminersstrike.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/callinicos/1985/miners/chap3.html">The Tragedy of Nottinghamshire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100144/https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/callinicos/1985/miners/chap3.html">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallinicosSimons1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Callinicos" title="Alex Callinicos">Callinicos, Alex</a>; Simons, Mike (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/callinicos/1985/miners/index.html">The great strike: the miners strike of 1984–5 and its lessons</a>. London: Socialist Worker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905998-50-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-905998-50-2"><bdi>0-905998-50-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004113351/https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/callinicos/1985/miners/chap2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+strike%3A+the+miners+strike+of+1984%E2%80%935+and+its+lessons&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Socialist+Worker&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-905998-50-2&rft.aulast=Callinicos&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Simons%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fetol%2Fwriters%2Fcallinicos%2F1985%2Fminers%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2014" class="citation web cs1">Oliver, Mark (26 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2004/jan/26/uk.tradeunions">"Minister's secret role in miners' strike death inquiry"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620002005/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2004/jan/26/uk.tradeunions">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015. <q>The BBC documentary also interviews former Labour leader Neil Kinnock, who tells how not backing calls for an early national ballot of miners was the "greatest regret of my whole life".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Minister%27s+secret+role+in+miners%27+strike+death+inquiry&rft.date=2014-01-26&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2004%2Fjan%2F26%2Fuk.tradeunions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/02_february/27/coal_war.shtml">"BBC – Press Office – The Coal War"</a>. bbc.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123170511/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/02_february/27/coal_war.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Press+Office+%E2%80%93+The+Coal+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpressoffice%2Fpressreleases%2Fstories%2F2004%2F02_february%2F27%2Fcoal_war.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/scargill-lived-fantasy-thats-kindest-2118284">"Scargill lived in a fantasy. That's the kindest word, says Kinnock"</a>. Wales Online. 17 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303173224/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/scargill-lived-fantasy-thats-kindest-2118284">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online&rft.atitle=Scargill+lived+in+a+fantasy.+That%27s+the+kindest+word%2C+says+Kinnock&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fscargill-lived-fantasy-thats-kindest-2118284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willis-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willis_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willis_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2014" class="citation news cs1">Goodman, Geoffrey (25 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/jun/25/norman-willis">"Norman Willis obituary"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104165129/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/jun/25/norman-willis">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Norman+Willis+obituary&rft.date=2014-06-25&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2014%2Fjun%2F25%2Fnorman-willis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10924711/Norman-Willis-obituary.html">"Norman Willis – obituary"</a>. The Telegraph. London. 25 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10924711/Norman-Willis-obituary.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Norman+Willis+%E2%80%93+obituary&rft.date=2014-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F10924711%2FNorman-Willis-obituary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacGregor_1986-110"><a href="#cite_ref-MacGregor_1986_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGregor1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_MacGregor" title="Ian MacGregor">MacGregor, Ian</a> (2 October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enemieswithinsto0000macg">The Enemies Within: The Story of the Miners' Strike 1984–5</a>. William Collins & Co Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enemieswithinsto0000macg/page/384">384</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-217706-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-217706-1"><bdi>978-0-00-217706-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enemies+Within%3A+The+Story+of+the+Miners%27+Strike+1984%E2%80%935&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=William+Collins+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1986-10-02&rft.isbn=978-0-00-217706-1&rft.aulast=MacGregor&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenemieswithinsto0000macg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/otr/intext92-93/Heseltine18.10.92.html">"On the Record – Interview with Michael Heseltine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 18 October 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050831075419/http://www.bbc.co.uk/otr/intext92-93/Heseltine18.10.92.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+Record+%E2%80%93+Interview+with+Michael+Heseltine&rft.date=1992-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fotr%2Fintext92-93%2FHeseltine18.10.92.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhatt-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatt_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatt_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429040013/http://www.bhattmurphy.co.uk/bhatt-murphy-56.html">"Our Police Cases – Critchlow and others v South Yorkshire Police"</a>. Bhatt Murphy Solicitors. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhattmurphy.co.uk/bhatt-murphy-56.html">the original</a> on 29 April 2009. 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Retrieved 22 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+is+Nottingham&rft.atitle=Timeline+to+the+miners%27+strike&rft.date=2009-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisnottingham.co.uk%2Fnews%2FTimeline-miners-strike%2Farticle-756882-detail%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilmo2008" class="citation news cs1">Milmo, Cahal (8 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/grimethorpe-colliery-band-left-brassed-off-by-music-festival-snub-862061.html">"Grimethorpe Colliery Band left brassed off by music festival snub"</a>. The Independent. 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Retrieved 21 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Grimethorpe+Colliery+Band+left+brassed+off+by+music+festival+snub&rft.date=2008-07-08&rft.aulast=Milmo&rft.aufirst=Cahal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fgrimethorpe-colliery-band-left-brassed-off-by-music-festival-snub-862061.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakefield_Metropolitan_District_Council" class="citation web cs1">Wakefield Metropolitan District Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108144949/http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/udp/text/p2_v2_05_i.htm">"PART ll VOLUME 2 Policy Reasoned Justification"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+UK%27s+Productivity+Gap%3A+What+research+tells+us+and+what+we+need+to+find+out&rft.pub=Economic+and+Social+Research+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcep.lse.ac.uk%2Fpubs%2Fdownload%2Fspecial%2Fuk_productivity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/13/newsid_2532000/2532765.stm">"On this Day, 13 October – 1992: Thousands of miners to lose their jobs"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=On+this+Day%2C+13+October+%E2%80%93+1992%3A+Thousands+of+miners+to+lose+their+jobs&rft.date=1992-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Foctober%2F13%2Fnewsid_2532000%2F2532765.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090209055944/http://www.eastwoodadvertiser.co.uk/news/Share-you-memories-of-the.4952485.jp">"Share you memories of the Miners' Strike"</a>. 5 February 2009. 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Retrieved 11 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=The+Last+Nightingale&rft.aulast=Chadbourne&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fthe-last-nightingale-mw0000972551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clashmusic-1-154"><a href="#cite_ref-clashmusic-1_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2017" class="citation web cs1">Murray, Robin (20 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320121924/http://www.clashmusic.com/news/public-service-broadcasting-announce-new-album-every-valley">"Public Service Broadcasting Announce New Album 'Every Valley'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clash_(magazine)" title="Clash (magazine)">Clash</a>. Music Republic Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clashmusic.com/news/public-service-broadcasting-announce-new-album-every-valley">the original</a> on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clash&rft.atitle=Public+Service+Broadcasting+Announce+New+Album+%27Every+Valley%27&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clashmusic.com%2Fnews%2Fpublic-service-broadcasting-announce-new-album-every-valley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Source: NME-interview on 10th October 1987". NME Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NME+Magazine&rft.atitle=Source%3A+NME-interview+on+10th+October+1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurchese2011" class="citation web cs1">Purchese, Robert (13 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-04-13-peter-harrap-wants-new-monty-mole">"Peter Harrap wants new Monty Mole"</a>. Eurogamer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129195415/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-04-13-peter-harrap-wants-new-monty-mole">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurogamer&rft.atitle=Peter+Harrap+wants+new+Monty+Mole&rft.date=2011-04-13&rft.aulast=Purchese&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurogamer.net%2Farticles%2F2011-04-13-peter-harrap-wants-new-monty-mole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: General">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattyFothergillPowell" class="citation web cs1">Beatty, Christina; Fothergill, Stephen; Powell, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060924115207/http://www.shu.ac.uk/research/cresr/downloads/publications/2-New%20coalfield%20article_final%20draft%20Feb%202005.pdf">"Twenty Years On: Has the Economy of the Coalfields Recovered?"</a> (PDF). Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University" title="Sheffield Hallam University">Sheffield Hallam University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shu.ac.uk/cresr/downloads/publications/2-New%20coalfield%20article_final%20draft%20Feb%202005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 September 2006. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twenty+Years+On%3A+Has+the+Economy+of+the+Coalfields+Recovered%3F&rft.pub=Centre+for+Regional+Economic+and+Social+Research%2C+Sheffield+Hallam+University&rft.aulast=Beatty&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Fothergill%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Powell%2C+Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shu.ac.uk%2Fcresr%2Fdownloads%2Fpublications%2F2-New%2520coalfield%2520article_final%2520draft%2520Feb%25202005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220203909/http://www.nmrs.org.uk/resources/coalmining.html">"Britain's Nationalised collieries from 1947"</a>. Northern Mine Research Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmrs.org.uk/resources/coalmining.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Mine+Research+Society&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+Nationalised+collieries+from+1947&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmrs.org.uk%2Fresources%2Fcoalmining.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> Includes lists of mine closure dates.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyddon" class="citation web cs1">Lyddon, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionhistory.info/timeline/1960_2000_Narr_Display_2.php?Where=NarTitle+contains+%27The+1984-85+Miners+Strike%27+">"The 1984–85 Miners' Strike"</a>. TUC History Online. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TUC+History+Online&rft.atitle=The+1984%E2%80%9385+Miners%27+Strike&rft.aulast=Lyddon&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unionhistory.info%2Ftimeline%2F1960_2000_Narr_Display_2.php%3FWhere%3DNarTitle%2Bcontains%2B%2527The%2B1984-85%2BMiners%2BStrike%2527%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040610222428/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3514549.stm">"Watching the pits disappear"</a>. BBC News. 5 March 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3514549.stm">the original</a> on 10 June 2004. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Watching+the+pits+disappear&rft.date=2004-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F3514549.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> Map showing location of pits in 1984 and the closures each year up to 2004.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys_and_analysis">Surveys and analysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Surveys and analysis">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckettBeckett2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Beckett" title="Francis Beckett">Beckett, Francis</a>; Beckett, David (2009). Marching to the Fault Line: The Miners' Strike and the Battle for Industrial Britain. Hachette UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-614-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-614-8"><bdi>978-1-84529-614-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marching+to+the+Fault+Line%3A+The+Miners%27+Strike+and+the+Battle+for+Industrial+Britain&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84529-614-8&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Beckett%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2015" class="citation journal cs1">Buckley, Sheryl Bernadette (2015). "The state, the police and the judiciary in the miners' strike: Observations and discussions, thirty years on". Capital & Class. 39 (3): 419–434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0309816815603718">10.1177/0309816815603718</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154598334">154598334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capital+%26+Class&rft.atitle=The+state%2C+the+police+and+the+judiciary+in+the+miners%27+strike%3A+Observations+and+discussions%2C+thirty+years+on&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=419-434&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0309816815603718&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154598334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Sheryl+Bernadette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallinicosSimons1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Callinicos" title="Alex Callinicos">Callinicos, Alex</a>; Simons, Mike (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/callinicos/1985/miners/index.html">The great strike: the miners strike of 1984–5 and its lessons</a>. London: Socialist Worker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905998-50-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-905998-50-2"><bdi>0-905998-50-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+strike%3A+the+miners+strike+of+1984%E2%80%935+and+its+lessons&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Socialist+Worker&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-905998-50-2&rft.aulast=Callinicos&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Simons%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fetol%2Fwriters%2Fcallinicos%2F1985%2Fminers%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulterMillerWalker1984" class="citation book cs1">Coulter, Jim; Miller, Susan; Walker, Martin (1984). State of Siege: Miners' Strike, 1984 – Politics and Policing in the Coal Fields. Canary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9509967-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9509967-0-X"><bdi>0-9509967-0-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+Siege%3A+Miners%27+Strike%2C+1984+%E2%80%93+Politics+and+Policing+in+the+Coal+Fields&rft.pub=Canary+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-9509967-0-X&rft.aulast=Coulter&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Miller%2C+Susan&rft.au=Walker%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter1988" class="citation journal cs1">Peter, Gibbon (1988). "Analysing the British miners' strike of 1984–5". Economy and Society. 17 (2): 139–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03085148800000008">10.1080/03085148800000008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economy+and+Society&rft.atitle=Analysing+the+British+miners%27+strike+of+1984%E2%80%935&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-194&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03085148800000008&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Gibbon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1993" class="citation book cs1">Powell, David (1993). The Power Game: The Struggle for Coal. London: Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-2465-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-2465-4"><bdi>978-0-7156-2465-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+Game%3A+The+Struggle+for+Coal&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-2465-4&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowers1985" class="citation journal cs1">Towers, Brian (1985). "Posing Larger Questions: The British Miners' Strike of 1984–85". Industrial Relations Journal. 16 (2): 8–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2338.1985.tb00510.x">10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00510.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Relations+Journal&rft.atitle=Posing+Larger+Questions%3A+The+British+Miners%27+Strike+of+1984%E2%80%9385&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8-25&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2338.1985.tb00510.x&rft.aulast=Towers&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowers1989" class="citation journal cs1">Towers, Brian (1989). "Running the gauntlet: British trade unions under Thatcher, 1979–1988". Industrial & Labor Relations Review. 42 (2): 163–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001979398904200201">10.1177/001979398904200201</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2523352">2523352</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154322460">154322460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+%26+Labor+Relations+Review&rft.atitle=Running+the+gauntlet%3A+British+trade+unions+under+Thatcher%2C+1979%E2%80%931988&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-188&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154322460%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2523352%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001979398904200201&rft.aulast=Towers&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinen2010" class="citation book cs1">Vinen, Richard (2010). "Victory Foretold: The Miners". Thatcher's Britain: The Politics and Social Upheaval of the Thatcher Era. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-2828-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-2828-8"><bdi>978-1-4711-2828-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Victory+Foretold%3A+The+Miners&rft.btitle=Thatcher%27s+Britain%3A+The+Politics+and+Social+Upheaval+of+the+Thatcher+Era&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4711-2828-8&rft.aulast=Vinen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memoirs,_social_and_cultural_history">Memoirs, social and cultural history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Memoirs, social and cultural history">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, V. L. (2009). "The year-long miners' strike, March 1984 – March 1985: a memoir". Industrial Relations Journal. 40 (4): 278–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2338.2009.00527.x">10.1111/j.1468-2338.2009.00527.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Relations+Journal&rft.atitle=The+year-long+miners%27+strike%2C+March+1984+%E2%80%93+March+1985%3A+a+memoir&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=278-291&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2338.2009.00527.x&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=V.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgessYate_&_District_Labour_History_Group2015" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Colin; Yate & District Labour History Group (6 February 2015). The Miners' Strike 1984–85. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-291-98208-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-291-98208-4"><bdi>978-1-291-98208-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miners%27+Strike+1984%E2%80%9385&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2015-02-06&rft.isbn=978-1-291-98208-4&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Yate+%26+District+Labour+History+Group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden2005" class="citation book cs1">Holden, Triona (2005). Queen Coal, Women of the Miners' Strike. Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3971-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-3971-0"><bdi>0-7509-3971-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Coal%2C+Women+of+the+Miners%27+Strike&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7509-3971-0&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Triona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac2010" class="citation book cs1">Isaac, Ian (2010). When We Were Miners. Ken Smith Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9564720-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9564720-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9564720-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+We+Were+Miners&rft.pub=Ken+Smith+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9564720-0-7&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> primary source.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelliher2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kelliher, Diarmaid (2014). "Solidarity and Sexuality: Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners 1984–5". History Workshop Journal. 77 (1): 240–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbt012">10.1093/hwj/dbt012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Workshop+Journal&rft.atitle=Solidarity+and+Sexuality%3A+Lesbians+and+Gays+Support+the+Miners+1984%E2%80%935&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=240-262&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbt012&rft.aulast=Kelliher&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2011" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, John (2011). Symcox, Jonathon (ed.). The 1984–85 Miners' Strike in Nottinghamshire: If Spirit alone won Battles, The Diary of John Lowe. Mining Heritage Series. Barnsley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84563-144-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84563-144-4"><bdi>978-1-84563-144-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1984%E2%80%9385+Miners%27+Strike+in+Nottinghamshire%3A+If+Spirit+alone+won+Battles%2C+The+Diary+of+John+Lowe&rft.series=Mining+Heritage+Series&rft.pub=Barnsley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84563-144-4&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> primary source.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Union_of_Mineworkers1989" class="citation book cs1">National Union of Mineworkers (1989). A Century of Struggle: Britain's Miners in Pictures 1889–1989. Sheffield: National Union of Mineworkers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901959-06-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901959-06-5"><bdi>978-0-901959-06-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Struggle%3A+Britain%27s+Miners+in+Pictures+1889%E2%80%931989&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.pub=National+Union+of+Mineworkers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-901959-06-5&rft.au=National+Union+of+Mineworkers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1986" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Tony (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redhillminingcom0000park">Red Hill, A Mining Community</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Coronet Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-42365-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-42365-X"><bdi>0-340-42365-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Hill%2C+A+Mining+Community&rft.pub=Coronet+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-340-42365-X&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredhillminingcom0000park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> Compilation of eyewitness accounts of the miners' strike from both sides</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2012" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Katy (2012). Mining The Meaning: Cultural Representations of the 1984–5 UK Miners' Strike. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-3785-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-3785-9"><bdi>978-1-4438-3785-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mining+The+Meaning%3A+Cultural+Representations+of+the+1984%E2%80%935+UK+Miners%27+Strike&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-3785-9&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Katy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpenceStephenson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Spence, Jean; Stephenson, Carol (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socresonline.org.uk/12/1/Spence.html">"Female involvement in the miners' strike 1984–1985: Trajectories of activism"</a>. Sociological Research Online. 12 (1): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5153%2Fsro.1461">10.5153/sro.1461</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73545247">73545247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Research+Online&rft.atitle=Female+involvement+in+the+miners%27+strike+1984%E2%80%931985%3A+Trajectories+of+activism&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5153%2Fsro.1461&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73545247%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Stephenson%2C+Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socresonline.org.uk%2F12%2F1%2FSpence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpenceStephenson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Spence, Jean; Stephenson, Carol (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/6420/1/6420.pdf">"'Side by Side With Our Men?' Women's Activism, Community, and Gender in the 1984–1985 British Miners' Strike"</a> (PDF). International Labor and Working-Class History. 75 (1): 68–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0147547909000064">10.1017/s0147547909000064</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53366457">53366457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Labor+and+Working-Class+History&rft.atitle=%27Side+by+Side+With+Our+Men%3F%27+Women%27s+Activism%2C+Community%2C+and+Gender+in+the+1984%E2%80%931985+British+Miners%27+Strike&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-84&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0147547909000064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53366457%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Stephenson%2C+Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F6420%2F1%2F6420.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephensonSpence2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stephenson, Carol; Spence, Jean (2013). "Pies and essays: women writing through the British 1984–1985 coal miners' strike". Gender, Place & Culture. 20 (2): 218–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0966369X.2012.674926">10.1080/0966369X.2012.674926</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145148859">145148859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender%2C+Place+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Pies+and+essays%3A+women+writing+through+the+British+1984%E2%80%931985+coal+miners%27+strike&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=218-235&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0966369X.2012.674926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145148859%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Spence%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyles2014" class="citation book cs1">Whyles, Stephen (2014). A Scab is no Son of Mine. Xlibris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4990-8957-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4990-8957-8"><bdi>978-1-4990-8957-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Scab+is+no+Son+of+Mine&rft.pub=Xlibris&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4990-8957-8&rft.aulast=Whyles&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Scab-no-Son-Mine/dp/1499089570/">excerpt</a>, growing up in a mining community and crossing the picket line in the 1984 dispute;</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellWarner1985" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Adrian; Warner, Malcolm (1985). "Leadership in the Miners Union – Scargill, Arthur Rise to Power". Journal of General Management. 10 (3): 4–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030630708501000301">10.1177/030630708501000301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157830008">157830008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+General+Management&rft.atitle=Leadership+in+the+Miners+Union+%E2%80%93+Scargill%2C+Arthur+Rise+to+Power&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4-22&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F030630708501000301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157830008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Warner%2C+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrick1985" class="citation book cs1">Crick, Michael (1985). Scargill and the Miners. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scargill+and+the+Miners&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Crick&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Morgan" title="Kenneth O. Morgan">Morgan, Kenneth O.</a> (1987). "Gormley, Scargill and the Miners". Labour people: leaders and lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock. pp. 289–300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gormley%2C+Scargill+and+the+Miners&rft.btitle=Labour+people%3A+leaders+and+lieutenants%2C+Hardie+to+Kinnock&rft.pages=289-300&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2014" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Jim (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/104494/1/104494.pdf">"Containing, Isolating, and Defeating the Miners: The UK Cabinet Ministerial Group on Coal and the Three Phases of the 1984–85 Strike"</a> (PDF). Historical Studies in Industrial Relations. 35 (35): 117–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fhsir.2014.35.5">10.3828/hsir.2014.35.5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Studies+in+Industrial+Relations&rft.atitle=Containing%2C+Isolating%2C+and+Defeating+the+Miners%3A+The+UK+Cabinet+Ministerial+Group+on+Coal+and+the+Three+Phases+of+the+1984%E2%80%9385+Strike&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=117-141&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Fhsir.2014.35.5&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2F104494%2F1%2F104494.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReicherHopkins1996" class="citation journal cs1">Reicher, Stephen; Hopkins, Nicolas (1996). "Self-category constructions in political rhetoric; an analysis of Thatcher's and Kinnock's speeches concerning the British miners' strike (1984–5)". European Journal of Social Psychology. 26 (3): 353–371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-0992%28199605%2926%3A3%3C353%3A%3AAID-EJSP757%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O">10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199605)26:3<353::AID-EJSP757>3.0.CO;2-O</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Self-category+constructions+in+political+rhetoric%3B+an+analysis+of+Thatcher%27s+and+Kinnock%27s+speeches+concerning+the+British+miners%27+strike+%281984%E2%80%935%29&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353-371&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-0992%28199605%2926%3A3%3C353%3A%3AAID-EJSP757%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O&rft.aulast=Reicher&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoutledge1993" class="citation book cs1">Routledge, Paul (1993). Scargill: the unauthorized biography. HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scargill%3A+the+unauthorized+biography&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Routledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Taylor, Andrew (2005). The NUM and British Politics. Vol. 2: 1969–1995. Aldershot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+NUM+and+British+Politics&rft.pub=Aldershot&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsherMacintyreJones1985" class="citation book cs1">Wilsher, Peter; Macintyre, Donald; Jones, Michael C. E., eds. (1985). Strike: Thatcher, Scargill and the miners. A. Deutsch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strike%3A+Thatcher%2C+Scargill+and+the+miners&rft.pub=A.+Deutsch&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_and_local_studies">Regional and local studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Regional and local studies">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardill2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bardill, Linda (2003). "Changing perceptions of the 1984–85 Miners' Strike in the Nottinghamshire Coalfield". Journal of Regional and Local Studies. 22 (2): 47–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Regional+and+Local+Studies&rft.atitle=Changing+perceptions+of+the+1984%E2%80%9385+Miners%27+Strike+in+the+Nottinghamshire+Coalfield&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=47-63&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bardill&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2013" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Ben (2013). The South Wales Miners: 1964–1985. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2610-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2610-7"><bdi>978-0-7083-2610-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Wales+Miners%3A+1964%E2%80%931985&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-2610-7&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2009" class="citation book cs1">Francis, Hywell (2009). History on our sides: Wales and the 1984–85 Miners' Strike. Iconau: Ferryside. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905762-45-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905762-45-3"><bdi>978-1-905762-45-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+on+our+sides%3A+Wales+and+the+1984%E2%80%9385+Miners%27+Strike&rft.place=Iconau&rft.pub=Ferryside&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-905762-45-3&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Hywell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGildart2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gildart, Keith (2001). "North Wales Miners: A Fragile Unity 1945–2006". Studies in Welsh History. Cardiff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Welsh+History&rft.atitle=North+Wales+Miners%3A+A+Fragile+Unity+1945%E2%80%932006&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Gildart&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Griffin, Colin P. (1988). The Leicestershire and South Derbyshire Miners. Vol. III: 1945–1988. Leicester: National Union of Mineworkers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leicestershire+and+South+Derbyshire+Miners&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pub=National+Union+of+Mineworkers&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Colin+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganCoates1989" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, W. J.; Coates, K. (1989). The Nottinghamshire Coalfield and the British Miners' Strike 1984–85. Nottingham. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85041-034-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85041-034-8"><bdi>978-1-85041-034-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nottinghamshire+Coalfield+and+the+British+Miners%27+Strike+1984%E2%80%9385&rft.place=Nottingham&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-85041-034-8&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft.au=Coates%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeace2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Peace" title="David Peace">Peace, David</a> (2005). GB84. <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-22174-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-22174-2"><bdi>0-571-22174-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GB84&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-571-22174-2&rft.aulast=Peace&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"> A novel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1986" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Mike (1986). "The Miners' Strike". Parliamentary Affairs. 33 (3): 386–390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Miners%27+Strike&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=386-390&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeworthy2012" class="citation journal cs1">Leeworthy, Daryl (2012). "The secret life of us: 1984, the miners' strike and the place of biography in writing history 'from below'". European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire. 19 (5): 825–846. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13507486.2012.719009">10.1080/13507486.2012.719009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159709080">159709080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+History%3A+Revue+europ%C3%A9enne+d%27histoire&rft.atitle=The+secret+life+of+us%3A+1984%2C+the+miners%27+strike+and+the+place+of+biography+in+writing+history+%27from+below%27&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=825-846&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13507486.2012.719009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159709080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Leeworthy&rft.aufirst=Daryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984%E2%80%931985+United+Kingdom+miners%27+strike" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Miners' strike at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Miners%27_strike" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Miners' strike">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:UK_miners_strike_(1984)" class="extiw" title="c:Category:UK miners strike (1984)">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Miners%27_strike" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Miners' strike">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Miners%27_strike" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Miners' strike">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Miners%27_strike" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Miners' strike">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Miners%27_strike" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Miners' strike">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Miners%27_strike" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Miners' strike">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423145348/https://www.minersadvice.co.uk/">Miner's Advice</a> – website providing help and information to ex-coal miners</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.num.org.uk/">The official NUM website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3524879.stm">A look at present day mining</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719065750/http://www.northern-soft.de/miners/">Women in the miners' strike 1984–1985 in the north-east of England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://normanstrike.wordpress.com/">Norman Strike's Diary</a> – an online version of a diary kept by one of the striking miners</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030081626/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/libraries/archives-and-local-studies/research-guides/miners-strike">Sources for the Study of the Miners Strike in South Yorkshire</a> Produced by Sheffield City Council's Libraries and Archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007215902/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/foi/reading_room/topic/previous_administration.aspx">Cabinet office documents from 1984 concerning the strike</a> (PDF format)</li> <li>(in French and English) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rts.ch/archives/tv/information/temps-present/3443963-la-greve-la-plus-dure.html">The strike</a>, video <a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Suisse" title="Radio Télévision Suisse">Radio Télévision Suisse</a>, dated 1984</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmrs.org.uk/mines/coal/maps/index.html">Colliery Maps</a> – Online mapping of collieries of the British Isles (Northern Mine Research Society)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmrs.org.uk/mines-map/coal-mining-in-the-british-isles/">Coal Mining in the British Isles</a> – Interactive mapping and information on collieries of the British Isles (Northern Mine Research Society)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Miners&#039;_Federation_of_Great_Britain_(MFGB)_and_National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(NUM)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(UK)" title="Template:National Union of Mineworkers (UK)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(UK)" title="Template talk:National Union of Mineworkers (UK)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(UK)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Union of Mineworkers (UK)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Miners&#039;_Federation_of_Great_Britain_(MFGB)_and_National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(NUM)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Miners%27_Federation_of_Great_Britain" title="Miners' Federation of Great Britain">Miners' Federation of Great Britain</a> (MFGB) and <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(Great_Britain)" title="National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)">National Union of Mineworkers</a> (NUM)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1889 <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Pickard" title="Benjamin Pickard">Pickard</a></li> <li>1904 <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Edwards_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch Edwards (politician)">En. Edwards</a></li> <li>1912 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smillie" title="Robert Smillie">Smillie</a></li> <li>1922 <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Smith_(trade_unionist)" title="Herbert Smith (trade unionist)">Smith</a></li> <li>1929 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Richards_(Welsh_politician)" title="Thomas Richards (Welsh politician)">Richards</a></li> <li>1931 <a href="/wiki/Ebby_Edwards" title="Ebby Edwards">Eb. Edwards</a></li> <li>1932 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lee_(trade_unionist)" title="Peter Lee (trade unionist)">Lee</a></li> <li>1934 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jones_(trade_unionist)" title="Joseph Jones (trade unionist)">J. Jones</a></li> <li>1939 <a href="/wiki/Will_Lawther" title="Will Lawther">Lawther</a></li> <li>1954 <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones_(trade_unionist)" title="Ernest Jones (trade unionist)">E. Jones</a></li> <li>1960 <a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Machen" title="Alwyn Machen">Machen</a></li> <li>1960 <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Ford" title="Sidney Ford">Ford</a></li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Joe_Gormley_(trade_unionist)" title="Joe Gormley (trade unionist)">Gormley</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Scargill</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Ian_Lavery" title="Ian Lavery">Lavery</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Wilson" title="Nicky Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice-Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1889 <a href="/wiki/Sam_Woods_(politician)" title="Sam Woods (politician)">Woods</a></li> <li>1909 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smillie" title="Robert Smillie">Smillie</a></li> <li>1912 <a href="/wiki/W._E._Harvey" title="W. E. Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li>1914 <a href="/wiki/William_House_(trade_unionist)" title="William House (trade unionist)">House</a></li> <li>1917 <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Smith_(trade_unionist)" title="Herbert Smith (trade unionist)">Smith</a></li> <li>1922 <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walsh_(politician)" title="Stephen Walsh (politician)">Walsh</a></li> <li>1924 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Richards_(Welsh_politician)" title="Thomas Richards (Welsh politician)">Richards</a></li> <li>1929 <a href="/wiki/Ebby_Edwards" title="Ebby Edwards">Eb. Edwards</a></li> <li>1931 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lee_(trade_unionist)" title="Peter Lee (trade unionist)">Lee</a></li> <li>1932 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jones_(trade_unionist)" title="Joseph Jones (trade unionist)">J. Jones</a></li> <li>1933 <a href="/wiki/S._O._Davies" title="S. O. Davies">Davies</a></li> <li>1934 <a href="/wiki/Will_Lawther" title="Will Lawther">Lawther</a></li> <li>1939 <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bowman_(trade_unionist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Bowman (trade unionist)">Bowman</a></li> <li>1950 <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones_(trade_unionist)" title="Ernest Jones (trade unionist)">E. Jones</a></li> <li>1954 <a href="/wiki/Ted_Jones_(trade_unionist)" title="Ted Jones (trade unionist)">T. Jones</a></li> <li>1961 <a href="/wiki/Fred_Collindridge" title="Fred Collindridge">Collindridge</a></li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Sam_Bullough" title="Sam Bullough">Bullough</a></li> <li>1969 <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Schofield" title="Sidney Schofield">Schofield</a></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Mick_McGahey" title="Mick McGahey">McGahey</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Thompson" title="Sammy Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li>1989 Vacant</li> <li>1992 <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cave" title="Frank Cave">Cave</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Stanley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Stanley (page does not exist)">Stanley</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Wilson" title="Nicky Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayne_Thomas_(trade_unionist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayne Thomas (trade unionist) (page does not exist)">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1889 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ashton_(trade_unionist)" title="Thomas Ashton (trade unionist)">Ashton</a></li> <li>1919 <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hodges_(trade_unionist)" title="Frank Hodges (trade unionist)">Hodges</a></li> <li>1924 <a href="/wiki/A._J._Cook_(trade_unionist)" title="A. J. Cook (trade unionist)">Cook</a></li> <li>1932 <a href="/wiki/Ebby_Edwards" title="Ebby Edwards">Eb. Edwards</a></li> <li>1946 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Horner_(trade_unionist)" title="Arthur Horner (trade unionist)">Horner</a></li> <li>1959 <a href="/wiki/Will_Paynter" title="Will Paynter">Paynter</a></li> <li>1968 <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Daly" title="Lawrence Daly">Daly</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Heathfield" title="Peter Heathfield">Heathfield</a></li> <li>1992 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Scargill</a></li> <li>1992 Vacant?</li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Steve_Kemp_(trade_unionist)" title="Steve Kemp (trade unionist)">Kemp</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Chris_Kitchen" title="Chris Kitchen">Kitchen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treasurers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1889 <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Edwards_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch Edwards (politician)">En. Edwards</a></li> <li>1904 <a href="/wiki/William_Abraham_(trade_unionist)" title="William Abraham (trade unionist)">Abraham</a></li> <li>1918 <a href="/wiki/James_Robson_(trade_unionist)" title="James Robson (trade unionist)">Robson</a></li> <li>1921 <a href="/wiki/W._P._Richardson_(trade_unionist)" title="W. P. Richardson (trade unionist)">Richardson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliates and areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Miners%27_Association" title="Bristol Miners' Association">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Miners%27_and_Quarrymen%27s_Association" title="Cleveland Miners' and Quarrymen's Association">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Cokemen_and_By-product_Workers" title="National Union of Cokemen and By-product Workers">Cokemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Colliery_Officials" title="National Federation of Colliery Officials">Colliery Officials and Staffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Miners%27_Association" title="Cumberland Miners' Association">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbyshire_Miners%27_Association" title="Derbyshire Miners' Association">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Miners%27_Association" title="Durham Miners' Association">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean_Miners%27_Association" title="Forest of Dean Miners' Association">Forest of Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Miners%27_Association" title="Kent Miners' Association">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_and_Cheshire_Miners%27_Federation" title="Lancashire and Cheshire Miners' Federation">Lancashire and Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicestershire_Miners%27_Association" title="Leicestershire Miners' Association">Leicestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_Counties_Miners%27_Federation" title="Midland Counties Miners' Federation">Midland Counties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannock_Chase_Miners%27_Association" title="Cannock Chase Miners' Association">Cannock Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Staffordshire_Miners%27_Federation" title="North Staffordshire Miners' Federation">North Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hill_Miners%27_Association" title="Old Hill Miners' Association">Old Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelsall_District_Miners%27_Association" title="Pelsall District Miners' Association">Pelsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Miners%27_Association" title="Shropshire Miners' Association">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwickshire_Miners%27_Association" title="Warwickshire Miners' Association">Warwickshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bromwich_Miners%27_Association" title="West Bromwich Miners' Association">West Bromwich</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Miners%27_Association" title="Northumberland Miners' Association">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Miners%27_Association" title="North Wales Miners' Association">North Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire_Miners%27_Association" title="Nottinghamshire Miners' Association">Nottinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Scottish_Mineworkers" title="National Union of Scottish Mineworkers">Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ayrshire_Miners%27_Union" title="Ayrshire Miners' Union">Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife_and_Kinross_Miners%27_Association" title="Fife and Kinross Miners' Association">Fife and Kinross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanarkshire_Miners%27_County_Union" title="Lanarkshire Miners' County Union">Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_and_East_Lothian_Miners%27_Association" title="Mid and East Lothian Miners' Association">Mid and East Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_and_West_Lothian_Labour_Federation" title="Mid and West Lothian Labour Federation">Mid and West Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_Miners%27_County_Union" title="Stirling Miners' County Union">Stirling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Miners%27_Association" title="Somerset Miners' Association">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Derbyshire_Miners%27_Association" title="South Derbyshire Miners' Association">South Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Miners%27_Federation" title="South Wales Miners' Federation">South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Miners%27_Association" title="Yorkshire Miners' Association">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strikes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1893)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1893)">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_National_coal_strike_of_1912" class="mw-redirect" title="UK National coal strike of 1912">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1969)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1969)">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1972)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1972)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Day_Week" title="Three-Day Week">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1984%E2%80%931985)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1984–1985)">1984–1985</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Energy in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Energy in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Energy companies of the United Kingdom">Companies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal companies of the United Kingdom">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Natural_Resources_Corporation" title="Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation">ENRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCM_Resources" title="GCM Resources">GCM Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Coal" title="UK Coal">UK Coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom">Oil and gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Exploration and production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afren" title="Afren">Afren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_Energy" title="Capricorn Energy">Capricorn Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Petroleum" title="Dana Petroleum">Dana Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire_Petroleum" title="Desire Petroleum">Desire Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Energy" title="Emerald Energy">Emerald Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnQuest" title="EnQuest">EnQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essar_Energy" title="Essar Energy">Essar Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_Energy" title="Harbour Energy">Harbour Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Oil_and_Gas" title="Hardy Oil and Gas">Hardy Oil and Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JKX_Oil_%26_Gas" title="JKX Oil & Gas">JKX Oil & Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose_Resources" title="Melrose Resources">Melrose Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophir_Energy" title="Ophir Energy">Ophir Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perenco" title="Perenco">Perenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_Energy" title="Pharos Energy">Pharos Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regal_Petroleum" title="Regal Petroleum">Regal Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockhopper_Exploration" title="Rockhopper Exploration">Rockhopper Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Energy" title="Star Energy">Star Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenergy" title="Greenergy">Greenergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murco_Petroleum" title="Murco Petroleum">Murco Petroleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot_Group" title="Abbot Group">Abbot Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expro" title="Expro">Expro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_plc" title="Hunting plc">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qserv" title="Qserv">Qserv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir_Group" title="Weir Group">Weir Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WesternGeco" title="WesternGeco">WesternGeco</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Electric power companies of the United Kingdom">Utilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.ON_UK" title="E.ON UK">E.ON UK</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDF_Energy" title="EDF Energy">EDF Energy</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npower_(United_Kingdom)" title="Npower (United Kingdom)">Npower</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower" title="ScottishPower">ScottishPower</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc" title="SSE plc">SSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Generation and supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drax_Group" title="Drax Group">Drax Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engie_Energy_International" title="Engie Energy International">Engie Energy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Nuclear_Power" title="Horizon Nuclear Power">Horizon Nuclear Power</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renantis" title="Renantis">Renantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattenfall_UK" title="Vattenfall UK">Vattenfall UK</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Resources" title="Vedanta Resources">Vedanta Resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_supply" title="Energy supply">Supply</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100Green" title="100Green">100Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Energy" title="Bristol Energy">Bristol Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-op_Energy" title="Co-op Energy">Co-op Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotricity" title="Ecotricity">Ecotricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESB_Group" title="ESB Group">ESB Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Energy" title="Good Energy">Good Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_Energy" title="Octopus Energy">Octopus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Energy" title="Opus Energy">Opus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outfox_the_Market" title="Outfox the Market">Outfox the Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVO_Energy" title="OVO Energy">OVO Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Energy" title="Shell Energy">Shell Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies_Gas_%26_Power" title="TotalEnergies Gas & Power">TotalEnergies Gas & Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilita_Energy" title="Utilita Energy">Utilita Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_Warehouse" title="Utility Warehouse">Utility Warehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Distribution_network_operator" title="Distribution network operator">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_North_West" title="Electricity North West">Electricity North West</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Powergrid" title="Northern Powergrid">Northern Powergrid</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">SSE Power Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Power_Networks" title="UK Power Networks">UK Power Networks</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Power_Distribution" title="Western Power Distribution">Western Power Distribution</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadent_Gas" title="Cadent Gas">Cadent Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Gas_Networks" title="Northern Gas Networks">Northern Gas Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGN_(company)" title="SGN (company)">SGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_%26_West_Utilities" title="Wales & West Utilities">Wales & West Utilities</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggreko" title="Aggreko">Aggreko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APX_Group" title="APX Group">APX Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_Power" title="Aquamarine Power">Aquamarine Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnServe" title="EnServe">EnServe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-Gen_Power" title="Hi-Gen Power">Hi-Gen Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Group" title="Mark Group">Mark Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Downs_Deep_Geothermal_Power" title="United Downs Deep Geothermal Power">United Downs Deep Geothermal Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavegen" title="Wavegen">Wavegen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in italics 1Ultimate parent company is not UK-based 2Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UK</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Energy sources</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal Authority">Coal Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Coal-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal mines in the United Kingdom">Coal mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining_regions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal mining regions in the United Kingdom">Coal mining regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_UK_Coal_Producers" title="Confederation of UK Coal Producers">Confederation of UK Coal Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">History</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">miners' strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-pit_coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Open-pit coal mining in the United Kingdom">Open-pit coal mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in the United Kingdom">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Electricity_Producers" title="Association of Electricity Producers">Association of Electricity Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BritNed" title="BritNed">BritNed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Interconnector" title="East–West Interconnector">East–West Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_7" title="Economy 7">Economy 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_10" title="Economy 10">Economy 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_billing_in_the_UK" title="Electricity billing in the UK">Electricity billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_switching_services_in_the_UK" title="Energy switching services in the UK">Energy switching services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_electricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Green electricity in the United Kingdom">Green electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_Trade_Master_Agreement" title="Grid Trade Master Agreement">Grid Trade Master Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridlink_Interconnector" title="Gridlink Interconnector">Gridlink Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Cross-Channel" title="HVDC Cross-Channel">HVDC Cross-Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_to_England_Interconnector" title="Isle of Man to England Interconnector">Isle of Man to England Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyle_Interconnector" title="Moyle Interconnector">Moyle Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">National Grid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_the_National_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of the National Grid">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_Reserve_Service" title="National Grid Reserve Service">Reserve Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Electricity_Trading_Arrangements" title="New Electricity Trading Arrangements">New Electricity Trading Arrangements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Link" title="North Sea Link">North Sea Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Power stations in the United Kingdom">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_UK_electricity_supply_industry" title="Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry">Timeline of the electricity supply industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">Nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Nuclear_Forum" title="Franco-British Nuclear Forum">Franco-British Nuclear Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Laboratory" title="National Nuclear Laboratory">National Nuclear Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Liabilities_Fund" title="Nuclear Liabilities Fund">Nuclear Liabilities Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom">Nuclear power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Nuclear_Regulation" title="Office for Nuclear Regulation">Office for Nuclear Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Atomic_Energy_Authority" title="United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority">United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom">Oil and gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBL_Pipeline" title="BBL Pipeline">BBL Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash_for_Gas" title="Dash for Gas">Dash for Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forties_pipeline_system" title="Forties pipeline system">Forties pipeline system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fuel protests in the United Kingdom">Fuel protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas infrastructure in the United Kingdom">Gas infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_Oil_Duty" title="Hydrocarbon Oil Duty">Hydrocarbon Oil Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">National Transmission System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas fields in the United Kingdom">Natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Natural gas-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Transition_Authority" title="North Sea Transition Authority">North Sea Transition Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_Energies_UK" title="Offshore Energies UK">Offshore Energies UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil fields of the United Kingdom">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Oil-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Petroleum infrastructure in the United Kingdom">Oil infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_refineries_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil refineries in the United Kingdom">Oil refineries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Revenue_Tax" title="Petroleum Revenue Tax">Petroleum Revenue Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewables</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Biofuel in the United Kingdom">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biofuel_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Biofuel power stations in the United Kingdom">Biofuel power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNFCC" title="NNFCC">NNFCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuels_Agency" title="Renewable Fuels Agency">Renewable Fuels Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Transport_Fuel_Obligation" title="Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation">Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">Geothermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geothermal_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Geothermal power stations in the United Kingdom">Geothermal power stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectric_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Hydroelectric power stations in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectric power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_Barrage" title="Mersey Barrage">Mersey Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severn_Barrage" title="Severn Barrage">Severn Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wave_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Wave farms in the United Kingdom">Wave farms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Offshore wind power in the United Kingdom">Offshore wind power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of offshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of onshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Seas_Energy_Cooperation" title="North Seas Energy Cooperation">North Seas Energy Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Scotland" title="Wind power in Scotland">Wind power in Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government_and_regulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government and regulation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Trust" title="Carbon Trust">Carbon Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenex" title="Cenex">Cenex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Committee" title="Climate Change Committee">Climate Change Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero" title="Department for Energy Security and Net Zero">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Office of Gas and Electricity Markets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy policy of the United Kingdom">Legislation and initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Emission_Reduction_Target" title="Carbon Emission Reduction Target">Carbon Emission Reduction Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Act_2008" title="Climate Change Act 2008">Climate Change Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Agreement_(UK)" title="Climate Change Agreement (UK)">Climate Change Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_and_Sustainable_Energy_Act_2006" title="Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006">Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Levy" title="Climate Change Levy">Climate Change Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRC_Energy_Efficiency_Scheme" title="CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme">CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decarbonisation_measures_in_proposed_UK_electricity_market_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform">Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_Energy_Certificate" title="Display Energy Certificate">Display Energy Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Act_2013" title="Energy Act 2013">Energy Act 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_performance_certificate" title="Energy performance certificate">Energy performance certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Fuel_Levy" title="Fossil Fuel Levy">Fossil Fuel Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Carbon_Building_Programme" title="Low Carbon Building Programme">Low Carbon Building Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Fossil_Fuel_Obligation" title="Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation">Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Act_2008" title="Planning Act 2008">Planning Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Heat_Incentive" title="Renewable Heat Incentive">Renewable Heat Incentive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewables_Obligation_(United_Kingdom)" title="Renewables Obligation (United Kingdom)">Renewables Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Climate_Change_Programme" title="United Kingdom Climate Change Programme">United Kingdom Climate Change Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-governmental_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-governmental organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Charities and pressure groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashden_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashden Award">Ashden Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregional" title="Bioregional">Bioregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_Climate_Change" title="Campaign against Climate Change">Campaign against Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Alternative_Technology" title="Centre for Alternative Technology">Centre for Alternative Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Action" title="National Energy Action">National Energy Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Climate_Chaos" title="Stop Climate Chaos">Stop Climate Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndall_Centre" title="Tyndall Centre">Tyndall Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Industry bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Decentralised_Energy" title="Association for Decentralised Energy">Association for Decentralised Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Institute" title="Energy Institute">Energy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Networks_Association_(United_Kingdom)" title="Energy Networks Association (United Kingdom)">Energy Networks Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Retail_Association" title="Energy Retail Association">Energy Retail Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Power_Forum" title="Green Power Forum">Green Power Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RenewableUK" title="RenewableUK">RenewableUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilities_Intermediaries_Association" title="Utilities Intermediaries Association">Utilities Intermediaries Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Renewable_Energy_Systems_Technology" title="Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology">Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Technologies_Institute" title="Energy Technologies Institute">Energy Technologies Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_Office_Hadley_Centre" title="Met Office Hadley Centre">Met Office Hadley Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narec" title="Narec">Narec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Depletion_Analysis_Centre" title="Oil Depletion Analysis Centre">Oil Depletion Analysis Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury_Research_Centre" title="Sunbury Research Centre">Sunbury Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Energy_Research_Centre" title="UK Energy Research Centre">UK Energy Research Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_conservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy conservation in the United Kingdom">Energy conservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Conservation_of_Energy" title="Association for the Conservation of Energy">Association for the Conservation of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Energy_Efficiency_Federation" title="British Energy Efficiency Federation">British Energy Efficiency Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_the_Door_campaign" title="Close the Door campaign">Close the Door campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_for_Sustainable_Homes" title="Code for Sustainable Homes">Code for Sustainable Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Glazing_%26_Conservatory_Ombudsman_Scheme" title="Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme">Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EcoHomes" title="EcoHomes">EcoHomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_British_housing" title="Energy efficiency in British housing">Energy efficiency in British housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust_Recommended" title="Energy Saving Trust Recommended">Energy Saving Trust Recommended</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_loss_due_to_linear_thermal_bridging" title="Heat loss due to linear thermal bridging">HTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Home_Energy_Rating" title="National Home Energy Rating">National Home Energy Rating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Energy in the United Kingdom">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Margaret_Thatcher" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Margaret_Thatcher" title="Template:Margaret Thatcher"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Margaret_Thatcher" title="Template talk:Margaret Thatcher"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Margaret_Thatcher" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Margaret Thatcher"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Margaret_Thatcher" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> (1979–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li>MP for <a href="/wiki/Finchley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Finchley (UK Parliament constituency)">Finchley</a> (1959–1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member of Parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Bodies_(Admission_to_Meetings)_Act_1960" title="Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act 1960">Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_10/70" title="Circular 10/70">Circular 10/70</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Shadow Cabinet of Margaret Thatcher">Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Awake" title="Britain Awake">"Britain Awake" (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_vote_of_no_confidence_in_the_Callaghan_ministry" title="1979 vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry">Vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry (1979)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Thatcher_(1983).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg/85px-Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg/128px-Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg/170px-Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="3259" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_democracy" title="Union democracy">Union democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Premiership of Margaret Thatcher">Premiership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_under_Margaret_Thatcher" title="List of ministers under Margaret Thatcher">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wets_and_dries" title="Wets and dries">wets and dries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">1st term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">2nd–3rd term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/First_Thatcher_ministry" title="First Thatcher ministry">1st ministry (1979–1983)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_1979_United_Kingdom_budget" title="June 1979 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1980 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_lady%27s_not_for_turning" title="The lady's not for turning">"The lady's not for turning" (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1981 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1981)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_25" title="Gang of 25">Gang of 25</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">Irish hunger strike (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1982 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> (1982) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejoice_(Margaret_Thatcher)" title="Rejoice (Margaret Thatcher)">"Rejoice"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Gould%E2%80%93Margaret_Thatcher_exchange" title="Diana Gould–Margaret Thatcher exchange">Diana Gould exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flags_over_Port_Stanley" title="White flags over Port Stanley">"White flags over Port Stanley"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1983 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1983)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Second_Thatcher_ministry" title="Second Thatcher ministry">2nd ministry (1983–1987)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1984 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bombing</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCHQ_trade_union_ban" title="GCHQ trade union ban">GCHQ trade union ban</a> (1984) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Civil_Service_Unions_v_Minister_for_the_Civil_Service" title="Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service">CCSU case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Miners' strike (1984–85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1985 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Agreement" title="Anglo-Irish Agreement">Anglo-Irish Agreement</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1985" title="Local Government Act 1985">Local Government Act (1985)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rate-capping_rebellion" title="Rate-capping rebellion">rate-capping rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_affair" title="Westland affair">Westland affair</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1986 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1987 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1987)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Third_Thatcher_ministry" title="Third Thatcher ministry">3rd ministry (1987–1990)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1988 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988%E2%80%931994_British_broadcasting_voice_restrictions" title="1988–1994 British broadcasting voice restrictions">Broadcasting restrictions (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mound" title="Sermon on the Mound">"Sermon on the Mound" (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_speech" title="Bruges speech">Bruges speech</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1989 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(Great_Britain)" title="Poll tax (Great Britain)">Community Charge (1989–90)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_riots" title="Poll tax riots">Poll tax riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1990 United Kingdom budget">Budget (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._No._No._(Margaret_Thatcher)" title="No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)">"No. No. No." (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours" title="1990 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours">Resignation Honours (1990)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Margaret_Thatcher#Conservative_Party_leadership_elections" title="Electoral history of Margaret Thatcher">Party elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1975 Conservative Party leadership election">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1989 Conservative Party leadership election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Margaret_Thatcher#United_Kingdom_general_elections" title="Electoral history of Margaret Thatcher">General elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Bibliography of Margaret Thatcher">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Downing_Street_Years" title="The Downing Street Years">The Downing Street Years</a> (1993 autobiography)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Path_to_Power_(Thatcher_book)" title="The Path to Power (Thatcher book)">The Path to Power</a> (1995 memoir)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statecraft:_Strategies_for_a_Changing_World" title="Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World">Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Thatcher" title="Denis Thatcher">Denis Thatcher</a> (husband) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thatcher_baronets" title="Thatcher baronets">baronetcy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Thatcher" title="Mark Thatcher">Mark Thatcher</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Thatcher" title="Carol Thatcher">Carol Thatcher</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Roberts" title="Alfred Roberts">Alfred Roberts</a> (father)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_have_become_a_grandmother" title="We have become a grandmother">We have become a grandmother</a>" (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Cultural depictions of Margaret Thatcher">Cultural depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film and television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anyone_for_Denis%3F_(video)" title="Anyone for Denis? (video)">Anyone for Denis?</a> (1982 TV play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image" title="Spitting Image">Spitting Image</a> (1984–1996 & 2020 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Statesman_(1987_TV_series)" title="The New Statesman (1987 TV series)">The New Statesman</a> (1987–1991 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcher:_The_Final_Days" title="Thatcher: The Final Days">Thatcher: The Final Days</a> (1991 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Falklands_Play" title="The Falklands Play">The Falklands Play</a> (2002 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Archer:_The_Truth" title="Jeffrey Archer: The Truth">Jeffrey Archer: The Truth</a> (2002 TV film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Alan_Clark_Diaries" title="The Alan Clark Diaries">The Alan Clark Diaries</a> (2004 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochet_in_Suburbia" title="Pinochet in Suburbia">Pinochet in Suburbia</a> (2006 docudrama)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Walk_to_Finchley" title="The Long Walk to Finchley">The Long Walk to Finchley</a> (2008 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_(2009_film)" title="Margaret (2009 film)">Margaret</a> (2009 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_(British_TV_serial)" title="The Queen (British TV serial)">The Queen</a> (2009 TV serial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Lady_(film)" title="The Iron Lady (film)">The Iron Lady</a> (2011 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Tony_Blair" title="The Hunt for Tony Blair">The Hunt for Tony Blair</a> (2011 episode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_La_Che" title="In Search of La Che">In Search of La Che</a> (2011 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_season_4" title="The Crown season 4">The Crown</a> (2020 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_(2024_film)" title="Reagan (2024 film)">Reagan</a> (2024 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handbagged" title="Handbagged">Handbagged</a> (2010, 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audience_(2013_play)" title="The Audience (2013 play)">The Audience</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Margaret_Thatcher_(London_Guildhall)" title="Statue of Margaret Thatcher (London Guildhall)">London Guildhall (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Margaret_Thatcher_(Palace_of_Westminster)" title="Statue of Margaret Thatcher (Palace of Westminster)">Palace of Westminster (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Margaret_Thatcher_(Grantham)" title="Statue of Margaret Thatcher (Grantham)">Grantham (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Portrait of Margaret Thatcher">Richard Stone portrait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blatcherism" title="Blatcherism">Blatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Death and funeral of Margaret Thatcher">Death and funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honours_of_Margaret_Thatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honours of Margaret Thatcher">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatchergate" title="Thatchergate">Thatchergate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>← <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> →</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Margaret_Thatcher" title="Category:Margaret Thatcher">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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