CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Il trovatore - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"748c5362-8eca-4eb0-bce0-8ab7e4560d57","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Il_trovatore","wgTitle":"Il trovatore","wgCurRevisionId":1256554786,"wgRevisionId":1256554786,"wgArticleId":37903,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from June 2023","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Articles with hAudio microformats","Articles that may contain original research from January 2019","All articles that may contain original research","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024","CS1 interwiki-linked names","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Works with IMSLP links","Articles with International Music Score Library Project links","Webarchive template wayback links","Operas by Giuseppe Verdi","Italian-language operas","1853 operas","Operas","Operas set in Spain","Operas set in the 15th century"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Il_trovatore","wgRelevantArticleId":37903,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true, "watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q203470","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Il_trovatore_by_Luigi_Morgari.jpg/1200px-Il_trovatore_by_Luigi_Morgari.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="925"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Il_trovatore_by_Luigi_Morgari.jpg/800px-Il_trovatore_by_Luigi_Morgari.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="617"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Il_trovatore_by_Luigi_Morgari.jpg/640px-Il_trovatore_by_Luigi_Morgari.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="493"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Il trovatore - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Il_trovatore rootpage-Il_trovatore skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Il+trovatore" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Il+trovatore" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Il+trovatore" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Il+trovatore" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Composition_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Composition history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Cammarano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Cammarano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Relationship with Cammarano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Cammarano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preoccupations_and_delays_in_1851–1852" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preoccupations_and_delays_in_1851–1852"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Preoccupations and delays in 1851–1852</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preoccupations_and_delays_in_1851–1852-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_Cammarano_and_work_with_Bardare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Cammarano_and_work_with_Bardare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Death of Cammarano and work with Bardare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Cammarano_and_work_with_Bardare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Performance history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synopsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synopsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Synopsis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synopsis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Act_1:_The_Duel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_1:_The_Duel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Act 1: The Duel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_1:_The_Duel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_2:_The_Gypsy_Woman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_2:_The_Gypsy_Woman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Act 2: The Gypsy Woman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_2:_The_Gypsy_Woman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_3:_The_Son_of_the_Gypsy_Woman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_3:_The_Son_of_the_Gypsy_Woman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Act 3: The Son of the Gypsy Woman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_3:_The_Son_of_the_Gypsy_Woman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_4:_The_Punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_4:_The_Punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Act 4: The Punishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_4:_The_Punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Historical references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Il trovatore</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trubadur_(opera)" title="Trubadur (opera) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Trubadur (opera)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Трубадур (опера) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трубадур (опера)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Трубадур (опера) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трубадур (опера)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trubad%C3%BAr_(opera)" title="Trubadúr (opera) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trubadúr (opera)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trubaduren" title="Trubaduren – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trubaduren" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trubaduur_(ooper)" title="Trubaduur (ooper) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trubaduur (ooper)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5" title="Τροβατόρε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τροβατόρε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_trovador_(%C3%B3pera)" title="El trovador (ópera) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El trovador (ópera)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="تروبادور (اپرا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تروبادور (اپرا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC_%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%B0%94%ED%86%A0%EB%A0%88" title="일 트로바토레 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일 트로바토레" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80_(%D6%85%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1)" title="Տրուբադուր (օպերա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրուբադուր (օպերա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trubadur_(opera)" title="Trubadur (opera) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trubadur (opera)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8" title="הטרובדור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הטרובדור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90)" title="ტრუბადური (ოპერა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრუბადური (ოპერა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_trubad%C3%BAr" title="A trubadúr – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A trubadúr" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Трубадур (опера) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трубадур (опера)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="التروبادور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التروبادور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC" title="イル・トロヴァトーレ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イル・トロヴァトーレ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trubadur_(opera)" title="Trubadur (opera) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trubadur (opera)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trubadurul" title="Trubadurul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Trubadurul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Трубадур (опера) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трубадур (опера)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trubadur_(opera)" title="Trubadur (opera) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trubadur (opera)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Трубадур (опера) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трубадур (опера)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trubaduuri_(Verdin_ooppera)" title="Trubaduuri (Verdin ooppera) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Trubaduuri (Verdin ooppera)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trubaduren_(opera)" title="Trubaduren (opera) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trubaduren (opera)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3" title="อิล โตรวาโตเร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิล โตรวาโตเร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Трубадур (опера) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трубадур (опера)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Il trovatore" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E5%94%B1%E8%A9%A9%E4%BA%BA_(%E6%AD%8C%E5%8A%87)" title="遊唱詩人 (歌劇) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="遊唱詩人 (歌劇)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q203470#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Il_trovatore" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Il_trovatore" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Il_trovatore" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&oldid=1256554786" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Il_trovatore&id=1256554786&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIl_trovatore"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIl_trovatore"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Il_trovatore&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Il_trovatore" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q203470" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1853 opera by Giuseppe Verdi</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic;">Il trovatore</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_trovatore_by_Luigi_Morgari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Il_trovatore_by_Luigi_Morgari.jpg/350px-Il_trovatore_by_Luigi_Morgari.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Il_trovatore_by_Luigi_Morgari.jpg/525px-Il_trovatore_by_Luigi_Morgari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Il_trovatore_by_Luigi_Morgari.jpg/700px-Il_trovatore_by_Luigi_Morgari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6350" data-file-height="4894" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Poster by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Morgari" title="Luigi Morgari">Luigi Morgari</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Librettist</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salvadore_Cammarano" title="Salvadore Cammarano">Salvadore Cammarano</a> with additions by <a href="/wiki/Leone_Emanuele_Bardare" title="Leone Emanuele Bardare">Leone Emanuele Bardare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Italian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Antonio García Gutiérrez</a>'s play <i>El trovador</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="vevent">19 January 1853<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1853-01-19</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="summary"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Apollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Apollo">Teatro Apollo</a>, Rome</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Il trovatore</b></i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a>') is an <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> in four acts by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a> to an Italian <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> largely written by <a href="/wiki/Salvadore_Cammarano" title="Salvadore Cammarano">Salvadore Cammarano</a>, based on the Spanish play <i>El trovador</i> (1836) by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Antonio García Gutiérrez</a>. It was García Gutiérrez's most successful play, one which Verdi scholar <a href="/wiki/Julian_Budden" title="Julian Budden">Julian Budden</a> describes as "a high flown, sprawling melodrama flamboyantly defiant of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_unities" title="Classical unities">Aristotelian unities</a>, packed with all manner of fantastic and bizarre incident."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudden198459_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden198459-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The premiere took place at the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Apollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Apollo">Teatro Apollo</a> in Rome on 19 January 1853, where it "began a victorious march throughout the operatic world",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudden198466_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden198466-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a success due to Verdi's work over the previous three years. It began with his January 1850 approach to Cammarano with the idea of <i>Il trovatore</i>. There followed, slowly and with interruptions, the preparation of the libretto, first by Cammarano until his death in mid-1852 and then with the young librettist <a href="/wiki/Leone_Emanuele_Bardare" title="Leone Emanuele Bardare">Leone Emanuele Bardare</a>, which gave the composer the opportunity to propose significant revisions, which were accomplished under his direction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudden198465_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden198465-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These revisions are seen largely in the expansion of the role of Leonora. </p><p>For Verdi, the three years were filled with musical activity; work on this opera did not proceed while the composer wrote and premiered <i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in March 1851. His personal affairs also limited his professional work. In May 1851, an additional commission was offered by the Venice company after <i>Rigoletto'</i>s success there. Another commission came from Paris while he was visiting that city from late 1851 to March 1852. Before the libretto for <i>Il trovatore</i> was completed, before it was scored, and before it premiered, Verdi had four operatic projects in various stages of development. </p><p>Today, <i>Il trovatore</i> is performed frequently and is a staple of the standard operatic repertoire. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_history">Composition history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verdi-1850s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Verdi-1850s.jpg/220px-Verdi-1850s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Verdi-1850s.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Verdi around 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>How and when Verdi acquired a copy of the García Gutiérrez play is uncertain, but Budden notes that it appears that <a href="/wiki/Giuseppina_Strepponi" title="Giuseppina Strepponi">Giuseppina Strepponi</a>, with whom Verdi had been living in <a href="/wiki/Busseto" title="Busseto">Busseto</a> since September 1849, had translated the play, as evidenced in a letter from her two weeks before the premiere urging him to "hurry up and give OUR <i>Trovatore</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When considering setting García Gutiérrez's play, Verdi turned to work with Cammarano, "the born operatic poet" (according to Budden).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their correspondence began as early as January 1850, well before Verdi had done anything to develop a libretto with <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Piave" title="Francesco Maria Piave">Piave</a> for what later became <i>Rigoletto</i> in Venice. At this time, it was also the first since <i><a href="/wiki/Oberto_(opera)" title="Oberto (opera)">Oberto</a></i> that the composer was beginning to prepare an opera with a librettist but without a commission of any kind from an opera house. In his first letter to Cammarano, Verdi proposed <i>El Trovador</i> as the subject with "two feminine roles. The first, the gypsy, a woman of unusual character after whom I want to name the opera."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With regard to the chosen librettist's strength as a poet in preparing verse for opera, Budden also comments that his approach was very traditional,<sup id="cite_ref-BUDDto64_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUDDto64-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> something which began to become clear during the preparation of the libretto and which appears in the correspondence between the two men. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Cammarano">Relationship with Cammarano</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship with Cammarano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salvadore_Cammarano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Salvadore_Cammarano.jpg/150px-Salvadore_Cammarano.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Salvadore_Cammarano.jpg/225px-Salvadore_Cammarano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Salvadore_Cammarano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Librettist Salvadore Cammarano</figcaption></figure> <p>Verdi's time and energy were spent mostly on finishing <i>Rigoletto,</i> which premiered at <a href="/wiki/La_Fenice" title="La Fenice">La Fenice</a> in Venice in March 1851. Within a matter of weeks, Verdi was expressing his frustration to a mutual friend, <a href="/wiki/Cesare_De_Sanctis_(businessman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesare De Sanctis (businessman)">Cesare De Sanctis</a>, at having no communication from Cammarano.<sup id="cite_ref-VtoS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VtoS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His letter emphasized that "the bolder he is, the happier it will make me,"<sup id="cite_ref-VtoS_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VtoS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it appears that Cammarano's reply contained several objections, which Verdi answered on 4 April and, in his response, he emphasized certain aspects of the plot which were important to him. These included Leonora taking the veil and also the importance of the Azucena/Manrico relationship. He continued by asking whether the librettist liked the drama and emphasized that "the more unusual and bizarre the better". </p><p>Verdi also writes that if there were no standard forms – "cavatinas, duets, trios, choruses, finales, etc. [....] and if you could avoid beginning with an opening chorus...."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he would be quite happy. Correspondence continued between the two men for the following two months or so, including another letter from the composer of 9 April which included three pages of suggestions. But he also made concessions and expresses his happiness in what he is receiving in the way of verse.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the period to follow, in spite of his preoccupations but especially after he had begun to overcome them, Verdi had kept in touch with the librettist. In a letter around the time of his intended departure for France, he wrote encouragingly to Cammarano: "I beg you with all my soul to finish this <i>Trovatore</i> as quickly as you possibly can."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preoccupations_and_delays_in_1851–1852"><span id="Preoccupations_and_delays_in_1851.E2.80.931852"></span>Preoccupations and delays in 1851–1852</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Preoccupations and delays in 1851–1852"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There then arose the question of where the opera would eventually be presented. Verdi had turned down an offer from Naples, but became concerned about the availability of his preferred Azucena, Rita Gabussi-De Bassini. She turned out not to be on the Naples roster, but expressed an interest in the possibility of Rome. </p><p>Things were put on hold for several months as Verdi became preoccupied with family matters, which included the illnesses of both his mother (who died in July) and father, the estrangement from his parents with communications conducted only between lawyers, and the administration of his newly acquired property at Sant'Agata (now the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Verdi" title="Villa Verdi">Villa Verdi</a> near his hometown of Busseto), where he had established his parents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993287_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993287-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But his relationship with his parents, albeit legally severed, as well as Strepponi's situation living with the composer in an unmarried state, continued to preoccupy him, as did the deterioration of his relationship with his father-in-law, Antonio Barezzi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993293–294_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993293–294-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, in April 1851, agreement was reached with the elder Verdis on the payment of debts mutually owed and the couple were given time to resettle, leaving Sant'Agata for Verdi and Strepponi to occupy for the next fifty years. </p><p>May 1851 brought an offer for a new opera from the Venice authorities, and it was followed by an agreement with the Rome Opera company to present <i>Trovatore</i> during the 1852/1853 Carnival season, specifically in January 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-BUDDto64_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUDDto64-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By November Verdi and Strepponi left Italy to spend the winter of 1851/52 in Paris, where he concluded an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Op%C3%A9ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Opéra">Paris Opéra</a> to write what became <i><a href="/wiki/Les_v%C3%AApres_siciliennes" title="Les vêpres siciliennes">Les vêpres siciliennes</a></i>, his first <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a>, although he had adapted his earlier <i><a href="/wiki/I_Lombardi" class="mw-redirect" title="I Lombardi">I Lombardi</a></i> into <i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem" title="Jérusalem">Jérusalem</a></i> for the stage. Including work on <i>Trovatore</i>, other projects consumed him, but a significant event occurred in February, when the couple attended a performance of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_of_the_Camellias" title="The Lady of the Camellias">The Lady of the Camellias</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_fils" title="Alexandre Dumas fils">Alexandre Dumas <i>fils</i></a>. What followed is reported by Verdi's biographer <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Phillips-Matz" title="Mary Jane Phillips-Matz">Mary Jane Phillips-Matz</a> who states that the composer revealed that, after seeing the play, he immediately began to compose music for what would later become <i>La traviata</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993303_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993303-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The couple returned to Sant'Agata by mid-March 1852 and Verdi immediately began work on <i>Trovatore</i> after a year's delay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Cammarano_and_work_with_Bardare">Death of Cammarano and work with Bardare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death of Cammarano and work with Bardare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Then, in July 1852, by way of an announcement in a theatrical journal, Verdi received news of Cammarano's death earlier that month. This was both a professional and a personal blow. The composer learned that Cammarano had completed Manrico's third-act aria, "Di quella pira" just eight days before his death, but now he turned to De Sanctis to find him another librettist. <a href="/wiki/Leone_Emanuele_Bardare" title="Leone Emanuele Bardare">Leone Emanuele Bardare</a> was a young poet from Naples who was beginning his career; eventually he wrote more than 15 librettos before 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993307_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993307-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composer and librettist met in Rome around 20 December 1852 and Verdi began work on both <i>Trovatore</i> and <i>La traviata</i>. </p><p>His main aim, having changed his mind about the distribution of characters in the opera, was to enhance the role of Leonora, thus making it "a two-women opera"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudden198465–66_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden198465–66-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he communicated many of these ideas ahead of time via letters to De Sanctis over several months. Leonora now was to have a cantabile for the Miserere as well as retaining "Tacea la Notte" in act 1 with its cabaletta. Changes were also made to Azucena's "Stride la vampa" and to the Count's lines. Taking into account the last-minute requirements of the censor and the consequent changes, overall, the revisions and changes enhanced the opera, and the result was that it was a critical and a popular success. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_history">Performance history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Performance history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>In Italian as <i>Il trovatore</i> </b> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Baucarde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Carlo_Baucarde.jpg/150px-Carlo_Baucarde.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Carlo_Baucarde.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>Tenor Carlo Baucardé sang Manrico</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MadamePenco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MadamePenco.jpg/150px-MadamePenco.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MadamePenco.jpg/225px-MadamePenco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MadamePenco.jpg/300px-MadamePenco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption> Soprano Rosina Penco sang Leonora</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emilia_Goggi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Emilia_Goggi.jpg/150px-Emilia_Goggi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Emilia_Goggi.jpg/225px-Emilia_Goggi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Emilia_Goggi.jpg/300px-Emilia_Goggi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Mezzo Emilia Goggi sang Azucena</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Guicciardi_by_De_Crescenzo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Giovanni_Guicciardi_by_De_Crescenzo.jpg/150px-Giovanni_Guicciardi_by_De_Crescenzo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Giovanni_Guicciardi_by_De_Crescenzo.jpg/225px-Giovanni_Guicciardi_by_De_Crescenzo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Giovanni_Guicciardi_by_De_Crescenzo.jpg/300px-Giovanni_Guicciardi_by_De_Crescenzo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Baritone Giovanni Guicciardi sang di Luna</figcaption></figure> <p>The opera's immense popularity – albeit a popular success rather than a critical one – came from some 229 productions worldwide in the three years following its premiere on 19 January 1853,<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is illustrated by the fact that "in Naples, for example, where the opera in its first three years had eleven stagings in six theaters, the performances totalled 190".<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First given in Paris in Italian on 23 December 1854 by the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre-Italien" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre-Italien">Théâtre-Italien</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Salle_Ventadour" title="Salle Ventadour">Salle Ventadour</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pitou_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the cast included <a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Graziani" title="Lodovico Graziani">Lodovico Graziani</a> as Manrico and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Borghi-Mamo" title="Adelaide Borghi-Mamo">Adelaide Borghi-Mamo</a> as Azucena.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudden1984107_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden1984107-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Il trovatore</i> was first performed in the US by the <a href="/wiki/Max_Maretzek_Italian_Opera_Company" title="Max Maretzek Italian Opera Company">Max Maretzek Italian Opera Company</a> on 2 May 1855 at the then-recently opened <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Music_(New_York_City)" title="Academy of Music (New York City)">Academy of Music in New York</a>. The cast included <a href="/wiki/Balbina_Steffenone" title="Balbina Steffenone">Balbina Steffenone</a> as Leonora, <a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Brignoli" title="Pasquale Brignoli">Pasquale Brignoli</a> as Manrico, <a href="/wiki/Felicita_Vestvali" title="Felicita Vestvali">Felicita Vestvali</a> as Azucena, and <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Amodio" title="Alessandro Amodio">Alessandro Amodio</a> as the Count di Luna.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work's UK premiere took place on 10 May 1855 at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden</a> in London, with <a href="/wiki/Jenny_B%C3%BCrde-Ney" title="Jenny Bürde-Ney">Jenny Bürde-Ney</a> as Leonora, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Tamberlik" title="Enrico Tamberlik">Enrico Tamberlik</a> as Manrico, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Viardot" title="Pauline Viardot">Pauline Viardot</a> as Azucena and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Graziani_(baritone)" title="Francesco Graziani (baritone)">Francesco Graziani</a> as the Conte di Luna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimbell2001993_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimbell2001993-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the 19th century proceeded there was a decline in interest, but <i>Il trovatore</i> saw a revival of interest after <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Toscanini</a>'s 1902 revivals. From its performance at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Met</a> on 26 October 1883 the opera has been a staple of its repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, almost all performances use the Italian version and it is one of the world's most frequently performed operas.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>In French as <i>Le trouvère</i> </b> </p><p>After the successful presentation of the opera in Italian in Paris, François-Louis Crosnier, director of l'<a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Opéra de Paris">Opéra de Paris</a>, proposed that Verdi revise his opera for the Paris audience as a <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a>, which would include a ballet, to be presented on the stage of the major Paris house. While Verdi was in Paris with <a href="/wiki/Giuseppina_Strepponi" title="Giuseppina Strepponi">Giuseppina Strepponi</a> from late July 1855, working on the completion of <i><a href="/wiki/Aroldo" title="Aroldo">Aroldo</a></i> and beginning to prepare a libretto with Piave for what would become <i><a href="/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra" title="Simon Boccanegra">Simon Boccanegra</a></i>, he encountered some legal difficulties in dealing with Toribio Calzado, the impresario of the Théâtre des Italiens, and, with his contacts with the Opėra, agreed to prepare a French version of <i>Trovatore</i> on 22 September 1855. </p><p>A translation of Cammarano's libretto was made by librettist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89milien_Pacini" title="Émilien Pacini">Émilien Pacini</a> under the title of <i>Le trouvère</i> and it was first performed at <a href="/wiki/La_Monnaie" title="La Monnaie">La Monnaie</a> in Brussels on 20 May 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitou19901333_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitou19901333-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There followed the production at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Paris Opera</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Salle_Le_Peletier" title="Salle Le Peletier">Salle Le Peletier</a> on 12 January 1857 after which Verdi returned to Italy. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> and Empress <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo" title="Eugénie de Montijo">Eugénie</a> attended the latter performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitou_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the French premiere, Verdi made some changes to the score of <i>Le trouvère</i> including the addition of music for the ballet in act 3 which followed the soldiers' chorus, where gypsies danced to entertain them. The quality of Verdi's ballet music has been noted by scholar <a href="/wiki/Charles_Osborne_(music_writer)" title="Charles Osborne (music writer)">Charles Osborne</a>: "He could have been the Tchaikovsky of Italian ballet" he states, continuing to praise it as "perfect ballet music". In addition, he describes the unusual practice of Verdi having woven in themes from the gypsy chorus of act 2, ballet music for opera rarely connecting with the themes of the work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborne1977259_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne1977259-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other revisions focused on Azucena's music, including an extended version of the finale of act 4, to accommodate the role's singer <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Borghi-Mamo" title="Adelaide Borghi-Mamo">Adelaide Borghi-Mamo</a>. Some of these changes have even been used in modern performances in Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudden1984107–111_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden1984107–111-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitou1990158–159_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitou1990158–159-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990 <a href="/wiki/Tulsa_Opera" title="Tulsa Opera">Tulsa Opera</a> presented the first staging of <i>Le trouvère</i> in the United States using a new critical edition by musicologist, conductor, and Verdi scholar David Lawton.<sup id="cite_ref-TW_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TW-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recorded live for broadcast on <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, Lawton conducted the premiere with <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Jane_Wray" title="Margaret Jane Wray">Margaret Jane Wray</a> as Leonore, Craig Sirianni as Manrique, <a href="/wiki/Greer_Grimsley" title="Greer Grimsley">Greer Grimsley</a> as Le Comte de Luna, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Conrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Conrad">Barbara Conrad</a> as Azucena, and the <a href="/wiki/Tulsa_Philharmonic" title="Tulsa Philharmonic">Tulsa Philharmonic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TW_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TW-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version was published by Ricordi and the University of Chicago Press in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An updated version of this critical edition by Lawton was published by Ricordi in 2018, and given its premiere at the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Regio_(Parma)" title="Teatro Regio (Parma)">Festival Verdi</a> in Parma that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rarely given in French, it was presented as part of the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Festival_della_Valle_d%27Itria" title="Festival della Valle d'Itria">Festival della Valle d'Itria</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2002 <i>Le trouvère</i> appeared as part of the <a href="/wiki/Sarasota_Opera" title="Sarasota Opera">Sarasota Opera</a>'s "Verdi Cycle" of all the composer's work.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Roles, voice types, premiere casts</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Role </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a> </th> <th>Original Italian version,<br />Premiere cast, <span class="nowrap">19 January 1853<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a>: Emilio Angelini </th> <th>Revised French version,<br />as <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le trouvère</i></span></i>, <span class="nowrap">12 January 1857<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br />Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Narcisse_Girard" title="Narcisse Girard">Narcisse Girard</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Conte di Luna, <i>a nobleman in the service of the Prince of Aragon</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Guicciardi" title="Giovanni Guicciardi">Giovanni Guicciardi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bonneh%C3%A9e" title="Marc Bonnehée">Marc Bonnehée</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manrico, <i>a troubadour and officer in the army of the Prince of Urgel</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Baucard%C3%A9" title="Carlo Baucardé">Carlo Baucardé</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gu%C3%A9ymard" title="Louis Guéymard">Louis Guéymard</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Azucena, <i>a gypsy, supposedly Manrico's mother</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emilia_Goggi" title="Emilia Goggi">Emilia Goggi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Borghi-Mamo" title="Adelaide Borghi-Mamo">Adelaide <span class="nowrap">Borghi-Mamo</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leonora, <i>noble lady, in love with Manrico and courted by Di Luna</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosina_Penco" title="Rosina Penco">Rosina Penco</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Gu%C3%A9ymard-Lauters" title="Pauline Guéymard-Lauters">Pauline Guéymard-Lauters</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ferrando, <i>Luna's officer</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> </td> <td>Arcangelo Balderi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prosper_D%C3%A9rivis" title="Prosper Dérivis">Prosper Dérivis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ines, <i>Leonora's confidante</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> </td> <td>Francesca Quadri </td> <td>Mme Dameron </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ruiz, <i>Manrico's henchman</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> </td> <td>Giuseppe Bazzoli </td> <td>Étienne Sapin </td></tr> <tr> <td>An old gypsy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> </td> <td>Raffaele Marconi </td> <td>Medori </td></tr> <tr> <td>A messenger </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> </td> <td>Luigi Fani </td> <td>Cléophas </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i>Leonora's friends, nuns, the Count's lackeys, warriors, Gypsies</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Place: <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> (Spain)</i></dd> <dd><i>Time: Fifteenth century.</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_1:_The_Duel">Act 1: The Duel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Act 1: The Duel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1: The guard room in the castle of Luna (<a href="/wiki/Aljafer%C3%ADa" title="Aljafería">The Palace of Aljafería</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, Spain)</i> </p><p>Ferrando, the captain of the guards, orders his men to keep watch while Count di Luna wanders restlessly beneath the windows of Leonora, lady-in-waiting to the Princess. Di Luna loves Leonora and is jealous of his successful rival, a <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> whose identity he does not know. In order to keep the guards awake, Ferrando narrates the history of the count (Racconto: <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Di due figli vivea padre beato</i></span> / "The good Count di Luna lived happily, the father of two sons"): many years ago, a <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">gypsy</a> woman was wrongfully accused of having bewitched the youngest of the di Luna children; the child had fallen sick, and for this the gypsy had been burnt alive as a witch, her protests of innocence ignored. Dying, she had commanded her daughter Azucena to avenge her, which she did by abducting the baby. Although the burnt bones of a child were found in the ashes of the pyre, the father refused to believe his son's death. Dying, the father commanded his firstborn, the new Count di Luna, to seek Azucena. </p><p><i>Scene 2: Garden in the palace of the princess</i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edel_Manrico_1883.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Edel_Manrico_1883.jpg/220px-Edel_Manrico_1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Edel_Manrico_1883.jpg/330px-Edel_Manrico_1883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Edel_Manrico_1883.jpg/440px-Edel_Manrico_1883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Edel_Colorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfredo Edel Colorno">Alfredo Edel Colorno</a>'s sketch of Manrico's costume for a production at <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a> in 1883</figcaption></figure> <p>Leonora confesses her love for the Troubadour to her confidante, Ines (<a href="/wiki/Cavatina" title="Cavatina">Cavatina</a> (<i>Tacea la notte placida</i> / "The peaceful night lay silent"... <i>Di tale amor</i> / "A love that words can scarcely describe"), in which she tells how she fell in love with a mystery knight, victor at a tournament; lost track of him when a civil war broke out; then encountered him again, in disguise as a wandering troubadour who sang beneath her window. When they have gone, Count di Luna enters, intending to pay court to Leonora himself, but hears the voice of his rival in the distance: (<i>Deserto sulla terra</i> / "Alone upon this earth"). Leonora in the darkness briefly mistakes the count for her lover, until the Troubadour himself enters the garden, and she rushes to his arms. The Count challenges his rival to reveal his true identity, which he does: Manrico, a knight now outlawed and under death sentence for his allegiance to a rival prince. Manrico in turn challenges him to call the guards, but the Count regards this encounter as a personal rather than political matter, and challenges Manrico instead to a duel over their common love. Leonora tries to intervene, but cannot stop them from fighting (Trio: <i>Di geloso amor sprezzato</i> / "The fire of jealous love" ). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_2:_The_Gypsy_Woman">Act 2: The Gypsy Woman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Act 2: The Gypsy Woman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1: The gypsies' camp</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabriella_Besanzoni,_Giuseppe_Verdi,_Stride_la_vampa_(Il_Trovatore).oga" title="File:Gabriella Besanzoni, Giuseppe Verdi, Stride la vampa (Il Trovatore).oga">"Stride la vampa"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="210" data-mwtitle="Gabriella_Besanzoni,_Giuseppe_Verdi,_Stride_la_vampa_(Il_Trovatore).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Gabriella_Besanzoni%2C_Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_Stride_la_vampa_%28Il_Trovatore%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Gabriella_Besanzoni%2C_Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_Stride_la_vampa_%28Il_Trovatore%29.oga/Gabriella_Besanzoni%2C_Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_Stride_la_vampa_%28Il_Trovatore%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">From act 2. Sung by Gabriella Besanzoni in 1920.</div></div></div></div> </div> <p>The gypsies sing the <i><a href="/wiki/Anvil_Chorus" title="Anvil Chorus">Anvil Chorus</a></i>: <i>Vedi le fosche notturne</i> / "See! The endless sky casts off her sombre nightly garb...". Azucena, the daughter of the Gypsy woman burnt by the count, is still haunted by her duty to avenge her mother (<a href="/wiki/Canzone" title="Canzone">Canzone</a>: <i>Stride la vampa</i> / "The flames are roaring!"). The Gypsies break camp while Azucena confesses to Manrico that after stealing the di Luna baby she had intended to burn the count's little son along with her mother, but overwhelmed by the screams and the gruesome scene of her mother's execution, she became confused and threw her own child into the flames instead (Racconto: <i>Condotta ell'era in ceppi</i> / "They dragged her in bonds"). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trovatore_Michelides_6687.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Trovatore_Michelides_6687.jpg/310px-Trovatore_Michelides_6687.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Trovatore_Michelides_6687.jpg/465px-Trovatore_Michelides_6687.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Trovatore_Michelides_6687.jpg/620px-Trovatore_Michelides_6687.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3375" data-file-height="1547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a> (di Luna), <a href="/wiki/Anna_Netrebko" title="Anna Netrebko">Anna Netrebko</a> (Leonora), <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Meli" title="Francesco Meli">Francesco Meli</a> (Manrico), <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Festival" title="Salzburg Festival">Salzburg Festival</a> 2014, act 2, scene 2</figcaption></figure> <p>Manrico realises that he is not the son of Azucena, but loves her as if she were indeed his mother, as she has always been faithful and loving to him – and, indeed, saved his life only recently, discovering him left for dead on a battlefield after being caught in ambush. Manrico tells Azucena that he defeated di Luna in their earlier duel, but was held back from killing him by a mysterious power (Duet: <i>Mal reggendo</i> / "He was helpless under my savage attack"): and Azucena reproaches him for having stayed his hand then, especially since it was the Count's forces that defeated him in the subsequent battle of Pelilla. A messenger arrives and reports that Manrico's allies have taken Castle Castellor, which Manrico is ordered to hold in the name of his prince: and also that Leonora, who believes Manrico dead, is about to enter a convent and take the veil that night. Although Azucena tries to prevent him from leaving in his weak state (<i>Ferma! Son io che parlo a te!</i> / "I must talk to you"), Manrico rushes away to prevent her from carrying out this intent. </p><p><i>Scene 2: In front of the convent</i> </p><p>Di Luna and his attendants intend to abduct Leonora and the Count sings of his love for her (Aria: <i>Il balen del suo sorriso</i> / "The light of her smile" ... <i>Per me ora fatale</i> / "Fatal hour of my life"). Leonora and the nuns appear in procession, but Manrico prevents di Luna from carrying out his plans and takes Leonora away with him, although once again leaving the Count behind unharmed, as the soldiers on both sides back down from bloodshed, the Count being held back by his own men. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_3:_The_Son_of_the_Gypsy_Woman">Act 3: The Son of the Gypsy Woman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Act 3: The Son of the Gypsy Woman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visi%C3%B3n_general_del_castillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Visi%C3%B3n_general_del_castillo.jpg/220px-Visi%C3%B3n_general_del_castillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Visi%C3%B3n_general_del_castillo.jpg/330px-Visi%C3%B3n_general_del_castillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Visi%C3%B3n_general_del_castillo.jpg/440px-Visi%C3%B3n_general_del_castillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Today's ruin of the castle Castellar near <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Scene 1: Di Luna's camp</i> </p><p>Di Luna and his army are attacking the fortress Castellor where Manrico has taken refuge with Leonora (Chorus: <i>Or co' dadi ma fra poco</i> / "Now we play at dice"). Ferrando drags in Azucena, who has been captured wandering near the camp. When she hears di Luna's name, Azucena's reactions arouse suspicion and Ferrando recognizes her as the supposed murderer of the count's brother. Azucena cries out to her son Manrico to rescue her and the count realizes that he has the means to flush his enemy out of the fortress. He orders his men to build a pyre and burn Azucena before the walls. </p><p><i>Scene 2: A chamber in the castle</i> </p><p>Inside the castle, Manrico and Leonora are preparing to be married. She is frightened; the battle with di Luna is imminent and Manrico's forces are outnumbered. He assures her of his love (Aria: <i>Ah sì, ben mio, coll'essere</i> / "Ah, yes, my love, in being yours"), even in the face of death. When news of Azucena's capture reaches him, he summons his men and desperately prepares to attack (<a href="/wiki/Cabaletta" title="Cabaletta">Cabaletta</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Di_quella_pira" title="Di quella pira">Di quella pira l'orrendo foco</a></i> / "The horrid flames of that pyre"). Leonora faints. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_4:_The_Punishment">Act 4: The Punishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Act 4: The Punishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1: Before the dungeon keep</i> </p><p>Manrico has failed to free Azucena and has been imprisoned himself. Leonora attempts to free him (Aria: <i>D'amor sull'ali rosee</i> / "On the rosy wings of love"; Chorus & Duet: <i>Miserere</i> / "Lord, thy mercy on this soul") by begging di Luna for mercy and offers herself in place of her lover. She promises to give herself to the Count, but secretly swallows poison from her ring in order to die before di Luna can possess her (Duet: <i>Mira, d'acerbe lagrime</i> / "See the bitter tears I shed"). </p><p><i>Scene 2: In the dungeon</i> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Verdi_-_Caruso_-_Schumann-Heink_-_Il_Trovatore_-_Se_m%27ami_ancor;_Ai_nostri_monti_(rec._1913).ogg" title="File:Verdi - Caruso - Schumann-Heink - Il Trovatore - Se m'ami ancor; Ai nostri monti (rec. 1913).ogg">"Se m'ami ancor... Ai nostri monti ritorneremo"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="268" data-mwtitle="Verdi_-_Caruso_-_Schumann-Heink_-_Il_Trovatore_-_Se_m'ami_ancor;_Ai_nostri_monti_(rec._1913).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Verdi_-_Caruso_-_Schumann-Heink_-_Il_Trovatore_-_Se_m%27ami_ancor%3B_Ai_nostri_monti_%28rec._1913%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Verdi_-_Caruso_-_Schumann-Heink_-_Il_Trovatore_-_Se_m%27ami_ancor%3B_Ai_nostri_monti_%28rec._1913%29.ogg/Verdi_-_Caruso_-_Schumann-Heink_-_Il_Trovatore_-_Se_m%27ami_ancor%3B_Ai_nostri_monti_%28rec._1913%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Schumann-Heink" title="Ernestine Schumann-Heink">Ernestine Schumann-Heink</a> (1913)</div></div></div></div> </div> <p>Manrico and Azucena are awaiting their execution. Manrico attempts to soothe Azucena, whose mind wanders to happier days in the mountains (Duet: <i>Ai nostri monti ritorneremo</i> / "Again to our mountains we shall return"). At last the gypsy slumbers. Leonora comes to Manrico and tells him that he is saved, begging him to escape. When he discovers she cannot accompany him, he refuses to leave his prison. He believes Leonora has betrayed him until he realizes that she has taken poison to remain true to him. As she dies in agony in Manrico's arms, she confesses that she prefers to die with him than to marry another (Trio: <i>Prima che d'altri vivere</i> / "Rather than live as another's"). The Count hears Leonora's last words and orders Manrico's execution. Azucena awakens and tries to stop di Luna. Once she finds out Manrico is dead, she cries: <i>Egli era tuo fratello! Sei vendicata, o madre.</i> / "He was your brother ... You are avenged, oh mother!" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">Woodwinds</a>: <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">flute</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass</a>: 4 <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horns</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion</a>: <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">triangle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castanets" title="Castanets">castanets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">anvils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">String</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">strings</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto,_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Il_trovatore_(1956)_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012431.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto%2C_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Il_trovatore_%281956%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012431.jpg/220px-Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto%2C_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Il_trovatore_%281956%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012431.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto%2C_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Il_trovatore_%281956%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012431.jpg/330px-Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto%2C_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Il_trovatore_%281956%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012431.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto%2C_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Il_trovatore_%281956%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012431.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Drawing for <i>Il trovatore</i> (1956)</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, most opera scholars recognize the expressive musical qualities of Verdi's writing. However, <a href="/wiki/Musicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicologist">musicologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Roger Parker</a> notes that "the extreme formalism of the musical language has been seen as serving to concentrate and define the various stages of the drama, above all channeling them into those key confrontations that mark its inexorable progress".<sup id="cite_ref-PARK_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PARK-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here he, like many other writers, notes the elements of musical form (then often described as "closed forms") which characterize the opera and make it appear to be something of a return to the language of earlier times, "the veritable apotheosis of <i>bel canto</i> with its demands for vocal beauty, agility and range," notes <a href="/wiki/Charles_Osborne_(music_writer)" title="Charles Osborne (music writer)">Charles Osborne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OSB255_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSB255-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Cantabile" title="Cantabile">cantabile</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cabaletta" title="Cabaletta">cabaletta</a> two-part arias, the use of the chorus, etc., which Verdi had originally asked Cammarano to ignore, are evident. But Verdi wanted something else: "the freer the forms he presents me with, the better I shall do," he wrote to the librettist's friend in March 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not what he received from his librettist, but he certainly demonstrated his total mastery over this style. Osborne's take on '<i>Il trovatore</i> is that "it is as though Verdi had decided to do something which he had been perfecting over the years, and to do it so beautifully that he need never to do it again. Formally, it is a step backward after <i>Rigoletto</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-OSB255_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSB255-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Budden describes one of the musical qualities as the relationship between the "consistent dramatic impetus" of the action being caused by the "propulsive quality" of the music which produces a "sense of continuous forward motion".<sup id="cite_ref-BUDD67_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUDD67-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parker describes it as "sheer musical energy apparent in all the numbers".<sup id="cite_ref-PARK_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PARK-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And Budden gives many examples which show Verdi as "the equal of Bellini" as a melodist.<sup id="cite_ref-BUDD67_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUDD67-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verdi also clearly recognizes the importance of the role of Azucena. Remembering that the composer's initial suggestion to Cammarano was that he wanted to name the opera after her, Budden notes that this character "is the first of a glorious line"<sup id="cite_ref-BUDD67_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUDD67-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he names Ulrica (from <i>Ballo</i>), Eboli (from <i>Don Carlos</i>), and Amneris (from <i>Aida</i>) as followers in the same vocal range and with the same expressive and distinct qualities which separate them from the other female role in the opera in which they feature. He quotes from a letter which Verdi wrote to <a href="/wiki/Marianna_Barbieri-Nini" title="Marianna Barbieri-Nini">Marianna Barbieri-Nini</a>, the soprano who was due to sing the Leonora in Venice after the premiere, and who expressed reservations about her music. Here, Verdi emphasizes the importance of the role of Azucena: </p> <dl><dd>..it's a principal, <i>the</i> principal role; finer and more dramatic and more original than the other. If I were a prima donna (a fine thing that would be!), I would always rather sing the part of the Gypsy in <i>Il trovatore</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-VtoS_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VtoS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>From this position, Budden comments on the distinct differences in an era where vocal registers were less defined and which extend into Leonora's and Azucena's music "where greater verbal projection of the lower voice [can be] turned to advantage" and where "the polarity between the two female roles [extends] into every field of comparison."<sup id="cite_ref-BUDD67_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUDD67-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then sums up the musical relationship which exists between the two female characters, the men having simply been defined as being representative of their own voice types, something evident and very striking in Verdi's significant use of voice types in <i><a href="/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a></i> of 1844. Regarding Leonora, Budden describes her music as "mov[ing] in long phrases most characterized by a soaring 'aspiring' quality" whereas "Azucena's melodies evolve in short, often commonplace phrases based on the repetition of short rhythmic patterns".<sup id="cite_ref-BUDD67_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUDD67-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> once said that all it takes for a successful performance of <i>Il trovatore</i> is the four greatest singers in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborne2007502_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne2007502-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On many occasions, this opera and its music have been featured in various forms of popular culture and entertainment. Scenes of comic chaos play out over a performance of <i>Il trovatore</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Marx_Brothers" title="Marx Brothers">Marx Brothers</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Night_at_the_Opera_(film)" title="A Night at the Opera (film)">A Night at the Opera</a></i> (including a quotation, in the middle of the act 1 overture, of <i><a href="/wiki/Take_Me_Out_to_the_Ball_Game" title="Take Me Out to the Ball Game">Take Me Out to the Ball Game</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrover-Friedlander200533_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrover-Friedlander200533-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a> used a performance of <i>Il trovatore</i> at <a href="/wiki/La_Fenice" title="La Fenice">La Fenice</a> opera house for the opening sequence of his 1954 film <i><a href="/wiki/Senso_(film)" title="Senso (film)">Senso</a></i>. As Manrico sings his battle cry in "Di quella pira", the performance is interrupted by the answering cries of Italian nationalists on the upper balcony who shower the stalls area below with patriotic leaflets. In <i>Italian Film in the Light of Neorealism</i>, Millicent Marcus proposes that Visconti used this operatic paradigm throughout <i>Senso</i>, with parallels between the opera's protagonists, Manrico and Leonora, and the film's protagonists, Ussoni and Livia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus1986182_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus1986182-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A staging of act 1, scene 2, of <i>Il trovatore</i> is featured in Bernardo Bertolucci's 1979 film <i><a href="/wiki/La_Luna_(1979_film)" title="La Luna (1979 film)">La Luna</a></i>. Music from the opera was featured on <a href="/wiki/Kijiji" title="Kijiji">Kijiji</a> in Canada for commercials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETambling198762–63_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETambling198762–63-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_references">Historical references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historical references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While the story and most of the characters are fictitious, it is set towards the end of a real civil war in Aragon. Following the death of King <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Aragon" title="Martin of Aragon">Martin of Aragon</a> in 1410, no fewer than six candidates staked a claim for the throne. A political meeting, the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_Caspe" title="Compromise of Caspe">Compromise of Caspe</a>, found in favour of Martin's <a href="/wiki/Sororal_nephew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sororal nephew">sororal</a> nephew <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand I of Aragon">Ferdinand</a>. Count <a href="/wiki/James_II,_Count_of_Urgell" title="James II, Count of Urgell">James II of Urgell</a>, King Martin's brother-in-law and the closest relative through purely patrilineal line of descent, refused to accept the decision of the Compromise, believing (with some justification) that Martin had intended to adopt him as the heir by appointing him Governor-General after the death of his own son <a href="/wiki/Martin_I_of_Sicily" title="Martin I of Sicily">Martin the Younger</a>, and rebelled.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third candidate was <a href="/wiki/Frederic,_Count_of_Luna" title="Frederic, Count of Luna">Frederic, Count of Luna</a>, bastard son of Martin the Younger, whose legitimization had been sought from the Pope unsuccessfully. As part of the compromise for withdrawing his own claim in favour of Ferdinand, Frederic was granted the County of Luna, one of the lesser titles that his father had held.<sup id="cite_ref-Earenfight_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earenfight-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While neither of the two princes who actually took part in the war appears in the opera – neither is even referred to by name, and only Urgell is referred to by his title – the fortunes of their followers mirror those of their princes. Thus, with his military success, Ferdinand's side has the upper hand in the war and is effectively the Royalist party, with the backing of much of the nobility and the Dowager Queen, and he also has Di Luna as his chief henchman (Luna's own connection to the royal family is not mentioned, being not necessary to the drama): while Urgel, losing the war and on the back foot, is forced to recruit among outlaws and the dispossessed, effectively taking the part of a rebel despite having some legal right to his case. Thus the fact that the forces of Urgel, in the opera as in real life, lose every pitched battle: and on the single occasion that they capture a castle (named in the opera as "Castellor", a fairly generic name for a castle, there being many Castellars in the region), it proves a handicap to them because their only hope in battle lies in speed, mobility, surprise and ambush, all of which are lost when defending a fortress. </p><p>Thus it is that the fictitious troubadour Manrico can gain his rags-to-riches background, having risen from the obscurity of a Biscayan gypsy camp to become Urgel's chief general, a knight and a master swordsman in his own right, good enough to defeat Di Luna himself in a personal duel, or win a knightly tournament: only to lose it again on the military battlefield, where the odds are perpetually against him, and he is damned as an outlaw even before the opera begins, for no deed of his own but because his master is the rebel. And yet he gets to be a heroic, popular outlaw, who might just escape with his life in return for a vow of future loyalty, if put on trial in front of the Prince himself: a chance that Luna does not want to risk, given that his rivalry with Manrico is personal as well as political. Hence the challenge to the duel over the personal rivalry, instead of calling the guards and making the arrest political, in act 1: and hence also the decision to execute without trial in act 4 even though Luna knows he is abusing his position. Leonora and Azucena are, of course, as fictitious as Manrico, as is the story's conceit that the former Count of Luna had not one but two sons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore_discography" title="Il trovatore discography"><i>Il trovatore</i> discography</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="104" data-mwtitle="Di_quella_Pira_-_Ferruccio_Giannini.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Di_quella_Pira_-_Ferruccio_Giannini.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Di_quella_Pira_-_Ferruccio_Giannini.wav/Di_quella_Pira_-_Ferruccio_Giannini.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Di_quella_Pira_-_Ferruccio_Giannini.wav/Di_quella_Pira_-_Ferruccio_Giannini.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Di_quella_Pira_-_Ferruccio_Giannini.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>First preserved recording of "Di quella pira". Ferruccio Giannini, May 7, 1896</figcaption></figure><p>Over the last century there has been an increase in interest and appreciation for Verdi's music. Remarkably, there has been a lot of interest in the excerpt "Miserere" and "Di Quella Pira", and since the dawn of recorded music there have been tens of recordings of these fragments, ranging from vocal interpretations to instrumental duets. For the early American market, <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Giannini" title="Ferruccio Giannini">Giannini</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pryor" title="Arthur Pryor">Pryor</a>'s arrangements may be notable, and for the Russian market <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Labinsky" title="Andrey Labinsky">Labinskii</a>'s recording is considered to be the most mature.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though, for the first half of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Caruso</a>'s version would be the most acclaimed. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anvil_Chorus" title="Anvil Chorus">Anvil Chorus</a> is one of the most-recognized pieces of classical music. It "has transcended the opera itself" and is often played in non-opera concerts. It appears in many cultural references as well.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="115" data-mwtitle="Berliner_0572_-_Miserere_(Ferruccio_Giannini".wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Berliner_0572_-_Miserere_(Ferruccio_Giannini%22.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Berliner_0572_-_Miserere_%28Ferruccio_Giannini%22.wav/Berliner_0572_-_Miserere_%28Ferruccio_Giannini%22.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Berliner_0572_-_Miserere_%28Ferruccio_Giannini%22.wav/Berliner_0572_-_Miserere_%28Ferruccio_Giannini%22.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Berliner_0572_-_Miserere_%28Ferruccio_Giannini%22.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Restored version of Berliner Gramophone matrix 0572 ("Miserere"). Sung by Ferruccio Giannini and recorded in Oct 7, 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>In the recent years the some "Il trovatore" excepts have gained massive popularity, specially "Miserere". The most important aspects of this increase in appreciation could be sourced from a revitalisation of interest in ancient 78rpm records, and the introduction of this fragment in the "Stage 3" LP of the album "<i><a href="/wiki/Everywhere_at_the_End_of_Time" title="Everywhere at the End of Time">Everywhere at the end of Time</a></i><a href="/wiki/Everywhere_at_the_End_of_Time" title="Everywhere at the End of Time">"</a>, representing a remarkable regression in mental age due to the "caretaker" experiencing an advanced stage of <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>. The version portrayed is sung by Ferruccio Giannini and is recognisable by its extremely poor aural condition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden198459-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudden198459_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden198466-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudden198466_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden198465-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudden198465_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strepponi to Verdi, 3 January 1853, in <a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, p. 59. Her emphasis on the "OUR".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, p. 60: Budden notes that it is with this librettist that the composer hoped to work on his project for adapting <a href="/wiki/Re_Lear" title="Re Lear"><i>King Lear</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to Cammarano, 2 January 1850, in <a href="#CITEREFWerfelStefan1973">Werfel & Stefan 1973</a>, pp. 149–150. [The implication here is that the opera would be named <i>Azucena</i>.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BUDDto64-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BUDDto64_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BUDDto64_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, pp. 61–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VtoS-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VtoS_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VtoS_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VtoS_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to De Sanctis (their mutual friend), 29 March 1851, in <a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to Cammarano, 4 April 1851, in <a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to Cammarano, 26 June 1851, in <a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to Cammarano, 1 October 1851, in <a href="#CITEREFPhillips-Matz1993">Phillips-Matz 1993</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993287-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993287_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips-Matz1993">Phillips-Matz 1993</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993293–294-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993293–294_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips-Matz1993">Phillips-Matz 1993</a>, pp. 293–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993303-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993303_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips-Matz1993">Phillips-Matz 1993</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993307-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993307_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips-Matz1993">Phillips-Matz 1993</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden198465–66-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudden198465–66_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, George Whitney (Spring 2005). "Verdi Onstage in the United States: <i>Le trouvère</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Opera_Quarterly" title="The Opera Quarterly">The Opera Quarterly</a></i>. <b>21</b> (2): 282–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foq%2Fkbi018">10.1093/oq/kbi018</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192135165">192135165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Opera+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Verdi+Onstage+in+the+United+States%3A+Le+trouv%C3%A8re&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=282-302&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foq%2Fkbi018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192135165%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=George+Whitney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitou-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPitou1990">Pitou 1990</a>, p. 1333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden1984107-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudden1984107_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Forbes_(musicologist)" title="Elizabeth Forbes (musicologist)">Forbes, Elizabeth</a>, "Borghi-Mamo [née Borghi], Adelaide" in <a href="#Sadie">Sadie</a>, vol. 1, p. 549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Chusid1987" class="citation journal cs1">Martin Chusid (January 1, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=vf">"The First Three Years of 'Trovatore'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Verdi Forum</i> (15). <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>: 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verdi+Forum&rft.atitle=The+First+Three+Years+of+%27Trovatore%27&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1987-01-01&rft.au=Martin+Chusid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.richmond.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1093%26context%3Dvf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimbell2001993-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimbell2001993_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKimbell2001">Kimbell 2001</a>, p. 993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Whitney_Martin2011" class="citation book cs1">George Whitney Martin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vEYA8_RARL0C&q=%22Boston+Theatre%22+%22Max+Maretzek%22&pg=PA81"><i>Verdi in America: Oberto Through Rigoletto</i></a>. University Rochester Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580463881" title="Special:BookSources/9781580463881"><bdi>9781580463881</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verdi+in+America%3A+Oberto+Through+Rigoletto&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=University+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781580463881&rft.au=George+Whitney+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvEYA8_RARL0C%26q%3D%2522Boston%2BTheatre%2522%2B%2522Max%2BMaretzek%2522%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180812164001/http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/frame.htm">"Il trovatore"</a>. <i>Met Opera Archives</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/frame.htm">the original</a> on 12 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Met+Opera+Archives&rft.atitle=Il+trovatore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.metoperafamily.org%2Farchives%2Fframe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://operabase.com/top.cgi?lang=en#opera">"Opera Statistics"</a>. Operabase<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opera+Statistics&rft.pub=Operabase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foperabase.com%2Ftop.cgi%3Flang%3Den%23opera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitou19901333-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitou19901333_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPitou1990">Pitou 1990</a>, p. 1333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne1977259-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborne1977259_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsborne1977">Osborne 1977</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden1984107–111-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudden1984107–111_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, pp. 107–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitou1990158–159-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitou1990158–159_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPitou1990">Pitou 1990</a>, pp. 158–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TW-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TW_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TW_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis_Widner1990" class="citation book cs1">Ellis Widner (November 5, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tulsaworld.com/archive/le-trouvere-dazzles-despite-the-plot/article_18e14005-c125-5a67-868f-ffd14d733955.html"><i>Le Trouvere' dazzles, despite the plot</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Trouvere%27+dazzles%2C+despite+the+plot&rft.date=1990-11-05&rft.au=Ellis+Widner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftulsaworld.com%2Farchive%2Fle-trouvere-dazzles-despite-the-plot%2Farticle_18e14005-c125-5a67-868f-ffd14d733955.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_A._Williams_and_Laven_Sowell1992" class="citation book cs1">Jack A. Williams and Laven Sowell (1992). <i>Tulsa Opera Chronicles</i>. Tulsa Historical Society. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tulsa+Opera+Chronicles&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Tulsa+Historical+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Jack+A.+Williams+and+Laven+Sowell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_W._Harwood1998" class="citation book cs1">Gregory W. Harwood (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MaIZnGddRsQC&dq=Le+trouvère+David+Lawton&pg=PA328"><i>Giuseppe Verdi: A Guide to Research</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 327–328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824041175" title="Special:BookSources/9780824041175"><bdi>9780824041175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giuseppe+Verdi%3A+A+Guide+to+Research&rft.pages=327-328&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780824041175&rft.au=Gregory+W.+Harwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMaIZnGddRsQC%26dq%3DLe%2Btrouv%C3%A8re%2BDavid%2BLawton%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ricordi.com/en-US/News/2018/10/Verdi-Le-trouvere-new-crit-edition.aspx">"Verdi: Le trouvère"</a>. <i>www.ricordi.com</i>. October 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ricordi.com&rft.atitle=Verdi%3A+Le+trouv%C3%A8re&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ricordi.com%2Fen-US%2FNews%2F2018%2F10%2FVerdi-Le-trouvere-new-crit-edition.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLVETROV.HTM">List of recordings in all languages on operadis-opera-discography.org</a> Retrieved 28 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130404092332/http://www.sarasotaopera.org/repertoire.aspx">"Sarasota Opera repertoire of Verdi operas presented"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarasotaopera.org/repertoire.aspx">the original</a> on 2013-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarasota+Opera+repertoire+of+Verdi+operas+presented&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sarasotaopera.org%2Frepertoire.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">List of singers taken from <a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">List of singers taken from <a href="#CITEREFPitou1990">Pitou 1990</a>, p. 1335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The synopsis is adapted from <a href="#CITEREFMelitz1921">Melitz 1921</a>, pp. 363–363, and <a href="#CITEREFOsborne1977">Osborne 1977</a>, pp. 251–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PARK-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PARK_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PARK_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker1998">Parker 1998</a>, p. 827</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSB255-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OSB255_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSB255_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsborne1977">Osborne 1977</a>, p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to De Sanctis, 29 April 1851<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BUDD67-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BUDD67_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BUDD67_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BUDD67_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BUDD67_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BUDD67_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, pp. 67–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne2007502-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborne2007502_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsborne2007">Osborne 2007</a>, p. 502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrover-Friedlander200533-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrover-Friedlander200533_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrover-Friedlander2005">Grover-Friedlander 2005</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus1986182-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus1986182_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcus1986">Marcus 1986</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETambling198762–63-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETambling198762–63_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTambling1987">Tambling 1987</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hillgarth, Jocelyn Nigel (1978) <i>The Spanish Kingdoms 1250-1516</i> volume 2 <i>1410-1516: Castilian hegemony</i> p 229 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822531-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822531-8">0-19-822531-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earenfight-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Earenfight_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarenfight2005" class="citation book cs1">Earenfight, Theresa (2005). <i>Queenship And Political Power In Medieval And Early Modern Spain</i>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/075465074X" title="Special:BookSources/075465074X"><bdi>075465074X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queenship+And+Political+Power+In+Medieval+And+Early+Modern+Spain&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=075465074X&rft.aulast=Earenfight&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalemusiclib.aviaryplatform.com/collections/213/collection_resources/12521?u=t&keywords%5B%5D=Labinskii">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Trubadur" Verdi A.M. Labinskii, undated"</a>. <i>yalemusiclib.aviaryplatform.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yalemusiclib.aviaryplatform.com&rft.atitle=%22Trubadur%22+Verdi+A.M.+Labinskii%2C+undated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalemusiclib.aviaryplatform.com%2Fcollections%2F213%2Fcollection_resources%2F12521%3Fu%3Dt%26keywords%255B%255D%3DLabinskii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fiveable.me/key-terms/history-music-1750-1850/anvil-chorus">Anvil Chorus</a>", <i>Music History – 1750 to 1850</i>; accessed 2024.09.14.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Cited sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudden1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Budden" title="Julian Budden">Budden, Julian</a> (1984). <i>The Operas of Verdi: From Il trovatore to La forza del destino</i>. London: Cassell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Operas+of+Verdi%3A+From+Il+trovatore+to+La+forza+del+destino&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Budden&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520068-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520068-3">978-0-19-520068-3</a> (hardcover); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520450-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520450-6">978-0-19-520450-6</a> (paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrover-Friedlander2005" class="citation book cs1">Grover-Friedlander, Michal (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bm9XSEhdTkoC&dq=marx+brothers+trovatore&pg=PA33"><i>Vocal Apparitions: The Attraction of Cinema to Opera</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12008-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12008-9"><bdi>978-0-691-12008-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocal+Apparitions%3A+The+Attraction+of+Cinema+to+Opera&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12008-9&rft.aulast=Grover-Friedlander&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBm9XSEhdTkoC%26dq%3Dmarx%2Bbrothers%2Btrovatore%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimbell2001" class="citation book cs1">Kimbell, David (2001). <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)" title="Amanda Holden (writer)">Holden, Amanda</a> (ed.). <i>The New Penguin Opera Guide</i>. New York: Penguin Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029312-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029312-8"><bdi>978-0-14-029312-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Penguin+Opera+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Putnam&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-14-029312-8&rft.aulast=Kimbell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus1986" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Millicent Joy (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P4GEShH0NbEC&dq=senso+visconti+trovatore&pg=PA182"><i>Italian Film in the Light of Neorealism</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10208-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10208-5"><bdi>978-0-691-10208-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Film+in+the+Light+of+Neorealism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10208-5&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Millicent+Joy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP4GEShH0NbEC%26dq%3Dsenso%2Bvisconti%2Btrovatore%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelitz1921" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Melits" class="extiw" title="de:Leo Melits">Melitz, Leo</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operagoerscompl00meligoog/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Opera Goer's Complete Guide</i></a>. Translated by Richard Salinger. Garden City, New York: Garden City Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5128391">5128391</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1102264">1102264</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Opera+Goer%27s+Complete+Guide&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Garden+City+Publishing&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Melitz&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperagoerscompl00meligoog%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Osborne_(music_writer)" title="Charles Osborne (music writer)">Osborne, Charles</a> (1977). <i>The Complete Operas of Verdi</i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80072-6"><bdi>978-0-306-80072-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Operas+of+Verdi&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80072-6&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2007" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, Charles (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operaloverscompa0000osbo/page/502"><i>The Opera Lover's Companion</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12373-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12373-9"><bdi>978-0-300-12373-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Opera+Lover%27s+Companion&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12373-9&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperaloverscompa0000osbo%2Fpage%2F502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips-Matz1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Phillips-Matz" title="Mary Jane Phillips-Matz">Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane</a> (1993). <i>Verdi: A Biography</i>. London & New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-313204-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-313204-4"><bdi>0-19-313204-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verdi%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-313204-4&rft.aulast=Phillips-Matz&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Sadie"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Parker, Roger</a> (1998). "<i>Il trovatore</i>". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i>. Vol. 4. London: Macmillan Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7"><bdi>0-333-73432-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Il+trovatore&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Opera&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-333-73432-7&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitou1990" class="citation book cs1">Pitou, Spire (1990). <i>The Paris Opéra: An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers. Growth and Grandeur, 1815–1914</i>. New York: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26218-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26218-0"><bdi>978-0-313-26218-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paris+Op%C3%A9ra%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Operas%2C+Ballets%2C+Composers%2C+and+Performers.+Growth+and+Grandeur%2C+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26218-0&rft.aulast=Pitou&rft.aufirst=Spire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTambling1987" class="citation book cs1">Tambling, Jeremy (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operaideologyfil0000tamb/page/62"><i>Opera, Ideology and Film</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-2238-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-2238-X"><bdi>0-7190-2238-X</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera%2C+Ideology+and+Film&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-7190-2238-X&rft.aulast=Tambling&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperaideologyfil0000tamb%2Fpage%2F62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerfelStefan1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Werfel, Franz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Stefan" title="Paul Stefan">Stefan, Paul</a> (1973). <i>Verdi: The Man and His Letters</i>. New York: Vienna House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8443-0088-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8443-0088-8"><bdi>0-8443-0088-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verdi%3A+The+Man+and+His+Letters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vienna+House&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-8443-0088-8&rft.aulast=Werfel&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft.au=Stefan%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIl+trovatore" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Other sources</b> </p> <ul><li>Baldini, Gabriele (1970), (trans. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Roger Parker</a>, 1980), <i>The Story of Giuseppe Verdi: Oberto to Un Ballo in Maschera</i>. Cambridge, <i>et al</i>: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29712-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29712-5">0-521-29712-5</a></li> <li>Chusid, Martin, (ed.) (1997), <i>Verdi’s Middle Period, 1849 to 1859</i>, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-10658-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-10658-6">0-226-10658-6</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-10659-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-10659-4">0-226-10659-4</a></li> <li>De Van, Gilles (trans. Gilda Roberts) (1998), <i>Verdi’s Theater: Creating Drama Through Music</i>. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14369-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-14369-4">0-226-14369-4</a> (hardback), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14370-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-14370-8">0-226-14370-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gossett" title="Philip Gossett">Gossett, Philip</a> (2006), <i>Divas and Scholar: Performing Italian Opera</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-30482-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-30482-5">0-226-30482-5</a></li> <li>Martin, George, <i> Verdi: His Music, Life and Times</i> (1983), New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-08196-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-396-08196-7">0-396-08196-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Parker, Roger</a> (2007), <i>The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas</i>, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531314-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531314-7">978-0-19-531314-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%A8le_Pistone" title="Danièle Pistone">Pistone, Danièle</a> (1995), <i>Nineteenth-Century Italian Opera: From Rossini to Puccini</i>, Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931340-82-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-931340-82-9">0-931340-82-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Toye" title="Francis Toye">Toye, Francis</a> (1931), <i>Giuseppe Verdi: His Life and Works</i>, New York: Knopf</li> <li>Walker, Frank, <i>The Man Verdi</i> (1982), New York: Knopf, 1962, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-87132-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-87132-0">0-226-87132-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warrack" title="John Warrack">Warrack, John</a> and West, Ewan, <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Opera</i> New York: Oxford University Press: 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5">0-19-869164-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Il_trovatore" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Il trovatore">Il trovatore</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Il_trovatore_(Verdi,_Giuseppe)" class="extiw" title="scores:Il trovatore (Verdi, Giuseppe)"><i>Il trovatore</i></a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/en/works/list-of-operas/il-trovatore/">Synopsis, libretto</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917080517/http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/en/works/list-of-operas/il-trovatore/">Archived</a> 2017-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, giuseppeverdi.it</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Giuseppe_Verdi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Template:Giuseppe Verdi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Template talk:Giuseppe Verdi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Giuseppe Verdi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Giuseppe_Verdi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="List of compositions by Giuseppe Verdi">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Oberto_(opera)" title="Oberto (opera)">Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio</a></i> (1839)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_giorno_di_regno" title="Un giorno di regno">Un giorno di regno</a></i> (1840)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nabucco" title="Nabucco">Nabucco</a></i> (1842)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_Lombardi_alla_prima_crociata" title="I Lombardi alla prima crociata">I Lombardi alla prima crociata</a></i> (1843)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a></i> (1844)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_due_Foscari" title="I due Foscari">I due Foscari</a></i> (1844)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giovanna_d%27Arco" title="Giovanna d'Arco">Giovanna d'Arco</a></i> (1845)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Alzira_(opera)" title="Alzira (opera)">Alzira</a></i> (1845)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Attila_(opera)" title="Attila (opera)">Attila</a></i> (1846)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi)">Macbeth</a></i> (1847/65) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_masnadieri" title="I masnadieri">I masnadieri</a></i> (1847)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem" title="Jérusalem">Jérusalem</a></i> (1847)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Il_corsaro" title="Il corsaro">Il corsaro</a></i> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_battaglia_di_Legnano" title="La battaglia di Legnano">La battaglia di Legnano</a></i> (1849)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Miller" title="Luisa Miller">Luisa Miller</a></i> (1849)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Stiffelio" title="Stiffelio">Stiffelio</a></i> (1850)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></i> (1851) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Il trovatore</a></i> (1853) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a></i> (1853) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_v%C3%AApres_siciliennes" title="Les vêpres siciliennes">Les vêpres siciliennes</a></i> (June 1855)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_vespri_siciliani" title="I vespri siciliani">I vespri siciliani</a></i> (December 1855)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra" title="Simon Boccanegra">Simon Boccanegra</a></i> (1857/81)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aroldo" title="Aroldo">Aroldo</a></i> (1857)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera">Un ballo in maschera</a></i> (1859) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_forza_del_destino" title="La forza del destino">La forza del destino</a></i> (1862/69) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos" title="Don Carlos">Don Carlos</a></i> (1867/84) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aida" title="Aida">Aida</a></i> (1871) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a></i> (1887) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a></i> (1893)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera excerpts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Anvil_Chorus" title="Anvil Chorus">Anvil Chorus</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Bella_figlia_dell%27amore" title="Bella figlia dell'amore">Bella figlia dell'amore</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Celeste_Aida" title="Celeste Aida">Celeste Aida</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Di_quella_pira" title="Di quella pira">Di quella pira</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/La_donna_%C3%A8_mobile" title="La donna è mobile">La donna è mobile</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Libiamo_ne%27_lieti_calici" title="Libiamo ne' lieti calici">Libiamo ne' lieti calici</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Un_d%C3%AC,_felice,_eterea" title="Un dì, felice, eterea">Un dì, felice, eterea</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Va,_pensiero" title="Va, pensiero">Va, pensiero</a>"</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">Opera discographies</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aida_discography" title="Aida discography"><i>Aida</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_discography" title="Don Carlos discography"><i>Don Carlos</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Falstaff_discography" title="Falstaff discography"><i>Falstaff</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/La_forza_del_destino_discography" title="La forza del destino discography"><i>La forza del destino</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_discography" title="Macbeth discography"><i>Macbeth</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otello_discography" title="Otello discography"><i>Otello</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto_discography" title="Rigoletto discography"><i>Rigoletto</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore_discography" title="Il trovatore discography"><i>Il trovatore</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/La_traviata_discography" title="La traviata discography"><i>La traviata</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera_discography" title="Un ballo in maschera discography"><i>Un ballo in maschera</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Suona_la_tromba" title="Suona la tromba">Suona la tromba</a></i> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Inno_delle_nazioni" title="Inno delle nazioni">Inno delle nazioni</a></i> (1862)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Verdi)" title="String Quartet (Verdi)">String Quartet in E minor</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Verdi)" title="Requiem (Verdi)">Messa da Requiem</a> (1874) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Requiem_discography" title="Verdi Requiem discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Quattro_pezzi_sacri" title="Quattro pezzi sacri">Quattro pezzi sacri</a></i> (1889–1897)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Memorials to Giuseppe Verdi">Memorials to Giuseppe Verdi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Theatres named after Verdi (<a href="/wiki/Teatro_Verdi_(Brindisi)" title="Teatro Verdi (Brindisi)">Brindisi</a> - <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Teatro Giuseppe Verdi">Busseto</a> - <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Verdi_(Florence)" title="Teatro Verdi (Florence)">Florence</a> - <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Lirico_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi">Trieste</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Milan_Conservatory" title="Milan Conservatory">Milan Conservatory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi_Monument" title="Giuseppe Verdi Monument">Giuseppe Verdi Monument</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orchestra_Sinfonica_di_Milano_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi">Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_(crater)" title="Verdi (crater)">Verdi (crater)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Inlet" title="Verdi Inlet">Verdi Inlet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Range" title="Verdi Range">Verdi Range</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/3975_Verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="3975 Verdi">3975 Verdi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi,_California" title="Verdi, California">Verdi, California</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi,_Kansas" title="Verdi, Kansas">Verdi, Kansas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi,_Nevada" title="Verdi, Nevada">Verdi, Nevada</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi">Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi</a></i> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi_(film)" title="Giuseppe Verdi (film)">Giuseppe Verdi</a></i> (1938 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Verdi,_the_King_of_Melody" title="Verdi, the King of Melody">Verdi, the King of Melody</a></i> (1953 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Verdi_(miniseries)" title="The Life of Verdi (miniseries)">The Life of Verdi</a></i> (1982 miniseries)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/After_Aida" title="After Aida">After Aida</a></i> (1985 play)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Risorgimento!" title="Risorgimento!">Risorgimento!</a></i> (2011 opera)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otello_(1906_film)" title="Otello (1906 film)"><i>Otello</i></a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aida_(1953_film)" title="Aida (1953 film)"><i>Aida</i></a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/La_Traviata_(1983_film)" title="La Traviata (1983 film)"><i>La Traviata</i></a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otello_(1986_film)" title="Otello (1986 film)"><i>Otello</i></a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1987_film)" title="Macbeth (1987 film)"><i>Macbeth</i></a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aida_(1987_film)" title="Aida (1987 film)"><i>Aida</i></a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi%27s_Rigoletto_Story" title="Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story"><i>Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story</i></a> (2005)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Casa_di_Riposo_per_Musicisti" title="Casa di Riposo per Musicisti">Casa di Riposo per Musicisti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Transcriptions_(Finnissy)" title="Verdi Transcriptions (Finnissy)"><i>Verdi Transcriptions</i> (Finnissy)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Verdi" title="Villa Verdi">Villa Verdi</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Category:Giuseppe Verdi">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Opera_libretti_by_Salvadore_Cammarano" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salvadore_Cammarano" title="Template:Salvadore Cammarano"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salvadore_Cammarano" title="Template talk:Salvadore Cammarano"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salvadore_Cammarano" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salvadore Cammarano"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opera_libretti_by_Salvadore_Cammarano" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Opera libretti by <a href="/wiki/Salvadore_Cammarano" title="Salvadore Cammarano">Salvadore Cammarano</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor" title="Lucia di Lammermoor">Lucia di Lammermoor</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Belisario" title="Belisario">Belisario</a></i> (1836)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27assedio_di_Calais" title="L'assedio di Calais">L'assedio di Calais</a></i> (1836)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pia_de%27_Tolomei_(opera)" title="Pia de' Tolomei (opera)">Pia de' Tolomei</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Devereux" title="Roberto Devereux">Roberto Devereux</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_de_Rudenz" title="Maria de Rudenz">Maria de Rudenz</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poliuto" title="Poliuto">Poliuto</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saffo_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffo (opera)">Saffo</a></i> (1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_vestale_(Mercadante)" title="La vestale (Mercadante)">La vestale</a></i> (1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_di_Rohan" title="Maria di Rohan">Maria di Rohan</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alzira_(opera)" title="Alzira (opera)">Alzira</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orazi_e_Curiazi" title="Orazi e Curiazi">Orazi e Curiazi</a></i> (1846)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_battaglia_di_Legnano" title="La battaglia di Legnano">La battaglia di Legnano</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Miller" title="Luisa Miller">Luisa Miller</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_(Mercadante)" title="Virginia (Mercadante)">Virginia</a></i> (1850)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Il trovatore</a></i> (1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203470#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203470#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203470#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/177733014">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/300166508">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81118718">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13920590q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13920590q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007583566205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058525120606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/74301cbd-06b5-4c36-a022-e91fe0ea2e88">MusicBrainz work</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&oldid=1256554786">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&oldid=1256554786</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operas_by_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Category:Operas by Giuseppe Verdi">Operas by Giuseppe Verdi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian-language_operas" title="Category:Italian-language operas">Italian-language operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1853_operas" title="Category:1853 operas">1853 operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operas" title="Category:Operas">Operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operas_set_in_Spain" title="Category:Operas set in Spain">Operas set in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operas_set_in_the_15th_century" title="Category:Operas set in the 15th century">Operas set in the 15th century</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from June 2023">Articles with incomplete citations from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_January_2019" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from January 2019">Articles that may contain original research from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_with_IMSLP_links" title="Category:Works with IMSLP links">Works with IMSLP links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_International_Music_Score_Library_Project_links" title="Category:Articles with International Music Score Library Project links">Articles with International Music Score Library Project links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 November 2024, at 13:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_trovatore&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-z9dcp","wgBackendResponseTime":138,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.205","walltime":"1.434","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7148,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":112573,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6101,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":152605,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1226.176 1 -total"," 22.31% 273.578 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.33% 126.631 2 Template:Lang"," 9.23% 113.177 14 Template:ISBN"," 9.22% 113.109 16 Template:Cite_book"," 7.90% 96.919 2 Template:Navbox"," 7.85% 96.198 1 Template:Giuseppe_Verdi"," 7.55% 92.597 2 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.27% 89.157 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.99% 85.673 18 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.766","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25131964,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBudden1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarenfight2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis_Widner1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Whitney_Martin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory_W._Harwood1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrover-Friedlander2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJack_A._Williams_and_Laven_Sowell1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimbell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcus1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_Chusid1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelitz1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips-Matz1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitou1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTambling1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerfelStefan1973\"] = 1,\n [\"Sadie\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite work\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Trovatore, Il\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Giuseppe Verdi\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 16,\n [\"IMSLP\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 14,\n [\"Infobox opera\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Listen\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 4,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Salvadore Cammarano\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 18,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"Sronly\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-7xb2p","timestamp":"20241128015634","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Il trovatore","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Il_trovatore","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q203470","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q203470","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:51:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-10T13:56:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/27\/Il_trovatore_by_Luigi_Morgari.jpg","headline":"opera by Giuseppe Verdi"}</script> </body> </html>