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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C" title="فخرالدین عراقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فخرالدین عراقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_Iraqi" title="Fakhr al-Din Iraqi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fakhr al-Din Iraqi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E3%83%83%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="ファフルッディーン・イラーキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファフルッディーン・イラーキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-din_Araqi" title="Fakhr al-din Araqi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fakhr al-din Araqi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroqiy" title="Iroqiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iroqiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Фахруддин Ираки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фахруддин Ираки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_ad-din_Araqi" title="Fakhr ad-din Araqi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fakhr ad-din Araqi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%9B%D3%A3" title="Фахруддин Ироқӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фахруддин Ироқӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakhr-al-Din_Iraqi&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi">Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Persian philosopher and writer (1213/14 – 1289)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Fakhr al-Din Iraqi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Fakhr_al-Din_%27Iraqi,_with_disciples,_Khorasan_school,_circa_1580.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fakhr al-Din Iraqi with disciples. From a Persian manuscript, dated c. 1580"><img alt="Fakhr al-Din Iraqi with disciples. From a Persian manuscript, dated c. 1580" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sheikh_Fakhr_al-Din_%27Iraqi%2C_with_disciples%2C_Khorasan_school%2C_circa_1580.jpg/220px-Sheikh_Fakhr_al-Din_%27Iraqi%2C_with_disciples%2C_Khorasan_school%2C_circa_1580.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sheikh_Fakhr_al-Din_%27Iraqi%2C_with_disciples%2C_Khorasan_school%2C_circa_1580.jpg/330px-Sheikh_Fakhr_al-Din_%27Iraqi%2C_with_disciples%2C_Khorasan_school%2C_circa_1580.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sheikh_Fakhr_al-Din_%27Iraqi%2C_with_disciples%2C_Khorasan_school%2C_circa_1580.jpg/440px-Sheikh_Fakhr_al-Din_%27Iraqi%2C_with_disciples%2C_Khorasan_school%2C_circa_1580.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="822" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Fakhr al-Din Iraqi with disciples. From a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> manuscript, dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1580</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1213/14<br />Komjan, <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1289 (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i>Lama'at</i><br /><i>Divan of Fakhr al-Din Iraqi</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fakhr al-Din Iraqi</b> (also spelled <b>Araqi</b>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فخرالدین عراقی</span>; 1213/14 – 1289) was a <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> poet of the 13th-century. He is principally known for his mixed prose and poetry work, the <i>Lama'at</i> ("Divine flashes"), as well as his <i><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)">divan</a></i> (collection of short poems), most of which were written in the form of a <i><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazal</a></i>. </p><p>Born to a religious and well-read family, during his youth, Iraqi joined a group of <i><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">qalandars</a></i> (wandering <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervishes</a>) in search for spiritual knowledge. They eventually reached <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>, where Iraqi later became a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Bahauddin_Zakariya" title="Bahauddin Zakariya">Baha al-Din Zakariyya</a> (died 1262), the leader of the Multani branch of the <i><a href="/wiki/Suhrawardiyya" title="Suhrawardiyya">Suhrawardiyya</a></i>, a Sufi order. After the latter's death in 1262, Iraqi briefly became his successor, but was forced to leave due to the envy of his former master's son Sadr al-Din Arif and some of his disciples. Following a pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, Iraqi settled in <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, where he became acquainted with many figures, such as his new patron, <a href="/wiki/Mu%27in_al-Din_Parwana" title="Mu'in al-Din Parwana">Mu'in al-Din Parwana</a> (died 1277), an administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>. Following his patron's disgrace and execution in 1277, Iraqi was accused of collaborating with him, and thus forced to flee. After a brief stay at <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a>, Iraqi moved to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> for a few years, and then eventually to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, where he died in 1289. </p><p>By successfully combining two mystical schools, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-speaking Sufism of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusian</a> mystic <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> (died 1240), and the Persian poetic style of Sufism, Iraqi managed to give his writings rich and expressive imagery, a feat which had a permanent impact on Iranian spirituality. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakhr_al-Din_Iraqi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of Iraqi's life is known through the anonymous <i>Muqaddima</i> ("Introduction") of his <i><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)">divan</a></i> (collection of short poems). Although the <i>Muqaddima</i> was written in same style of Iraqi's era, the American historian <a href="/wiki/William_Chittick" title="William Chittick">William Chittick</a> argues that it may have been composed as late as the 15th-century. Another historian, Ève Feuillebois, adds that if this hypothesis is correct, the oldest source that mentions Iraqi would be the <i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh-i_guzida" title="Tarikh-i guzida">Tarikh-i guzida</a></i> ("Selected historical events"), composed by the historian and geographer <a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a> (died after 1339/40) in 1330.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the stories in the <i>Muqaddima</i> give context for Iraqi's <i>ghazals</i>, but have little value in terms of historicity. They focus a lot on Iraqi's <i>shahidbazi</i> ("perhaps excessively" according to Feuillebois), a Sufi custom of staring at young males in order to witness the image of the divine witness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later sources rely heavily on the information from the Muqaddima for their biographical details about Iraqi. These sources include the <i>Nafahat al-uns</i> ("Breaths of familiarity") composed between 1476 and 1478 by the poet and <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a> (died 1492), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Habib_al-siyar" title="Habib al-siyar">Habib al-siyar</a></i> ("Beloved of the biographies") by the historian <a href="/wiki/Khvandamir" title="Khvandamir">Khvandamir</a> (died 1535/36).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakhr_al-Din_Iraqi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> stock,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaneshgar201982_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaneshgar201982-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeacock2019125_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeacock2019125-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraqi was born in 1213/14 in the village of <a href="/wiki/Komijan" title="Komijan">Komjan</a>, close to <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the major cities of <a href="/wiki/Persian_Iraq" title="Persian Iraq">Persian Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the son of a certain Buzurgmihr ibn Abd al-Ghaffar Jawaliqi, and belonged to a religious and well-read family. By the age of six, Iraqi had reportedly memorized the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. He was then educated in religious sciences, and was by the age of seventeen a teacher in a <i><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a></i> (religious school) in Hamadan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During one time when Iraqi, still at a young age, was teaching <i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a></i> (interpretation of the Quran), a group of <i><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">qalandars</a></i> (wandering <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervishes</a>) attended his teaching session. They convinced him to abandon his teachings and join them in search for spiritual knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They eventually went to the city of <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>, where Iraqi met <a href="/wiki/Bahauddin_Zakariya" title="Bahauddin Zakariya">Baha al-Din Zakariyya</a> (died 1262), the leader of the Multani branch of the <i><a href="/wiki/Suhrawardiyya" title="Suhrawardiyya">Suhrawardiyya</a></i>, a Sufi order. Iraqi first became his disciple two years later, after wandering in India. He continued to stay as Baha al-Din's disciple for 25 years, eventually marrying the latter's daughter and having a son named Kabir al-Din. Following Baha al-Din's death in 1262, Iraqi succeeded him as the head of the order. However, he was soon forced to leave Multan due to the envy of Baha al-Din's son Sadr al-Din Arif and some of his disciples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with a group of loyal companions, Iraqi made a pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. While they were on their way in <a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hijaz</a>, the sultan of <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> unsuccessfully attempted to hold Iraqi back. After the pilgrimage, Iraqi went to the city of <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. There he started studying with <a href="/wiki/Sadr_al-Din_al-Qunawi" title="Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi">Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi</a> (died 1274), the most prominent disciple of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusian</a> mystic <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> (died 1240). It was during this period that Iraqi started writing the <i>Lama'at</i> ("Divine flashes"), a book which Sadr al-Din highly admired. Iraqi watched the <i><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">sama</a></i> (spiritual concert) sessions that the prominent Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> (died 1273) organized. He also reportedly attended Rumi's funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another figure who attended Rumi's sessions was <a href="/wiki/Mu%27in_al-Din_Parwana" title="Mu'in al-Din Parwana">Mu'in al-Din Parwana</a> (died 1277), an administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>. He became a follower of Iraqi and had a <i><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">khanaqah</a></i> (Sufi lodge) constructed in <a href="/wiki/Tokat" title="Tokat">Duqat</a> for him and his students.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraqi also became acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Juvayni" title="Shams al-Din Juvayni">Shams al-Din Juvayni</a> (died 1284), who served as the minister of the Ilkhanate rulers from 1262 to 1284.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the disgrace and execution of Parwana, Iraqi was accused of having hidden state property for Parwana, and thus forced to flee. With the help of Shams al-Din Juvayni, Iraqi escaped to the city of <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a>, which was ruled by Parwana's son Mu'in al-Din Muhammad, who was known for his support of Sufis. Iraqi then went to the city of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, where he stayed for some years and gained the support of its ruler, the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1279–1290</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with his son Kabir al-Din, Iraqi later went to the city of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, where he died at the age of 78. He was buried next to Ibn Arabi in the cemetery of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Salihiyah,_Damascus" title="Al-Salihiyah, Damascus">Salihiyya</a> district of Damascus, but nothing of his tomb remains today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakhr_al-Din_Iraqi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>divan</i> of Iraqi is mostly written in the form of <i>ghazals</i> and encompasses 4500 double verses. It includes twenty <i><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">qasidas</a></i> (eulogies) about religious and mystical material; a commendation of his teachers Baha al-Din Zakariyya and Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, as well as the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> (died 632); seven <a href="/wiki/Strophe" title="Strophe">strophic</a> poems regarding mystical philosophy, and around 200 <i><a href="/wiki/Ruba%CA%BFi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubaʿi">rubaʿis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Quatrains" class="mw-redirect" title="Quatrains">quatrains</a>) regarding love, spirituality, and disruptive Sufism, the latter of which is most likely mostly forgery. 300 mystical/love <i>ghazals</i> that were written during his stay in India make up the majority of his poetry. Some of the poems also show influence from philosophy of Ibn Arabi, which demonstrates that they were written after Iraqi met Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraqi's famous <i>Lama'at</i> (لمعات) is mixed prose and poetry and consists of 27, or perhaps 28 chapters, as early texts suggest that one of the chapters is two chapters, similar to Ibn Arabi's <i>Fusus al-Hikam</i> ("Bezels of wisdom"). Despite the fact that the work is based on Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi's understanding of Ibn Arabi's works, it is not just a commentary, as it combines Ibn Arabi's philosophy with Persian love-mysticism, thus making it comprehensible and welcomed by the Persians. In the introduction of the work, Iraqi says that he was encouraged by the love treatise <i>Sawanih al-ʿushshaq</i> ("Auspices of the lovers") of the prominent Persian mystic, writer, and preacher <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ghazali" title="Ahmad Ghazali">Ahmad Ghazali</a> (died 1126).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraqi has been credited with the writing of the <i>Istilahat</i> ("Technical terms"), a short book about Sufi terminology. However, it is in reality a variant of the <i>Rashf al-alhaz fi kashf al-alfaz</i> ("Taking in side-glances at the unveiling of technical terms") by another Sufi, the 14th-century writer Sharaf al-Din Husayn ibn Ulfati Tabrizi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraqi was also originally considered the author of the <i>Ushshaq-nama</i> ("Book of lovers"), also known as <i>Dah-nama</i> ("The ten [love] letters"), a <i><a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">masnavi</a></i> (poem in rhyming <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplets</a>) filled with some <i>ghazals</i>. However, the modern historian J. Baldick has argued that it was in reality written roughly thirty years later by one of his admirers, Ata'i. This suggestion has received support by other historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_assessment">Legacy and assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakhr_al-Din_Iraqi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy and assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By successfully combining two mystical schools, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-speaking Sufism of Ibn Arabi, and the Persian poetic style of Sufism, Iraqi managed to give his writings rich and expressive imagery, a feat which had a permanent impact on Iranian spirituality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraqi is highly regarded by scholars on Persian literature, such as <a href="/wiki/Saeed_Nafisi" title="Saeed Nafisi">Saeed Nafisi</a> (died 1966), who regarded his "bold exposition of love mysteries to be unparalleled in all Persian poetry."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakhr_al-Din_Iraqi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuillebois2017_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeuillebois2017">Feuillebois 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1997538–540_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChittick1997">Chittick 1997</a>, pp. 538–540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaneshgar201982-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaneshgar201982_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaneshgar2019">Daneshgar 2019</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeacock2019125-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeacock2019125_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeacock2019">Peacock 2019</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1998538_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1998">Bosworth 1998</a>, p. 538.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakhr_al-Din_Iraqi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. Edmund (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eraq-e-ajami">"ʿErāq-e ʿAjam(ī)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VIII/5: English IV–Eršād al-zerāʿa</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 538. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-054-7"><bdi>978-1-56859-054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFEr%C4%81q-e+%CA%BFAjam%28%C4%AB%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+VIII%2F5%3A+English+IV%E2%80%93Er%C5%A1%C4%81d+al-zer%C4%81%CA%BFa&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=538&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56859-054-7&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Feraq-e-ajami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFakhr+al-Din+Iraqi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChittick1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chittick, William C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/eraqi">"ʿErāqī, Faḵr-al-Dīn Ebrāhīm"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VIII/3: Education XX–Elam VI</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 538–540. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-052-3"><bdi>978-1-56859-052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFEr%C4%81q%C4%AB%2C+Fa%E1%B8%B5r-al-D%C4%ABn+Ebr%C4%81h%C4%ABm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+VIII%2F3%3A+Education+XX%E2%80%93Elam+VI&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=538-540&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56859-052-3&rft.aulast=Chittick&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Feraqi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFakhr+al-Din+Iraqi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaneshgar2019" class="citation book cs1">Daneshgar, Majid (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akK1DwAAQBAJ"><i>Studying the Qur'ān in the Muslim Academy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190067540" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190067540"><bdi>978-0190067540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Qur%27%C4%81n+in+the+Muslim+Academy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0190067540&rft.aulast=Daneshgar&rft.aufirst=Majid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakK1DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFakhr+al-Din+Iraqi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuillebois2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Feuillebois, Ève (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_32520">"ʿIrāqī, Fakhr al-Dīn"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFIr%C4%81q%C4%AB%2C+Fakhr+al-D%C4%ABn&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Feuillebois&rft.aufirst=%C3%88ve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2F%2A-COM_32520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFakhr+al-Din+Iraqi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeacock2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._C._S._Peacock" title="A. C. S. Peacock">Peacock, A. C. S.</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qCsDwAAQBAJ"><i>Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108499361" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108499361"><bdi>978-1108499361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Literature+and+Society+in+Mongol+Anatolia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1108499361&rft.aulast=Peacock&rft.aufirst=A.+C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qCsDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFakhr+al-Din+Iraqi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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