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M. Mayer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-F._M._Mayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wertheim_and_Co." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wertheim_and_Co."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Wertheim and Co. </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wertheim_and_Co.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arnhold_and_S._Bleichroeder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arnhold_and_S._Bleichroeder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arnhold_and_S._Bleichroeder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soros_Fund_Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soros_Fund_Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Soros Fund Management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soros_Fund_Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_crisis_in_the_1990s_and_2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_crisis_in_the_1990s_and_2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Economic crisis in the 1990s and 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_crisis_in_the_1990s_and_2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Société_Générale_insider_trading_conviction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Société_Générale_insider_trading_conviction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Société Générale insider trading conviction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Société_Générale_insider_trading_conviction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Political involvement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_involvement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political involvement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_and_Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_and_Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Central and Eastern Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_and_Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Diplomacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_policy_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_policy_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Drug policy reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_policy_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_dying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_dying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Death and dying </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_dying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_theories_and_threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_theories_and_threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Conspiracy theories and threats </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conspiracy_theories_and_threats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conspiracy theories and threats subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_theories_and_threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attempted_assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Attempted assassination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_economic_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_economic_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Political and economic views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_and_economic_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political and economic views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_and_economic_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reflexivity,_financial_markets,_and_economic_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflexivity,_financial_markets,_and_economic_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Reflexivity, financial markets, and economic theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflexivity,_financial_markets,_and_economic_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflexivity_in_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflexivity_in_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Reflexivity in politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflexivity_in_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-View_of_problems_in_the_free_market_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#View_of_problems_in_the_free_market_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 View of problems in the free market system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-View_of_problems_in_the_free_market_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Market_predictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_predictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Market predictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_predictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_antisemitism_and_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_antisemitism_and_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Views on antisemitism and Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_antisemitism_and_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_the_U.S." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_the_U.S."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Views on the U.S. </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_the_U.S.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Views on Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_relations_between_Europe_and_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_relations_between_Europe_and_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Views on relations between Europe and Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_relations_between_Europe_and_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Views on China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_Russia_and_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Views on Russia and Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_Russia_and_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_India_and_Narendra_Modi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_India_and_Narendra_Modi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Views on India and Narendra Modi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_India_and_Narendra_Modi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wealth_and_philanthropy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wealth_and_philanthropy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Wealth and philanthropy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wealth_and_philanthropy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Honors and awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications_and_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications_and_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Publications and scholarship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications_and_scholarship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Publications and scholarship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Publications_and_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_authored_or_co-authored" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_authored_or_co-authored"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Books authored or co-authored </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_authored_or_co-authored-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_op-eds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_op-eds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Notable op-eds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_op-eds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Journalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Scholarly perspectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">George Soros</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" > 80 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جورج سوروس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج سوروس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B3_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Ճորճ Սորոս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ճորճ Սորոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Soros" title="Corc Soros – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Corc Soros" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جرج سوروس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جرج سوروس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Сорос Джордж – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сорос Джордж" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Джордж Сорас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джордж Сорас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Джордж Сорас – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джордж Сорас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Джордж Сорос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джордж Сорос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%89%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6_%CE%A3%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τζωρτζ Σόρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζωρτζ Σόρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جرج سوروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج سوروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%89%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B8" title="જ્યૉર્જ સોરોસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જ્યૉર્જ સોરોસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EC%86%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="조지 소로스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 소로스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Ջորջ Սորոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջորջ Սորոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="जॉर्ज सोरोस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉर्ज सोरोस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ג'ורג' סורוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' סורוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್‌ ಸೊರೊಸ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್‌ ಸೊರೊಸ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ სოროსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯორჯ სოროსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Джордж Сорос – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джордж Сорос" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEs_Soross" title="Džordžs Soross – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džordžs Soross" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soros_Gy%C3%B6rgy" title="Soros György – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Soros György" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Џорџ Сорос – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џорџ Сорос" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ജോർജ് സോറോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർജ് സോറോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جورج سوروس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج سوروس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Жорж Сорос – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жорж Сорос" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျော့ချ် ဆိုးရော့စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျော့ချ် ဆိုးရော့စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9" title="ジョージ・ソロス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・ソロス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Сорос, Джордж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сорос, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhorxh_Soros" title="Xhorxh Soros – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhorxh Soros" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George Soros" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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/></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hungarian-American investor and philanthropist (born 1930)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Soros" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Soros_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Soros (disambiguation)">Soros (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">George Soros</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Fellow of the British Academy">HonFBA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Soros_-_Festival_Economia_2018_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George_Soros_-_Festival_Economia_2018_1.jpg/220px-George_Soros_-_Festival_Economia_2018_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George_Soros_-_Festival_Economia_2018_1.jpg/330px-George_Soros_-_Festival_Economia_2018_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George_Soros_-_Festival_Economia_2018_1.jpg/440px-George_Soros_-_Festival_Economia_2018_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1352" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Soros in 2018</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">György Schwartz<a href="#cite_note-bn1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-bn2-2">[2]</a></div> (1930-08-12) August 12, 1930 (age 94) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">Hungary United States<a href="#cite_note-forbes400-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BSc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MSc</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Investor</li><li>hedge fund manager</li><li>author</li><li>philanthropist</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Philanthropy</li> <li>Managing <a href="/wiki/Soros_Fund_Management" title="Soros Fund Management">Soros Fund Management</a></li> <li>Founding the <a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a></li> <li>Advising the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Fund">Quantum Fund</a></li> <li>Founding <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Annaliese Witschak</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1960; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1983)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Weber_(historian)" title="Susan Weber (historian)">Susan Weber</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1983; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 2005)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Tamiko Bolton</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 2013)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Soros" title="Robert Soros">Robert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Soros" title="Jonathan Soros">Jonathan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Soros" title="Alexander Soros">Alexander</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Soros" title="Tivadar Soros">Tivadar Soros</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Soros" title="Paul Soros">Paul Soros</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgesoros.com">www.georgesoros.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12908#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> George Soros<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Fellow of the British Academy">HonFBA</a> (born György Schwartz; August 12, 1930)<a href="#cite_note-bn1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-bn2-2">[2]</a> is a Hungarian-American<a href="#cite_note-fn1-8">[b]</a> businessman, investor, and philanthropist.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> As of October 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit">[update]</a>, he had a <a href="/wiki/Net_worth" title="Net worth">net worth</a> of US$6.7 billion,<a href="#cite_note-Forbes-2021-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-daily-12">[10]</a> having donated more than $32 billion to the <a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> of which $15 billion has already been distributed, representing 64% of his original fortune. In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> called Soros the "most generous giver" (in terms of percentage of net worth).<a href="#cite_note-Wang2020-14">[12]</a> He is a resident of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GeorgeSorosNewYorkResidence-15">[13]</a> Born in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> to a non-observant <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hungary">Jewish</a> family, Soros survived the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Margarethe">Nazi occupation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a> and moved to the United Kingdom in 1947. He studied at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> and was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BSc</a> in philosophy in 1951, and then a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> degree, also in philosophy, in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-LSE1-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Soros started his career working in British and American <a href="/wiki/Merchant_bank" title="Merchant bank">merchant banks</a>, before setting up his first <a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge fund</a>, Double Eagle, in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Profits from this fund provided the seed money for <a href="/wiki/Soros_Fund_Management" title="Soros Fund Management">Soros Fund Management</a>, his second hedge fund, in 1970. Double Eagle was renamed <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Fund">Quantum Fund</a> and was the principal firm Soros advised. At its founding, Quantum Fund had $12 million in <a href="/wiki/Assets_under_management" title="Assets under management">assets under management</a>, and as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit">[update]</a> it had $25 billion, the majority of Soros's overall net worth.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Soros is known as "The Man Who Broke the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>" as a result of his <a href="/wiki/Short_(finance)" title="Short (finance)">short sale</a> of US$10 billion worth of <a href="/wiki/Pounds_sterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds sterling">pounds sterling</a>, which made him a profit of $1 billion, during the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a> UK currency crisis.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Based on his early studies of philosophy, Soros formulated the <a href="/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">General Theory of Reflexivity</a> for <a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">capital markets</a>, to provide insights into <a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">asset bubbles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Value_investing" title="Value investing">fundamental</a>/<a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">market</a> value of securities, as well as value discrepancies used for <a href="/wiki/Short_(finance)" title="Short (finance)">shorting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">swapping</a> stocks.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Soros supports <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> political causes, to which he dispenses donations through the <a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> Between 1979 and 2011, he donated more than $11 billion to various philanthropic causes;<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> by 2017, his donations "on civil initiatives to reduce poverty and increase transparency, and on scholarships and universities around the world" totaled $12 billion.<a href="#cite_note-posters-26">[24]</a> He influenced the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Communism">fall of communism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> in the late 1980s and early 1990s,<a href="#cite_note-murphy-27">[25]</a> and provided one of Europe's largest higher education <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowments</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a> in his Hungarian hometown.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> Soros's extensive funding of political causes has made him a "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bug-a-boo" class="extiw" title="wikt:bug-a-boo">bugaboo</a> of European <a href="/wiki/Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalists">nationalists</a>".<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> Numerous <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> theorists have promoted claims that characterize Soros as a dangerous "puppet master" behind alleged global plots.<a href="#cite_note-NYT20181031-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Criticisms of Soros, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic conspiracy theories">who is of Jewish descent</a>, have often been called <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fisher-35">[33]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that "<a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories about him</a> have gone mainstream, to nearly every corner of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>".<a href="#cite_note-NYT20181031-30">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> György Schwartz was born on 12 August 1930 in Budapest in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> to a prosperous non-observant Jewish family, who, like many upper-middle class Hungarian Jews at the time, were uncomfortable with their roots. Soros has wryly described his home as a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> home.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> The family of his mother Erzsébet (also known as Elizabeth) operated a successful <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> store.<a href="#cite_note-:0-37">[35]</a> His father <a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Soros" title="Tivadar Soros">Tivadar</a> (also known as Teodoro Ŝvarc) was a lawyer and a well-known <a href="/wiki/List_of_Esperanto-language_writers" title="List of Esperanto-language writers">Esperanto author</a> who edited the Esperanto literary magazine <a href="/wiki/Literatura_Mondo" title="Literatura Mondo">Literatura Mondo</a> and raised his son to speak the language.<a href="#cite_note-:0-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Tivadar had also been a prisoner of war during and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> until he escaped from Russia and rejoined his family in Budapest.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewP-40">[38]</a> His parents married in 1924. In 1936, Soros's family changed their name from the German-Jewish "Schwartz" to "Soros", as protective camouflage in increasingly antisemitic Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Tivadar liked the new name because it is a <a href="/wiki/Palindrome" title="Palindrome">palindrome</a> and because of its meaning. In Hungarian, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soros#Hungarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:soros">soros</a> means "next"; in <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> it means "will soar".<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Soros was 13 years old in March 1944 when <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Hungary_(1944)" title="German invasion of Hungary (1944)">occupied Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> The Nazis barred Jewish children from attending school, and Soros and the other schoolchildren were made to report to the <a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Jewish_councils_in_Hungary" title="Jewish councils in Hungary">Jewish Council</a>"), which had been established during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Margarethe">occupation</a>. Soros later described this time to writer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lewis" title="Michael Lewis">Michael Lewis</a>: <blockquote> The Jewish Council asked the little kids to hand out the deportation notices. I was told to go to the Jewish Council. And there I was given these small slips of paper ... I took this piece of paper to my father. He instantly recognized it. This was a list of Hungarian Jewish lawyers. He said, "You deliver the slips of paper and tell the people that if they report they will be deported". I'm not sure to what extent he knew they were going to be gassed. I did what my father said.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> </blockquote> Soros did not return to that job; his family survived the war by purchasing documents to say that they were Christians.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Later that year at age 14, Soros posed as the Christian godson of an official of the collaborationist Hungarian government's Ministry of Agriculture, who himself had a Jewish wife in hiding. On one occasion, rather than leave the 14-year-old alone, the official took Soros with him while completing an inventory of a Jewish family's confiscated estate. Tivadar saved not only his immediate family, but also many other Hungarian Jews, and Soros later wrote that 1944 had been "the happiest [year] of his life", for it had given him the opportunity to witness his father's heroism.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> In 1945, Soros survived the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Siege of Budapest</a>, in which Soviet and German forces fought house-to-house through the city. George and his mother also spent some time hiding with the family of <a href="/wiki/Elza_Brandeisz" title="Elza Brandeisz">Elza Brandeisz</a> and even attended their Lutheran church with them.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> When he was 17, Soros relocated to Paris before eventually moving to England.<a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[51]</a> There he became a student at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> While a student of the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>, Soros worked as a railway porter and as a waiter, and once received £40 from a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> charity.<a href="#cite_note-NPR090409-55">[53]</a> Soros would sometimes stand at <a href="/wiki/Speakers%27_Corner" title="Speakers' Corner">Speakers' Corner</a> lecturing about the virtues of <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, which he had learned from his father.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Soros obtained his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> in philosophy in 1951 and a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> in philosophy in 1954 from the London School of Economics.<a href="#cite_note-LSE1-16">[14]</a> After graduating, he wanted to stay in the university and work as a professor, but his grades were not high enough, prompting him to work for an investment firm in London.<a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investment_career">Investment career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_business_experience">Early business experience</h3></div> In a discussion at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_World_Affairs_Council" title="Los Angeles World Affairs Council">Los Angeles World Affairs Council</a> in 2006, Alvin Shuster, former foreign editor of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, asked Soros, "How does one go from an immigrant to a financier? ... When did you realize that you knew how to make money?". Soros replied, "Well, I had a variety of jobs and I ended up selling fancy goods on the seaside, souvenir shops, and I thought, that's really not what I was cut out to do. So, I wrote to every managing director in every <a href="/wiki/Merchant_bank" title="Merchant bank">merchant bank</a> in London, got just one or two replies, and eventually that's how I got a job in a merchant bank."<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singer_and_Friedlander">Singer and Friedlander</h3></div> In 1954, Soros began his financial career at the merchant bank <a href="/wiki/Kaupthing_Singer_%26_Friedlander#Singer_&_Friedlander" title="Kaupthing Singer & Friedlander">Singer & Friedlander</a> of London. He worked as a clerk and later moved to the <a href="/wiki/Arbitrage" title="Arbitrage">arbitrage</a> department. A fellow employee, Robert Mayer, suggested he apply at his father's brokerage house, F.M. Mayer of New York.<a href="#cite_note-auto-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="F._M._Mayer">F. M. Mayer</h3></div> In 1956, Soros moved to New York City, where he worked as an arbitrage <a href="/wiki/Trader_(finance)" title="Trader (finance)">trader</a> for F. M. Mayer (1956–59). He specialized in European stocks, which were becoming popular with U.S. institutional investors following the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Coal_and_Steel_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal and Steel Community">Coal and Steel Community</a>, which later became the <a href="/wiki/Common_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Market">Common Market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wertheim_and_Co.">Wertheim and Co.</h3></div> In 1959, after three years at F. M. Mayer, Soros moved to <a href="/wiki/Wertheim_%26_Co." title="Wertheim & Co.">Wertheim & Co.</a> He planned to stay for five years, enough time to save $500,000, after which he intended to return to England to study philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> He worked as an analyst of European securities until 1963. During this period, Soros developed the theory of <a href="/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">reflexivity</a> to extend the ideas of his tutor at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Reflexivity posits that market values are often driven by the fallible ideas of participants, not only by the economic fundamentals of the situation. Ideas and events influence each other in reflexive feedback loops. Soros argued that this process leads to markets having procyclical "virtuous" or "vicious" cycles of boom and bust, in contrast to the equilibrium predictions of more standard neoclassical economics.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-A-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arnhold_and_S._Bleichroeder">Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder</h3></div> From 1963 to 1973, Soros's experience as a vice president at <a href="/wiki/Arnhold_and_S._Bleichroeder" title="Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder">Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder</a> resulted in little enthusiasm for the job; business was slack following the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Interest_Equalization_Tax" title="Interest Equalization Tax">Interest Equalization Tax</a>, which undermined the viability of Soros's European trading. He spent the years from 1963 to 1966 with his main focus on the revision of his philosophy dissertation. In 1966, he started a fund with $100,000 of the firm's money to experiment with his trading strategies. In 1969, Soros set up the Double Eagle <a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge fund</a> with $4m of investors' capital including $250,000 of his own money.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> It was based in <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Dutch Antilles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Double Eagle itself was an offshoot of Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder's First Eagle fund established by Soros and that firm's chairman <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnhold" title="Henry H. Arnhold">Henry H. Arnhold</a> in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> In 1973, the Double Eagle Fund had $12 million and formed the basis of the Soros Fund. George Soros and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Rogers" title="Jim Rogers">Jim Rogers</a> received returns on their share of capital and 20 percent of the profits each year.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soros_Fund_Management">Soros Fund Management</h3></div> In 1970, Soros founded <a href="/wiki/Soros_Fund_Management" title="Soros Fund Management">Soros Fund Management</a> and became its chairman. Among those who held senior positions there at various times were Jim Rogers, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Druckenmiller" title="Stanley Druckenmiller">Stanley Druckenmiller</a>, Mark Schwartz, Keith Anderson, and Soros's two sons.<a href="#cite_note-georgesoros.com-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-GuruFocus.com-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> In 1973, due to perceived conflicts of interest limiting his ability to run the two funds, Soros resigned from the management of the Double Eagle Fund. He then established the Soros Fund and gave investors in the Double Eagle Fund the option of transferring to that or staying with Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder. It was later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Fund">Quantum Fund</a>, after the physical theory of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>. By that time the value of the fund had grown to $12m, only a small proportion of which was Soros's own money. He and Jim Rogers reinvested their returns from the fund, and also a large part of their 20% performance fees, thereby expanding their stake.<a href="#cite_note-auto-58">[56]</a> By 1981, the fund had grown to $400m, and then a 22% loss in that year and substantial redemptions by some of the investors reduced it to $200m.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> In July 2011, Soros announced that he had returned funds from outside investors' money (valued at $1 billion) and instead invested funds from his $24.5 billion family fortune, due to changes in <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> disclosure rules, which he felt would compromise his duties of confidentiality to his investors. The fund had at that time averaged over 20% per year compound returns.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian711-72">[70]</a> In 2013, the Quantum Fund made $5.5 billion, making it again the most successful hedge fund in history. Since its inception in 1973, the fund has generated $40 billion.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The fund announced in 2015 that it would inject $300 million to help finance the expansion of Fen Hotels, an Argentine hotel company. The funds will develop 5,000 rooms over the next three years throughout various Latin American countries.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_crisis_in_the_1990s_and_2000s">Economic crisis in the 1990s and 2000s</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Soros_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/George_Soros_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2011.jpg/220px-George_Soros_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/George_Soros_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2011.jpg/330px-George_Soros_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/George_Soros_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2011.jpg/440px-George_Soros_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4006" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>Soros during a session on redesigning the international monetary system at the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> Annual Meeting 2011</figcaption></figure> Soros had been building a huge <a href="/wiki/Short_(finance)#Currency" title="Short (finance)">short position</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pounds_sterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds sterling">pounds sterling</a> for months leading up to the Black Wednesday of September 1992. Soros had recognized the unfavorable position of the United Kingdom in the <a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">European Exchange Rate Mechanism</a>. For Soros, the rate at which the United Kingdom was brought into the European Exchange Rate Mechanism was too high, their inflation was also much too high (triple the German rate), and British interest rates were hurting their asset prices.<a href="#cite_note-amazon1-75">[73]</a> By September 16, 1992, the day of Black Wednesday, Soros's fund had <a href="/wiki/Short_(finance)" title="Short (finance)">sold short</a> more than $10 billion in <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a>,<a href="#cite_note-georgesoros.com-68">[66]</a> profiting from the UK government's reluctance to either raise its interest rates to levels comparable to those of other <a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">European Exchange Rate Mechanism</a> countries or <a href="/wiki/Floating_exchange_rate" title="Floating exchange rate">float</a> its currency. Finally, the UK withdrew from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluing</a> the pound. Soros's profit on the bet was estimated at over $1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> He was dubbed "the man who <a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_bank" title="Breaking the bank">broke the Bank</a> of England".<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> The estimated cost of Black Wednesday to the <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">UK Treasury</a> was £3.4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-telly-78">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Druckenmiller" title="Stanley Druckenmiller">Stanley Druckenmiller</a>, who traded under Soros, originally saw the weakness in the pound and stated: "[Soros's] contribution was pushing him to take a gigantic position".<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> On October 26, 1992, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> quoted Soros as saying: "Our total <a href="/wiki/Position_(finance)" title="Position (finance)">position</a> by Black Wednesday had to be worth almost $10 billion. We planned to sell more than that. In fact, when <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lamont" title="Norman Lamont">Norman Lamont</a> said just before the <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation</a> that he would borrow nearly $15 billion to defend sterling, we were amused because that was about how much we wanted to sell." Soros was believed to have traded billions of <a href="/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">Finnish markkas</a> on February 5, 1996, in anticipation of selling them short. The markka had been put floating as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_depression_in_Finland" title="Early 1990s depression in Finland">early 1990s depression</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Bank of Finland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Government" title="Finnish Government">Finnish Government</a> commented at the time they believed that a "conspiracy" was impossible.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>, the prime minister of Malaysia, <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a>, accused Soros of using the wealth under his control to punish the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a> for welcoming <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> as a member. With a history of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> remarks, Mahathir made specific reference to Soros's Jewish background ("It is a Jew who triggered the currency plunge")<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> and implied Soros was orchestrating the crash as part of a larger Jewish conspiracy. Nine years later, in 2006, Mahathir met with Soros and afterward stated that he accepted that Soros had not been responsible for the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> In 1998's The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered, Soros explained his role in the crisis as follows: <blockquote>The financial crisis that originated in Thailand in 1997 was particularly unnerving because of its scope and severity ... By the beginning of 1997, it was clear to Soros Fund Management that the discrepancy between the trade account and the capital account was becoming untenable. We sold short the Thai baht and the Malaysian ringgit early in 1997 with maturities ranging from six months to a year. (That is, we entered into contracts to deliver at future dates Thai baht and Malaysian ringgit that we did not currently hold.) Subsequently, Prime Minister Mahathir of Malaysia accused me of causing the crisis, a wholly unfounded accusation. We were not sellers of the currency during or several months before the crisis; on the contrary, we were buyers when the currencies began to decline—we were purchasing ringgits to realize the profits on our earlier speculation. (Much too soon, as it turned out. We left most of the potential gain on the table because we were afraid that Mahathir would impose capital controls. He did so, but much later.)<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a></blockquote> In 1999, economist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a> was critical of Soros's effect on financial markets: <blockquote>[N]obody who has read a business magazine in the last few years can be unaware that these days there really are investors who not only move money in anticipation of a currency crisis, but actually do their best to trigger that crisis for fun and profit. These new actors on the scene do not yet have a standard name; my proposed term is "Soroi".<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a></blockquote> In an interview concerning the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">late-2000s recession</a>, Soros referred to it as the most serious crisis since the 1930s. According to Soros, <a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">market fundamentalism</a> with its assumption that markets will correct themselves with no need for government intervention in financial affairs has been "some kind of an <a href="/wiki/Ideological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideological">ideological</a> excess". In Soros's view, the markets' moods—a "mood" of the markets being a prevailing bias or optimism/pessimism with which the markets look at reality—"actually can reinforce themselves so that there are these initially self-reinforcing but eventually unsustainable and self-defeating boom/bust sequences or bubbles".<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> In reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_New_Economic_Thinking" title="Institute for New Economic Thinking">Institute for New Economic Thinking</a> in October 2009. This is a think tank composed of international economic, business, and financial experts, who are mandated to investigate radical new approaches to organizing the international economic and financial system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Société_Générale_insider_trading_conviction">Société Générale insider trading conviction</h4></div> In 1988, Soros was contacted by a French financier named Georges Pébereau, who asked him to participate in an effort to assemble a group of investors to purchase a large number of shares in <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Société Générale">Société Générale</a>, a leading French bank that was part of a privatization program (something instituted by the new government under <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>).<a href="#cite_note-saltmarsh-87">[85]</a> Soros eventually decided against participating in the group effort, opting to personally move forward with his strategy of accumulating shares in four French companies: Société Générale, as well as Suez, Paribas, and the <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent#History" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Compagnie Générale d'Électricité</a>. In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_des_march%C3%A9s_financiers_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autorité des marchés financiers (France)">Commission des Opérations de Bourse</a> (COB, the French stock exchange regulatory authority) conducted an investigation of whether Soros's transaction in Société Générale should be considered <a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">insider trading</a>. Soros had received no information from the Société Générale and had no insider knowledge of the business, but he did possess knowledge that a group of investors was planning a takeover attempt. Initial investigations found Soros innocent, and no charges were brought forward.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> However, the case was reopened a few years later, and the French Supreme Court confirmed the conviction on June 14, 2006,<a href="#cite_note-IHT20060614-89">[87]</a> although it reduced the penalty to €940,000.<a href="#cite_note-IHT20060614-89">[87]</a> Soros denied any wrongdoing, saying news of the takeover was public knowledge<a href="#cite_note-PBS-90">[88]</a> and it was documented that his intent to acquire shares of the company predated his own awareness of the takeover.<a href="#cite_note-IHT20060614-89">[87]</a> In December 2006, he appealed to the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> on various grounds, including that the 14-year delay in bringing the case to trial precluded a fair hearing.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> On the basis of <a href="/wiki/Article_7_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights">Article 7</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, stating that no person may be punished for an act that was not a criminal offense at the time that it was committed, the court agreed to hear the appeal.<a href="#cite_note-saltmarsh-87">[85]</a> In October 2011, the court rejected his appeal in a 4–3 decision, saying that Soros had been aware of the risk of breaking insider trading laws.<a href="#cite_note-insider-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_involvement">Political involvement</h2></div> Until the 2004 presidential election, Soros had not been a large donor to U.S. political campaigns. According to <a href="/wiki/OpenSecrets" title="OpenSecrets">OpenSecrets</a>, during the 2003–2004 election cycle, Soros donated $23,581,000 to various <a href="/wiki/527_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="527 Group">527 Groups</a> (tax-exempt groups under the United States tax code, 26 U.S.C. § 527). The groups aimed to defeat President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. After Bush's reelection, Soros and other donors backed a new political fundraising group called <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Alliance" title="Democracy Alliance">Democracy Alliance</a>, which supports progressive causes and the formation of a stronger progressive infrastructure in America.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> In August 2009, Soros donated $35 million to the state of New York to be earmarked for underprivileged children and given to parents who had benefit cards at the rate of $200 per child aged 3 through 17, with no limit as to the number of children that qualified. An additional $140 million was put into the fund by the state of New York from money they had received from the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">2009 federal recovery act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPR090409-55">[53]</a> Soros was an initial donor to the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a>, and he continues to support the organization through the Open Society Foundations. In October 2011, a <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> story, "Soros: not a funder of <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Wall Street Protests</a>", was published after several commentators pointed out errors in an earlier Reuters story headlined "Who's Behind the Wall St. Protests?" with a lead stating that the <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a> movement "may have benefited indirectly from the largesse of one of the world's richest men [Soros]". Reuters's follow-up article also reported a Soros spokesman and <a href="/wiki/Adbusters" title="Adbusters">Adbusters</a>' co-founder <a href="/wiki/Kalle_Lasn" title="Kalle Lasn">Kalle Lasn</a> both saying that Adbusters—the reputed catalyst for the first Occupy Wall Street protests—had never received any contributions from Soros, contrary to Reuters's earlier story that reported that "indirect financial links" existed between the two as late as 2010.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> On September 27, 2012, Soros announced that he was donating $1 million to the <a href="/wiki/Super_PAC" title="Super PAC">super PAC</a> backing <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">President Barack Obama</a>'s reelection <a href="/wiki/Priorities_USA_Action" title="Priorities USA Action">Priorities USA Action</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> In October 2013, Soros donated $25,000 to <a href="/wiki/Ready_for_Hillary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ready for Hillary">Ready for Hillary</a>, becoming a co-chairman of the super PAC's national finance committee.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> In June 2015, he donated $1 million to the Super PAC <a href="/wiki/Priorities_USA_Action" title="Priorities USA Action">Priorities USA Action</a>, which supported <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential race</a>. He donated $6 million to the PAC in December 2015 and $2.5 million in August 2016.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Soros launched a new super PAC called Democracy PAC for the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_elections" title="2020 United States elections">2020 election cycle</a>. By July 2019, he had donated $5.1 million to it.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Since 2016, Soros has been donating sums exceeding $1 million to the campaigns of progressive <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Criminal justice reform in the United States">criminal justice reform</a> proponents through the Safety and Justice PAC in local <a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">district attorney</a> elections. In many districts, such large contributions were unprecedented and the campaigning strategy was "turned on its head" with a focus on incarceration, <a href="/wiki/Police_misconduct" title="Police misconduct">police misconduct</a> and bail system, according to the Los Angeles Times.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Krasner" title="Larry Krasner">Larry Krasner</a> was elected as the <a href="/wiki/District_Attorney_of_Philadelphia" title="District Attorney of Philadelphia">District Attorney of Philadelphia</a> with the help of a $1.5 million ad campaign funded by Soros in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Soros was the largest donor supporting the campaign of <a href="/wiki/George_Gasc%C3%B3n" title="George Gascón">George Gascón</a> for <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_District_Attorney" title="Los Angeles County District Attorney">Los Angeles County District Attorney</a> in 2020, contributing $2.25 million to superPACs in Gascón's favor.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Soros gave $2 million to a PAC supporting <a href="/wiki/Kim_Foxx" title="Kim Foxx">Kim Foxx</a>'s campaign for <a href="/wiki/Cook_County_State%27s_Attorney" title="Cook County State's Attorney">Cook County State's Attorney</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> In the second quarter of 2020, Soros gave at least $500,000 to presumptive Democratic presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, becoming one of the campaign's largest donors.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_elections" title="2022 United States elections">2022 United States elections</a>, Soros was the country's largest donor. He donated $128.5 million to support the Democratic Party in the election cycle.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_and_Eastern_Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Soros_demonstrations_(Tbilisi_Sep_28,_2005).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Anti-Soros_demonstrations_%28Tbilisi_Sep_28%2C_2005%29.jpg/200px-Anti-Soros_demonstrations_%28Tbilisi_Sep_28%2C_2005%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Anti-Soros_demonstrations_%28Tbilisi_Sep_28%2C_2005%29.jpg/300px-Anti-Soros_demonstrations_%28Tbilisi_Sep_28%2C_2005%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Anti-Soros_demonstrations_%28Tbilisi_Sep_28%2C_2005%29.jpg/400px-Anti-Soros_demonstrations_%28Tbilisi_Sep_28%2C_2005%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Protesters in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> with flag of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a> blocking the way from the Open Society Institute office, 2005</figcaption></figure> According to Waldemar A. Nielsen, an authority on American philanthropy,<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> "[Soros] has undertaken... nothing less than to open up the once-closed communist societies of Eastern Europe to a free flow of ideas and scientific knowledge from the outside world".<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> From 1979, as an advocate of '<a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">open societies</a>', Soros financially supported dissidents including Poland's <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> movement, <a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Charter 77</a> in Czechoslovakia and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GSb-109">[107]</a> In 1984, he founded his first Open Society Institute in Hungary with a budget of $3 million.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Soros's funding has played an important role in the newly independent countries. A 2017 study found that a grant program by George Soros which awarded funding to over 28,000 scientists in the former Soviet republics shortly after the end of the Soviet Union "more than doubled publications on the margin, significantly induced scientists to remain in the science sector, and had long-lasting [beneficial] impacts".<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> His funding of pro-democratic programs in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> was considered by Georgian nationalists to be crucial to the success of the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a>, although Soros has said that his role has been "greatly exaggerated".<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lomaia" title="Alexander Lomaia">Alexander Lomaia</a>, secretary of the Georgian Security Council and former Minister of Education and Science, is a former executive director of the Open Society Georgia Foundation (<a href="/wiki/Soros_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soros Foundation">Soros Foundation</a>), overseeing a staff of 50 and a budget of $2.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Former Georgian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salomé Zourabichvili</a> wrote that institutions like the Soros Foundation were the cradle of democratization and that all the NGOs that gravitated around the Soros Foundation undeniably carried the revolution. She opines that after the revolution the Soros Foundation and the NGOs were integrated into power.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> Some Soros-backed pro-democracy initiatives have been banned in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Ercis Kurtulus, head of the Social Transparency Movement Association (TSHD) in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, said in an interview 2006 that "Soros carried out his will in Ukraine and Georgia by using these NGOs ... Last year Russia passed a special law prohibiting NGOs from taking money from foreigners. I think this should be banned in Turkey as well."<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> In 1997, Soros closed his foundation in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> after it was fined $3 million by the government for "tax and currency violations". According to The New York Times 1997, the Belarusian president <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a> has been widely criticized in the West and in Russia for his efforts to control the Belarus Soros Foundation and other independent NGOs and to suppress civil and human rights. Soros called the fines part of a campaign to "destroy independent society".<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> In June 2009, Soros donated $100 million to Central Europe and Eastern Europe to counter the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> on the poor, voluntary groups and non-government organisations.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Since 2012, the Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Third_Orb%C3%A1n_Government" title="Third Orbán Government">Fidesz government</a> has labelled George Soros as an <a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_state" title="Enemy of the state">enemy of the state</a>. The government has disagreed with Soros's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a>. The government has attacked <a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">OSF</a>, the international civil support foundation created by George Soros, and tried to revoke the licence of <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University#Amendment_to_Act_CCIV_of_2011_on_National_Higher_Education_in_the_Hungarian_Parliament_(2017)" title="Central European University">Central European University</a> (Budapest) (which failed mostly due to significant public outrage).<a href="#cite_note-istandwithceu-119">[117]</a> In response, Soros called the government "a mafia state".<a href="#cite_note-mafia-120">[118]</a> As the 2018 election period started, the government introduced public posters with a photo of Soros<a href="#cite_note-poster1-121">[119]</a> to create hostility in the general public towards him, using statements such as "Soros wants millions of migrants to live in Hungary", and "Soros wants to dismantle the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_border_barrier" title="Hungarian border barrier">border fence</a>". The government also prepared a three-part law plan called the "Stop Soros package" (which followed other various law changes<a href="#cite_note-Ktsztv-122">[120]</a> in the same year, hindering the workings of several international NGOs in Hungary), which would include various steps against NGOs doing volunteer work related to the refugee crisis. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti_George_Soros_sentiment_graffiti_in_Resen_Macedonia_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anti_George_Soros_sentiment_graffiti_in_Resen_Macedonia_2018.jpg/220px-Anti_George_Soros_sentiment_graffiti_in_Resen_Macedonia_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anti_George_Soros_sentiment_graffiti_in_Resen_Macedonia_2018.jpg/330px-Anti_George_Soros_sentiment_graffiti_in_Resen_Macedonia_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anti_George_Soros_sentiment_graffiti_in_Resen_Macedonia_2018.jpg/440px-Anti_George_Soros_sentiment_graffiti_in_Resen_Macedonia_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Anti-Soros sentiment graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Resen,_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Resen, Macedonia">Resen, Macedonia</a>, 2018. It reads: #Stop Soros #I will profit.</figcaption></figure> In March 2017, six US senators sent a letter to then secretary of state <a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> asking that he look into several grants the State Department and the US Agency for International Development (USAID) have given to groups funded by "left-wing" Soros. In the same context, the conservative group <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">Judicial Watch</a> has filed a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> (FOIA) lawsuit against the U.S. Department of State and USAID compelling them to release records regarding $5 million transferred from USAID to Soros's Open Society branch in Macedonia. The suit alleges that the money was deliberately used to destabilize the Macedonian government.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> The Open Society Foundation has said its activities in Macedonia were aimed at ethnic reconciliation with the Albanian minority and other forms of assistance since the collapse of Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> In January 2017, the "Stop Operation Soros" (SOS) initiative was launched in Macedonia. SOS seeks to present "questions and answers about the way Soros operates worldwide" and invites citizens to contribute to the research. In a press conference held during the same month, Nenad Mircevski, one of the founders of the initiative, stated that SOS would work towards the "de-Soros-ization" of Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> On May 16, 2018, Soros's Open Society Foundations announced they would move its office from Budapest to Berlin, blaming the move on an "increasingly repressive" environment in Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Initiative_for_Southern_Africa" title="Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa">Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa</a> is a Soros-affiliated organization.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</h3></div> In November 2005, Soros said: "My personal opinion is there's no alternative but to give <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">Kosovo independence</a>".<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Soros has helped fund the non-profit group <a href="/wiki/Independent_Diplomat" title="Independent Diplomat">Independent Diplomat</a>, established by the former British diplomat <a href="/wiki/Carne_Ross" title="Carne Ross">Carne Ross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-diplomat-132">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_policy_reform">Drug policy reform</h3></div> Soros has funded worldwide efforts to promote <a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">drug policy reform</a>. In 2008, Soros donated $400,000 to help fund a successful ballot measure in Massachusetts known as the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Sensible_Marijuana_Policy_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Sensible Marijuana Policy Initiative">Massachusetts Sensible Marijuana Policy Initiative</a> which decriminalized possession of less than 1 oz (28 g) of marijuana in the state. Soros has also funded similar measures in California, Alaska, Oregon, Washington, Colorado, Nevada and Maine.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Among the drug decriminalization groups that have received funding from Soros are the <a href="/wiki/Lindesmith_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindesmith Center">Lindesmith Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug Policy Foundation">Drug Policy Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Soros donated $1.4 million to publicity efforts to support California's <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_5_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 5 (2008)">Proposition 5</a> in 2008, a failed ballot measure that would have expanded <a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">drug rehabilitation</a> programs as alternatives to prison for persons convicted of non-violent drug-related offenses.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> In October 2010, Soros donated $1 million to support California's <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_19_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 19 (2010)">Proposition 19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> According to remarks in an interview in October 2009, it is Soros's opinion that marijuana is less addictive[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">compared to?</a>] but not appropriate for use by children and students. He himself has not used marijuana for years.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Soros has been a major financier of the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a> – an organization that promotes cannabis legalization – with roughly $5 million in annual contributions from one of his foundations.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_dying">Death and dying</h3></div> The Project on Death in America, active from 1994 to 2003,<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> was one of the Open Society Institute's projects, which sought to "understand and transform the culture and experience of dying and bereavement".<a href="#cite_note-projectondeath-140">[138]</a> In 1994, Soros delivered a speech in which he reported that he had offered to help his mother, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">right-to-die</a> advocacy organization <a href="/wiki/Hemlock_Society" title="Hemlock Society">Hemlock Society</a>, commit suicide.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> In the same speech, he also endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Death_with_Dignity_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon Death with Dignity Act">Oregon Death with Dignity Act</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> proceeding to help fund its advertising campaign.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conspiracy_theories_and_threats">Conspiracy theories and threats</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">George Soros conspiracy theories</a></div> Because of his Jewish identity, wealth, and philanthropy, Soros has been described as "the perfect code word" for conspiracy theories that unite <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>. One prominent Soros-related conspiracy theory is that he is behind the <a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a> or importing migrants to European countries. The Hungarian government spent millions of dollars on a poster campaign demonizing Soros. According to anthropologist Ivan Kalmar, "Many of his most outspoken enemies inside and outside Hungary saw him as leading an international cabal that included other Jews such as the Rothschilds, as well as Freemasons and Illuminati".<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_assassination">Attempted assassination</h3></div> A <a href="/wiki/Pipe_bomb" title="Pipe bomb">pipe bomb</a> was placed in the mailbox at Soros's home in <a href="/wiki/Katonah,_New_York" title="Katonah, New York">Katonah, New York</a>, on October 22, 2018, as part of the <a href="/wiki/October_2018_United_States_mail_bombing_attempts" title="October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts">October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts</a>. The package was discovered by a caretaker,<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> who removed it and notified authorities. It was photographed and exploded by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>, which launched an investigation.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> For several days afterward, similar bombs were mailed to <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, and other Democrats and liberals.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> On October 26, 2018, <a href="/wiki/October_2018_United_States_mail_bombing_attempts#Perpetrator" title="October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts">Cesar Sayoc Jr.</a> was arrested in <a href="/wiki/Aventura,_Florida" title="Aventura, Florida">Aventura, Florida</a>, on suspicion of mailing the bombs.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> In August 2019, Sayoc was sentenced to 20 years in prison for mailing 16 pipe bombs to 13 victims. None of the devices exploded.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_and_economic_views">Political and economic views</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflexivity,_financial_markets,_and_economic_theory">Reflexivity, financial markets, and economic theory</h3></div> Soros's writings focus heavily on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">reflexivity</a>, where the biases of individuals enter into market transactions, potentially changing the fundamentals of the economy. Soros argues that different principles apply in markets depending on whether they are in a "near to equilibrium" or a "far from equilibrium" state. He argues that, when markets are rising or falling rapidly, they are typically marked by disequilibrium rather than equilibrium, and that the conventional economic theory of the market (the "<a href="/wiki/Efficient_market_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Efficient market hypothesis">efficient market hypothesis</a>") does not apply in these situations. Soros has popularized the concepts of dynamic disequilibrium, static disequilibrium, and near-equilibrium conditions.<a href="#cite_note-A-63">[61]</a> He has stated that his own financial success has been attributable to the edge accorded by his understanding of the action of the reflexive effect. Reflexivity is based on three main ideas:<a href="#cite_note-A-63">[61]</a> <ul><li>Reflexivity is best observed under special conditions where investor bias grows and spreads throughout the investment arena. Examples of factors that may give rise to this bias include (a) equity leveraging or (b) the <a href="/wiki/Trend_following" title="Trend following">trend-following</a> habits of speculators.</li> <li>Reflexivity appears intermittently since it is most likely to be revealed under certain conditions; i.e., the character of the equilibrium process is best considered in terms of probabilities.</li> <li>Investors' observation of and participation in the capital markets may at times influence valuations and fundamental conditions or outcomes.</li></ul> A recent example (circa 2008) of reflexivity in modern financial markets is that of the debt and equity of housing markets.<a href="#cite_note-A-63">[61]</a> Lenders began to make more money available to more people in the 1990s to buy houses. More people bought houses with this larger amount of money, thus increasing the prices of these houses. Lenders looked at their balance sheets, which not only showed that they had made more loans, but that the collaterals backing the loans – the value of the houses – had gone up (because more money was chasing the same amount of housing, relatively). Thus they lent out more money because their balance sheets looked good, and prices rose higher still. This was further amplified by public policy. In the US, home loans were guaranteed by the Federal government. Many national governments saw home ownership as a positive outcome and so introduced grants for first-time home buyers and other financial subsidies, such as the exemption of a primary residence from capital gains taxation. These further encouraged house purchases, leading to further price rises and further relaxation of lending standards. The concept of reflexivity attempts to explain why markets moving from one equilibrium state to another tend to overshoot or undershoot. Soros's theories were originally dismissed by economists,<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> but have received more attention after the 2008 crash including becoming the focus of an issue of the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Methodology" title="Journal of Economic Methodology">Journal of Economic Methodology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> The notion of reflexivity provides an explanation of the theories of <a href="/wiki/Complexity_economics" title="Complexity economics">complexity economics</a>, as developed at the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Institute" title="Santa Fe Institute">Santa Fe Institute</a>, although Soros had not publicized his views at the time the discipline was originally developed there in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflexivity_in_politics">Reflexivity in politics</h3></div> Although the primary manifestation of the reflexive process that Soros discusses is its effects in the financial markets, he has also explored its effects in politics. He has stated that whereas the greatest threats to the "<a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">open society</a>" in the past were from communism and fascism (as discussed in <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> by his mentor <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>), the largest current threat is from <a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">market fundamentalism</a>. He has suggested that the contemporary domination of world politics and world trade by the United States is a reflexive phenomenon, insofar as the success of military and financial coercion feeds back to encourage increasingly intense applications of the same policies to the point where they will eventually become unsustainable.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="View_of_problems_in_the_free_market_system">View of problems in the free market system</h3></div> Soros argues that the current system of financial speculation undermines healthy economic development in many underdeveloped countries. He blames many of the world's problems on the failures inherent in what he characterizes as <a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">market fundamentalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Market_predictions">Market predictions</h4></div> Soros's book The New Paradigm for Financial Markets (May 2008), described a "superbubble" that had built up over the past 25 years and was ready to collapse. This was the third in a series of books he has written that have predicted disaster. As he states: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I have a record of crying wolf ... I did it first in The Alchemy of Finance (in 1987), then in The Crisis of Global Capitalism (in 1998), and now in this book. So it's three books predicting disaster. [After] the boy cried wolf three times ... the wolf really came.<a href="#cite_note-predict-159">[157]</a></blockquote> He ascribes his own success to being able to recognize when his predictions are wrong: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I'm only rich because I know when I'm wrong ... I basically have survived by recognizing my mistakes. I very often used to get backaches due to the fact that I was wrong. Whenever you are wrong you have to fight or [take] flight. When [I] make the decision, the backache goes away.<a href="#cite_note-predict-159">[157]</a></blockquote> In February 2009, Soros said the world financial system had in effect disintegrated, adding that there was no prospect of a near-term resolution to the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> "We witnessed the collapse of the financial system ... It was placed on life support, and it's still on life support. There's no sign that we are anywhere near a bottom." In January 2016, at an economic forum in Sri Lanka, Soros predicted a <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">financial crisis</a> akin to the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a> based on the state of the global currency, stock and commodity markets as well as the sinking <a href="/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">Chinese yuan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_antisemitism_and_Israel">Views on antisemitism and Israel</h3></div> When asked what he thought about <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, in The New Yorker, Soros replied: "I don't deny Jews the right to a national existence – but I don't want to be a part of it".<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> According to hacked emails released in 2016, Soros's Open Society Foundation has a self-described objective of "challenging Israel's racist and anti-democratic policies" in international forums, in part by questioning Israel's reputation as a democracy.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> He has funded NGOs which have been actively critical of Israeli policies<a href="#cite_note-auto2-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> including groups that campaign for the <a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a> movement against Israel.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-165">[163]</a> Speaking before a 2003 conference of the Jewish Funders Network, Soros said that the administrations of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in the U.S. and <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> in Israel, and even the unintended consequences of some of his own actions, were partially contributing to a new European antisemitism. Soros, citing accusations that he was one of the "Jewish financiers" who, in antisemitic terms, "ruled the world by proxy", suggested that, if the direction of those policies were changed, then anti-Semitism would diminish. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Foxman" title="Abraham Foxman">Abraham Foxman</a>, national director of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> later said that Soros's comments held a simplistic view, were counterproductive, biased and a bigoted perception of the situation, and "blamed the victim" when holding Jews responsible for <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>. Jewish philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinhardt" title="Michael Steinhardt">Michael Steinhardt</a>, who arranged for Soros's appearance at the conference, clarified that "George Soros does not think Jews should be hated any more than they deserve to be".<a href="#cite_note-Heilman_JTA-168">[166]</a> Soros has also said that Jews can overcome antisemitism by "giv[ing] up on the tribalness".<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> In a subsequent article for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, Soros emphasized that: <blockquote>I do not subscribe to the myths propagated by enemies of Israel and I am not blaming Jews for anti-Semitism. Anti-Semitism predates the birth of Israel. Neither Israel's policies nor the critics of those policies should be held responsible for anti-Semitism. At the same time, I do believe that attitudes toward Israel are influenced by Israel's policies, and attitudes toward the Jewish community are influenced by the pro-Israel lobby's success in suppressing divergent views.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a></blockquote> In 2017, Israeli businessman <a href="/wiki/Beny_Steinmetz" title="Beny Steinmetz">Beny Steinmetz</a> filed a $10-million lawsuit against Soros, alleging that Soros had influenced the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Guinea">government of Guinea</a> to freeze Steinmetz's company BSG Resources out of iron ore mining contracts in the African country due to "long-standing animus toward the state of Israel".<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> Steinmetz claims that Soros engaged in a "smear" campaign against him and his companies and blames Soros for scrutiny of him by American, Israeli, Swiss, and Guinean authorities.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> Soros called Steinmetz's suit "frivolous and entirely false" and said that it was "a desperate PR stunt meant to deflect attention from BSGR's mounting legal problems across multiple jurisdictions".<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> During an award ceremony for <a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Imre Kertész</a>, Soros said that the victims of violence and abuse were becoming "perpetrators of violence", suggesting that this model explained Israel's behavior towards the Palestinians, which led to walkouts and Soros being booed.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> In July 2017, a Hungarian billboard campaign backed by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a>, which was considered to be anti-semitic by the country's Jewish groups, vilified Soros as an enemy of the state, using the slogan "Let's not allow Soros to have the last laugh".<a href="#cite_note-GuardianAFP-177">[175]</a> The campaign was estimated to have cost 5.7bn forints (then US$21 million).<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> According to the Israeli ambassador, the campaign "evokes sad memories but also sows hatred and fear", a reference to Hungary's role in the deportation of 500,000 Jews during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baker2017-179">[177]</a> Lydia Gall of <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> asserted that it was reminiscent of Nazi posters during the Second World War featuring "'the laughing Jew'".<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> Orbán and his government's representative said they had a "zero tolerance" of antisemitism, explaining the posters were aiming to persuade voters that Soros was a "national security risk".<a href="#cite_note-GuardianAFP-177">[175]</a> Hours later, in an apparent attempt to ally Israel with Hungary, Israel's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> issued a "clarification", denouncing Soros, stating that he "continuously undermines Israel's democratically elected governments by funding organizations that defame the Jewish state and seek to deny it the right to defend itself".<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> Soros's son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Soros" title="Alexander Soros">Alexander</a> said in an interview that his father cares about Israel, and that he "would like to see Israel in <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>'s image. His views are more or less the common views in <a href="/wiki/Meretz" title="Meretz">Meretz</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party" title="Israeli Labor Party">Labor Party</a>." According to Alexander, Soros supports a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a>. The younger Soros recounts that after his <a href="/wiki/Bar_mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar mitzvah">bar mitzvah</a> in 1998, his father told him: "If you're serious about being Jewish, you might want to consider immigrating to Israel".<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> In a 2018 interview with The New York Times, Alex Soros, the son of George Soros, when asked why his father fights for an open society, Soros replied that in a non-Jewish state, a Jew can only feel safe when other minorities are protected, which is one of the most important driving forces why his father has been active in his philanthropy: <blockquote>But he had always "identified firstly as a Jew", and his philanthropy was ultimately an expression of his Jewish identity, in that he felt a solidarity with other minority groups and also because he recognized that a Jew could only truly be safe in a world in which all minorities were protected. Explaining his father's motives, he said, "The reason you fight for an open society is because that's the only society that you can live in, as a Jew—unless you become a nationalist and only fight for your own rights in your own state".<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a></blockquote> In December 2023, Israel's ambassador to the United Nations, <a href="/wiki/Gilad_Erdan" title="Gilad Erdan">Gilad Erdan</a>, accused Soros of supporting pro-Palestinian organizations "that seek the destruction of the State of Israel as a Jewish state".<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Soros' son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Soros" title="Alexander Soros">Alexander</a> dismissed accusations of anti-Semitism as "distorted and dishonest right-wing attacks."<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_the_U.S.">Views on the U.S.</h3></div> On November 11, 2003, in an interview with <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, Soros said that removing President George W. Bush from office was the "central focus of my life" and "a matter of life and death". He said he would sacrifice his entire fortune to defeat Bush "if someone guaranteed it".<a href="#cite_note-deeppockets-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Soros gave $3 million to the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a>, $2.5 million to <a href="/wiki/MoveOn.org" class="mw-redirect" title="MoveOn.org">MoveOn.org</a>, and $20 million<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> to <a href="/wiki/America_Coming_Together" title="America Coming Together">America Coming Together</a>. These groups worked to support Democrats in the <a href="/wiki/2004_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 U.S. presidential election">2004 election</a>. On September 28, 2004, he dedicated more money to the campaign and kicked off his own multistate tour with a speech, "Why We Must Not Re-elect President Bush",<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> delivered at the <a href="/wiki/National_Press_Club_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Press Club (USA)">National Press Club</a> in Washington, D.C. The online transcript of this speech received many views after <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> accidentally referred to <a href="/wiki/FactCheck.org" title="FactCheck.org">FactCheck.org</a> as "factcheck.com" in the vice presidential debate, causing the owner of that domain to redirect all traffic to Soros's site.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> His 2003 book, The Bubble of American Supremacy,<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> was a forthright critique of the Bush administration's "War on Terror" as misconceived and counterproductive, and a polemic against the re-election of Bush. He explains the title in the closing chapter by pointing out the parallels in this political context with the self-reinforcing reflexive processes that generate bubbles in stock prices. When Soros was asked in 2006 about his statement in The Age of Fallibility that "the main obstacle to a stable and just world order is the United States", he responded that "it happens to coincide with the prevailing opinion in the world. And I think that's rather shocking for Americans to hear. The United States sets the agenda for the world. And the rest of the world has to respond to that agenda. By declaring a 'war on terror' after September 11, we set the wrong agenda for the world ... When you wage war, you inevitably create innocent victims."<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> In 2017, Soros described <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> as a con man, and predicted Trump would fail because he believed Trump's ideas were self-contradictory.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Soros also said he believed Trump was preparing for a <a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">trade war</a> and expected financial markets to do poorly.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian20/01/2017-194">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_Europe">Views on Europe</h3></div> In October 2011, Soros drafted an open letter entitled "As concerned Europeans we urge Eurozone leaders to unite",<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> in which he calls for a stronger economic government for Europe using federal means (Common EU treasury, common fiscal supervision, etc.) and warns against the danger of nationalistic solutions to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>. The letter was co-signed by <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cohn-Bendit" title="Daniel Cohn-Bendit">Daniel Cohn-Bendit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Duff" title="Andrew Duff">Andrew Duff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Bonino" title="Emma Bonino">Emma Bonino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alema" title="Massimo D'Alema">Massimo D'Alema</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaira_V%C4%AB%C4%B7e-Freiberga" title="Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga">Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga</a>. In October 2015, Soros criticized Hungarian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> and his handling of the <a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a>: "His plan treats the protection of national borders as the objective and the refugees as an obstacle. Our plan treats the protection of refugees as the objective and national borders as the obstacle."<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Soros expected that <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> would fail and the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Theresa_May" title="Premiership of Theresa May">Premiership of Theresa May</a> would last only a short time.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian20/01/2017-194">[192]</a> Soros is opposed to Brexit and donated £400,000 to the anti-Brexit 'Best for Britain' group.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Soros also hosted a dinner for Conservative donors at his London home to encourage them to follow his lead. Soros's Open Society Foundations also donated a total of £303,000 to two pro-EU organizations, the European Movement UK and Scientists for EU, and a center-right think-tank, Bright Blue.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> In 2018, Soros highlighted that Europe faces major challenges related to immigration, austerity, and nations leaving the EU.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes02018-05-29-199">[197]</a> He holds that Europe is facing an existential crisis, in view of the rise of populism, the refugee crisis and a growing rift between Europe and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Soros has also stated that "the euro has many unresolved problems" which "must not be allowed to destroy the European Union". He advocated replacing the notion of a multi-speed Europe by the aim of a "multi-track Europe" that would allow member states a wider variety of choices.<a href="#cite_note-ecfr-2018-05-29-201">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_relations_between_Europe_and_Africa">Views on relations between Europe and Africa</h3></div> In view of the possibility of a further increase of the number of refugees from Africa to Europe, Soros proposes that the European Union devise a "Marshall Plan for Africa" (see <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>), fostering education and employment in Africa in order to reduce emigration.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes02018-05-29-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-ecfr-2018-05-29-201">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_China">Views on China</h3></div> Soros has expressed concern about the growth of Chinese economic and political power, saying, "China has risen very rapidly by looking out for its own interests ... They have now got to accept responsibility for world order and the interests of other people as well". Regarding the political gridlock in America, he said, "Today, China has not only a more vigorous economy but actually a better functioning government than the United States".<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> In July 2015, Soros stated that a "strategic partnership between the US and China could prevent the evolution of two power blocks that may be drawn into military conflict".<a href="#cite_note-nybookschina-203">[201]</a> In January 2016, during an interview at the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, Soros stated that "[a] hard landing is practically unavoidable". Chinese state media responded by stating "Soros' challenge to the RMB and Hong Kong dollar are doomed to fail, without any doubt".<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> In January 2019, Soros used his annual speech at the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>, in Davos, to label <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">President of China</a>, as the "most dangerous opponent of open societies", saying: "China is not the only authoritarian regime in the world but it is the wealthiest, strongest and technologically most advanced". He also urged the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> not to allow the Chinese technology companies <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a> to dominate the <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> telecommunications market as this would present an "unacceptable security risk for the rest of the world".<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> Soros also criticized the newest form of China's <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a>-like system of <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">mass surveillance</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_System" title="Social Credit System">Social Credit System</a>, saying it would give Xi "total control" over the people of China.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> Additionally, Soros is very critical of American companies that ignore Chinese human rights violations for business reasons, for example slamming <a href="/wiki/BlackRock" title="BlackRock">BlackRock</a>'s decision to invest big in China as detrimental to worldwide democracy and US national security.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_Russia_and_Ukraine">Views on Russia and Ukraine</h3></div> In May 2014, Soros told CNN's <a href="/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria" title="Fareed Zakaria">Fareed Zakaria</a>: "I set up a foundation in Ukraine before Ukraine became independent from Russia. And the foundation has been functioning ever since and played an important part in events now."<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> In January 2015, he said that "Europe needs to wake up and recognize that it is under attack from Russia" and urged Western countries to expand economic <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2013%E2%80%932015_Ukrainian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the 2013–2015 Ukrainian crisis">sanctions against Russia</a> for its support of separatists in eastern Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> In January 2015, Soros called on the European Union to give $50 billion of bailout money to Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> In July 2015, Soros stated that <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Putin's annexation of Crimea</a> was a challenge to the "prevailing world order", specifically the European Union. He hypothesized that Putin wants to "destabilize all of Ukraine by precipitating a financial and political collapse for which he can disclaim responsibility, while avoiding occupation of a part of eastern Ukraine, which would then depend on Russia for economic support".<a href="#cite_note-nybookschina-203">[201]</a> In November 2015, Russia banned the Open Society Foundations (OSF) and the Open Society Institute (OSI)—two pro-democracy charities founded by Soros—stating they posed a "threat to the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the security of the state".<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> In January 2016, 53 books related to Soros's "Renewal of Humanitarian Education" program were withdrawn at the Vorkuta Mining and Economic College in the <a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi Republic</a>, with 427 additional books seized for shredding. A Russian intergovernmental letter released in December 2015 stated that Soros's charities were "forming a perverted perception of history and making ideological directives, alien to Russian ideology, popular". Most of these books were published with funds donated by Soros's charities.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> In May 2022, Soros stated that the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> may be the start of "a <a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">third world war</a>" and that Putin must be defeated "as soon as possible". He also stated that "Other issues that concern all of humanity—fighting pandemics and climate change, avoiding nuclear war, maintaining global institutions—have had to take a back seat to that struggle. That's why I say civilization may not survive."<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_India_and_Narendra_Modi">Views on India and Narendra Modi</h3></div> In February 2023, Soros criticized Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> for his alleged <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>, cronyism and authoritarianism, saying that "India is...a democracy. But its leader, Narendra Modi, is no democrat. Inciting violence against Muslims was an important factor in his meteoric rise."<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> Modi's <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> accused Soros of trying to undermine Indian democracy.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> Indian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/S._Jaishankar" title="S. Jaishankar">S. Jaishankar</a> claimed that Soros is a "dangerous" person.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> India allegedly ran a disinformation campaign against Soros.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wealth_and_philanthropy">Wealth and philanthropy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on George Soros's philanthropy: <a href="/wiki/List_of_projects_supported_by_George_Soros" title="List of projects supported by George Soros">List of projects supported by George Soros</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soros_talk_in_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Soros_talk_in_Malaysia.jpg/220px-Soros_talk_in_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Soros_talk_in_Malaysia.jpg/330px-Soros_talk_in_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Soros_talk_in_Malaysia.jpg/440px-Soros_talk_in_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Soros speaks to the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">LSE</a> alumni society in Malaysia.</figcaption></figure>As of March 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> magazine listed Soros as the 162nd richest person in the world, with a <a href="/wiki/Net_worth" title="Net worth">net worth</a> of $8.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> He has also donated 64% of his original fortune, and distributed more than $15 billion through his Open Society Foundations (an international grantmaking network that supports advancing justice, education, public health and independent media). Forbes has called him the most generous giver (when measured as a percentage of net worth).<a href="#cite_note-Wang2020-14">[12]</a> Soros has been active as a philanthropist since the 1970s, when he began providing funds to help <a href="/wiki/Black_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Black African">black</a> students attend the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a> in <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> South Africa,<a href="#cite_note-GSb-109">[107]</a> and began funding dissident movements behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Soros's philanthropic funding includes efforts to promote non-violent <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">post-communist states</a>. These efforts, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and Eastern Europe, occur primarily through the <a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a> (originally Open Society Institute or OSI) and national Soros Foundations, which sometimes go under other names (such as the <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Batory_Foundation" title="Stefan Batory Foundation">Stefan Batory Foundation</a> in Poland). As of 2003, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> estimated that he had given away a total of $4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-90">[88]</a> The OSI says it has spent about $500 million annually in recent years. In 2003, former <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Paul_Volcker" title="Paul Volcker">Paul Volcker</a> wrote in the foreword of Soros's book The Alchemy of Finance: <blockquote>George Soros has made his mark as an enormously successful speculator, wise enough to largely withdraw when still way ahead of the game. The bulk of his enormous winnings is now devoted to encouraging transitional and emerging nations to become "open societies", open not only in the sense of freedom of commerce but—more important—tolerant of new ideas and different modes of thinking and behavior.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a></blockquote> Time magazine in 2007 cited two specific projects—$100 million toward Internet infrastructure for regional <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_learning_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of institutions of higher learning in Russia">Russian universities</a>, and $50 million for the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Promise" title="Millennium Promise">Millennium Promise</a> to eradicate extreme poverty in Africa—noting that Soros had given $742 million to projects in the U.S., and given away a total of more than $7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> Other notable projects have included aid to scientists and universities throughout central and eastern Europe, help to civilians during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">siege of Sarajevo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>. Soros also pledged an endowment of €420 million to the <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a> (CEU). According to <a href="/wiki/National_Review_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="National Review Online">National Review Online</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> the Open Society Institute gave $20,000 in September 2002 to the Defense Committee of <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Stewart" title="Lynne Stewart">Lynne Stewart</a>, the lawyer who has defended controversial, poor, and often unpopular defendants in court and was sentenced to 2<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠1/3⁠ years in prison for "providing material support for a terrorist conspiracy" via a press conference for a client. An OSI spokeswoman said "it appeared to us at that time that there was a right-to-counsel issue worthy of our support", but claimed later requests for support were declined.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In September 2006, Soros pledged $50 million to the Millennium Promise, led by economist <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a> to provide educational, agricultural, and medical aid to help villages in Africa enduring poverty. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> termed this endeavor a "departure" for Soros whose philanthropic focus had been on fostering democracy and good government, but Soros noted that most poverty resulted from bad governance.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> In May 2011, Soros donated $60 million to <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a>, establishing the Bard College Center for Civic Engagement.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> Soros played a role in the <a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="End of communism in Hungary (1989)">peaceful transition from communism to democracy in Hungary</a> (1984–89)<a href="#cite_note-murphy-27">[25]</a> and provided a substantial endowment to <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> The Open Society Foundations has active programs in more than 60 countries around the world with total expenditures currently averaging approximately $600 million a year.<a href="#cite_note-forbes400-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> On October 17, 2017, it was announced that Soros had transferred $18 billion to the Open Society Foundations.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> In October 2018, Soros donated $2 million to the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Endowment" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia Endowment">Wikimedia Endowment</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> In January 2020, Soros announced a $1 billion endowment donation at the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>, establishing the Open Society University Network a global network of educational institutions in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Bard College president <a href="/wiki/Leon_Botstein" title="Leon Botstein">Leon Botstein</a> serves as chancellor of the Open Society University Network.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> In July 2020, Soros's Foundations announced plans to give $220 million in grants for racial justice groups, criminal justice reform and civic engagement.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> In July 2020, Soros donated $100 million to <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a>, to strengthen and expand Bard's Center for Civic Engagement initiatives, and its leadership role as a founding partner of the Open Society University Network.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> In April 2021, Soros pledged $500 million to the endowment of <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a>. The donation sits among the largest ever made to higher education in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> Following the $500 million donation Soros donated $25 million to the <a href="/wiki/Hessel_Museum_of_Art" title="Hessel Museum of Art">Center for Curatorial Studies at Bard College</a> in August 2021,<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> as well as an additional $25 million donation to Bard in September 2022.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> Soros has been married three times and divorced twice. In 1960, he married Annaliese Witschak (born January 3, 1934). Annaliese was an ethnic German immigrant, who had been orphaned during the war. Although she was not Jewish, she was well-liked by Soros's parents, as she had also experienced the privation and displacement brought about by <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> They divorced in 1983. They had three children: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Soros" title="Robert Soros">Robert Daniel Soros</a> (born 1963): The founder of the <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a> in Budapest, as well as a network of foundations in Eastern Europe. In 1992, he married Melissa Robin Schiff at the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Emanu-El_of_New_York" title="Congregation Emanu-El of New York">Temple Emanu-El</a> in New York City. The Rabbi Dr. David Posner officiated the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a></li> <li>Andrea Soros Colombel (born June 11, 1965): The founder and president of Trace Foundation, established in 1993 to promote the cultural continuity and sustainable development of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a> communities within China. She is also a founding partner and member of the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Acumen_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Acumen Fund">Acumen Fund</a>, a global venture fund that employs an entrepreneurial approach in addressing the problems of global poverty<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> She is married to Eric Colombel (born October 26, 1963).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Soros" title="Jonathan Soros">Jonathan Tivadar Soros</a> (born September 10, 1970): A hedge fund manager and political donor. In 2012, he co-founded <a href="/wiki/Every_Voice" title="Every Voice">Friends of Democracy</a>, a super PAC dedicated to reducing the influence of money in politics. In 1997, he married Jennifer Ann Allan (born November 26, 1969).<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a></li></ul> In 1983, George Soros married <a href="/wiki/Susan_Weber_(historian)" title="Susan Weber (historian)">Susan Weber</a>. They divorced in 2005. They have two children: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Soros" title="Alexander Soros">Alexander Soros</a> (born 1985): Alexander has gained prominence for his donations to social and political causes, focusing his philanthropic efforts on "progressive causes that might not have widespread support."<a href="#cite_note-West-242">[240]</a> Alexander led the list of student political donors in the 2010 election cycle.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a></li> <li>Gregory James Soros (born 1988), artist.</li></ul> As a child, Soros fantasized about being a God.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> In his book Underwriting Democracy, he wrote, "If truth be known, I carried some rather potent messianic fantasies with me from childhood, which I felt I had to control, otherwise they might get me in trouble."<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> He later elaborated on that passage in an interview saying, "It is a sort of disease when you consider yourself some kind of god, the creator of everything, but I feel comfortable about it now since I began to live it out."<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> In a 1998 interview with <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>, Soros said he was not religious and does not believe in God.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> In 2008, Soros met Tamiko Bolton;<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> they married on September 21, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> His older brother, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Soros" title="Paul Soros">Paul Soros</a>, a private investor and philanthropist, died on June 15, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit">[update]</a>, Soros owned homes on <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, in <a href="/wiki/The_Hamptons" title="The Hamptons">The Hamptons</a> on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Katonah,_New_York" title="Katonah, New York">Katonah, New York</a>, within <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GeorgeSorosNewYorkResidence-15">[13]</a> In December 2023, Soros was <a href="/wiki/Swatting" title="Swatting">swatted</a> during a <a href="/wiki/2023_swatting_of_American_politicians" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 swatting of American politicians">period of similar harassment</a> targeting American political figures.<a href="#cite_note-:2-251">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2></div> Soros received honorary doctoral degrees from the <a href="/wiki/New_School_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="New School for Social Research">New School for Social Research</a> (New York), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Corvinus_University_of_Budapest" title="Corvinus University of Budapest">Corvinus University of Budapest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> in 1991. He received an honorary degree in economics from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a> in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> In 2005, Soros was a minority partner in a group that tried to buy the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Nationals" title="Washington Nationals">Washington Nationals</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League</a> baseball team. Some Republican lawmakers suggested that they might move to revoke <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>'s antitrust exemption if Soros bought the team.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> In 2008, Soros's name was associated with <a href="/wiki/AS_Roma" title="AS Roma">AS Roma</a>, an Italian association football team, but the club was not sold. Soros was a financial backer of Washington Soccer L.P., the group that owned the operating rights to <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> club <a href="/wiki/D.C._United" title="D.C. United">D.C. United</a> when the league was founded in 1995, but the group lost these rights in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> On August 21, 2012, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reported SEC filings showing Soros acquired roughly a 2% stake in English football club <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester United">Manchester United</a> through the purchase of 3 million of the club's Class-A shares.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> In 2008, Soros was inducted into Institutional Investors Alpha's Hedge Fund Manager Hall of Fame along with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Winslow_Jones" title="Alfred Winslow Jones">Alfred Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Kovner" title="Bruce Kovner">Bruce Kovner</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_F._Swensen" title="David F. Swensen">David Swensen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nash_(businessman)" title="Jack Nash (businessman)">Jack Nash</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_Simons" class="mw-redirect" title="James Harris Simons">James Simons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Robertson" title="Julian Robertson">Julian Roberston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_C._Griffin" title="Kenneth C. Griffin">Kenneth Griffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Levy" title="Leon Levy">Leon Levy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bacon" title="Louis Bacon">Louis Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinhardt" title="Michael Steinhardt">Michael Steinhardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tudor_Jones" title="Paul Tudor Jones">Paul Tudor Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seth_Klarman" title="Seth Klarman">Seth Klarman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steven_A._Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven A. Cohen">Steven A. Cohen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-InstitutionalInvestor2008September23-256">[254]</a> In January 2014, Soros was ranked number 1 in LCH Investments list of top 20 managers having posting gains of almost $42 billion since the launch of his Quantum Endowment Fund in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> In July 2017, Soros was elected an <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">Honorary Fellow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> (HonFBA), the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/National_academy" title="National academy">national academy</a> for the humanities and social sciences.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> Soros was the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> Person of the Year for 2018, with the FT describing him as "a standard bearer for liberal democracy, an idea under siege from populists".<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> In April 2019, Soros was awarded the <a href="/wiki/The_Ridenhour_Prizes" title="The Ridenhour Prizes">Ridenhour Prize</a> for Courage.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> In his acceptance address Soros said: "In my native <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, the government of [Prime Minister] <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> has turned me into the super villain of an alleged plot to destroy the supposed Christian identity of the Hungarian nation... [I] donate the prize money associated with this award to the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Spectrum" title="Hungarian Spectrum">Hungarian Spectrum</a>, an online English-language publication that provides daily updates on <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> politics. It renders an important service by exposing to the world [in English] what Prime Minister Viktor Orbán is telling his own people [in Hungarian]. It [Hungarian Spectrum] deserves to be better known and supported."<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications_and_scholarship">Publications and scholarship</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_authored_or_co-authored">Books authored or co-authored</h3></div> <ul><li>The Tragedy of the European Union: Disintegration or Revival? (PublicAffairs, 2014). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-421-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-421-5">978-1-61039-421-5</a>.</li> <li>Financial Turmoil in Europe and the United States: Essays (PublicAffairs, 2012). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-161-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-161-0">978-1-61039-161-0</a>.</li> <li>The Soros Lectures at the Central European University (PublicAffairs, 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-885-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-885-7">978-1-58648-885-7</a>.</li> <li>The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What it Means (PublicAffairs, 2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-683-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-683-9">978-1-58648-683-9</a>.</li> <li>The Age of Fallibility: Consequences of the War on Terror (PublicAffairs, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-359-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-359-3">978-1-58648-359-3</a>.</li> <li>Underwriting Democracy: Encouraging Free Enterprise and Democratic Reform Among the Soviets and in Eastern Europe (Free Press, 1991) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-930285-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-930285-9">978-0-02-930285-9</a> (paperback; PublicAffairs, 2004; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-227-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-227-5">978-1-58648-227-5</a>).</li> <li>George Soros on Globalization (PublicAffairs, 2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-125-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-125-4">978-1-58648-125-4</a> (paperback; PublicAffairs, 2005; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-278-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-278-7">978-1-58648-278-7</a>).</li> <li>The Bubble of American Supremacy: Correcting the Misuse of American Power (PublicAffairs, 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-217-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-217-6">978-1-58648-217-6</a> (paperback; PublicAffairs, 2004; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-292-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-292-3">978-1-58648-292-3</a>).</li> <li>Open Society: Reforming Global Capitalism (PublicAffairs, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-019-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-019-6">978-1-58648-019-6</a>.</li> <li>With Mark Amadeus Notturno, Science and the Open Society: The Future of Karl Popper's Philosophy (Central European University Press, 2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-69-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-69-6">978-963-9116-69-6</a> (paperback: Central European University Press, 2000; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-70-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-70-2">978-963-9116-70-2</a>).</li> <li>The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered (PublicAffairs, 1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891620-27-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891620-27-0">978-1-891620-27-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soros_on_Soros:_Staying_Ahead_of_the_Curve" title="Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve">Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve</a> (John Wiley, 1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-12014-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-12014-8">978-0-471-12014-8</a> (paperback; Wiley, 1995; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-11977-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-11977-7">978-0-471-11977-7</a>).</li> <li>Opening the Soviet System (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82055-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82055-0">978-0-297-82055-0</a> (paperback: Perseus Books, 1996; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1205-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1205-7">978-0-8133-1205-7</a>).</li> <li>The Alchemy of Finance (Simon & Schuster, 1988) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-66238-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-66238-7">978-0-671-66238-7</a> (paperback: Wiley, 2003; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-44549-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-44549-4">978-0-471-44549-4</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_op-eds">Notable op-eds</h3></div> <ul><li>George Soros, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303467004575574450703567656">Why I support legal marijuana</a>", <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, October 26, 2010.</li> <li>George Soros, "The Crisis and the Euro", <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, August 19, 2010.</li> <li>George Soros, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9973c5b0-8a6d-11dd-a76a-0000779fd18c,dwp_uuid=11f94e6e-7e94-11dd-b1af-000077b07658.html">"Paulson Cannot be Allowed a Blank Cheque"</a>. Financial Times. September 24, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926204125/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9973c5b0-8a6d-11dd-a76a-0000779fd18c,dwp_uuid=11f94e6e-7e94-11dd-b1af-000077b07658.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Paulson+Cannot+be+Allowed+a+Blank+Cheque&rft.date=2008-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F9973c5b0-8a6d-11dd-a76a-0000779fd18c%2Cdwp_uuid%3D11f94e6e-7e94-11dd-b1af-000077b07658.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988">, Financial Times, September 24, 2008.</li> <li>George Soros, "On Israel, America and AIPAC", The New York Review of Books, April 12, 2007.</li> <li>George Soros, "The Bubble of American Supremacy", <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, December 2003, also audio recording of this article via <a href="/wiki/Assistive_Media" title="Assistive Media">Assistive Media</a>, read by <a href="/wiki/Grover_Gardner" title="Grover Gardner">Grover Gardner</a>, 18 minutes.</li> <li>George Soros, "Soros on Brazil", <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>, August 13, 2002.</li> <li>George Soros, "Bitter Thoughts with Faith in Russia", <a href="/wiki/Moskovskiye_Novosti" title="Moskovskiye Novosti">Moskovskiye Novosti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow News">Moscow News</a>), translated from the Russian by Olga Kryazheva, February 27, 2000.</li> <li>George Soros, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1997/02/the-capitalist-threat/376773/">"The Capitalist Threat"</a>, The Atlantic Monthly, February 1997.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3></div> <ul><li>A half-hour <a href="/wiki/Opinions_(TV_series)" title="Opinions (TV series)">Opinions</a> television lecture by Soros was transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> on 1 August 1993, and published in <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> the following day as "Why Appeasement Must Not Have Another Chance".<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/28px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/42px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/56px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="54" data-file-height="54" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Banks" title="Portal:Banks">Banks portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/31px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/47px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/62px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_400" title="Forbes 400">Forbes 400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Institute_for_Responsible_Statecraft" title="Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft">Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Bessent" title="Scott Bessent">Scott Bessent</a>, former chief investment officer of Soros Fund Management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tides_Foundation" title="Tides Foundation">Tides Foundation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɒroʊs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SORR-ohss</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɒrɒs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SORR-oss</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: Soros György (<a href="/wiki/Personal_name#Eastern_name_order" title="Personal name">name written in Eastern order</a>), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈʃoroʃ ˈɟørɟ]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-fn1-8"><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_8-0">^</a> Soros was naturalized as an American citizen on December 18, 1961.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bn1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bn1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bn1_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapmanCiment2015" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Roger; Ciment, James (March 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XO9nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA617">Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices</a>. Routledge. p. 617. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317473510" title="Special:BookSources/9781317473510"><bdi>9781317473510</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127132827/https://books.google.com/books?id=XO9nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA617">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Wars%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Issues%2C+Viewpoints+and+Voices&rft.pages=617&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.isbn=9781317473510&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Ciment%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXO9nBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bn2-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bn2_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bn2_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2002" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Michael T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1Jn4zYBom8C&pg=PA18">Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire</a>. Knopf. pp. 17–18, 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375405853" title="Special:BookSources/9780375405853"><bdi>9780375405853</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127191537/https://books.google.com/books?id=W1Jn4zYBom8C&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soros%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+a+Messianic+Billionaire&rft.pages=17-18%2C+23&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780375405853&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW1Jn4zYBom8C%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-forbes400-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forbes400_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forbes400_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/george-soros">"Forbes 400 Richest Americans: George Soros"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131122003157/http://www.forbes.com/profile/george-soros/">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Forbes+400+Richest+Americans%3A+George+Soros&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Fgeorge-soros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zzQk8IwSJE">Authors@Google: George Soros</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwald2010" class="citation news cs1">Greenwald, Glenn (October 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2010/10/20/soros_5/">"George Soros' 'foreign' money"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121648/http://www.salon.com/2010/10/20/soros_5/">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=George+Soros%27+%27foreign%27+money&rft.date=2010-10-20&rft.aulast=Greenwald&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2010%2F10%2F20%2Fsoros_5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissScharesSmithDwyer1993" class="citation news cs1">Weiss, Gary; Schares, Gail E.; Smith, Geri; Dwyer, Paul; Sandler, Neal; Pennar, Karen (August 22, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1993-08-22/the-man-who-moves-markets">"The Man Who Moves Markets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a> Businessweek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222133546/http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1993-08-22/the-man-who-moves-markets">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Moves+Markets&rft.date=1993-08-22&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Schares%2C+Gail+E.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Geri&rft.au=Dwyer%2C+Paul&rft.au=Sandler%2C+Neal&rft.au=Pennar%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fbw%2Fstories%2F1993-08-22%2Fthe-man-who-moves-markets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/george-soros-billionaire-investor-profile-2017-1">"The incredible life of billionaire investing legend George Soros"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203080534/http://www.businessinsider.com/george-soros-billionaire-investor-profile-2017-1">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2017. 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The Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1072-7825">1072-7825</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120715001729/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1993/07/finance-the-unifying-theme/5148/">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Finance%3A+The+Unifying+Theme&rft.date=1993-07&rft.issn=1072-7825&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1993%2F07%2Ffinance-the-unifying-theme%2F5148%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-79165556.html">"Hungary: Soros Donates $250 Million to University in Budapest"</a>. IPR Strategic Business Information Database. Info Prod Research. October 16, 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21725575-governing-law-and-justice-party-still-aims-nobble-judiciary-veto-gives-rule">"A veto gives the rule of law in Poland a reprieve"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. July 28, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728124233/http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21725575-governing-law-and-justice-party-still-aims-nobble-judiciary-veto-gives-rule">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+veto+gives+the+rule+of+law+in+Poland+a+reprieve&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F21725575-governing-law-and-justice-party-still-aims-nobble-judiciary-veto-gives-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT20181031-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT20181031_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT20181031_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaneVogelKingsley2018" class="citation news cs1">Shane, Scott; Vogel, Kenneth P.; Kingsley, Patrick (October 31, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/31/us/politics/george-soros-bombs-trump.html">"How Vilification of George Soros Moved From the Fringes to the Mainstream"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101000652/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/31/us/politics/george-soros-bombs-trump.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Vilification+of+George+Soros+Moved+From+the+Fringes+to+the+Mainstream&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Kenneth+P.&rft.au=Kingsley%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F10%2F31%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fgeorge-soros-bombs-trump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaram2018" class="citation news cs1">Baram, Marcus (October 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/90247335/a-timeline-of-george-soros-conspiracy-theories">"Buckle up! Here's a timeline of George Soros conspiracy theories"</a>. Fast Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005235056/https://www.fastcompany.com/90247335/a-timeline-of-george-soros-conspiracy-theories">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=Buckle+up%21+Here%27s+a+timeline+of+George+Soros+conspiracy+theories&rft.date=2018-10-05&rft.aulast=Baram&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F90247335%2Fa-timeline-of-george-soros-conspiracy-theories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolraich2010" class="citation news cs1">Wolraich, Michael (November 14, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/11/13/wolraich.beck.soros/index.html">"Beck's bizarre, dangerous hit at Soros"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101213118/https://edition.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/11/13/wolraich.beck.soros/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Beck%27s+bizarre%2C+dangerous+hit+at+Soros&rft.date=2010-11-14&rft.aulast=Wolraich&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2010%2FOPINION%2F11%2F13%2Fwolraich.beck.soros%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2018" class="citation news cs1">Finkelstein, Daniel (February 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/george-soros-and-the-roots-of-antisemitism-z63fhp6z6">"George Soros and the roots of antisemitism"</a>. The Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502222641/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/george-soros-and-the-roots-of-antisemitism-z63fhp6z6">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=George+Soros+and+the+roots+of+antisemitism&rft.date=2018-02-14&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fgeorge-soros-and-the-roots-of-antisemitism-z63fhp6z6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehr2018" class="citation news cs1">Behr, Rafael (February 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/feb/08/brexit-antisemitic-dog-whistle-daily-telegraph-george-soros">"A secret plot to stop Brexit, or an antisemitic dog whistle?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504011051/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/feb/08/brexit-antisemitic-dog-whistle-daily-telegraph-george-soros">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+secret+plot+to+stop+Brexit%2C+or+an+antisemitic+dog+whistle%3F&rft.date=2018-02-08&rft.aulast=Behr&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2018%2Ffeb%2F08%2Fbrexit-antisemitic-dog-whistle-daily-telegraph-george-soros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2018" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Lucy (February 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/brexiteers-and-alt-right-unite-against-globalist-billionaire-george-soros-mrkwspwlz">"Brexiteers and alt-right unite against 'globalist' billionaire George Soros"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504011918/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/brexiteers-and-alt-right-unite-against-globalist-billionaire-george-soros-mrkwspwlz">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Brexiteers+and+alt-right+unite+against+%27globalist%27+billionaire+George+Soros&rft.date=2018-02-08&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fbrexiteers-and-alt-right-unite-against-globalist-billionaire-george-soros-mrkwspwlz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2009" class="citation book cs1">Slater, Robert (January 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J7I26pZK8TUC&pg=PA22">Soros: The Life, Ideas, and Impact of the World's Most Influential Investor</a>. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071608459" title="Special:BookSources/9780071608459"><bdi>9780071608459</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126141310/https://books.google.com/books?id=J7I26pZK8TUC&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soros%3A+The+Life%2C+Ideas%2C+and+Impact+of+the+World%27s+Most+Influential+Investor&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Professional&rft.date=2009-01-18&rft.isbn=9780071608459&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ7I26pZK8TUC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Mayer, Jane (October 18, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065522/http://www.uni-muenster.de/PeaCon/global-texte/r-m/soros-TheNewYorker.htm">"The Money Man: Can George Soros's millions insure the defeat of President Bush?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-muenster.de/PeaCon/global-texte/r-m/soros-TheNewYorker.htm">the original</a> on July 12, 2012. Retrieved May 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Money+Man%3A+Can+George+Soros%27s+millions+insure+the+defeat+of+President+Bush%3F&rft.date=2004-10-18&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-muenster.de%2FPeaCon%2Fglobal-texte%2Fr-m%2Fsoros-TheNewYorker.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan2010" class="citation news cs1">Cowan, Alison Leigh (December 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/16/how-do-you-say-billionaire-in-esperanto/">"How Do You Say 'Billionaire' in Esperanto?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222045726/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/16/how-do-you-say-billionaire-in-esperanto/">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Do+You+Say+%27Billionaire%27+in+Esperanto%3F&rft.date=2010-12-16&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Alison+Leigh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcityroom.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F16%2Fhow-do-you-say-billionaire-in-esperanto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufman-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2002" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Michael T. (2002). Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soros%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+a+Messianic+Billionaire&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewP-40"><a href="#cite_ref-NewP_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoros2008" class="citation book cs1">Soros, George (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newparadigmforfi00soro_0">The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What It Means</a>. PublicAffairs. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newparadigmforfi00soro_0/page/13">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-683-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-683-9"><bdi>978-1-58648-683-9</bdi></a>. <q>Tivadar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Paradigm+for+Financial+Markets%3A+The+Credit+Crisis+of+2008+and+What+It+Means&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-683-9&rft.aulast=Soros&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewparadigmforfi00soro_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorosTonkin2001" class="citation book cs1">Soros, Tivadar; Tonkin, Humphrey (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masquerade00tiva">Masquerade: Dancing Around Death in Nazi-occupied Hungary</a>. Arcade Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masquerade00tiva/page/220">220</a>, Afterword by Humphrey Tonkin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781559705813" title="Special:BookSources/9781559705813"><bdi>9781559705813</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masquerade%3A+Dancing+Around+Death+in+Nazi-occupied+Hungary&rft.pages=220%2C+Afterword+by+Humphrey+Tonkin&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781559705813&rft.aulast=Soros&rft.aufirst=Tivadar&rft.au=Tonkin%2C+Humphrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmasquerade00tiva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZepetnek2009" class="citation book cs1">Zepetnek, Steven Tötösy de (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCg8S0d6-vMC&pg=PA9">Comparative Central European Holocaust Studies</a>. Purdue University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557535269" title="Special:BookSources/9781557535269"><bdi>9781557535269</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127184247/https://books.google.com/books?id=yCg8S0d6-vMC&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Central+European+Holocaust+Studies&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781557535269&rft.aulast=Zepetnek&rft.aufirst=Steven+T%C3%B6t%C3%B6sy+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCg8S0d6-vMC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2002" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Michael T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1Jn4zYBom8C&pg=PA24">Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire</a>. Knopf. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375405853" title="Special:BookSources/9780375405853"><bdi>9780375405853</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127195056/https://books.google.com/books?id=W1Jn4zYBom8C&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soros%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+a+Messianic+Billionaire&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780375405853&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW1Jn4zYBom8C%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBessner2018" class="citation news cs1">Bessner, Daniel (July 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jul/06/the-george-soros-philosophy-and-its-fatal-flaw">"The George Soros philosophy – and its fatal flaw"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706165042/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jul/06/the-george-soros-philosophy-and-its-fatal-flaw">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+George+Soros+philosophy+%E2%80%93+and+its+fatal+flaw&rft.date=2018-07-06&rft.aulast=Bessner&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2Fjul%2F06%2Fthe-george-soros-philosophy-and-its-fatal-flaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoros2018" class="citation news cs1">Soros, George (July 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jul/13/george-soros-im-a-passionate-critic-of-market-fundamentalism">"George Soros: I'm a passionate critic of market fundamentalism – Response to Bessner"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180730100707/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jul/13/george-soros-im-a-passionate-critic-of-market-fundamentalism">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=George+Soros%3A+I%27m+a+passionate+critic+of+market+fundamentalism+%E2%80%93+Response+to+Bessner&rft.date=2018-07-13&rft.aulast=Soros&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2018%2Fjul%2F13%2Fgeorge-soros-im-a-passionate-critic-of-market-fundamentalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005458">"Holocaust Encyclopedia"</a>. Ushmm.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213195413/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005458">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2010. Retrieved October 16, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Ushmm.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Farticle.php%3Flang%3Den%26ModuleId%3D10005458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1994" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Michael (January 10, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/74330/the-speculator">"The Speculator"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180601195113/https://newrepublic.com/article/74330/the-speculator">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Speculator&rft.date=1994-01-10&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F74330%2Fthe-speculator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2002" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Michael T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soros00mich_0/page/32">Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire</a>. Knopf. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soros00mich_0/page/32">32–33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375405853" title="Special:BookSources/9780375405853"><bdi>9780375405853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soros%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+a+Messianic+Billionaire&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780375405853&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoros00mich_0%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamkin2020" class="citation news cs1">Tamkin, Emily (August 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/five-myths/five-myths-about-george-soros/2020/08/06/ad195582-d1e9-11ea-8d32-1ebf4e9d8e0d_story.html">"Perspective | Five myths about George Soros"</a>. Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved April 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Perspective+%7C+Five+myths+about+George+Soros&rft.date=2020-08-25&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Tamkin&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2Ffive-myths%2Ffive-myths-about-george-soros%2F2020%2F08%2F06%2Fad195582-d1e9-11ea-8d32-1ebf4e9d8e0d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2002" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Michael T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1Jn4zYBom8C&pg=PA5">Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire</a>. Knopf. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375405853" title="Special:BookSources/9780375405853"><bdi>9780375405853</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127052744/https://books.google.com/books?id=W1Jn4zYBom8C&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soros%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+a+Messianic+Billionaire&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780375405853&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW1Jn4zYBom8C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2002" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Michael T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1Jn4zYBom8C&pg=PA37">Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire</a>. Knopf. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375405853" title="Special:BookSources/9780375405853"><bdi>9780375405853</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127091624/https://books.google.com/books?id=W1Jn4zYBom8C&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soros%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+a+Messianic+Billionaire&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780375405853&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW1Jn4zYBom8C%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2010" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Michael T. (September 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUncnapj_hIC&q=lutheran">"Family Values"</a>. Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76592-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76592-5"><bdi>978-0-307-76592-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Values&rft.btitle=Soros%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+a+Messianic+Billionaire&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2010-09-29&rft.isbn=978-0-307-76592-5&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUUncnapj_hIC%26q%3Dlutheran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2001" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Charles D. (2001). Wall Street People: True Stories of Today's Masters and Moguls. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-23809-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-23809-0"><bdi>0-471-23809-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wall+Street+People%3A+True+Stories+of+Today%27s+Masters+and+Moguls&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-471-23809-0&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgesoros.com/faqs/entry/georgesorosofficialbiography/">Official Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122214827/http://www.georgesoros.com/faqs/entry/georgesorosofficialbiography/">Archived</a> November 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved March 2, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR090409-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR090409_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR090409_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAll_Things_Considered2009" class="citation web cs1">All Things Considered (August 11, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=111786652">"Soros Uses Leverage To Aid New York Children"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917111735/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=111786652">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2009. Retrieved October 16, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soros+Uses+Leverage+To+Aid+New+York+Children&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2009-08-11&rft.au=All+Things+Considered&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D111786652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Philip Delves Broughton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/features/the-billionaire-taking-on-the-brexiteers-36587647.html">The billionaire taking on the Brexiteers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323030438/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/features/the-billionaire-taking-on-the-brexiteers-36587647.html">Archived</a> March 23, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Belfast Telegraph, February 10, 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawac.org/speech-archive/pdf/2006/Soros_612.pdf">Consequences of the War on Terror</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120129063644/http://www.lawac.org/speech-archive/pdf/2006/Soros_612.pdf">Archived</a> January 29, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> September 20, 2006, Los Angeles World Affairs Council. Retrieved December 7, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2012" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Glen (2012). The Great Investors: Lessons on Investing from Master Traders. United Kingdom: Pearson. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780273743385" title="Special:BookSources/9780273743385"><bdi>9780273743385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Investors%3A+Lessons+on+Investing+from+Master+Traders&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780273743385&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Glen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorosKoenenWien1995" class="citation book cs1">Soros, George; Koenen, Krisztina; Wien, Byron (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sorosonsorosstay00soro_0/page/326">Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve</a>. New York: J. Wiley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sorosonsorosstay00soro_0/page/326">326</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471119777" title="Special:BookSources/9780471119777"><bdi>9780471119777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soros+on+Soros%3A+Staying+Ahead+of+the+Curve&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=J.+Wiley&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780471119777&rft.aulast=Soros&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Koenen%2C+Krisztina&rft.au=Wien%2C+Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsorosonsorosstay00soro_0%2Fpage%2F326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Kaufman, Michael T., Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire, Chapter 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorosSchmitz2014" class="citation book cs1">Soros, George; Schmitz, Gregor Peter (March 11, 2014). The Tragedy of the European Union: Disintegration or Revival?. New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-422-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-422-2"><bdi>978-1-61039-422-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+the+European+Union%3A+Disintegration+or+Revival%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2014-03-11&rft.isbn=978-1-61039-422-2&rft.aulast=Soros&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Schmitz%2C+Gregor+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoros2013" class="citation journal cs1">Soros, George (2013). "Fallibility, reflexivity, and the human uncertainty principle". Journal of Economic Methodology. 20 (4): 309–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1350178x.2013.859415">10.1080/1350178x.2013.859415</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10.1080%2F1350178X.2013.859415">10.1080/1350178X.2013.859415</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1350-178X">1350-178X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144650771">144650771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Methodology&rft.atitle=Fallibility%2C+reflexivity%2C+and+the+human+uncertainty+principle&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=309-329&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10.1080%2F1350178X.2013.859415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144650771%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1350-178X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1350178x.2013.859415&rft.aulast=Soros&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_63-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoros,_George2008" class="citation book cs1">Soros, George (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newparadigmforfi00soro_0">The New Paradigm for Financial Markets</a>. New York: Public Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-683-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-683-9"><bdi>978-1-58648-683-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Paradigm+for+Financial+Markets&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-683-9&rft.au=Soros%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewparadigmforfi00soro_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Soros on Soros, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovenGötzke2010" class="citation book cs1">Koven, Steven G.; Götzke, Frank (2010). American immigration policy confronting the nation's challenges (1 ed.). New York: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95940-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95940-5"><bdi>978-0-387-95940-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+immigration+policy+confronting+the+nation%27s+challenges&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=89&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-387-95940-5&rft.aulast=Koven&rft.aufirst=Steven+G.&rft.au=G%C3%B6tzke%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlitter2018" class="citation news cs1">Flitter, Emily (August 29, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/29/business/henry-arnhold-dead.html">"Henry Arnhold, Patriarch of a Storied Banking Family, Dies at 96"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909222109/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/29/business/henry-arnhold-dead.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Henry+Arnhold%2C+Patriarch+of+a+Storied+Banking+Family%2C+Dies+at+96&rft.date=2018-08-29&rft.aulast=Flitter&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F08%2F29%2Fbusiness%2Fhenry-arnhold-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014514/https://nexchange.com/article/11185">"George Soros Part One: Early Career"</a>. NexChange. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nexchange.com/article/11185">the original</a> on September 10, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NexChange&rft.atitle=George+Soros+Part+One%3A+Early+Career&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnexchange.com%2Farticle%2F11185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> Originally published in ValueWalk.com in August 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-georgesoros.com-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-georgesoros.com_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-georgesoros.com_68-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgesoros.com/faqs/archive/category/finance/">"George Soros"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711084948/http://www.georgesoros.com/faqs/archive/category/finance/">Archived</a> July 11, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. George Soros. Retrieved November 25, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-GuruFocus.com-69"><a href="#cite_ref-GuruFocus.com_69-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurufocus.com/news.php?id=109858">Soros Buys 20% of BNK Petroleum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110083012/https://www.gurufocus.com/news/109858">Archived</a> November 10, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Gurufocus.com (October 19, 2010). Retrieved November 25, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2008" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, Jenny (April 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/16/business/16wall.html">"Wall Street Winners Get Billion-Dollar Paydays"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310104250/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/16/business/16wall.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2009. Retrieved July 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wall+Street+Winners+Get+Billion-Dollar+Paydays&rft.date=2008-04-16&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F16%2Fbusiness%2F16wall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Soros on Soros, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian711-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian711_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominic2011" class="citation news cs1">Dominic, Rushe (July 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/jul/26/george-soros-to-close-hedge-fund">"George Soros to close hedge fund management group to outside investors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930122357/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/jul/26/george-soros-to-close-hedge-fund">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved July 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=George+Soros+to+close+hedge+fund+management+group+to+outside+investors&rft.date=2011-07-26&rft.aulast=Dominic&rft.aufirst=Rushe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2011%2Fjul%2F26%2Fgeorge-soros-to-close-hedge-fund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/">"Institutional Investor"</a>. Institutional Investor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102183622/https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institutional+Investor&rft.atitle=Institutional+Investor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.institutionalinvestor.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarmin" class="citation news cs1">Karmin, Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/soros-puts-money-on-latin-america-hotels-1447785866">"George Soros Puts Money on Latin America Hotels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122031241/http://www.wsj.com/articles/soros-puts-money-on-latin-america-hotels-1447785866">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=George+Soros+Puts+Money+on+Latin+America+Hotels&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Karmin&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fsoros-puts-money-on-latin-america-hotels-1447785866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amazon1-75"><a href="#cite_ref-amazon1_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebastian_Mallaby2010" class="citation book cs1">Sebastian Mallaby (June 10, 2010). More Money Than God: Hedge Funds and the Making of a New Elite. Penguin Press HC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594202551" title="Special:BookSources/9781594202551"><bdi>9781594202551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Money+Than+God%3A+Hedge+Funds+and+the+Making+of+a+New+Elite&rft.pub=Penguin+Press+HC&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.isbn=9781594202551&rft.au=Sebastian+Mallaby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Mallaby, Sebastian, More Money Than God, Penguin, 2010, p. 167. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-255-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-255-1">978-1-59420-255-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Litterick, David (September 13, 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2773265/Billionaire-who-broke-the-Bank-of-England.html">"Billionaire who Broke the Bank of England"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406155925/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2773265/Billionaire-who-broke-the-Bank-of-England.html">Archived</a> April 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Telegraph. </li> <li id="cite_note-telly-78"><a href="#cite_ref-telly_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2012" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Philip (September 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/currency/9533474/Black-Wednesday-The-day-that-Britain-went-over-the-edge.html">"Black Wednesday: The day that Britain went over the edge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228182924/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/currency/9533474/Black-Wednesday-The-day-that-Britain-went-over-the-edge.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Black+Wednesday%3A+The+day+that+Britain+went+over+the+edge&rft.date=2012-09-10&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fcurrency%2F9533474%2FBlack-Wednesday-The-day-that-Britain-went-over-the-edge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Steven Drobny, Inside the House of Money, John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve (John Wiley, 1995), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-12014-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-12014-8">978-0-471-12014-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hs.fi/talous/art-2000003507500.html">"Amerikkalainen suursijoittaja keinotteli Suomen markalla Miljardien markkojen kauppojen takana tiettävästi George Soros Suomen Pankki ja hallitus pitävät salaliittoa mahdottomana"</a> (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a>. February 10, 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020120052/https://www.hs.fi/talous/art-2000003507500.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019. <q>An American financier speculated with the Finnish mark - The man behind the trade of billions worth of markkas presumably was George Soros - The Finnish Bank and Government think that a conspiracy is impossible</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amerikkalainen+suursijoittaja+keinotteli+Suomen+markalla+Miljardien+markkojen+kauppojen+takana+tiett%C3%A4v%C3%A4sti+George+Soros+Suomen+Pankki+ja+hallitus+pit%C3%A4v%C3%A4t+salaliittoa+mahdottomana&rft.pub=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.date=1996-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Ftalous%2Fart-2000003507500.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/telegraph-view/3597972/Mahathirs-dark-side.html">"Mahathir's dark side"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. 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Retrieved October 16, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Soros+Closes+Foundation+in+Belarus&rft.date=1997-09-04&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9400E0D91530F937A3575AC0A961958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-321844.html">Soros donates $100 million to Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090622032011/http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-321844.html">Archived</a> June 22, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency" title="Ukrainian Independent Information Agency">Ukrainian Independent Information Agency</a> (UNIAN), June 19, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-istandwithceu-119"><a href="#cite_ref-istandwithceu_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceu.edu/category/istandwithceu">"#IStartWithCeu"</a>. CEU. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215074820/http://www.ceu.edu/category/istandwithceu">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%23IStartWithCeu&rft.pub=CEU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceu.edu%2Fcategory%2Fistandwithceu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mafia-120"><a href="#cite_ref-mafia_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Rankin2017" class="citation news cs1">Jennifer Rankin (June 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/01/george-soros-attacks-hungarian-president-building-mafia-state">"George Soros attacks Hungarian prime minister for building a 'mafia state'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180331150853/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/01/george-soros-attacks-hungarian-president-building-mafia-state">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=George+Soros+attacks+Hungarian+prime+minister+for+building+a+%27mafia+state%27&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft.au=Jennifer+Rankin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fjun%2F01%2Fgeorge-soros-attacks-hungarian-president-building-mafia-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-poster1-121"><a href="#cite_ref-poster1_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHungarian_government" class="citation web cs1">Hungarian government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://img3.hvg.hu/image.aspx?id=4099562d-ee70-4221-bb53-c4952af5c15a&view=da658e97-86c0-40f3-acd3-b0a850f32c30">"Soros large poster"</a>. HVG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118215218/http://img3.hvg.hu/image.aspx?id=4099562d-ee70-4221-bb53-c4952af5c15a&view=da658e97-86c0-40f3-acd3-b0a850f32c30">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soros+large+poster&rft.pub=HVG&rft.au=Hungarian+government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimg3.hvg.hu%2Fimage.aspx%3Fid%3D4099562d-ee70-4221-bb53-c4952af5c15a%26view%3Dda658e97-86c0-40f3-acd3-b0a850f32c30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ktsztv-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Ktsztv_122-0">^</a> 2017. évi LXXVI. törvény (LXXVI. law of 2017) </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectator.org/macedonia-to-george-soros-and-usaid-go-away/">"Macedonia to George Soros and USAID: Go Away"</a>. The American Spectator. March 24, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729031200/https://spectator.org/macedonia-to-george-soros-and-usaid-go-away/">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Spectator&rft.atitle=Macedonia+to+George+Soros+and+USAID%3A+Go+Away&rft.date=2017-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectator.org%2Fmacedonia-to-george-soros-and-usaid-go-away%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakala2017" class="citation news cs1">Takala, Rudy (April 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/international/331026-why-is-the-state-department-refusing-to-disclose-soros/">"Why is the State Department refusing to disclose Soros' involvement in Macedonia?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714124810/http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/international/331026-why-is-the-state-department-refusing-to-disclose-soros">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Why+is+the+State+Department+refusing+to+disclose+Soros%27+involvement+in+Macedonia%3F&rft.date=2017-04-28&rft.aulast=Takala&rft.aufirst=Rudy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fpundits-blog%2Finternational%2F331026-why-is-the-state-department-refusing-to-disclose-soros%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/newsroom/the-open-society-foundations-in-north-macedonia">"The Open Society Foundations in North Macedonia"</a>. Open Society Foundation. 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Retrieved February 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Society+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Open+Society+Foundations+in+North+Macedonia&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opensocietyfoundations.org%2Fnewsroom%2Fthe-open-society-foundations-in-north-macedonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyman2017" class="citation news cs1">Lyman, Rick (March 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/world/europe/after-trump-win-anti-soros-forces-are-emboldened-in-eastern-europe.html">"After Trump Win, Anti-Soros Forces Are Emboldened in Eastern Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719203948/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/world/europe/after-trump-win-anti-soros-forces-are-emboldened-in-eastern-europe.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=After+Trump+Win%2C+Anti-Soros+Forces+Are+Emboldened+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F01%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fafter-trump-win-anti-soros-forces-are-emboldened-in-eastern-europe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/george-soros-foundation-close-office-repressive-hungary-180515160314017.html">"George Soros foundation to close office in 'repressive' Hungary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180606162837/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/george-soros-foundation-close-office-repressive-hungary-180515160314017.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=George+Soros+foundation+to+close+office+in+%27repressive%27+Hungary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F05%2Fgeorge-soros-foundation-close-office-repressive-hungary-180515160314017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44082976">"Soros foundation to leave Hungary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. May 15, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618161844/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44082976">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Soros+foundation+to+leave+Hungary&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-44082976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/05/15/soros-foundation-close-office-budapest-hungarian-governments/">"Soros foundation to close office in Budapest over Hungarian government's 'repressive' policies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. London. 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Retrieved June 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Soros+foundation+to+close+office+in+Budapest+over+Hungarian+government%27s+%27repressive%27+policies&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2018%2F05%2F15%2Fsoros-foundation-close-office-budapest-hungarian-governments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161015180006/https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/about/offices-foundations/open-society-initiative-southern-africa">"Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa"</a>. opensocietyfoundations.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/about/offices-foundations/open-society-initiative-southern-africa">the original</a> on October 15, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opensocietyfoundations.org&rft.atitle=Open+Society+Initiative+for+Southern+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opensocietyfoundations.org%2Fabout%2Foffices-foundations%2Fopen-society-initiative-southern-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkanupdate.com/2005/11/george-soros-kosovo-should-be.html">George Soros: Kosovo Should Be Independent</a>". Balkan Update. November 20, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150118223636/http://www.balkanupdate.com/2005/11/george-soros-kosovo-should-be.html">Archived</a> January 18, 2015, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-diplomat-132"><a href="#cite_ref-diplomat_132-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/03/world/europe/03ross.html">Rebellious Diplomat Finds Work as Envoy of the Voiceless</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202071022/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/03/world/europe/03ross.html">Archived</a> February 2, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The New York Times. 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Journal of Economic Methodology. 2013. 20 (4): 309–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1350178X.2013.859415">10.1080/1350178X.2013.859415</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10.1080%2F1350178X.2013.859415">10.1080/1350178X.2013.859415</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144650771">144650771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Methodology&rft.atitle=Reflexivity+and+Economics%3A+George+Soros%27s+Theory+of+Reflexivity+and+the+Methodology+of+Economic+Science&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=309-329&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10.1080%2F1350178X.2013.859415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144650771%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1350178X.2013.859415&rft.aulast=Soros&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2013" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, John (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epublications.marquette.edu/econ_fac/385/">"Soros's Reflexivity Concept in a Complex World: Cauchy Distributions"</a>. Marquette.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502050145/http://epublications.marquette.edu/econ_fac/385/">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marquette.edu&rft.atitle=Soros%27s+Reflexivity+Concept+in+a+Complex+World%3A+Cauchy+Distributions&rft.date=2013-12&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepublications.marquette.edu%2Fecon_fac%2F385%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/videos/view/172">"Why do we need an Institute for New Economic Thinking at Oxford? – Videos"</a>. 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PublicAffairs. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-217-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-217-6"><bdi>978-1-58648-217-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bubble+of+American+Supremacy%3A+Correcting+the+Misuse+of+American+Power&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-217-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbubbleofamerican00soro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoros2003" class="citation book cs1">Soros, George (2003). The Alchemy of Finance. John Wiley & Sons. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-44549-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-44549-4"><bdi>978-0-471-44549-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alchemy+of+Finance&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-471-44549-4&rft.aulast=Soros&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-predict-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-predict_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-predict_159-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121400427331093457">Soros, the Man Who Cries Wolf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803132236/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121400427331093457">Archived</a> August 3, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Now Is Warning of a 'Superbubble'" by Greg Ip, B1, June 21–22, 2008 The Wall Street Journal. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE51K0A920090221">Soros sees no bottom for world financial "collapse"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103000810/https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE51K0A920090221">Archived</a> November 3, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, February 21, 2009, Retrieved August 17, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaighOndaatjie2016" class="citation web cs1">Haigh, Adam; Ondaatjie, Anusha (January 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-07/global-markets-at-the-beginning-of-a-crisis-george-soros-says">"George Soros Sees Crisis in Global Markets That Echoes 2008"</a>. bloomberg.com. Bloomberg LP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210101242/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-07/global-markets-at-the-beginning-of-a-crisis-george-soros-says">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=George+Soros+Sees+Crisis+in+Global+Markets+That+Echoes+2008&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Ondaatjie%2C+Anusha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-01-07%2Fglobal-markets-at-the-beginning-of-a-crisis-george-soros-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClinch2016" class="citation web cs1">Clinch, Matt (January 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2016/01/07/soros-its-the-2008-crisis-all-over-again.html">"Soros: It's the 2008 crisis all over again"</a>. cnbc.com. CNBC LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116060225/http://www.cnbc.com/2016/01/07/soros-its-the-2008-crisis-all-over-again.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnbc.com&rft.atitle=Soros%3A+It%27s+the+2008+crisis+all+over+again&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft.aulast=Clinch&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2016%2F01%2F07%2Fsoros-its-the-2008-crisis-all-over-again.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2015" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Anna (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FusBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">Buying a Better World: George Soros and Billionaire Philanthropy</a>. Dundurn Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-45973-103-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-45973-103-5"><bdi>978-1-45973-103-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403031523/https://books.google.com/books?id=8FusBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2017. 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Retrieved November 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hacked+Soros+e-mails+reveal+plans+to+fight+Israel%27s+%27racist%27+policies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FPolitics-And-Diplomacy%2FHacked-Soros-e-mails-reveal-plans-to-fight-Israels-racist-policies-464149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988">, <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeibovitz2016" class="citation web cs1">Leibovitz, Liel (August 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/210826/soros-hack-reveals-evidence-of-systemic-anti-israel-bias">"Soros Hack Reveals Evidence of Systemic Anti-Israel Bias"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815160302/http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/210826/soros-hack-reveals-evidence-of-systemic-anti-israel-bias">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2016. 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Slate.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616054605/http://www.slate.com/id/2107809">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved October 16, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cheney+Drops+the+Ball&rft.pub=Slate.com&rft.date=2004-10-06&rft.aulast=Suellentrop&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2107809%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoros2004" class="citation book cs1">Soros, George (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bubbleofamerican00soro">The Bubble of American Supremacy</a>. New York: Crows Nest M.S.W. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586482176" title="Special:BookSources/9781586482176"><bdi>9781586482176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bubble+of+American+Supremacy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crows+Nest+M.S.W.+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781586482176&rft.aulast=Soros&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbubbleofamerican00soro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2006/06/27/america-the-dangerous.html">"America the Dangerous?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101111122422/http://www.newsweek.com/2006/06/27/america-the-dangerous.html">Archived</a> November 11, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Newsweek, June 27, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-19/george-soros-says-markets-will-falter-as-uncertainty-takes-over">"Soros Says Markets to Slump With Trump, EU Faces Disintegration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>. 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Bloomberg. October 30, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-42984594">"Pro-EU campaign secures £400,000 from George Soros"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. February 8, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208213355/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-42984594">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2018. 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Retrieved May 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=George+Soros%27s+Plan+to+Fix+Europe%3A+DealBook+Briefing&rft.date=2018-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F05%2F29%2Fbusiness%2Fdealbook%2Fstarbucks-bias-race.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-usa-economy/soros-warns-us-europe-alliance-destruction-may-cause-major-crisis-idUSKCN1IU1PX">"Soros has warned that the US-Europe alliance 'destruction' may cause major crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 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Retrieved May 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China%27s+Xi+Jinping+%27most+dangerous%27+to+free+societies%2C+says+George+Soros&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-46996116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgesoros.com/2019/01/24/remarks-delivered-at-the-world-economic-forum-2/">"Remarks delivered at the World Economic Forum"</a>. George Soros. January 24, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128222408/https://www.georgesoros.com/2019/01/24/remarks-delivered-at-the-world-economic-forum-2/">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+delivered+at+the+World+Economic+Forum&rft.pub=George+Soros&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgesoros.com%2F2019%2F01%2F24%2Fremarks-delivered-at-the-world-economic-forum-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/mortal-danger-chinas-push-into-ai/">"The 'Mortal Danger' of China's Push Into AI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. January 24, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507174841/https://www.wired.com/story/mortal-danger-chinas-push-into-ai/">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=The+%27Mortal+Danger%27+of+China%27s+Push+Into+AI&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fmortal-danger-chinas-push-into-ai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Robertson2021" class="citation web cs1">Harry Robertson (September 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/george-soros-blackrock-china-mistake-investing-chinese-stocks-markets-2021-9">"George Soros slams BlackRock's big push into Chinese markets as a 'tragic mistake' that will hurt the US"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. Retrieved December 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=George+Soros+slams+BlackRock%27s+big+push+into+Chinese+markets+as+a+%27tragic+mistake%27+that+will+hurt+the+US&rft.date=2021-09-07&rft.au=Harry+Robertson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarkets.businessinsider.com%2Fnews%2Fstocks%2Fgeorge-soros-blackrock-china-mistake-investing-chinese-stocks-markets-2021-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1405/25/fzgps.01.html">Interview with George Soros</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108095432/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1405/25/fzgps.01.html">Archived</a> November 8, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. May 25, 2014, </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2015/feb/05/new-policy-rescue-ukraine/?insrc=hpss">A New Policy to Rescue Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122125352/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2015/feb/05/new-policy-rescue-ukraine/?insrc=hpss">Archived</a> November 22, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. 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January 8, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakortoff2015" class="citation web cs1">Makortoff, Kalyeena (November 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2015/11/30/russia-bans-george-soros-charity-as-security-threat.html">"Russia bans George Soros charity as 'security threat'"</a>. cnbc.com. CNBC LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116065138/http://www.cnbc.com/2015/11/30/russia-bans-george-soros-charity-as-security-threat.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnbc.com&rft.atitle=Russia+bans+George+Soros+charity+as+%27security+threat%27&rft.date=2015-11-20&rft.aulast=Makortoff&rft.aufirst=Kalyeena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2015%2F11%2F30%2Frussia-bans-george-soros-charity-as-security-threat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2015/11/30/russia-bans-george-soros-foundation-as-state-security-threat/">"Russia Bans George Soros Foundation as State Security 'Threat'"</a>. fortune.com. Fortune. 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Retrieved February 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russian+culture+ministry+denies+reports+of+book+burning&rft.date=2016-05-06&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=Sian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2016%2Fmay%2F06%2Frussian-culture-ministry-denies-reports-of-book-burning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahadi2022" class="citation web cs1">Sahadi, Jeanne (May 24, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/24/economy/george-soros-davos-world-economic-forum/index.html">"Society 'may not survive' Putin's war, says billionaire George Soros"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 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April 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=How+George+Soros+became+a+punching+bag+for+rightwing+Twitter+in+India&rft.date=2023-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2Fgeorge-soros-indian-rightwing-twitters-punching-bag-1850385524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-bjp-slams-soros-saying-adanis-troubles-will-weaken-modi-2023-02-17/">"India's BJP slams Soros for saying Adani's troubles will weaken Modi"</a>. Reuters. 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May 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=%22Everyone+is+absolutely+terrified%22%3A+Inside+a+US+ally%27s+secret+war+on+its+American+critics&rft.date=2024-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fworld-politics%2F24160779%2Finside-indias-secret-campaign-to-threaten-and-harass-americans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/">"Forbes Billionaires 2021: The Richest People in the World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129074957/http://www.forbes.com/billionaires/">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Forbes+Billionaires+2021%3A+The+Richest+People+in+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fbillionaires%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoros2003" class="citation book cs1">Soros, George (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qxkiYul2wgoC&pg=PR12">The Alchemy of Finance</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-44549-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-44549-4"><bdi>978-0-471-44549-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110083021/https://books.google.com/books?id=qxkiYul2wgoC&pg=PR12">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alchemy+of+Finance&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-471-44549-4&rft.aulast=Soros&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqxkiYul2wgoC%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgesoros.com/faqs/entry/georgesorosphilanthropyisunprecedented/">Philanthropy</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100921163744/http://georgesoros.com/faqs/entry/georgesorosphilanthropyisunprecedented/">Archived</a> September 21, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved December 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=FT+Person+of+the+Year%3A+George+Soros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F2bd12012-01e4-11e9-9d01-cd4d49afbbe3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ridenhour.org">"George Soros"</a>. Ridenhour Prizes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910031633/http://www.ridenhour.org/">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ridenhour+Prizes&rft.atitle=George+Soros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ridenhour.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelensnola.org/2019/04/17/soros-accepts-ridenhour-prize-for-courage-in-an-age-of-lies/">"Soros accepts Ridenhour Prize for Courage in an age of lies"</a>. The Lens. April 17, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508053642/https://thelensnola.org/2019/04/17/soros-accepts-ridenhour-prize-for-courage-in-an-age-of-lies/">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lens&rft.atitle=Soros+accepts+Ridenhour+Prize+for+Courage+in+an+age+of+lies&rft.date=2019-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthelensnola.org%2F2019%2F04%2F17%2Fsoros-accepts-ridenhour-prize-for-courage-in-an-age-of-lies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> The Times, August 2, 1993 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journalism">Journalism</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuthers2008" class="citation web cs1">Authers, John (May 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602062326/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/304f1e6e-253b-11dd-a14a-000077b07658.html">"A successful prophet of the markets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/304f1e6e-253b-11dd-a14a-000077b07658.html">the original</a> on June 2, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=A+successful+prophet+of+the+markets&rft.date=2008-05-19&rft.aulast=Authers&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F304f1e6e-253b-11dd-a14a-000077b07658.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Laura Blumenfeld, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051127200608/http://www.msnbc.com/news/991865.asp?vts=111120030842&cp1=1">"Billionaire Soros Takes on Bush"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.com/news/991865.asp?vts=111120030842&cp1=1">the original</a> on November 27, 2005. Retrieved April 7, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSNBC&rft.atitle=Billionaire+Soros+Takes+on+Bush&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.com%2Fnews%2F991865.asp%3Fvts%3D111120030842%26cp1%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988">, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, November 11, 2003</li> <li>Connie Bruck, Abstract of The New Yorker profile of Soros "The World According to Soros", The New Yorker, January 23, 1995.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Gladwell" title="Malcolm Gladwell">Malcolm Gladwell</a>, gladwell.com "Blowing Up", <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, April 22 & 29, 2002.</li> <li>Matt Welch, Open Season on 'Open Society': Why an anti-communist "Holocaust survivor is being demonized as a Socialist, Self-hating Jew". <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>, December 8, 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986206-7,00.html">"Time's 25 Most Influential Americans"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100710005332/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986206-7,00.html">Archived</a> July 10, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Time, April 21, 1997. Retrieved May 21, 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100powergivers/article/0,28804,1616375_1615711_1615683,00.html">"The Time 100: The Power Givers: George Soros"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205162803/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100powergivers/article/0,28804,1616375_1615711_1615683,00.html">Archived</a> December 5, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Time, May 14, 2007, Retrieved May 21, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_perspectives">Scholarly perspectives</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bryant, C.G.A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/1223/">"George Soros's theory of reflexivity: a comparison with the theories of Giddens and Beck and a consideration of its practical value"</a>. Economy and Society. 31 (1): 112–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03085140120109277">10.1080/03085140120109277</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143594005">143594005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economy+and+Society&rft.atitle=George+Soros%27s+theory+of+reflexivity%3A+a+comparison+with+the+theories+of+Giddens+and+Beck+and+a+consideration+of+its+practical+value&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=112-131&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03085140120109277&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143594005%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=C.G.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusir.salford.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1223%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossStrachan,_D.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Cross, R.; Strachan, D. (1997). "On George Soros and economic analysis". Kyklos. 50 (4): 561–574. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-6435.00030">10.1111/1467-6435.00030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyklos&rft.atitle=On+George+Soros+and+economic+analysis&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=561-574&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-6435.00030&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Strachan%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwong2008" class="citation arxiv cs1">Kwong, C.P. (2008). "Mathematical analysis of Soros's theory of reflexivity". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0901.4447">0901.4447</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/q-fin.GN">q-fin.GN</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Mathematical+analysis+of+Soros%27s+theory+of+reflexivity&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0901.4447&rft.aulast=Kwong&rft.aufirst=C.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen1996" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, Waldemar A. (1996). Inside American Philanthropy: The Dramas of Donorship. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 77–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2802-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2802-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-2802-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+American+Philanthropy%3A+The+Dramas+of+Donorship&rft.place=Norman%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pages=77-82&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2802-3&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Waldemar+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettis2001" class="citation book cs1">Pettis, Michael (2001). The Volatility Machine: Emerging Economies and the Threat of Financial Collapse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514330-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514330-0"><bdi>978-0-19-514330-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Volatility+Machine%3A+Emerging+Economies+and+the+Threat+of+Financial+Collapse&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514330-0&rft.aulast=Pettis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2007" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Diane (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/647/1/WRAP_Stone_Market_Principles.pdf">"Market Principles, Philanthropic Ideals and Public Service Values: The Public Policy Program at the Central European University"</a> (PDF). PS: Political Science and Politics. 40 (3): 545–551. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1049096507070795">10.1017/S1049096507070795</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53387414">53387414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PS%3A+Political+Science+and+Politics&rft.atitle=Market+Principles%2C+Philanthropic+Ideals+and+Public+Service+Values%3A+The+Public+Policy+Program+at+the+Central+European+University&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=545-551&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1049096507070795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53387414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrap.warwick.ac.uk%2F647%2F1%2FWRAP_Stone_Market_Principles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Diane (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1741/1/WRAP_Stone_OSI__Policy_Transfer_FINAL.pdf">"Transnational Philanthropy or Policy Transfer? The Transnational Norms of the Open Society Institute"</a> (PDF). Policy and Politics. 38 (2): 269–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1332%2F030557309x458416">10.1332/030557309x458416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policy+and+Politics&rft.atitle=Transnational+Philanthropy+or+Policy+Transfer%3F+The+Transnational+Norms+of+the+Open+Society+Institute&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=269-87&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1332%2F030557309x458416&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrap.warwick.ac.uk%2F1741%2F1%2FWRAP_Stone_OSI__Policy_Transfer_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> George Soros at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:George_Soros" class="extiw" title="c:Category:George Soros">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Soros" class="extiw" title="q:George Soros">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12908" class="extiw" title="d:Q12908">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgesoros.com">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12908#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/george-soros">George Soros</a> Information on the website of Open Society Foundations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511141012/http://www.project-syndicate.org/contributor/27">Column archives</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Syndicate" title="Project Syndicate">Project Syndicate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/authors/157">Column archives</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?5416">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlierose.com/videos/242">George Soros</a> on <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)" title="Charlie Rose (talk show)">Charlie Rose</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/george-soros">George Soros</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12908#P3106" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/s/george_soros/index.html">George Soros</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/george-soros/">Forbes.com: George Soros</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/george-soros">NYTimes: George Soros</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/FY17%20Membership%20Roster.pdf">Membership</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Group_of_Funds" title="Quantum Group of Funds">Quantum Group of Funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soros_Fund_Management" title="Soros Fund Management">Soros Fund Management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protégé</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Rogers" title="Jim Rogers">Jim Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Niederhoffer" title="Victor Niederhoffer">Victor Niederhoffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Druckenmiller" title="Stanley Druckenmiller">Stanley Druckenmiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_New_Economic_Thinking" title="Institute for New Economic Thinking">Institute for New Economic Thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Renaissance_Foundation" title="International Renaissance Foundation">International Renaissance Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations%E2%80%93Armenia" title="Open Society Foundations–Armenia">Open Society Foundations–Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Institute-Baltimore" title="Open Society Institute-Baltimore">Open Society Institute-Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundation_for_South_Africa" title="Open Society Foundation for South Africa">Open Society Foundation for South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Initiative_for_Southern_Africa" title="Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa">Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Initiative_for_West_Africa" title="Open Society Initiative for West Africa">Open Society Initiative for West Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Institute_for_Responsible_Statecraft" title="Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft">Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Batory_Foundation" title="Stefan Batory Foundation">Stefan Batory Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Central_Asia" title="American University of Central Asia">American University of Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soros_on_Soros:_Staying_Ahead_of_the_Curve" title="Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve">Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soros:_The_World%27s_Most_Influential_Investor" title="Soros: The World's Most Influential Investor">Soros: The World's Most Influential Investor</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros:_The_Life_and_Times_of_a_Messianic_Billionaire" title="George Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire">George Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_Money_Than_God" title="More Money Than God">More Money Than God</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blinken_Open_Society_Archives" title="Blinken Open Society Archives">Blinken Open Society Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_projects_supported_by_George_Soros" title="List of projects supported by George Soros">List of projects supported</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soros_Realism" title="Soros Realism">Soros Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114963527">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/102383784">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/194363/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJth6QBXfc4jd6wQKRHgrq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119160382">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86011219">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12323858m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12323858m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00475368">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V061797">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36035711">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000605091&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1348524">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/591908">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073938688">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0XhkqKwAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/427463">RKD Artists</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1195635">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119160382.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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