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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Soros Fund Management, LLC</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soros_Fund_Management_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Soros_Fund_Management_Logo.png/200px-Soros_Fund_Management_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Soros_Fund_Management_Logo.png/300px-Soros_Fund_Management_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Soros_Fund_Management_Logo.png/400px-Soros_Fund_Management_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="153" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Financial services</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1970<span class="noprint">; 54 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1970</span>)</span> in New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality">New York City</div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>George Soros (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Fitzpatrick" title="Dawn Fitzpatrick">Dawn Fitzpatrick</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Assets_under_management" title="Assets under management">AUM</a></th><td class="infobox-data">US$25 billion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sorosfundmgmt.com">sorosfundmgmt<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Soros Fund Management, LLC</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">privately held</a> American investment management firm. It is structured as a <a href="/wiki/Family_office" title="Family office">family office</a>, but formerly as a <a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge fund</a>. The firm was founded in 1970 by <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in 2010, was reported to be one of the most profitable firms in the hedge fund industry,<sup id="cite_ref-HFMWeekGriffiths_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFMWeekGriffiths-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> averaging a 20% annual rate of return over four decades.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is headquartered at 250 West <a href="/wiki/55th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="55th Street (Manhattan)">55th Street</a> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, Soros Fund Management, LLC had US$25 billion in <a href="/wiki/Assets_under_management" title="Assets under management">AUM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Soros_-_Festival_Economia_2012_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/George_Soros_-_Festival_Economia_2012_01.JPG/250px-George_Soros_-_Festival_Economia_2012_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/George_Soros_-_Festival_Economia_2012_01.JPG/375px-George_Soros_-_Festival_Economia_2012_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/George_Soros_-_Festival_Economia_2012_01.JPG/500px-George_Soros_-_Festival_Economia_2012_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2259" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a> founded Soros Fund Management in 1970.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soros_Fund_Management&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soros Fund Management is the primary adviser for the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Group_of_Funds" title="Quantum Group of Funds">Quantum Group of Funds</a>; a family of funds in international investments.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company invests in public <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">equity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fixed_income" title="Fixed income">fixed income</a> markets worldwide, as well as foreign exchange, currency, and commodity markets, and <a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">private equity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> funds.<sup id="cite_ref-InvestingBusinessWeek_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InvestingBusinessWeek-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company is reported to have significant investments in transportation, energy, retail, financial, and other industries.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoovers_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoovers-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert Soros stepped down as deputy chairman and president in June 2017. David Milich assumed most of his duties.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Fitzpatrick" title="Dawn Fitzpatrick">Dawn Fitzpatrick</a> replaced Ted Burdick as <a href="/wiki/Chief_investment_officer" title="Chief investment officer">chief investment officer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2016 election cycle, Soros Fund Management donated over $10 million to <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016">Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign</a> through <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee#Super_PACs" title="Political action committee">super PACs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soros_Fund_Management&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The company was founded by George Soros and his former business partner <a href="/wiki/Jim_Rogers" title="Jim Rogers">Jim Rogers</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Slater2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slater2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before starting the business Soros and Rogers worked together at the investment bank <a href="/wiki/Arnhold_and_S._Bleichroder" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnhold and S. Bleichroder">Arnhold and S. Bleichroder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1992_to_2007">1992 to 2007</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soros_Fund_Management&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1992 to 2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the week leading up to September 16, 1992, or "<a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a>," Quantum Funds earned $1.8 billion by <a href="/wiki/Shorting" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorting">shorting</a> <a href="/wiki/British_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="British pound">British pounds</a> and buying <a href="/wiki/German_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German mark">German marks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SorosSuccessors2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SorosSuccessors2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This transaction earned Soros the title of "the Man Who Broke the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>". On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> policy in the period before the ejection of the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange Rate Mechanism">Exchange Rate Mechanism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_System" title="European Monetary System">European Monetary System</a> had been widely criticised for providing speculators with a <a href="/wiki/Arbitrage_betting" title="Arbitrage betting">one-way bet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, the Quantum Fund lost its position as the largest hedge fund in the world when its <a href="/wiki/Assets_under_management" title="Assets under management">assets under management</a> changed from $10 billion to $4 billion in about a year.<sup id="cite_ref-On_Wall_Street_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Wall_Street-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fund's losses resulted from investments in technology stocks.<sup id="cite_ref-On_Wall_Street_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Wall_Street-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, CEO Duncan Hennes and the managers of the Quantum Fund, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Druckenmiller" title="Stanley Druckenmiller">Stanley Druckenmiller</a>, and Quota Fund, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roditi" title="Nicholas Roditi">Nicholas Roditi</a>, resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-On_Wall_Street_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Wall_Street-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The restructuring of Soros Fund Management was announced in a shareholder letter that outlined its plan to merge the Quantum Fund with the Quantum Emerging Growth Fund to form the Quantum Endowment Fund.<sup id="cite_ref-On_Wall_Street_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Wall_Street-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peltz2001_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peltz2001-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intention was to transform the Quantum Fund into a "lower-risk, less-speculative fund" administered by an outside adviser.<sup id="cite_ref-On_Wall_Street_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Wall_Street-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IBD_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBD-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_to_2011">2008 to 2011</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soros_Fund_Management&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2008 to 2011"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The firm acquired a stake in <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a> just prior to its failure in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoovers_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoovers-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, Soros Fund Management partnered with six other hedge funds to acquire <a href="/wiki/IndyMac_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="IndyMac Bank">IndyMac Bank</a> for $13.9 billion, thereby gaining control of an estimated $160 billion in bank loans, investments, and deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker2011_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker2011-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the company was reported to have created $32 billion in profits since 1973, making it one of the top profit-making hedge funds in the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-HFMWeekGriffiths_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFMWeekGriffiths-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the firm was reported to have $27.9 billion in assets under management and was ranked sixth on <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Investor_(magazine)" title="Institutional Investor (magazine)">Institutional Investor</a>'s Hedge Fund 100 list.<sup id="cite_ref-2011HedgeFund100_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011HedgeFund100-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, the company partnered with <a href="/wiki/Silver_Lake_Partners" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Lake Partners">Silver Lake Partners</a> and created fund called Silver Lake Kraftwerk whose focus was investing in natural resource and energy companies.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times:_Silver_Lake_Starts_Clean_Energy_Fund_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times:_Silver_Lake_Starts_Clean_Energy_Fund-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2011, the fund announced plans to return just under $1 billion to investors by the end of 2011 to avoid reporting requirements under the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd-Frank reform act</a> and to focus on family investments.<sup id="cite_ref-TheStreet_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheStreet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That month, the company's chief investment officer Keith Anderson, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/BlackRock" title="BlackRock">BlackRock</a> left the firm.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJZuckerman_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJZuckerman-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012_to_2024">2012 to 2024</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soros_Fund_Management&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2012 to 2024"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2016, Soros Fund Management advised a private investment fund tied to Quantum Strategic Partners, which injected the bulk of $305 million into <a href="/wiki/SolarCity" title="SolarCity">SolarCity</a>, a producer of solar panels.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flow of cash allowed <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, chairman of <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla Motors</a> and SolarCity, to purchase SolarCity and merge it with Tesla.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2018, the firm was reported to own 15% of <a href="/wiki/Justify_(horse)" title="Justify (horse)">Justify</a>, the horse that won the 2018 <a href="/wiki/2018_Preakness_Stakes" title="2018 Preakness Stakes">Preakness Stakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/2018_Kentucky_Derby" title="2018 Kentucky Derby">Kentucky Derby</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018_Belmont_Stakes" title="2018 Belmont Stakes">Belmont Stakes</a>, through the international breeding and racing operation of SF Bloodstock and SF Racing Group.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, Soros Fund Management gained 8.9% in 2017 and 0.9% in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first quarter of 2019, the fund had gained 1.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2019, it was announced that Soros Fund Management had built up a 3% stake in Swiss asset manager <a href="/wiki/GAM_(company)" title="GAM (company)">GAM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2019, Soros Fund Management led an investment in <a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice Media</a> for $250 million.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2019, Soros Fund Management increased its stake In Manolete Partners Plc To 11.67%.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of August, 2019, Soros Fund Management's most significant holdings were <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Media" title="Liberty Media">Liberty Broadband</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vici_Properties" title="Vici Properties">Vici Properties</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caesars_Entertainment" title="Caesars Entertainment">Caesars Entertainment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2020, George Soros announced at the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> that he would commit $1 billion to the launch of an international university, The Open Society University Network, for research and education on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and dealing with <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian governments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2020, Amply Power, a company that provides charging solutions for fleets, received its series A funding of $13.2 million from Soros Fund Management, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, Congruent Ventures, PeopleFund, and Obvious Ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2020, Soros Fund Management disclosed that it holds 1% Class A shares in <a href="/wiki/Palantir_Technologies" title="Palantir Technologies">Palantir Technologies</a> and announced that it has begun selling its shares as allowed because it disagrees with Palantir's business practices. In a statement to the <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>, the company said, "SFM made this investment at a time when the negative social consequences of big data were less understood. SFM would not make an investment in Palantir today."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2024, Soros Fund Management emerged as the largest creditor in <a href="/wiki/Audacy" title="Audacy">Audacy's</a> prepackaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings, holding over $400 million of its highest-ranking debt. This debt is planned to be converted into equity in the restructured company, making Soros a significant shareholder. Audacy views this development as a positive sign, interpreting it as a "vote of confidence" in the company's future.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2024, Soros Fund Management closed its Hong Kong Office.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soros_Fund_Management&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/george-soros/">"George Soros"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=George+Soros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Fgeorge-soros%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoros+Fund+Management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HFMWeekGriffiths-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HFMWeekGriffiths_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HFMWeekGriffiths_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2010" class="citation news cs1">Griffiths, Tony (October 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009180826/http://www.hfmweek.com/features/593652/the-hfmweek-50-most-influential-people-in-hedge-funds.thtml">"The HFMWeek 50 most influential people in hedge funds"</a>. <i>HFMWeek</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hfmweek.com/features/593652/the-hfmweek-50-most-influential-people-in-hedge-funds.thtml">the original</a> on 9 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HFMWeek&rft.atitle=The+HFMWeek+50+most+influential+people+in+hedge+funds&rft.date=2010-10-06&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hfmweek.com%2Ffeatures%2F593652%2Fthe-hfmweek-50-most-influential-people-in-hedge-funds.thtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoros+Fund+Management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2011" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed, Azam (27 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/07/26/soros-to-close-fund-to-outsiders/">"Soros to Close His Fund to Outsiders"</a>. <i>DealBook</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DealBook&rft.atitle=Soros+to+Close+His+Fund+to+Outsiders&rft.date=2011-07-27&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Azam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdealbook.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F07%2F26%2Fsoros-to-close-fund-to-outsiders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoros+Fund+Management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=1501285">"Soros Fund Management LLC: Private Company Information - Bloomberg"</a>. <i>www.bloomberg.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Soros+Fund+Management+LLC%3A+Private+Company+Information+-+Bloomberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fresearch%2Fstocks%2Fprivate%2Fsnapshot.asp%3FprivcapId%3D1501285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoros+Fund+Management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/">"Bloomberg Billionaires Index"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 2023-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=1501285">the original</a> on December 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soros%27s+One-Time+Investment+Chief+Ted+Burdick+Has+Left&rft.pub=Bloomberg+News&rft.date=2018-06-06&rft.aulast=Kishan&rft.aufirst=Saijel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2018-06-06%2Fsoros-s-one-time-investment-chief-burdick-is-said-to-leave-firm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoros+Fund+Management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/08/business/dealbook/george-soros-dawn-fitzpatrick-american-stock-exchange.html">"Men Bet She Would Fail; Now She Runs a $26 Billion Fund"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 8 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Men+Bet+She+Would+Fail%3B+Now+She+Runs+a+%2426+Billion+Fund&rft.date=2017-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F04%2F08%2Fbusiness%2Fdealbook%2Fgeorge-soros-dawn-fitzpatrick-american-stock-exchange.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoros+Fund+Management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel" class="citation web cs1">Vogel, Kenneth P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2016/07/george-soros-democratic-convention-226267">"George Soros rises again"</a>. <i>POLITICO</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=George+Soros+rises+again&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2016%2F07%2Fgeorge-soros-democratic-convention-226267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoros+Fund+Management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slater2009-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Slater2009_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Slater2009" class="citation book cs1">Robert Slater (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J7I26pZK8TUC&pg=PA164"><i>Soros: the world's most influential investor</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=George+Soros%27+fund+is+offloading+Palantir+shares+because+it+%27does+not+approve%27+of+its+business+practices&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft.aulast=Shead&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F11%2F19%2Fgeorge-soros-is-offloading-palantir-shares-due-to-business-practices.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoros+Fund+Management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGmbH" class="citation web cs1">GmbH, finanzen net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/palantir-stock-price-steve-cohens-point72-discloses-30-million-shares-2020-11">"Palantir jumps 18% after Steve Cohen's Point72 discloses 30-million-share stake"</a>. <i>markets.businessinsider.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Finance">Yahoo! Finance</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+Finance&rft.atitle=Billionaire+Soros+to+Become+Biggest+Stockholder+in+US+Radio+Company&rft.date=2024-02-14&rft.aulast=Carman&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft.au=Pollard%2C+Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fbillionaire-soros-become-biggest-stockholder-171621040.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoros+Fund+Management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soros_Fund_Management&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sorosfundmgmt.com/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200816#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1997/02/the-capitalist-threat/376773/">George Soros, "The Capitalist Threat"</a> (<i><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Group_of_Funds" title="Quantum Group of Funds">Quantum Group of Funds</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soros Fund Management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protégé</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Rogers" title="Jim Rogers">Jim Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Niederhoffer" title="Victor Niederhoffer">Victor Niederhoffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Druckenmiller" title="Stanley Druckenmiller">Stanley Druckenmiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_New_Economic_Thinking" title="Institute for New Economic Thinking">Institute for New Economic Thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Renaissance_Foundation" title="International Renaissance Foundation">International Renaissance Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations%E2%80%93Armenia" title="Open Society Foundations–Armenia">Open Society Foundations–Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Institute-Baltimore" title="Open Society Institute-Baltimore">Open Society Institute-Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundation_for_South_Africa" title="Open Society Foundation for South Africa">Open Society Foundation for South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Initiative_for_Southern_Africa" title="Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa">Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Initiative_for_West_Africa" title="Open Society Initiative for West Africa">Open Society Initiative for West Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Institute_for_Responsible_Statecraft" title="Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft">Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Batory_Foundation" title="Stefan Batory Foundation">Stefan Batory Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Central_Asia" title="American University of Central Asia">American University of Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soros_on_Soros:_Staying_Ahead_of_the_Curve" title="Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve">Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soros:_The_World%27s_Most_Influential_Investor" title="Soros: The World's Most Influential Investor">Soros: The World's Most Influential Investor</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros:_The_Life_and_Times_of_a_Messianic_Billionaire" title="George Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire">George Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_Money_Than_God" title="More Money Than God">More Money Than God</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blinken_Open_Society_Archives" title="Blinken Open Society Archives">Blinken Open Society Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_projects_supported_by_George_Soros" title="List of projects supported by George Soros">List of projects supported</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soros_Realism" title="Soros Realism">Soros Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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