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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>PNR leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PNR_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PNȚ_in_interwar_Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PNȚ_in_interwar_Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>PNȚ in interwar Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PNȚ_in_interwar_Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_successive_dictatorships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_successive_dictatorships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Under successive dictatorships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_successive_dictatorships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anticommunism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83" title="Юлиу Маниу – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юлиу Маниу" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iuliu Maniu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Iuliu Maniu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iuliu Maniu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iuliu Maniu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Γιούλιου Μανίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιούλιου Μανίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iuliu Maniu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iuliu Maniu" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iuliu Maniu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iuliu Maniu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iuliu Maniu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95" title="יוליו מאניו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוליו מאניו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iulius_Maniu" title="Iulius Maniu – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iulius Maniu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iuliu Maniu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88" title="ايوليو مانيو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايوليو مانيو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iuliu Maniu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iuliu Maniu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iuliu Maniu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iuliu Maniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83,_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83" title="Маниу, Юлиу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маниу, Юлиу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iuliu Maniu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%83" title="Юліу Маніу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юліу Маніу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Romanian politician (1873–1953)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Iuliu Maniu</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0518-507,_Julius_Maniu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0518-507%2C_Julius_Maniu.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0518-507%2C_Julius_Maniu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0518-507%2C_Julius_Maniu.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0518-507%2C_Julius_Maniu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0518-507%2C_Julius_Maniu.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0518-507%2C_Julius_Maniu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="764" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">32nd <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister of Romania</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 November 1928 – 6 June 1930</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael of Romania">Michael I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vintil%C4%83_Br%C4%83tianu" title="Vintilă Brătianu">Vintilă Brătianu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mironescu" title="Gheorghe Mironescu">Gheorghe Mironescu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 June 1930 – 9 October 1930</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mironescu" title="Gheorghe Mironescu">Gheorghe Mironescu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mironescu" title="Gheorghe Mironescu">Gheorghe Mironescu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 October 1932 – 13 January 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Alexandru Vaida-Voevod</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Alexandru Vaida-Voevod</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 October 1926 – June 1931</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i> (as leader of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Party" title="Romanian National Party">Romanian National Party</a>) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihalache" title="Ion Mihalache">Ion Mihalache</a> (as leader of the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Party_(Romania)" title="Peasants' Party (Romania)">Peasants' Party</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihalache" title="Ion Mihalache">Ion Mihalache</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 1932 – January 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihalache" title="Ion Mihalache">Ion Mihalache</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Alexandru Vaida-Voevod</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 1937 – July 1947</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihalache" title="Ion Mihalache">Ion Mihalache</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>None (Party dissolved)</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Party" title="Romanian National Party">Romanian National Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 February 1919 – 10 October 1926</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Pop_de_B%C4%83se%C8%99ti" title="Gheorghe Pop de Băsești">Gheorghe Pop de Băsești</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i> (party merged into the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1873-01-08</span>)</span>January 8, 1873<br />Szilágybadacsony, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (now Bădăcin, part of <a href="/wiki/Pericei" title="Pericei">Pericei</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C4%83laj_County" title="Sălaj County">Sălaj County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 5, 1953<span style="display:none">(1953-02-05)</span> (aged 80)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sighet_Prison" title="Sighet Prison">Sighet Prison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romanian People's Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Party" title="Romanian National Party">Romanian National Party</a> (1890–1926)<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a> (1926–1947)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_University" title="Franz Joseph University">Franz Joseph University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University" title="Eötvös Loránd University">University of Budapest</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Church_United_with_Rome,_Greek-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic">Greek-Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iuliu_Maniu_signature,_1928-12-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iuliu Maniu's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Iuliu_Maniu_signature%2C_1928-12-01.svg/128px-Iuliu_Maniu_signature%2C_1928-12-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Iuliu_Maniu_signature%2C_1928-12-01.svg/192px-Iuliu_Maniu_signature%2C_1928-12-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Iuliu_Maniu_signature%2C_1928-12-01.svg/256px-Iuliu_Maniu_signature%2C_1928-12-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Iuliu Maniu</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Romanian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[ˈjulju<span class="wrap"> </span>maˈni.u]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f9\/Ro-Iuliu_Maniu.ogg\/Ro-Iuliu_Maniu.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ro-Iuliu Maniu.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Ro-Iuliu_Maniu.ogg/Ro-Iuliu_Maniu.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ro-Iuliu_Maniu.ogg" title="File:Ro-Iuliu Maniu.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; Maniu Gyula <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>8 January 1873 – 5 February 1953) was a <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a> lawyer and politician. He was a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Party" title="Romanian National Party">National Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> before and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, playing an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">Union of Transylvania with Romania</a>. </p><p>Maniu served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister of Romania</a> for three terms during 1928–1933, and, with <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihalache" title="Ion Mihalache">Ion Mihalache</a>, co-founded the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a>. Arrested by the ascendant communist authorities in 1947 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/T%C4%83m%C4%83d%C4%83u_affair" title="Tămădău affair">Tămădău affair</a>, he was convicted of treason in a <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a> and sent to <a href="/wiki/Sighet_Prison" title="Sighet Prison">Sighet Prison</a>, where he died six years later. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iuliu_Maniu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maniu was born to an ethnic Romanian family in Szilágybadacsony, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Pericei" title="Pericei">Bădăcin</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C4%83laj_County" title="Sălaj County">Sălaj County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>); his parents were <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Maniu" title="Ioan Maniu">Ioan Maniu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clara_Maniu" title="Clara Maniu">Clara Maniu</a>. He finished the <a href="/wiki/National_College_Silvania" class="mw-redirect" title="National College Silvania">Calvinist College in Zalău</a> in 1890, and studied law at <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_University" title="Franz Joseph University">Franz Joseph University</a> in Kolozsvár (<a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj</a>), then at the <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University" title="Eötvös Loránd University">University of Budapest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>, being awarded the <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> in 1896. </p><p>Maniu joined the Romanian National Party of Transylvania and Banat (PNR), became a member of its collective leadership body in 1897, and represented it in the <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> Parliament on several occasions. He settled in <a href="/wiki/Blaj" title="Blaj">Blaj</a>, and served as a lawyer for the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Church_United_with_Rome,_Greek-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic">Greek Catholic Church</a> (to which he belonged). Maniu was influenced by the activity of <a href="/wiki/Simion_B%C4%83rnu%C8%9Biu" title="Simion Bărnuțiu">Simion Bărnuțiu</a>, a maternal uncle of his father, Ioan Maniu. </p><p>After serving as an advisor for <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a>, counseling on the latter's projects to redefine the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg</a> states along the lines of a <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Greater_Austria" title="United States of Greater Austria">United States of Greater Austria</a></i>, Maniu moved towards the option of a union with the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Old_Kingdom" title="Romanian Old Kingdom">Romanian Old Kingdom</a> when the Archduke was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_in_Sarajevo" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination in Sarajevo">assassinated in Sarajevo</a> in 1914. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PNR_leadership">PNR leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iuliu_Maniu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: PNR leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarian-Romanian_War_of_1919_(National_Military_Museum_Collection)_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hungarian-Romanian_War_of_1919_%28National_Military_Museum_Collection%29_03.jpg/220px-Hungarian-Romanian_War_of_1919_%28National_Military_Museum_Collection%29_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hungarian-Romanian_War_of_1919_%28National_Military_Museum_Collection%29_03.jpg/330px-Hungarian-Romanian_War_of_1919_%28National_Military_Museum_Collection%29_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hungarian-Romanian_War_of_1919_%28National_Military_Museum_Collection%29_03.jpg/440px-Hungarian-Romanian_War_of_1919_%28National_Military_Museum_Collection%29_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand</a> with Maniu and generals <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Prezan" title="Constantin Prezan">Constantin Prezan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_M%C4%83rd%C4%83rescu" title="Gheorghe Mărdărescu">Gheorghe Mărdărescu</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98tefan_Panaitescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ștefan Panaitescu (page does not exist)">Ștefan Panaitescu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Panaitescu" class="extiw" title="ro:Ștefan Panaitescu">ro</a>]</span> at <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9scsaba" title="Békéscsaba">Békéscsaba</a>, 24 May 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>Together with such figures as <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Goldi%C8%99" title="Vasile Goldiș">Vasile Goldiș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Pop_de_B%C4%83se%C8%99ti" title="Gheorghe Pop de Băsești">Gheorghe Pop de Băsești</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox</a> cleric <a href="/wiki/Miron_Cristea" class="mw-redirect" title="Miron Cristea">Miron Cristea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Alexandru Vaida-Voevod</a>, Maniu engaged in an intensive unionist campaign, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_of_Alba_Iulia" title="Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia">Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia</a> on 1 December 1918, during which <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> demanded separation from Austria-Hungary. On 2 December, Maniu became head of Transylvania's Directory Council – a position equivalent to interim <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governorship</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RO_AB_Bustul_lui_Iuliu_Maniu_din_Alba_Iulia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/RO_AB_Bustul_lui_Iuliu_Maniu_din_Alba_Iulia.jpg/220px-RO_AB_Bustul_lui_Iuliu_Maniu_din_Alba_Iulia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/RO_AB_Bustul_lui_Iuliu_Maniu_din_Alba_Iulia.jpg/330px-RO_AB_Bustul_lui_Iuliu_Maniu_din_Alba_Iulia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/RO_AB_Bustul_lui_Iuliu_Maniu_din_Alba_Iulia.jpg/440px-RO_AB_Bustul_lui_Iuliu_Maniu_din_Alba_Iulia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1915" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Bust of Iuliu Maniu in <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1919, during the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a>, he accompanied <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Romania" title="Marie of Romania">Queen Marie</a> on a visit to Alba Iulia, <a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carei" title="Carei">Carei</a>, and a meeting with the frontline troops at <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9scsaba" title="Békéscsaba">Békéscsaba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the creation of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a>, the PNR formed the government in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>—a cabinet led by Al. Vaida-Voevod and allied with <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihalache" title="Ion Mihalache">Ion Mihalache</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Party_(Romania)" title="Peasants' Party (Romania)">Peasants' Party</a>. It entered in competition with one of the traditional parties of the Romanian Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal Party</a>, and with its leader <a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a>, when the Peasants' Party deadlocked the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament of Romania</a> with calls for a widespread <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I</a> dissolved Parliament, Iuliu Maniu found himself at odds with the national leadership, especially after the new <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Romania">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a>, with support from the National Liberals, dissolved the Transylvanian Council in April 1920. Consequently, Maniu refused to attend King Ferdinand's Crowning ceremony as <i>King of Greater Romania</i> (held in <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a>, in 1922), seeing it as an attempt to tie multi-religious Transylvania to Orthodoxy. At the same time, the PNR rejected the <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralization</a> imposed by the <a href="/wiki/1923_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1923 Constitution of Romania">1923 Constitution</a> favored by Brătianu, and demanded that any constitutional reform be passed by a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a>, and not by a regular vote in Parliament. Citing fears that the PNL had ensured a grip over Romanian politics, the PNR and the Peasants' Party united in 1926, and Maniu was the President of the new political force, the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a> (PNȚ), for the following seven years, and again between 1937 and 1947. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PNȚ_in_interwar_Romania"><span id="PN.C8.9A_in_interwar_Romania"></span>PNȚ in interwar Romania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iuliu_Maniu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: PNȚ in interwar Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite its success in elections, the PNȚ was blocked out of government by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prerogative" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Prerogative">Royal Prerogative</a> of King Ferdinand, who had preferred to nominate Brătianu, Averescu, and Prince <a href="/wiki/Barbu_%C8%98tirbey" title="Barbu Știrbey">Barbu Știrbey</a>. Maniu publicly protested, and attempted to organize a peasants' march on Bucharest as a public show of support modeled on the Alba Iulia assembly. He also showed himself open to deals proposed by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Sidney_Harmsworth,_1st_Viscount_Rothermere" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Sidney Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere">Viscount Rothermere</a> regarding a review of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and, as King Ferdinand's death approached, started negotiations with the disinherited <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Prince Carol</a> (King Ferdinand's son), proposing that the latter bypass the Constitution and crown himself in Alba Iulia (as a new foundation for the Romanian Kingdom). Talks with Carol were ended abruptly after the Romanian authorities called on the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> to expel the Prince from its territory. </p><p>The PNȚ first came to power in November 1928, after both King Ferdinand and Brătianu had died; in the elections of that year, it allied itself with the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democratic_Party_(1927-1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927-1948)">Romanian Social Democratic Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Romania)" title="German Party (Romania)">German Party</a>. In 1930, Maniu manoeuvered against the Constitution, and, together with <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mironescu" title="Gheorghe Mironescu">Gheorghe Mironescu</a>, brought about Carol's return and deposition of his son <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael</a>. However, Carol did not respect the terms of his agreement with Maniu, refusing to resume his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Elena_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Elena of Greece">Queen Elena</a>. After alternating governments of Maniu and Vaida-Voevod that had brought the party into conflict with the King's inner circle and with his lover, <a href="/wiki/Magda_Lupescu" title="Magda Lupescu">Magda Lupescu</a>, during its tenure his government was faced with a <a href="/wiki/Lupeni_strike_of_1929" title="Lupeni strike of 1929">strike by coal miners in the Jiu Valley</a> and major social and economic problems caused by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Romania" title="Great Depression in Romania">Great Depression in Romania</a>. Maniu resigned for the third and final time on 13 January 1933, due to his ongoing conflict with <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">King Carol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_successive_dictatorships">Under successive dictatorships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iuliu_Maniu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Under successive dictatorships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The country moved towards an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> regime formed around Carol and prompted by the rapid growth of the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a>. In 1937, Maniu agreed to sign an electoral pact with the Iron Guard's <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a>, in the hope that this would block the monarch's maneuvers. The king instead sought an agreement with other members of the political class, including the National Liberal <a href="/wiki/Ion_Duca" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Duca">Ion Duca</a> and the former PNȚ politician <a href="/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu" title="Armand Călinescu">Armand Călinescu</a>, while clamping down on the Iron Guard—leading to a wave of similar actions in reprisal. </p><p>With the loss of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Northern Bukovina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a> in 1940, Carol conceded power and exiled himself, leading to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>, a regime which aligned Romania with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a>. The PNȚ survived in semi-clandestinity and, after Antonescu purged the Guard, achieved some unofficial status when Maniu began holding talks with the general over several issues (notably, he called for an end to persecution of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_II#Romania_and_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War II">transports of Jews to Transnistria</a>). He remained an opponent of Antonescu, a view which he balanced with his adversity towards the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and joined the plotters of the pro-<a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">royal coup</a> of 23 August 1944, while expressing his resentment of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a> (PCR) involvement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anticommunism">Anticommunism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iuliu_Maniu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anticommunism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IuliuManiuAlegatoFinal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/IuliuManiuAlegatoFinal.jpg/220px-IuliuManiuAlegatoFinal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/IuliuManiuAlegatoFinal.jpg/330px-IuliuManiuAlegatoFinal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/IuliuManiuAlegatoFinal.jpg/440px-IuliuManiuAlegatoFinal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2583" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>Maniu's last appeal at his trial, November 11, 1947</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iuliu_Maniu_death_certificate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Iuliu_Maniu_death_certificate.jpg/220px-Iuliu_Maniu_death_certificate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Iuliu_Maniu_death_certificate.jpg/330px-Iuliu_Maniu_death_certificate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Iuliu_Maniu_death_certificate.jpg/440px-Iuliu_Maniu_death_certificate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>Maniu death certificate, 1957</figcaption></figure> <p>Subsequently, Maniu was a prominent supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Allies</a> and one of the main adversaries of growing <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet influence in Romania</a>. His party became the predilect target of PCR hostility.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PNȚ supporters and Communists engaged in several street fights in February 1945. "This man, in his seventies, who holds no meetings, makes no public speeches, publishes no articles, possesses no wealth, and is not allowed to answer one single calumny hurled against him, seems to have filled the Government with fear." "This is shown by the...unprecedented storm of attacks which the Government has launched against Dr. Maniu...day and night."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PNȚ finished a distant second in the <a href="/wiki/1946_Romanian_general_election" title="1946 Romanian general election">November 1946 general election</a> with 33 seats, well behind the Communist-dominated Bloc of Democratic Parties (BPD). After the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">fall of Communism</a> in 1989, some authors went as far as to claim that the PNȚ had actually won the election but was denied victory because of widespread <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a> on the part of the pro-Communist <a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, historian Petre Țurlea reviewed a confidential Communist Party report about the election that revealed the BPD had actually come up short of a majority. Țurlea concluded that had the election been conducted honestly, the PNȚ and the other opposition parties could have won enough votes between them to form a coalition government, albeit with far less than the 80 percent support long claimed by opposition supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1946, the PNȚ was sidelined, with the PCR ensuring the collaboration of several former party members, such as <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_L._Lupu" title="Nicolae L. Lupu">Nicolae L. Lupu</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Alexandrescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Alexandrescu (page does not exist)">Anton Alexandrescu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Alexandrescu" class="extiw" title="ro:Anton Alexandrescu">ro</a>]</span>. </p><p>In a telegram to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a>, the US representative in Romania, <a href="/wiki/Burton_Y._Berry" title="Burton Y. Berry">Burton Y. Berry</a>, wrote: </p><p>"The Department well knows that Maniu has stood out boldly as a champion of pro-Allied action and sentiment in Rumania even during the dark days of the Antonescu dictatorship. He has an enormous political following in the country and I believe the respect in which all Rumanians hold him eclipses that held for any other Rumanian. Because of what he has been and what he is it seems important that he be preserved from slipping into sharing the general conviction that the dissolution of the Rumanian state is now in progress."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a> correspondent <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Markham" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuben Markham">Reuben Markham</a> wrote that Maniu "has become far more than a political leader--he is a national legend."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party was outlawed in July 1947. That month, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihalache" title="Ion Mihalache">Ion Mihalache</a> attempted to flee the country in an airplane, which landed at <a href="/wiki/T%C4%83m%C4%83d%C4%83u" class="mw-redirect" title="Tămădău">Tămădău</a>, allegedly to establish a <a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile" title="Government-in-exile">government-in-exile</a> (<i>see <a href="/wiki/T%C4%83m%C4%83d%C4%83u_affair" title="Tămădău affair">Tămădău affair</a></i>). That was judged as an act of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, and both Maniu and Mihalache faced a <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">kangaroo court</a> that sentenced them in November 1947 to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a> at <a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">hard labour</a>; given their advanced age, that amounted to a death sentence. The <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a> signaled the beginning of the suppression of opposition groups in Romania. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iuliu_Maniu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iuliu Maniu died in 1953 in <a href="/wiki/Sighet_Prison" title="Sighet Prison">Sighet Prison</a>, and his body was thrown into the common grave in the courtyard. The official death certificate listed his occupation as "unemployed", and the death cause as <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulatory collapse">circulatory failure</a> and chronic <a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">myocarditis</a>. </p><p>On November 12, 1998, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Cassation_and_Justice" title="High Court of Cassation and Justice">High Court of Cassation and Justice</a> ordered the rehabilitation of Maniu and removed the additional punishment of confiscation of property, pronounced in 1947. </p><p>Christian minister <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wurmbrand" title="Richard Wurmbrand">Richard Wurmbrand</a>, who also was a political prisoner in Romania, claims in his "Tortured for Christ" the last words of Iuliu Maniu were, "If the Communists are overthrown in our country, it will be the most holy duty of every Christian to go into the streets and at the risk of his own life defend the Communists from the righteous fury of the multitudes whom they have tyrannized."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iuliu_Maniu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iuliu_Maniu_2018_stamp_of_Romania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Iuliu_Maniu_2018_stamp_of_Romania.jpg/220px-Iuliu_Maniu_2018_stamp_of_Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Iuliu_Maniu_2018_stamp_of_Romania.jpg/330px-Iuliu_Maniu_2018_stamp_of_Romania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Iuliu_Maniu_2018_stamp_of_Romania.jpg/440px-Iuliu_Maniu_2018_stamp_of_Romania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Maniu on a 2018 stamp of Romania</figcaption></figure> <p>A bust of Maniu was placed in Bucharest's <a href="/wiki/Revolution_Square,_Bucharest" title="Revolution Square, Bucharest">Revolution Square</a>, in front of the building of the former <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a> (from where <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> and his wife fled by helicopter on December 22, 1989). Sculpted in bronze by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_Corneliu_Sp%C4%83taru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mircea Corneliu Spătaru (page does not exist)">Mircea Corneliu Spătaru</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_Corneliu_Sp%C4%83taru" class="extiw" title="ro:Mircea Corneliu Spătaru">ro</a>]</span>, the monument was inaugurated on December 1, 1998, on the 80th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Great_Union_Day" title="Great Union Day">Great Union Day</a>. There are also busts of Maniu in <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pericei" title="Pericei">Bădăcin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baia_Mare" title="Baia Mare">Baia Mare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satu_Mare" title="Satu Mare">Satu Mare</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C8%98imleu_Silvaniei" title="Șimleu Silvaniei">Șimleu Silvaniei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zal%C4%83u" title="Zalău">Zalău</a>. </p><p>One of the main thoroughfares in Bucharest is the Iuliu Maniu Boulevard, which runs from the <a href="/wiki/A1_motorway_(Romania)" title="A1 motorway (Romania)">A1 motorway</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Heroes_of_the_Engineer_Arm" title="Monument to the Heroes of the Engineer Arm">Lion's Plaza</a> for a length of 6.8 km (4.2 mi). There are also streets and boulevards named after him in <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Romania" title="Arad, Romania">Arad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>, Bucharest, <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deva,_Romania" title="Deva, Romania">Deva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a>, Satu Mare, <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tulcea" title="Tulcea">Tulcea</a>, as well as high schools that bear his name in Bucharest, <a href="/wiki/Carei" title="Carei">Carei</a>, Oradea, and Șimleu Silvaniei. </p><p>Maniu appears on two postage stamps emitted by <a href="/wiki/Po%C8%99ta_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Poșta Română">Poșta Română</a>, one from 1993 and one from 2018, both commemorating Great Union Day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iuliu_Maniu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iuliu_Maniu" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tusványos 2023: Orbán Viktor beszédeit itthon és külföldön is egyre nagyobb figyelem kíséri <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.origo.hu/888/20230717-tusvanyos-romanmagyar-parbeszed-zakarias-zoltan-erdelyi-magyar-szovetseg-klaus-iohannis.html">https://www.origo.hu/888/20230717-tusvanyos-romanmagyar-parbeszed-zakarias-zoltan-erdelyi-magyar-szovetseg-klaus-iohannis.html</a> Hozzáférés: 2023.07.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://movio.biblacad.ro/FERDINAND/en/29/vizitele-familiei-regale-in-tinuturile-romanesti">"Ferdinand I Întregitorul. Expoziție virtuală. Vizitele familiei regale în ținuturile românești"</a>. <i>movio.biblacad.ro</i> (in Romanian). Library of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=movio.biblacad.ro&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+I+%C3%8Entregitorul.+Expozi%C8%9Bie+virtual%C4%83.+Vizitele+familiei+regale+%C3%AEn+%C8%9Binuturile+rom%C3%A2ne%C8%99ti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmovio.biblacad.ro%2FFERDINAND%2Fen%2F29%2Fvizitele-familiei-regale-in-tinuturile-romanesti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIuliu+Maniu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkham1949" class="citation book cs1">Markham, Reuben (1949). <i>Rumania Under the Soviet Yoke</i>. Boston: Meador Publishing Co. p. 386.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rumania+Under+the+Soviet+Yoke&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=386&rft.pub=Meador+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=Reuben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIuliu+Maniu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkham1946" class="citation news cs1">Markham, Reuben (February 1, 1946). "Outlook for Democratic Rule in Romania Grows Brighter". The Christian Science Monitor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Outlook+for+Democratic+Rule+in+Romania+Grows+Brighter&rft.date=1946-02-01&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=Reuben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIuliu+Maniu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/508461/Romania/42876/Shifts-in-society-and-economy">Romania</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petre Țurlea, "Alegerile parlamentare din noiembrie '46: guvernul procomunist joacă și câștigă. Ilegalități flagrante, rezultat viciat" ("The Parliamentary Elections of November '46: the Pro-Communist Government Plays and Wins. Blatant Unlawfulness, Tampered Result"), p. 35–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambassador in Rumania Burton Berry to the Secretary of State of the United States Stettinius, "871.01/12-944: Telegram / The American Representative in Rumania (Burton) to the Secretary of State / Bucharest, December 9, 1944, 7 p.m., received 9:45 p.m.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkham1945" class="citation news cs1">Markham, Reuben (December 22, 1945). "Maniu's Activities Attacked in Romanian Court Inquiry". The Christian Science Monitor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maniu%27s+Activities+Attacked+in+Romanian+Court+Inquiry&rft.date=1945-12-22&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=Reuben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIuliu+Maniu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Tortured for Christ" by Richard Wurmbrand; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780882640570" title="Special:BookSources/9780882640570">9780882640570</a>; Pub: Living Sacrifice Book Company, 1998</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iuliu_Maniu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609152603/http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/2247/1/2247.pdf">"Reluctant Allies? Iuliu Maniu and Corneliu Zelea Codreanu against King Carol II of Romania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/2247/1/2247.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reluctant+Allies%3F+Iuliu+Maniu+and+Corneliu+Zelea+Codreanu+against+King+Carol+II+of+Romania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.ucl.ac.uk%2F2247%2F1%2F2247.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIuliu+Maniu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/019374">Newspaper clippings about Iuliu Maniu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Romania" title="Template:Prime ministers of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Romania" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_Ministers_of_Romania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Ministers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Romania" title="List of heads of government of Romania">List of heads of government of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">United Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbu_Catargiu" title="Barbu Catargiu">B. Catargiu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apostol_Arsache" title="Apostol Arsache">Arsache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Cre%C8%9Bulescu" title="Nicolae Crețulescu">N. Crețulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu" title="Mihail Kogălniceanu">Kogălniceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Bosianu" title="Constantin Bosianu">Bosianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Cre%C8%9Bulescu" title="Nicolae Crețulescu">N. Crețulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Ghica" title="Ion Ghica">I. Ghica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Catargiu" title="Lascăr Catargiu">L. Catargiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Ghica" title="Ion Ghica">I. Ghica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_A._Cre%C8%9Bulescu" title="Constantin A. Crețulescu">C. Crețulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Golescu" title="Ștefan Golescu">Ș. Golescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Golescu" title="Nicolae Golescu">N. Golescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Ghica" title="Dimitrie Ghica">D. Ghica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_G._Golescu" title="Alexandru G. Golescu">A. Golescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolache_Costache_Epureanu" title="Manolache Costache Epureanu">Epureanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Ghica" title="Ion Ghica">I. Ghica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Catargiu" title="Lascăr Catargiu">L. Catargiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Emanuel_Florescu" title="Ion Emanuel Florescu">Florescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolache_Costache_Epureanu" title="Manolache Costache Epureanu">Epureanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion C. Brătianu">Ion C. Brătianu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Prime Minister of Romania"><img alt="Flag of the Prime Minister of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Romania.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Romania.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Romania.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion C. Brătianu">Ion C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Br%C4%83tianu" title="Dimitrie Brătianu">D. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion C. Brătianu">Ion C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Rosetti" title="Theodor Rosetti">Rosetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Catargiu" title="Lascăr Catargiu">L. Catargiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Manu" title="Gheorghe Manu">Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Emanuel_Florescu" title="Ion Emanuel Florescu">Florescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Catargiu" title="Lascăr Catargiu">L. Catargiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Sturdza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petre_S._Aurelian" title="Petre S. Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Sturdza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Grigore_Cantacuzino" title="Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino">Cantacuzino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petre_P._Carp" title="Petre P. Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Sturdza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Grigore_Cantacuzino" title="Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino"> Cantacuzino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Sturdza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petre_P._Carp" title="Petre P. Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titu_Maiorescu" title="Titu Maiorescu">Maiorescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Averescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Marghiloman" title="Alexandru Marghiloman"> Marghiloman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Coand%C4%83" title="Constantin Coandă">Coandă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_V%C4%83itoianu" title="Artur Văitoianu">Văitoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Vaida-Voevod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Averescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_Ionescu" title="Take Ionescu">Ionescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Averescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbu_%C8%98tirbey" title="Barbu Știrbey">Știrbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintil%C4%83_Br%C4%83tianu" title="Vintilă Brătianu"> V. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maniu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mironescu" title="Gheorghe Mironescu">Mironescu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maniu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mironescu" title="Gheorghe Mironescu">Mironescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Vaida-Voevod</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maniu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Vaida-Voevod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_G._Duca" title="Ion G. Duca">Duca</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Angelescu" title="Constantin Angelescu">Angelescu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" title="Gheorghe Tătărescu">Tătărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Miron_of_Romania" title="Patriarch Miron of Romania">Cristea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu" title="Armand Călinescu">Călinescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Arge%C8%99anu" title="Gheorghe Argeșanu">Argeșanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Argetoianu" title="Constantin Argetoianu">Argetoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" title="Gheorghe Tătărescu">Tătărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Gigurtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83n%C4%83tescu" title="Constantin Sănătescu">Sănătescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_R%C4%83descu" title="Nicolae Rădescu">Rădescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Groza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">R.P.R.—R.S.R.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Groza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivu_Stoica" title="Chivu Stoica">Stoica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manea_M%C4%83nescu" title="Manea Mănescu">Mănescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilie_Verde%C8%9B" title="Ilie Verdeț">Verdeț</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_D%C4%83sc%C4%83lescu" title="Constantin Dăscălescu">Dăscălescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Romania (1989–present)">Romania since 1989</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petre_Roman" title="Petre Roman">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Stolojan" title="Theodor Stolojan">Stolojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_V%C4%83c%C4%83roiu" title="Nicolae Văcăroiu">Văcăroiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ciorbea" title="Victor Ciorbea">Ciorbea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gavril_Dejeu" title="Gavril Dejeu">Dejeu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radu_Vasile" title="Radu Vasile">Vasile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Athanasiu" title="Alexandru Athanasiu">Athanasiu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugur_Is%C4%83rescu" title="Mugur Isărescu">Isărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_N%C4%83stase" title="Adrian Năstase">Năstase</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Bejinariu" title="Eugen Bejinariu">Bejinariu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lin_Popescu-T%C4%83riceanu" title="Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu">Popescu-Tăriceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Boc" title="Emil Boc">Boc</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83t%C4%83lin_Predoiu" title="Cătălin Predoiu">Predoiu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_R%C4%83zvan_Ungureanu" title="Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu">Ungureanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ponta" title="Victor Ponta">Ponta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Oprea" title="Gabriel Oprea">Oprea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ponta" title="Victor Ponta">Ponta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Oprea" title="Gabriel Oprea">Oprea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ponta" title="Victor Ponta">Ponta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorin_C%C3%AEmpeanu" title="Sorin Cîmpeanu">Cîmpeanu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_Ciolo%C8%99" title="Dacian Cioloș">Cioloș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorin_Grindeanu" title="Sorin Grindeanu">Grindeanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Tudose" title="Mihai Tudose">Tudose</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Fifor" title="Mihai Fifor">Fifor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viorica_D%C4%83ncil%C4%83" title="Viorica Dăncilă">Dăncilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Orban" title="Ludovic Orban">Orban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ciuc%C4%83" title="Nicolae Ciucă">Ciucă</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florin_C%C3%AE%C8%9Bu" title="Florin Cîțu">Cîțu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ciuc%C4%83" title="Nicolae Ciucă">Ciucă</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83t%C4%83lin_Predoiu" title="Cătălin Predoiu">Predoiu</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Ciolacu" title="Marcel Ciolacu">Ciolacu</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Ad_interim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad interim">ad interim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Acting_(law)" title="Acting (law)">acting</a> office holders. <b>Bold</b> indicates current office holder.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Defence_Ministers_of_Romania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Defence_Ministers_of_Romania" title="Template:Defence Ministers of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Defence_Ministers_of_Romania" title="Template talk:Defence Ministers of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Defence_Ministers_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Defence Ministers of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Defence_Ministers_of_Romania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Romania)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Romania)">Defence Ministers of Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">United Principalities</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Principality of Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbu_Vl%C4%83doianu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbu Vlădoianu (page does not exist)">Vlădoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_D._Macedonski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru D. Macedonski (page does not exist)">Macedonski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Cornescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Cornescu (page does not exist)">Cornescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Emanuel_Florescu" title="Ion Emanuel Florescu">Florescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Golescu" title="Nicolae Golescu">Golescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Adrian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Adrian (page does not exist)">Adrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istratie_S%C4%83m%C4%83%C8%99escu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istratie Sămășescu (page does not exist)">Sămășescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Grigore_Ghica" title="Ioan Grigore Ghica">Grigore Ghica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Iacovache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Iacovache (page does not exist)">Iacovache</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savel_Manu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Savel Manu (page does not exist)">Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Solomon_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Solomon (general) (page does not exist)">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Lecca" title="Dimitrie Lecca">Lecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Haralambie" title="Nicolae Haralambie">Haralambie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobias_Gherghel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tobias Gherghel (page does not exist)">Gherghel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion C. Brătianu">I.C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Duca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Duca (page does not exist)">Duca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Manu" title="Gheorghe Manu">Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusta%C8%9Biu_Pencovici" title="Eustațiu Pencovici">Pencovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Tell" title="Christian Tell">Tell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Sl%C4%83niceanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Slăniceanu (page does not exist)">Slăniceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Cernat" title="Alexandru Cernat">Cernat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Dabija_(general)" title="Nicolae Dabija (general)">Dabija</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Angelescu_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Angelescu (general) (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Angelescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_F%C4%83lcoianu" title="Ștefan Fălcoianu">Fălcoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Anghelescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Anghelescu (page does not exist)">Alexandru Anghelescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Barozzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Barozzi (page does not exist)">Barozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matei_Vl%C4%83descu" title="Matei Vlădescu">Vlădescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacob_Lahovary" title="Iacob Lahovary">Lahovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Catargiu" title="Lascăr Catargiu">Catargiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Poenaru" title="Constantin Poenaru">Poenaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Budi%C8%99teanu" title="Constantin Budișteanu">Budișteanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stoicescu" title="Constantin Stoicescu">Stoicescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Berindei" title="Anton Berindei">Berindei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Sturdza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Averescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toma_Stelian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toma Stelian (page does not exist)">Stelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigore_C._Cr%C4%83iniceanu" title="Grigore C. Crăiniceanu">Crăiniceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Filipescu" title="Nicolae Filipescu">Filipescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_Argetoianu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan Argetoianu (page does not exist)">Argetoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_H%C3%A2rjeu" title="Constantin Hârjeu">Hârjeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">I. I. C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintil%C4%83_Br%C4%83tianu" title="Vintilă Brătianu">Vintilă Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Iancovescu" title="Constantin Iancovescu">Iancovescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eremia_Grigorescu" title="Eremia Grigorescu">Grigorescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_V%C4%83itoianu" title="Artur Văitoianu">Văitoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_R%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Ioan Rășcanu">Rășcanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Mo%C8%99oiu" title="Traian Moșoiu">Moșoiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Holban_(general)" title="Ștefan Holban (general)">Holban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_M%C4%83rd%C4%83rescu" title="Gheorghe Mărdărescu">Mărdărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovic_Mircescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludovic Mircescu (page does not exist)">Mircescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Angelescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Angelescu (page does not exist)">Paul Angelescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Cihoski" title="Henri Cihoski">Cihoski</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maniu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Condeescu" title="Nicolae Condeescu">Condeescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_%C8%98tef%C4%83nescu_Amza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Ștefănescu Amza (page does not exist)">Ștefănescu Amza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Samsonovici" title="Nicolae Samsonovici">Samsonovici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Uic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolae Uică (page does not exist)">Uică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" title="Gheorghe Tătărescu">Tătărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radu_Irimescu" title="Radu Irimescu">Irimescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Ilasievici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Ilasievici (page does not exist)">Ilasievici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Arge%C8%99anu" title="Gheorghe Argeșanu">Argeșanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ciuperc%C4%83" title="Nicolae Ciupercă">Ciupercă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu" title="Armand Călinescu">Călinescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Ilcu%C8%99" title="Ioan Ilcuș">Ilcuș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Nicolescu" title="Constantin Nicolescu">Nicolescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Iacobici" title="Iosif Iacobici">Iacobici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pantazi" title="Constantin Pantazi">Pantazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Mihail_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Ioan Mihail Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83n%C4%83tescu" title="Constantin Sănătescu">Sănătescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Negulescu" title="Ion Negulescu">Negulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Vasiliu-R%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Constantin Vasiliu-Rășcanu">Rașcanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Lasc%C4%83r" title="Mihail Lascăr">Lascăr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bodn%C4%83ra%C8%99" title="Emil Bodnăraș">Bodnăraș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontin_S%C4%83l%C4%83jan" title="Leontin Sălăjan">Sălăjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Ioni%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Ioan Ioniță">Ioniță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Coman_(general)" title="Ion Coman (general)">Coman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Olteanu_(politician)" title="Constantin Olteanu (politician)">Olteanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Milea" title="Vasile Milea">Milea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania since 1989</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Militaru" title="Nicolae Militaru">Militaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_St%C4%83nculescu" title="Victor Stănculescu">Stănculescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niculae_Spiroiu" title="Niculae Spiroiu">Spiroiu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Tinca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Tinca (page does not exist)">Tinca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Babiuc" title="Victor Babiuc">Babiuc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Dudu_Ionescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Dudu Ionescu (page does not exist)">Ionescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorin_Frunz%C4%83verde" title="Sorin Frunzăverde">Frunzăverde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Mircea_Pa%C8%99cu" title="Ioan Mircea Pașcu">Pașcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Atanasiu" title="Teodor Atanasiu">Atanasiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorin_Frunz%C4%83verde" title="Sorin Frunzăverde">Frunzăverde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Mele%C8%99canu" title="Teodor Meleșcanu">Meleșcanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_St%C4%83ni%C8%99oar%C4%83" title="Mihai Stănișoară">Stănișoară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Oprea" title="Gabriel Oprea">Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corneliu_Dobri%C8%9Boiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corneliu Dobrițoiu (page does not exist)">Dobrițoiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Du%C8%99a" title="Mircea Dușa">Dușa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihnea_Motoc" title="Mihnea Motoc">Motoc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel-Beniamin_Le%C8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel-Beniamin Leș (page does not exist)">Leș</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrian_%C8%9Au%C8%9Buianu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrian Țuțuianu (page does not exist)">Țuțuianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Fifor" title="Mihai Fifor">Fifor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel-Beniamin_Le%C8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel-Beniamin Leș (page does not exist)">Leș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ciuc%C4%83" title="Nicolae Ciucă">Ciucă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_D%C3%AEncu" title="Vasile Dîncu">Dîncu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_T%C3%AElv%C4%83r" title="Angel Tîlvăr">Tîlvăr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Romania&#124;link=Romania_Great_Union_(Marea_UnireCategory:Articles_containing_Romanian-language_text)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Union" title="Template:Great Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Union" title="Template talk:Great Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Romania&#124;link=Romania_Great_Union_(Marea_UnireCategory:Articles_containing_Romanian-language_text)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Great_Union" title="Great Union">Great Union</a> (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Marea Unire</i></span>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_irredentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian irredentism">Romanian irredentism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">Independence and annexation of Northern Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protocol_of_St._Petersburg_(1913)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protocol of St. Petersburg (1913) (page does not exist)">Romanian annexation of Silistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Conquest of Southern Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1916</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_map_of_Greater_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_map_of_Greater_Romania.svg/100px-Flag_map_of_Greater_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_map_of_Greater_Romania.svg/150px-Flag_map_of_Greater_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_map_of_Greater_Romania.svg/200px-Flag_map_of_Greater_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2874" data-file-height="2129" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I of Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Romania" title="Marie of Romania">Marie of Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Romania">Queen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iancu_Flondor" title="Iancu Flondor">Iancu Flondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Halippa" title="Pan Halippa">Pan Halippa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iuliu Maniu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accomplishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania in<br />World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothesis_Z" title="Hypothesis Z">First Romanian war plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_campaign_(1916)" title="Romanian campaign (1916)">1916 Romanian Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Romanian_Debacle" title="The Romanian Debacle">The Romanian Debacle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bucharest" title="Battle of Bucharest">Battle of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Powers_occupation_of_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Powers occupation of Romania (page does not exist)">Central Powers occupation of Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Campaign_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Campaign (1917)">1917 Romanian Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_military_intervention_in_Bessarabia" title="Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia">Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_occupation_of_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian occupation of Hungary (page does not exist)">Romanian occupation of Hungary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_occupation_of_Pokuttia" title="Romanian occupation of Pokuttia">Romanian occupation of Pokuttia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions and<br />documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sfatul_%C8%9A%C4%83rii" title="Sfatul Țării">Sfatul Țării</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Congress_of_Bukovina" title="General Congress of Bukovina">General Congress of Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Romanian_National_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Romanian National Council (page does not exist)">Great Romanian National Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_of_Alba_Iulia" title="Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia">Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Alba_Iulia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Declaration of Alba Iulia (page does not exist)">Declaration of Alba Iulia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directing_Council_of_Transylvania,_Banat_and_the_Romanian_Lands_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directing Council of Transylvania, Banat and the Romanian Lands in Hungary (page does not exist)">Directing Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1920)" title="Treaty of Paris (1920)">Treaty of Paris</a> (unenforced)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union with Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bukovina_with_Romania" title="Union of Bukovina with Romania">Union with Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">Union with Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disestablishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Craiova" title="Treaty of Craiova">Treaty of Craiova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Bulgaria_and_Romania" title="Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania">Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">Recovery attempt of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and Hertsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria Governorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties, 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moscow_Protocol_(1948)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moscow Protocol (1948) (page does not exist)">Moscow Protocol of 1948</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Moldova" title="Independence of Moldova">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_Republic" title="Gagauz Republic">Gagauz Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia_conflict" title="Gagauzia conflict">Gagauzia conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Unification with Romania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Decembrie_1918_University,_Alba_Iulia" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia">1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Union" title="National Museum of the Union">National Museum of the Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobruja_Day" title="Dobruja Day">Dobruja Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Day of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Day of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina_Day" title="Bukovina Day">Bukovina Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Union_Day" title="Great Union Day">Great Union Day</a> (Romanian national day)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trianon_Treaty_Day" title="Trianon Treaty Day">Trianon Treaty Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenary_of_the_Great_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centenary of the Great Union (page does not exist)">Centenary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenary_of_the_Great_Union_Anniversary_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centenary of the Great Union Anniversary Medal (page does not exist)">Centenary of the Great Union Anniversary Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centenary_March" title="Centenary March">Centenary March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_unification_declarations_in_Moldova_and_Romania" title="2018 unification declarations in Moldova and Romania">2018 unification declarations in Moldova and Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q462164#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q462164#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q462164#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000115642119">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29825293">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/326390/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJt3Wx7D9Ym39MFHDhB773">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119314746">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93076585">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15094680t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15094680t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701137&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p294892001">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810618925505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007462580505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119314746.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/076932540">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6z615kn">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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