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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_ethnography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_ethnography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography and ethnography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_ethnography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cities and towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Historical population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Current population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourist_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourist_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Tourist attractions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourist_attractions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourist attractions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourist_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Festivals and events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Film festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Music festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.3</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Historical coat of arms of Transylvania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transylvania</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsilvani%C3%AB" title="Transsilvanië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Transsilvanië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siebenb%C3%BCrgen" title="Siebenbürgen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Siebenbürgen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seofonbyrig" title="Seofonbyrig – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Seofonbyrig" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ترانسيلفانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترانسيلفانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvaniya" title="Transilvaniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Transilvaniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Трансільванія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трансільванія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Трансыльванія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трансыльванія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Трансилвания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трансилвания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbiagn" title="Simbiagn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Simbiagn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvanija" title="Transilvanija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Transilvanija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treuzsilvania" title="Treuzsilvania – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Treuzsilvania" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsilv%C3%A0nia" title="Transsilvània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transsilvània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedmihradsko" title="Sedmihradsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sedmihradsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylfania" title="Transylfania – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Transylfania" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsylvanien" title="Transsylvanien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Transsylvanien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ترانسيلڤانيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ترانسيلڤانيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siebenb%C3%BCrgen" title="Siebenbürgen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Siebenbürgen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvaania" title="Transilvaania – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Transilvaania" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τρανσυλβανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρανσυλβανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvanio" title="Transilvanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Transilvanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ترانسیلوانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترانسیلوانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanie_(r%C3%A9gion)" title="Transylvanie (région) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transylvanie (région)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsylvaanje" title="Transsylvaanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Transsylvaanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Trasalv%C3%A1in" title="An Trasalváin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Trasalváin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%80%EC%8B%A4%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="트란실바니아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트란실바니아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Տրանսիլվանիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրանսիլվանիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ट्रांसिल्वेनिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्रांसिल्वेनिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvanija" title="Transilvanija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Transilvanija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Трансильвани – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Трансильвани" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvan%C3%ADa" title="Transylvanía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Transylvanía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="טרנסילבניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרנסילבניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტრანსილვანია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრანსილვანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9tmegard" title="Sétmegard – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Sétmegard" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsilvania" title="Transsilvania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Transsilvania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilv%C4%81nija" title="Transilvānija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Transilvānija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvanija" title="Transilvanija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Transilvanija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsylvani%C3%AB" title="Transsylvanië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Transsylvanië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C3%A9ly" title="Erdély – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Erdély" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Трансилванија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трансилванија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ട്രാൻസിൽവേനിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രാൻസിൽവേനിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ट्रान्सिल्व्हेनिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ट्रान्सिल्व्हेनिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ترانسيلفانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ترانسيلفانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsylvani%C3%AB" title="Transsylvanië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Transsylvanië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="トランシルヴァニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トランシルヴァニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilv%C3%A0nia" title="Transilvània – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Transilvània" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvaniya" title="Transilvaniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Transilvaniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਟ੍ਰਾਂਸਿਲਵੇਨੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟ੍ਰਾਂਸਿਲਵੇਨੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ٹرانسلوانیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹرانسلوانیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siedmiogr%C3%B3d" title="Siedmiogród – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siedmiogród" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilv%C3%A2nia" title="Transilvânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transilvânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvaniya" title="Transilvaniya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Transilvaniya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Трансилвания – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Трансилвания" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Трансильвания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трансильвания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilv%C3%A0nia" title="Transilvània – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Transilvània" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ට්‍රැන්සල්වේනියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ට්‍රැන්සල්වේනියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Transylvania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedmohradsko" title="Sedmohradsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sedmohradsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvanija" title="Transilvanija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Transilvanija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ترانسیلڤانیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ترانسیلڤانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Трансилванија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трансилванија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvanija" title="Transilvanija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Transilvanija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsylvanien" title="Transsylvanien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Transsylvanien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Transylvania" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="திரான்சில்வேனியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திரான்சில்வேனியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Трансильвания – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Трансильвания" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ทรานซิลเวเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทรานซิลเวเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdel" title="Erdel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erdel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%CC%B1ransi%CC%B1li%CC%B1vaniya" title="Ti̱ransi̱li̱vaniya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ti̱ransi̱li̱vaniya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Трансильванія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трансильванія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ٹرانسلوانیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹرانسلوانیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivenbork" title="Zivenbork – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Zivenbork" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Transylvania" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="特兰西瓦尼亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="特兰西瓦尼亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9F" title="זיבנבערגן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זיבנבערגן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%A5%BF%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="外西凡尼亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="外西凡尼亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="特兰西瓦尼亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="特兰西瓦尼亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39473#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Transylvania&params=46.5_N_25_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">25°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.5°N 25°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.5; 25</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region in Central Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Transylvania_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Transylvania (disambiguation)">Transylvania (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Siebenbürgen" redirects here. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Siebenb%C3%BCrgen_(band)" title="Siebenbürgen (band)">Siebenbürgen (band)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Transylvania</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Transilvania</i></span> / <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Ardeal</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Erdély</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>)</span><br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Siebenbürgen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /> <i>Siweberjen</i> (<a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Transylvania_(Local).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Transylvania"><img alt="Flag of Transylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Transylvania_%28Local%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Transylvania_%28Local%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Transylvania_%28Local%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Transylvania_%28Local%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Transylvania_%28Local%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Transylvania_%28Local%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Transylvania">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania"><img alt="Coat of arms of Transylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Transylvania,_Banat,_Crisana_and_Maramures.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Transylvania%2C_Banat%2C_Crisana_and_Maramures.svg/250px-Transylvania%2C_Banat%2C_Crisana_and_Maramures.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Transylvania%2C_Banat%2C_Crisana_and_Maramures.svg/375px-Transylvania%2C_Banat%2C_Crisana_and_Maramures.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Transylvania%2C_Banat%2C_Crisana_and_Maramures.svg/500px-Transylvania%2C_Banat%2C_Crisana_and_Maramures.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="1380" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF9955; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Transylvania</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFCCAA; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFF6D5; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Moldavia" title="Western Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised minority<br />languages<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div><i>See here</i></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Ruthenian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Tatar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (<a href="/wiki/2021_Romanian_census" title="2021 Romanian census">2021</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>76.42% <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a></li><li>17.36% <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania" title="Hungarians in Romania">Hungarians</a></li><li>4.53% <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Roma</a></li><li>1.69% <a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Romania" title="Minorities in Romania">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (<a href="/wiki/2021_Romanian_census" title="2021 Romanian census">2021</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>90.42% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>65.96% <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodoxy</a></li> <li>15.04% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>9.32% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Romania" title="Catholic Church in Romania">Catholicism</a></li> <li>2.10% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space;">0.27% undeclared / <br />no religion</li><li style="white-space;">0.0% no data</li><li style="white-space;">8.31% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Transylvanian</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Establishment history</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">100,390 km<sup>2</sup> (38,760 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">106th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• January 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,478,126<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">107th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/2021_Romanian_census" title="2021 Romanian census">2021</a> census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral decrease"><img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 6,461,780<sup id="cite_ref-data1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Census2021_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">64.5/km<sup>2</sup> (167.1/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">122nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $41,633<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEORO_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEORO-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $194.00 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEORO_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEORO-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">57th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $28,574<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEORO_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEORO-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">39th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.829<sup id="cite_ref-UNHDR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">33rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">RON</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2</span> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3</span> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd.mm.yyyy (<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Romania" title="Telephone numbers in Romania">+40</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:RO" title="ISO 3166-2:RO">RO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ro" title=".ro">.ro</a><sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">Also <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a>, shared with other <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Transylvania</b> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Transilvania</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[transilˈvani.a]</a></span> or <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Ardeal</i></span>; or <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Erdély</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈɛrdeːj]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Siebenbürgen</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˌziːbm̩ˈbʏʁɡn̩]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c3\/De-Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.ogg\/De-Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Siebenb\u00fcrgen.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/De-Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.ogg/De-Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.ogg" title="File:De-Siebenbürgen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Transsilvanien</i></span>, historically <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Überwald</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a>: <i>Siweberjen</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_regions_of_Central_Europe" title="List of historical regions of Central Europe">historical and cultural region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, part of central <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. To the east and south its <a href="/wiki/Natural_border" title="Natural border">natural border</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> and to the west the <a href="/wiki/Apuseni_Mountains" title="Apuseni Mountains">Apuseni Mountains</a>. Broader definitions of Transylvania also include the western and northwestern Romanian regions of <a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a>, and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>. Historical Transylvania also includes small parts of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Western_Moldavia" title="Western Moldavia">Western Moldavia</a> and even a small part of south-western neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> to its north east (represented by <a href="/wiki/Suceava_County" title="Suceava County">Suceava County</a>). </p><p>Transylvania is known for the scenery of its Carpathian landscape and its rich history, coupled with its multi-cultural character. It also contains Romania's second-largest city, <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>, and other very well preserved medieval iconic cities and towns such as <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Târgu Mureș">Târgu Mureș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bistri%C8%9Ba" title="Bistrița">Bistrița</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media%C8%99" title="Mediaș">Mediaș</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sighi%C8%99oara" title="Sighișoara">Sighișoara</a>. It is also the home of some of Romania's <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Romania" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Romania">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Villages_with_fortified_churches_in_Transylvania" title="Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania">Villages with fortified churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Sighi%C8%99oara" title="Historic Centre of Sighișoara">Historic Centre of Sighișoara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dacian_Fortresses_of_the_Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_Mountains" title="Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains">Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ro%C8%99ia_Montan%C4%83" title="Roșia Montană">Roșia Montană Mining Cultural Landscape</a>. </p><p>It was under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Agathyrsi" title="Agathyrsi">Agathyrsi</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacian Kingdom</a> (168 BC – 106 AD), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a> (106–271), the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic Empire</a> (4th–5th centuries), the <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Kingdom of the Gepids</a> (5th–6th centuries), the <a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avar Khaganate</a> (6th–9th centuries), the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, and the 9th century <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>. During the late 9th century, Transylvania was reached and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">conquered by the Hungarian tribes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gyula_II" title="Gyula II">Gyula's</a> family from the <a href="/wiki/Seven_chieftains_of_the_Magyars" title="Seven chieftains of the Magyars">seven chieftains of the Hungarians</a> ruled it in the 10th century. King <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I of Hungary</a> asserted his claim to rule all lands dominated by Hungarian lords. He personally led his army against his maternal uncle <a href="/wiki/Gyula_III" title="Gyula III">Gyula III</a> and Transylvania became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in 1002. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> in 1526 it belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a>, from which the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a> emerged in 1570 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Speyer_(1570)" title="Treaty of Speyer (1570)">Treaty of Speyer</a>. During most of the 16th and 17th centuries, the principality was a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>; however, the principality had dual <a href="/wiki/Suzerain" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzerain">suzerainty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1690, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> gained possession of Transylvania through the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Hungarian crown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the failure of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a> in 1711,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habsburg control of Transylvania was consolidated, and Hungarian <a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Transylvania" title="List of princes of Transylvania">Transylvanian princes</a> were replaced with Habsburg imperial governors.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leopoldinum2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leopoldinum2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a>, the Hungarian government proclaimed union with Transylvania in the <a href="/wiki/April_Laws" title="April Laws">April Laws</a> of 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the failure of the revolution, the <a href="/wiki/March_Constitution_(Austria)" title="March Constitution (Austria)">March Constitution of Austria</a> decreed that the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Principality of Transylvania</a> be a separate crown land entirely independent of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hoelseth.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoelseth.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The separate status of Transylvania ended with the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was reincorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Transleithania</a>) as part of the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also during this period that Romanians experienced the awakening of self-consciousness as a nation, manifested in cultural and ideological movements such as <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and drafted political petitions such as <a href="/wiki/Supplex_Libellus_Valachorum" title="Supplex Libellus Valachorum">Supplex Libellus Valachorum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the National Assembly of Romanians from Transylvania proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">Union of Transylvania with Romania</a> on 1 December 1918, and Transylvania became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> in 1920. In 1940, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> reverted to <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a>, but it was returned to <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>In popular culture, Transylvania is commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Vampires" class="mw-redirect" title="Vampires">vampires</a> because of the influence of <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>'s 1897 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a></i> and the many subsequent books and films that the story has inspired.<sup id="cite_ref-query.nytimes.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-query.nytimes.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a> were furious with <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a> for strengthening the borders of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, which interfered with their control of trade routes, and his extreme sadism and barbarity, which by a collection of credible historical accounts of diverse origins, most of which were non-Saxon, led to the industrial-scale execution of over 100,000 people<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by impaling, some of whom were Saxons. The victims were often arranged in grotesque displays intended to terrorize various groups, including the Saxons. In retaliation, the Saxons distributed poems of cruelty and other propaganda characterising the sadistic Vlad III Dracula as a drinker of blood.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_names_of_Transylvania" title="Historical names of Transylvania">Historical names of Transylvania</a></div> <p>The earliest known reference to Transylvania appears in a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> document of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1078 as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ultra silvam</i></span>, meaning "beyond the forest" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ultra</i></span> meaning "beyond" or "on the far side of" and the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a> of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sylva</i></span> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sylvam</i></span>) "woods, forest"). Transylvania, with an alternative Latin prepositional prefix, means "on the other side of the woods". The Medieval Latin form <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ultrasylvania</i></span>, later <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Transylvania</i></span>, was a direct translation from the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> form <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Erdő-elve</i></span>, later <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Erdély</i></span>, from which also the Romanian name, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Ardeal</i></span>, comes.<sup id="cite_ref-engel_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engel-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That also was used as an alternative name in <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">German</a> <span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">überwald</i></span> ("beyond the forest") (13th–14th centuries) and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Залісся</span></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">Zalissia</i></span>). </p><p>Historical names of Transylvania are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">Седмиградско</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">Sedmigradsko</i></span>, <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Трансилвания</span></span> <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><i lang="bg-Latn">Transilvanija</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: <i lang="hr">Sedmogradska</i>, <span title="Croatian-language text"><i lang="hr">Erdelj</i></span> (hist.), <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Transilvanija</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Siebenbürgen</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ziːbm̩ˈbʏʁɡŋ̍]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c3\/De-Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.ogg\/De-Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Siebenb\u00fcrgen.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/De-Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.ogg/De-Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.ogg" title="File:De-Siebenbürgen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Transsilvanien</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Erdély</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈɛrdeːj]</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Ultrasilvania</i>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Transsilvania</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Siedmiogród</i>, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Transylwania</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>: <i lang="rom">Transilvaniya</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Ardeal</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[arˈde̯al]</a></span>), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Transilvania</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[transilˈvani.a]</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Трансильвания</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Transil'vaniya</i></span>, <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Седмиградье</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr">Ердељ/Erdelj</span>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr">Трансилванија/Transilvanija</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">Ardieľ, Sedmohradsko</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a>: <i>Siweberjen</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Erdel</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Семигород</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Semyhorod</i></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Залісся</span></span> <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">Zalissiya</i></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Трансильванія</span></span> <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">Transyl'vaniya</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">זיבנבערגן</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">Zibnbergn</i></span>, <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">זימבערגן</span></span> <span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn">Zimbergn</i></span>, <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">טראַנסילוואַניע</span></span> <span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn">Transilvanye</i></span></li> <li>The German name <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Siebenbürgen</i></span> means "seven castles", after the seven (<a href="/wiki/Ethnic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic German">ethnic German</a>) <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a>' cities in the region. This is also the origin of the region's name in many other languages, such as the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> <span title="Croatian-language text"><i lang="hr">Sedmogradska</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Седмиградско</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><i lang="bg-Latn">Sedmigradsko</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Siedmiogród</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">זיבנבערגן</span></span> (<span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn">Zibnbergn</i></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Семигород</span></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">Semyhorod</i></span>).</li> <li>The Hungarian form <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Erdély</i></span> was first mentioned in the 12th-century <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hungarorum">Gesta Hungarorum</a></i></span> as <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Erdeuleu</i></span> (in modern script <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Erdeüleü</i></span>) or <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Erdő-elve</i></span>. The word <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">erdő</i></span> means forest in Hungarian, and the word <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">elve</i></span> denotes a region in connection with this, similarly to the Hungarian name for Muntenia (<span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Havas-elve</i></span>, or land lying ahead of the snow-capped mountains). <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Erdel</i></span>, <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Erdil</i></span>, <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Erdelistan</i></span> are derived from Hungarian <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Erdély</i></span>.</li> <li>An occurrence of the form <i>Ardeliu</i> in a <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> document written by a Romanian chancellery is attested in 1432. The Romanian <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Ardeal</i></span> is derived from the Hungarian <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Erdély</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ardeliu_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ardeliu-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">History of Transylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dacia_82_BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dacia_82_BC.png/220px-Dacia_82_BC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Dacia_82_BC.png 1.5x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Map of Dacia under <a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first known civilization to inhabit the territory was the <a href="/wiki/Agathyrsi" title="Agathyrsi">Agathyrsi</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Scytho-Siberian_world" title="Scytho-Siberian world">Scythic cultures</a>. From the 4th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> came to domination. The indigenous <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacian tribes</a> engaged in politics from the 1st century BC and united under <a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">King Burebista</a>, forming their kingdom <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> made heavy efforts to seize the territory from <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">King Decebalus</a>, resulting in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a> in 106, after <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">costly and bloody wars</a>. During Roman rule, the territory, depleted of its indigenous population, was repopulated with Latin colonists and its rich resource stock was systematically exploited. However, the growing threat of <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="East Germanic peoples">East Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpi people">Carpic</a> invasions made Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> withdraw his legions and evacuate the citizens south of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Danube">Lower Danube</a> in 275, when the province became occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 376, a powerful nomadic people, the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, defeated and shattered the Goths, and settled in the area. After the death of Hun <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">King Attila</a>, their empire disintegrated and the <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a> conquered the region in 455, under <a href="/wiki/Ardaric" title="Ardaric">King Ardaric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For two centuries, the Gepids controlled Transylvania. The <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> systematically pushed the Gepids out of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elemund" title="Elemund">King Elemund</a>, on the other hand, successfully fought battles against the Eastern Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> in 567.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following years, the Avars took full control over Transylvania, heavily settling the area with <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Slavic peoples">Slavic tribes</a> who accepted their suzerainty. The expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a>, however, imposed a growing threat on them and their khaganate was crushed in the <a href="/wiki/Avar_Wars" title="Avar Wars">Avar Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Avars and Slavs, although substantially depleted in number, continued to inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> expanded into <a href="/wiki/Southern_Transylvania" title="Southern Transylvania">Southern Transylvania</a> in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller Slavic polities were also present, nevertheless they could hardly keep their independence.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 9th century, Transylvania was reached and conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquerors</a>. There is an ongoing scholarly debate over the demographics in Transylvania at the time. According to the theory of Daco-Roman continuity, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> continuously lived on the territory. Opponents of that hypothesis point to the lack of written, archaeological and linguistic evidence to support it.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hungarian medieval chronicles claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székely</a> people descended from the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, who remained in Transylvania, and later, in combination with the returning <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">conquered</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hungarorum">Gesta Hungarorum</a></i>, the Vlach (<i>Blacorum, Blacus</i>) leader <a href="/wiki/Gelou" title="Gelou">Gelou</a> ruled part of Transylvania before the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> arrived. Historians debate whether he was a historical person or an imaginary figure. The <a href="/wiki/Gyula_(title)" title="Gyula (title)">gyulas</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Seven_chieftains_of_the_Magyars" title="Seven chieftains of the Magyars">seven chieftains of the Hungarians</a> governed Transylvania in the 10th century. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">King Stephen I of Hungary</a> asserted his claim to rule all lands dominated by Hungarian lords. He personally led his army against his maternal uncle <a href="/wiki/Gyula_III" title="Gyula III">Gyula III</a> and Transylvania became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in 1002.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_2005_27_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_2005_27-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Place names derived from the <a href="/wiki/Magyar_tribes" title="Magyar tribes">Hungarian tribes</a> evidence that major Hungarian groups settled in Transylvania from the 950s.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 12th and 13th centuries, Southeast and Northeast Transylvania was settled by Saxon colonists. In Romanian historiography, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> constituted an important part of Transylvania's population even on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol Invasions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedlar_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedlar-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-=De_Medio_Aevo_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-=De_Medio_Aevo-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hungarian historiography claims that the Vlach population entered Transylvania from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> only in the 12th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Sedlar2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedlar2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the devastating invasion of Mongols had also as consequence the large-scale immigration by Romanians, however the immigration of Romanians did not happen all at once, the process of settlement stretched over several centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:252_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:252-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> and Ottoman arrival at the Hungarian border, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbian</a> refugees came to Transylvania. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transylvania16cent_adm_div.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Transylvania16cent_adm_div.PNG/220px-Transylvania16cent_adm_div.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Transylvania16cent_adm_div.PNG/330px-Transylvania16cent_adm_div.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Transylvania16cent_adm_div.PNG/440px-Transylvania16cent_adm_div.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Administrative divisions in Eastern Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Transylvania" title="Voivode of Transylvania">Voivodate of Transylvania</a>'s in color</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_mediterranean_1190_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Europe_mediterranean_1190_cropped.jpg/220px-Europe_mediterranean_1190_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Europe_mediterranean_1190_cropped.jpg/330px-Europe_mediterranean_1190_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Europe_mediterranean_1190_cropped.jpg/440px-Europe_mediterranean_1190_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in 1190, during the rule of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Béla III of Hungary">Béla III</a></figcaption></figure><p>Between 1002 and 1526, Transylvania was part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, led by a <a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Transylvania" title="Voivode of Transylvania">voivode</a> appointed by the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> in 1526, Transylvania became part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a>. Later, in 1570, the kingdom became the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1571%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Speyer_(1570)" title="Treaty of Speyer (1570)">Treaty of Speyer</a>, which was ruled primarily by <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Transylvania" title="List of princes of Transylvania">Hungarian princes</a>. The Eastern Hungarian king became the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Transylvania" title="List of princes of Transylvania">prince of Transylvania</a>, according to the treaty. The <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a> continued to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in the sense of public law, which stressed in a highly significant way that <a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Sigismund Zápolya">John Sigismund's</a> possessions belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown of Hungary</a> and he was not permitted to alienate them.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transylvanian_Principality.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Transylvanian_Principality.svg/220px-Transylvanian_Principality.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Transylvanian_Principality.svg/330px-Transylvanian_Principality.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Transylvanian_Principality.svg/440px-Transylvanian_Principality.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Administrative map of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1571%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a> in 1606–60</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburgs</a> acquired the territory shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a> in 1683. In 1687, the rulers of Transylvania recognized the suzerainty of the Habsburg emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a>, and the region was officially attached to the Habsburg Empire. The Habsburgs acknowledged the Principality of Transylvania as one of the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-boundary_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boundary-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the territory of the principality was administratively separated<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_a_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_a-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Habsburg Hungary,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subjected to the direct rule of the emperor's governors.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1699 the Ottomans legally acknowledged their loss of Transylvania in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Treaty of Karlowitz</a>; however, some <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_for_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Rákóczi's War for Independence">anti-Habsburg</a> elements within the principality submitted to the emperor only in the 1711 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Szatm%C3%A1r" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Szatmár">Peace of Szatmár</a>, when Habsburg control over Principality of Transylvania was consolidated. The <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Grand Principality of Transylvania</a> was reintroduced 54 years later in 1765. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian revolution</a> against the Habsburgs started in 1848, and grew into a war for the total independence of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Jacob_von_Haynau" title="Julius Jacob von Haynau">Julius Jacob von Haynau</a>, the leader of the Austrian army, was appointed plenipotentiary to restore order in Hungary after the conflict. He ordered the execution of <a href="/wiki/The_13_Martyrs_of_Arad" title="The 13 Martyrs of Arad">The 13 Hungarian Martyrs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Romania" title="Arad, Romania">Arad</a>, and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Batthyány</a> was executed the same day in <a href="/wiki/Pest,_Hungary" title="Pest, Hungary">Pest</a>. After a series of serious Austrian defeats in 1849, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">empire</a> came close to the brink of collapse. Thus, the new young emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a> had to call for Russian help under the Holy Alliance. Czar Nicholas I answered, and sent an army of 200,000 men with 80,000 auxiliary forces. Finally, the joint army of Russian and Austrian forces defeated the Hungarian forces. After the restoration of Habsburg power, Hungary was placed under martial law. Following the Hungarian Army's surrender at Világos (now <a href="/wiki/%C8%98iria" title="Șiria">Șiria</a>, Romania) in 1849, their revolutionary banners were taken to Russia by the Tsarist troops and were kept there both under the Tsarist and Communist systems (in 1940 the Soviet Union offered the banners to the Horthy government). </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Ausgleich" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausgleich">Ausgleich</a> of 1867, the Principality of Transylvania was once again abolished. The territory then became part of <a href="/wiki/Transleithania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transleithania">Transleithania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSNEncarta_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNEncarta-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an addition to the newly established <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>. Romanian intellectuals issued the <a href="/wiki/Blaj_Pronouncement" title="Blaj Pronouncement">Blaj Pronouncement</a> in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region was the site of an important <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">battle</a> during World War I, which caused the replacement of the German Chief of Staff, temporarily ceased German offensives on all the other fronts and created a unified Central Powers command under the German Kaiser. Following defeat in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Austria-Hungary disintegrated. Elected representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">ethnic Romanians</a> from Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș backed by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">mobilization of Romanian troops</a>, proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">Union with Romania</a> on 1 December 1918. The <i>Proclamation of Union</i> of Alba Iulia was adopted by the Deputies of the Romanians from Transylvania and supported one month later by the vote of the Deputies of the Saxons from Transylvania. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A9rdidasTerritorialesRumanas1940.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/P%C3%A9rdidasTerritorialesRumanas1940.svg/220px-P%C3%A9rdidasTerritorialesRumanas1940.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/P%C3%A9rdidasTerritorialesRumanas1940.svg/330px-P%C3%A9rdidasTerritorialesRumanas1940.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/P%C3%A9rdidasTerritorialesRumanas1940.svg/440px-P%C3%A9rdidasTerritorialesRumanas1940.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>Romania's territorial losses in 1940, showing <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> being ceded to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>. The region was returned to Romania after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure><p> The <a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays in Romania">national holiday</a> of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Union_Day" title="Great Union Day">Great Union Day</a> (also called <i>Unification Day</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) occurring on December 1, celebrates this event. The holiday was established after the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a>, and marks the unification not only of Transylvania but also of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romanian Kingdom</a>. These other provinces had all joined with the Kingdom of Romania a few months earlier. In 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> established new borders and much of the proclaimed territories became part of Romania. Hungary protested against the new state borders, as they did not follow the real ethnic boundaries, for over 1.3 or 1.6 million Hungarian people, representing 25.5 or 31.6% of the Transylvanian population (depending on statistics used),<sup id="cite_ref-Történelmi_világatlasz_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Történelmi_világatlasz-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Varga_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varga-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were living on the Romanian side of the border, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a> of Eastern Transylvania, and along the newly created border.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_territory_during_20th_century.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Romania_territory_during_20th_century.gif/220px-Romania_territory_during_20th_century.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Romania_territory_during_20th_century.gif/330px-Romania_territory_during_20th_century.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Romania_territory_during_20th_century.gif/440px-Romania_territory_during_20th_century.gif 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Territorial evolution of Romania in the 20th century, excluding changes during <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1940, with the arbitration of Germany and Italy under the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a>, Hungary gained <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> (including parts of <a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a>), and over 40% of the territory lost in 1920. This award did not solve the nationality problem, as over 1.15–1.3 million Romanians (or 48% to more than 50% of the population of the ceded territory) remained in Northern Transylvania while 0.36–0.8 million Hungarians (or 11% to more than 20% of the population) continued to reside in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Transylvania" title="Southern Transylvania">Southern Transylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Second Vienna Award was voided on 12 September 1944 by the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Commission" title="Allied Commission">Allied Commission</a> through <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/rumania.asp">the Armistice Agreement with Romania</a> (Article 19), and the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Treaty of Paris</a> reaffirmed the borders between Romania and Hungary as originally defined in the Treaty of Trianon, 27 years earlier, thus confirming the return of Northern Transylvania to Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1947 to 1989, Transylvania, along with the rest of Romania, was <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">under a communist regime</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_clashes_of_T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș">ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș</a> between ethnic <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> in March 1990 took place after the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">fall of the communist regime</a> and became the most notable inter-ethnic incident in the post-communist era. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarmisegetusa_Regia_-_Templele_patrulatere_mici_-_Zona_sacra_%E2%80%93_Gradistea_Muntelui,_Muntii_Sureanu,_Hunedoara,_Romania_19.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of Sarmizegetusa Regia"><img alt="Ruins of Sarmizegetusa Regia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sarmisegetusa_Regia_-_Templele_patrulatere_mici_-_Zona_sacra_%E2%80%93_Gradistea_Muntelui%2C_Muntii_Sureanu%2C_Hunedoara%2C_Romania_19.JPG/120px-Sarmisegetusa_Regia_-_Templele_patrulatere_mici_-_Zona_sacra_%E2%80%93_Gradistea_Muntelui%2C_Muntii_Sureanu%2C_Hunedoara%2C_Romania_19.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sarmisegetusa_Regia_-_Templele_patrulatere_mici_-_Zona_sacra_%E2%80%93_Gradistea_Muntelui%2C_Muntii_Sureanu%2C_Hunedoara%2C_Romania_19.JPG/180px-Sarmisegetusa_Regia_-_Templele_patrulatere_mici_-_Zona_sacra_%E2%80%93_Gradistea_Muntelui%2C_Muntii_Sureanu%2C_Hunedoara%2C_Romania_19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sarmisegetusa_Regia_-_Templele_patrulatere_mici_-_Zona_sacra_%E2%80%93_Gradistea_Muntelui%2C_Muntii_Sureanu%2C_Hunedoara%2C_Romania_19.JPG/240px-Sarmisegetusa_Regia_-_Templele_patrulatere_mici_-_Zona_sacra_%E2%80%93_Gradistea_Muntelui%2C_Muntii_Sureanu%2C_Hunedoara%2C_Romania_19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Regia" title="Sarmizegetusa Regia">Sarmizegetusa Regia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castrum_Apulum_2011_-_Porta_Principalis_Dextra-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman city of Apulum"><img alt="Roman city of Apulum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Castrum_Apulum_2011_-_Porta_Principalis_Dextra-1.jpg/120px-Castrum_Apulum_2011_-_Porta_Principalis_Dextra-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Castrum_Apulum_2011_-_Porta_Principalis_Dextra-1.jpg/180px-Castrum_Apulum_2011_-_Porta_Principalis_Dextra-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Castrum_Apulum_2011_-_Porta_Principalis_Dextra-1.jpg/240px-Castrum_Apulum_2011_-_Porta_Principalis_Dextra-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman city of <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia#Ancient_times" title="Alba Iulia">Apulum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanzedelli_-_T%C3%A2rg_%C3%AEn_Transilvania_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A market scene in Transylvania, 1818"><img alt="A market scene in Transylvania, 1818" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lanzedelli_-_T%C3%A2rg_%C3%AEn_Transilvania_3.jpg/120px-Lanzedelli_-_T%C3%A2rg_%C3%AEn_Transilvania_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lanzedelli_-_T%C3%A2rg_%C3%AEn_Transilvania_3.jpg/180px-Lanzedelli_-_T%C3%A2rg_%C3%AEn_Transilvania_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lanzedelli_-_T%C3%A2rg_%C3%AEn_Transilvania_3.jpg/240px-Lanzedelli_-_T%C3%A2rg_%C3%AEn_Transilvania_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="981" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A market scene in Transylvania, 1818</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_Photo_National_Museum_of_Union-Alba_Iulia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The National Assembly in Alba Iulia (December 1, 1918), declaring the Union of Transylvania with Romania"><img alt="The National Assembly in Alba Iulia (December 1, 1918), declaring the Union of Transylvania with Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Original_Photo_National_Museum_of_Union-Alba_Iulia.jpg/120px-Original_Photo_National_Museum_of_Union-Alba_Iulia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Original_Photo_National_Museum_of_Union-Alba_Iulia.jpg/180px-Original_Photo_National_Museum_of_Union-Alba_Iulia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Original_Photo_National_Museum_of_Union-Alba_Iulia.jpg/240px-Original_Photo_National_Museum_of_Union-Alba_Iulia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="423" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The National Assembly in <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a> (December 1, 1918), declaring the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">Union of Transylvania with Romania</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_ethnography">Geography and ethnography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography and ethnography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheile_Turzii-(42).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cheile_Turzii-%2842%29.JPG/220px-Cheile_Turzii-%2842%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cheile_Turzii-%2842%29.JPG/330px-Cheile_Turzii-%2842%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cheile_Turzii-%2842%29.JPG/440px-Cheile_Turzii-%2842%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turda_Gorges" class="mw-redirect" title="Turda Gorges">Turda Gorges</a> seen from the west end, in <a href="/wiki/Cluj_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluj county">Cluj county</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RO_AB_Geogel_wooden_church_1_55.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RO_AB_Geogel_wooden_church_1_55.jpg/220px-RO_AB_Geogel_wooden_church_1_55.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RO_AB_Geogel_wooden_church_1_55.jpg/330px-RO_AB_Geogel_wooden_church_1_55.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RO_AB_Geogel_wooden_church_1_55.jpg/440px-RO_AB_Geogel_wooden_church_1_55.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Geogel, Romanian Orthodox wooden church</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_general_map-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Romania_general_map-en.png/220px-Romania_general_map-en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Romania_general_map-en.png/330px-Romania_general_map-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Romania_general_map-en.png/440px-Romania_general_map-en.png 2x" data-file-width="1789" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>Geographical map of Romania</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Plateau" title="Transylvanian Plateau">Transylvanian Plateau</a>, 300 to 500 metres (980–1,640 feet) high, is drained by the <a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mureș River">Mureș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Some%C8%99_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Someș River">Someș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Criș River">Criș</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olt_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Olt River">Olt</a> rivers, as well as other tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. This core of historical Transylvania roughly corresponds with nine counties of modern Romania. The plateau is almost entirely surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Carpathians">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Carpathians" title="Southern Carpathians">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apuseni_Mountains" title="Apuseni Mountains">Romanian Western</a> branches of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>. The area includes the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Plain" title="Transylvanian Plain">Transylvanian Plain</a>. Other areas to the west and north are widely considered part of Transylvania; in common reference, the Western border of Transylvania has come to be identified with the present Romanian-Hungarian border, settled in the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, although geographically the two are not identical. </p><p>Ethnographic areas: </p> <ul><li>Transylvania proper: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%83rginimea_Sibiului" title="Mărginimea Sibiului">Mărginimea Sibiului</a> (Szeben-hegyalja)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Plain" title="Transylvanian Plain">Transylvanian Plain</a> (Câmpia Transilvaniei/Mezőség)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burzenland" title="Burzenland">Țara Bârsei</a> (Burzenland/Barcaság)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aara_Buzaielor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Țara Buzaielor (page does not exist)">Țara Buzaielor</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Buzaielor" class="extiw" title="ro:Țara Buzaielor">ro</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_C%C4%83latei" title="Țara Călatei">Țara Călatei</a> (Kalotaszeg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Chioarului" title="Țara Chioarului">Țara Chioarului</a> (Kővár)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99ului" title="Țara Făgărașului">Țara Făgărașului</a> (Fogaras)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Ha%C8%9Begului" title="Țara Hațegului">Țara Hațegului</a> (Hátszeg)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aara_H%C4%83lmagiului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Țara Hălmagiului (page does not exist)">Țara Hălmagiului</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aara_H%C4%83lmagiului" class="extiw" title="ro:Țara Hălmagiului">ro</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Mocanilor" class="mw-redirect" title="Țara Mocanilor">Țara Mocanilor</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Mocanilor" class="extiw" title="ro:Țara Mocanilor">ro</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Mo%C8%9Bilor" title="Țara Moților">Țara Moților</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6snerland" title="Nösnerland">Țara Năsăudului</a> (Nösnerland/Naszód vidéke)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aara_Silvaniei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Țara Silvaniei (page does not exist)">Țara Silvaniei</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Silvaniei" class="extiw" title="ro:Țara Silvaniei">ro</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Ainutul_P%C4%83durenilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ținutul Pădurenilor (page does not exist)">Ținutul Pădurenilor</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Ainutul_P%C4%83durenilor" class="extiw" title="ro:Ținutul Pădurenilor">ro</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Ținutul Secuiesc</a> (Székelyföld/Székely Land)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aara_Alm%C4%83jului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Țara Almăjului (page does not exist)">Țara Almăjului</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Alm%C4%83jului" class="extiw" title="ro:Țara Almăjului">ro</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aara_Zarandului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Țara Zarandului (page does not exist)">Țara Zarandului</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Zarandului" class="extiw" title="ro:Țara Zarandului">ro</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Oa%C8%99ului" title="Țara Oașului">Țara Oașului</a> (Avasság)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aara_L%C4%83pu%C8%99ului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Țara Lăpușului (page does not exist)">Țara Lăpușului</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aara_L%C4%83pu%C8%99ului" class="extiw" title="ro:Țara Lăpușului">ro</a>]</span> (Lápos-vidék)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 400px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TransylvaniaProper.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TransylvaniaProper.svg/400px-TransylvaniaProper.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TransylvaniaProper.svg/600px-TransylvaniaProper.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TransylvaniaProper.svg/800px-TransylvaniaProper.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:70px; top:90px"><a href="/wiki/Bihor_County" title="Bihor County">Bihor</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:55px; top:127px"><a href="/wiki/Arad_County" title="Arad County">Arad</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:37px; top:161px"><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99_County" title="Timiș County">Timiș</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:46px; top:198px"><a href="/wiki/Cara%C8%99-Severin_County" title="Caraș-Severin County">Caraș-Severin</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:87px; top:158px"><a href="/wiki/Hunedoara_County" title="Hunedoara County">Hunedoara</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:97px; top:45px"><a href="/wiki/Satu_Mare_County" title="Satu Mare County">Satu Mare</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:108px; top:80px"><a href="/wiki/S%C4%83laj_County" title="Sălaj County">Sălaj</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:127px; top:138px"><a href="/wiki/Alba_County" title="Alba County">Alba</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:154px; top:159px"><a href="/wiki/Sibiu_County" title="Sibiu County">Sibiu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:185px; top:164px"><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_County" title="Brașov County">Brașov</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:217px; top:153px"><a href="/wiki/Covasna_County" title="Covasna County">Covasna</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:211px; top:120px"><a href="/wiki/Harghita_County" title="Harghita County">Harghita</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:165px; top:116px"><a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_County" title="Mureș County">Mureș</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:130px; top:102px"><a href="/wiki/Cluj_County" title="Cluj County">Cluj</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:159px; top:77px"><a href="/wiki/Bistri%C8%9Ba-N%C4%83s%C4%83ud_County" title="Bistrița-Năsăud County">Bistrița-Năsăud</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:138px; top:55px"><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_County" title="Maramureș County">Maramureș</a></div> <p>Light yellow – historical region of Transylvania<br /> Dark yellow – historical regions of <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a><br /> Grey – historical regions of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> </p> </div> <p>The area of the historical Voivodeship is 55,146 km<sup>2</sup> (21,292 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regions granted to Romania in 1920 covered 23 counties including nearly 102,200 km<sup>2</sup> (39,460 sq mi) (102,787–103,093 km<sup>2</sup> in Hungarian sources and 102,282 km<sup>2</sup> in contemporary Romanian documents). Nowadays, several administrative reorganisations make the territory cover 16 <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">counties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Jude%C8%9B" title="Județ">județ</a></i>), with an area of 100,290 km<sup>2</sup> (38,722 sq mi), in central and northwest Romania. </p><p>The 16 counties are: <a href="/wiki/Alba_County" title="Alba County">Alba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arad_County" title="Arad County">Arad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihor_County" title="Bihor County">Bihor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bistri%C8%9Ba-N%C4%83s%C4%83ud_County" title="Bistrița-Năsăud County">Bistrița-Năsăud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_County" title="Brașov County">Brașov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cara%C8%99-Severin_County" title="Caraș-Severin County">Caraș-Severin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluj_County" title="Cluj County">Cluj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covasna_County" title="Covasna County">Covasna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harghita_County" title="Harghita County">Harghita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunedoara_County" title="Hunedoara County">Hunedoara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_County" title="Maramureș County">Maramureș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_County" title="Mureș County">Mureș</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C4%83laj_County" title="Sălaj County">Sălaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satu_Mare_County" title="Satu Mare County">Satu Mare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibiu_County" title="Sibiu County">Sibiu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99_County" title="Timiș County">Timiș</a>. </p><p>Transylvania contains both largely urban counties, such as Brașov and Hunedoara counties, as well as largely rural ones, such as Bistrița-Năsăud and Sălaj counties.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1998, Romania has been divided into eight <a href="/wiki/Development_regions_of_Romania" title="Development regions of Romania">development regions</a>, acting as divisions that coordinate and implement socio-economic development at regional level. Six counties (Alba, Brașov, Covasna, Harghita, Mureș and Sibiu) form the <a href="/wiki/Centru_(development_region)" title="Centru (development region)">Centru development region</a>, another six (Bihor, Bistrița-Năsăud, Cluj, Maramureș, Satu Mare, Sălaj) form the <a href="/wiki/Nord-Vest_(development_region)" title="Nord-Vest (development region)">Nord-Vest development region</a>, while four (Arad, Caraș-Severin, Hunedoara, Timiș) form the <a href="/wiki/Vest_(development_region)" title="Vest (development region)">Vest development region</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cities and towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș historical regions in Romania</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls">"NIS 2021 Census"</a> (2021 population by place of residence)</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Romania">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">County</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Romania">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">County</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biserica_romano-catolic%C4%83_%22Sf%C3%A2ntul_Mihail%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cluj-Napoca"><img alt="Cluj-Napoca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Biserica_romano-catolic%C4%83_%22Sf%C3%A2ntul_Mihail%22.jpg/120px-Biserica_romano-catolic%C4%83_%22Sf%C3%A2ntul_Mihail%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Biserica_romano-catolic%C4%83_%22Sf%C3%A2ntul_Mihail%22.jpg/180px-Biserica_romano-catolic%C4%83_%22Sf%C3%A2ntul_Mihail%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Biserica_romano-catolic%C4%83_%22Sf%C3%A2ntul_Mihail%22.jpg/240px-Biserica_romano-catolic%C4%83_%22Sf%C3%A2ntul_Mihail%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pia%C8%9Ba_Victoriei_Timi%C8%99oara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Timișoara"><img alt="Timișoara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pia%C8%9Ba_Victoriei_Timi%C8%99oara.jpg/120px-Pia%C8%9Ba_Victoriei_Timi%C8%99oara.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pia%C8%9Ba_Victoriei_Timi%C8%99oara.jpg/180px-Pia%C8%9Ba_Victoriei_Timi%C8%99oara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pia%C8%9Ba_Victoriei_Timi%C8%99oara.jpg/240px-Pia%C8%9Ba_Victoriei_Timi%C8%99oara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cluj_County" title="Cluj County">Cluj</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">286,598</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alba_County" title="Alba County">Alba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">64,227 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BVCouncilSquare0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brașov"><img alt="Brașov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BVCouncilSquare0.jpg/120px-BVCouncilSquare0.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BVCouncilSquare0.jpg/180px-BVCouncilSquare0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BVCouncilSquare0.jpg/240px-BVCouncilSquare0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prim%C4%83ria_%C8%99i_Centrul_Municipiului_Oradea.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Oradea"><img alt="Oradea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Prim%C4%83ria_%C8%99i_Centrul_Municipiului_Oradea.JPG/120px-Prim%C4%83ria_%C8%99i_Centrul_Municipiului_Oradea.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Prim%C4%83ria_%C8%99i_Centrul_Municipiului_Oradea.JPG/180px-Prim%C4%83ria_%C8%99i_Centrul_Municipiului_Oradea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Prim%C4%83ria_%C8%99i_Centrul_Municipiului_Oradea.JPG/240px-Prim%C4%83ria_%C8%99i_Centrul_Municipiului_Oradea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99_County" title="Timiș County">Timiș</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">250,849</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Re%C8%99i%C8%9Ba" title="Reșița">Reșița</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cara%C8%99-Severin_County" title="Caraș-Severin County">Caraș-Severin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">58,393 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_County" title="Brașov County">Brașov</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">237,589</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Deva,_Romania" title="Deva, Romania">Deva</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hunedoara_County" title="Hunedoara County">Hunedoara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">53,113 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bihor_County" title="Bihor County">Bihor</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">183,105</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zal%C4%83u" title="Zalău">Zalău</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C4%83laj_County" title="Sălaj County">Sălaj</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">52,359 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arad,_Romania" title="Arad, Romania">Arad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arad_County" title="Arad County">Arad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">145,078</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hunedoara" title="Hunedoara">Hunedoara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hunedoara_County" title="Hunedoara County">Hunedoara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,457 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sibiu_County" title="Sibiu County">Sibiu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">134,309</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntu_Gheorghe" title="Sfântu Gheorghe">Sfântu Gheorghe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Covasna_County" title="Covasna County">Covasna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,080 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Târgu Mureș">Târgu Mureș</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_County" title="Mureș County">Mureș</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">116,033</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turda" title="Turda">Turda</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cluj_County" title="Cluj County">Cluj</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,319 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baia_Mare" title="Baia Mare">Baia Mare</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_County" title="Maramureș County">Maramureș</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">108,759</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Media%C8%99" title="Mediaș">Mediaș</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sibiu_County" title="Sibiu County">Sibiu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">39,505 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Satu_Mare" title="Satu Mare">Satu Mare</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Satu_Mare_County" title="Satu Mare County">Satu Mare</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">91,520</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lugoj" title="Lugoj">Lugoj</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99_County" title="Timiș County">Timiș</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,450 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bistri%C8%9Ba" title="Bistrița">Bistrița</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bistri%C8%9Ba-N%C4%83s%C4%83ud_County" title="Bistrița-Năsăud County">Bistrița-Năsăud</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">78,877</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Miercurea_Ciuc" title="Miercurea Ciuc">Miercurea Ciuc</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harghita_County" title="Harghita County">Harghita</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,484 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>, commonly known as Cluj, is the second most populous city in Romania (as of the 2021 census), after the national capital <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, and is the seat of <a href="/wiki/Cluj_County" title="Cluj County">Cluj County</a>. From 1790 to 1848 and from 1861 to 1867, it was the official capital of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Grand Principality of Transylvania</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a> is an important tourist destination, being the largest city in a mountain resorts area, and a central location, suitable for exploring Romania, with the distances to several tourist destinations (including the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> resorts, the monasteries in northern <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, and the wooden churches of <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a>) being similar. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a> is one of the most important cultural centres of Romania and was designated the <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> for the year 2007, along with the city of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was formerly the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvanian Saxon">Transylvanian Saxon</a> culture and between 1692 and 1791 and 1849–65 was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Principality of Transylvania</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a>, a city located on the <a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mureș River">Mureș River</a> in Alba County, has since the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> been the seat of Transylvania's <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Alba_Iulia" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Alba Iulia">Roman Catholic diocese</a>. Between 1541 and 1690 it was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1571%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a>. Alba Iulia also has historical importance: after the end of World War I, representatives of the Romanian population of Transylvania gathered in Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918 to proclaim the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">union of Transylvania</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>. In Transylvania, there are many medieval smaller towns such as <a href="/wiki/Sighi%C8%99oara" title="Sighișoara">Sighișoara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media%C8%99" title="Mediaș">Mediaș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebe%C8%99" title="Sebeș">Sebeș</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bistri%C8%9Ba" title="Bistrița">Bistrița</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cluj-Napoca_(Biserica_Romano-Catolic%C4%83_Sf%C3%A2ntul_Mihail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cluj-Napoca (Hungarian: Kolozsvár, German: Klausenburg)"><img alt="Cluj-Napoca (Hungarian: Kolozsvár, German: Klausenburg)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cluj-Napoca_%28Biserica_Romano-Catolic%C4%83_Sf%C3%A2ntul_Mihail%29.jpg/120px-Cluj-Napoca_%28Biserica_Romano-Catolic%C4%83_Sf%C3%A2ntul_Mihail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cluj-Napoca_%28Biserica_Romano-Catolic%C4%83_Sf%C3%A2ntul_Mihail%29.jpg/180px-Cluj-Napoca_%28Biserica_Romano-Catolic%C4%83_Sf%C3%A2ntul_Mihail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cluj-Napoca_%28Biserica_Romano-Catolic%C4%83_Sf%C3%A2ntul_Mihail%29.jpg/240px-Cluj-Napoca_%28Biserica_Romano-Catolic%C4%83_Sf%C3%A2ntul_Mihail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Kolozsvár</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Klausenburg</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brasov,_Romania_(26523347959).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brașov (Hungarian: Brassó, German: Kronstadt)"><img alt="Brașov (Hungarian: Brassó, German: Kronstadt)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Brasov%2C_Romania_%2826523347959%29.jpg/120px-Brasov%2C_Romania_%2826523347959%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Brasov%2C_Romania_%2826523347959%29.jpg/180px-Brasov%2C_Romania_%2826523347959%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Brasov%2C_Romania_%2826523347959%29.jpg/240px-Brasov%2C_Romania_%2826523347959%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Brassó</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kronstadt</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sibiu_200811_800px.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sibiu (Hungarian: Nagyszeben, German: Hermannstadt)"><img alt="Sibiu (Hungarian: Nagyszeben, German: Hermannstadt)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sibiu_200811_800px.jpg/120px-Sibiu_200811_800px.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sibiu_200811_800px.jpg/180px-Sibiu_200811_800px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sibiu_200811_800px.jpg/240px-Sibiu_200811_800px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Nagyszeben</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Hermannstadt</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arad_City_Hall_(30112380741).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arad (Hungarian: Arad, German: Arad)"><img alt="Arad (Hungarian: Arad, German: Arad)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Arad_City_Hall_%2830112380741%29.jpg/120px-Arad_City_Hall_%2830112380741%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Arad_City_Hall_%2830112380741%29.jpg/180px-Arad_City_Hall_%2830112380741%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Arad_City_Hall_%2830112380741%29.jpg/240px-Arad_City_Hall_%2830112380741%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5133" data-file-height="4015" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arad,_Romania" title="Arad, Romania">Arad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Arad</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Arad</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cetatea_Alba_Iulia_din_aer_toamna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alba Iulia (Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár, German: Karlsburg) defense wall of Alba Carolina Citadel"><img alt="Alba Iulia (Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár, German: Karlsburg) defense wall of Alba Carolina Citadel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cetatea_Alba_Iulia_din_aer_toamna.jpg/120px-Cetatea_Alba_Iulia_din_aer_toamna.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cetatea_Alba_Iulia_din_aer_toamna.jpg/180px-Cetatea_Alba_Iulia_din_aer_toamna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cetatea_Alba_Iulia_din_aer_toamna.jpg/240px-Cetatea_Alba_Iulia_din_aer_toamna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3784" data-file-height="2738" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Gyulafehérvár</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Karlsburg</i>) defense wall of <a href="/wiki/Alba_Carolina_Citadel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alba Carolina Citadel">Alba Carolina Citadel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palatul_Culturii_(Targu_Mures).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Târgu Mureș (Hungarian: Marosvásárhely, German: Neumarkt am Mieresch)"><img alt="Târgu Mureș (Hungarian: Marosvásárhely, German: Neumarkt am Mieresch)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Palatul_Culturii_%28Targu_Mures%29.jpg/120px-Palatul_Culturii_%28Targu_Mures%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Palatul_Culturii_%28Targu_Mures%29.jpg/180px-Palatul_Culturii_%28Targu_Mures%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Palatul_Culturii_%28Targu_Mures%29.jpg/240px-Palatul_Culturii_%28Targu_Mures%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Târgu Mureș">Târgu Mureș</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Marosvásárhely</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Neumarkt am Mieresch</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Timisoara_-_Catholic_Dome_in_Union_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Timișoara (Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg)"><img alt="Timișoara (Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Timisoara_-_Catholic_Dome_in_Union_Square.jpg/120px-Timisoara_-_Catholic_Dome_in_Union_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Timisoara_-_Catholic_Dome_in_Union_Square.jpg/180px-Timisoara_-_Catholic_Dome_in_Union_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Timisoara_-_Catholic_Dome_in_Union_Square.jpg/240px-Timisoara_-_Catholic_Dome_in_Union_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Temesvár</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Temeschburg</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prim%C4%83ria_%C8%99i_Centrul_Municipiului_Oradea.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Oradea (Hungarian: Nagyvárad, German: Großwardein)"><img alt="Oradea (Hungarian: Nagyvárad, German: Großwardein)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Prim%C4%83ria_%C8%99i_Centrul_Municipiului_Oradea.JPG/120px-Prim%C4%83ria_%C8%99i_Centrul_Municipiului_Oradea.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Prim%C4%83ria_%C8%99i_Centrul_Municipiului_Oradea.JPG/180px-Prim%C4%83ria_%C8%99i_Centrul_Municipiului_Oradea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Prim%C4%83ria_%C8%99i_Centrul_Municipiului_Oradea.JPG/240px-Prim%C4%83ria_%C8%99i_Centrul_Municipiului_Oradea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Nagyvárad</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Großwardein</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sighisoara._Biserica_din_deal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sighișoara (Hungarian: Segesvár, German: Schäßburg)"><img alt="Sighișoara (Hungarian: Segesvár, German: Schäßburg)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sighisoara._Biserica_din_deal.jpg/120px-Sighisoara._Biserica_din_deal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sighisoara._Biserica_din_deal.jpg/180px-Sighisoara._Biserica_din_deal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sighisoara._Biserica_din_deal.jpg/240px-Sighisoara._Biserica_din_deal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sighi%C8%99oara" title="Sighișoara">Sighișoara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Segesvár</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Schäßburg</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biserica_Sf%C3%A2nta_Margareta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mediaș (Hungarian: Medgyes, German: Mediasch)"><img alt="Mediaș (Hungarian: Medgyes, German: Mediasch)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Biserica_Sf%C3%A2nta_Margareta.jpg/120px-Biserica_Sf%C3%A2nta_Margareta.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Biserica_Sf%C3%A2nta_Margareta.jpg/180px-Biserica_Sf%C3%A2nta_Margareta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Biserica_Sf%C3%A2nta_Margareta.jpg/240px-Biserica_Sf%C3%A2nta_Margareta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Media%C8%99" title="Mediaș">Mediaș</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Medgyes</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Mediasch</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bistri%C8%9Ba_de_sus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bistrița (Hungarian: Beszterce, German: Bistritz)"><img alt="Bistrița (Hungarian: Beszterce, German: Bistritz)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bistri%C8%9Ba_de_sus.jpg/120px-Bistri%C8%9Ba_de_sus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bistri%C8%9Ba_de_sus.jpg/180px-Bistri%C8%9Ba_de_sus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bistri%C8%9Ba_de_sus.jpg/240px-Bistri%C8%9Ba_de_sus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bistri%C8%9Ba" title="Bistrița">Bistrița</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Beszterce</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Bistritz</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sebes_evangelical_church_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sebeș (Hungarian: Szászsebes, German: Mülbach)"><img alt="Sebeș (Hungarian: Szászsebes, German: Mülbach)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sebes_evangelical_church_3.JPG/120px-Sebes_evangelical_church_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sebes_evangelical_church_3.JPG/180px-Sebes_evangelical_church_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sebes_evangelical_church_3.JPG/240px-Sebes_evangelical_church_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sebe%C8%99" title="Sebeș">Sebeș</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Szászsebes</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Mülbach</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Centrul_Vechi_Baia_Mare.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baia Mare (Hungarian: Nagybánya, German: Frauenbach)"><img alt="Baia Mare (Hungarian: Nagybánya, German: Frauenbach)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Centrul_Vechi_Baia_Mare.jpg/120px-Centrul_Vechi_Baia_Mare.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Centrul_Vechi_Baia_Mare.jpg/180px-Centrul_Vechi_Baia_Mare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Centrul_Vechi_Baia_Mare.jpg/240px-Centrul_Vechi_Baia_Mare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baia_Mare" title="Baia Mare">Baia Mare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Nagybánya</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Frauenbach</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9vai_v%C3%A1rmegyeh%C3%A1z.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deva (Hungarian: Déva, German: Diemrich)"><img alt="Deva (Hungarian: Déva, German: Diemrich)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/D%C3%A9vai_v%C3%A1rmegyeh%C3%A1z.jpeg/120px-D%C3%A9vai_v%C3%A1rmegyeh%C3%A1z.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/D%C3%A9vai_v%C3%A1rmegyeh%C3%A1z.jpeg/180px-D%C3%A9vai_v%C3%A1rmegyeh%C3%A1z.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/D%C3%A9vai_v%C3%A1rmegyeh%C3%A1z.jpeg/240px-D%C3%A9vai_v%C3%A1rmegyeh%C3%A1z.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2225" data-file-height="1318" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Deva,_Romania" title="Deva, Romania">Deva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Déva</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Diemrich</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miercurea_Ciuc_2010,_The_Pet%C5%91fi_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miercurea Ciuc (Hungarian: Csíkszereda, German: Szeklerburg)"><img alt="Miercurea Ciuc (Hungarian: Csíkszereda, German: Szeklerburg)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Miercurea_Ciuc_2010%2C_The_Pet%C5%91fi_Street.jpg/120px-Miercurea_Ciuc_2010%2C_The_Pet%C5%91fi_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Miercurea_Ciuc_2010%2C_The_Pet%C5%91fi_Street.jpg/180px-Miercurea_Ciuc_2010%2C_The_Pet%C5%91fi_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Miercurea_Ciuc_2010%2C_The_Pet%C5%91fi_Street.jpg/240px-Miercurea_Ciuc_2010%2C_The_Pet%C5%91fi_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Miercurea_Ciuc" title="Miercurea Ciuc">Miercurea Ciuc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Csíkszereda</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Szeklerburg</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2011-IMG_4425.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turda (Hungarian: Torda, German: Thorenburg)"><img alt="Turda (Hungarian: Torda, German: Thorenburg)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2011-IMG_4425.jpg/120px-2011-IMG_4425.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2011-IMG_4425.jpg/180px-2011-IMG_4425.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2011-IMG_4425.jpg/240px-2011-IMG_4425.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3484" data-file-height="2614" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Turda" title="Turda">Turda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Torda</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Thorenburg</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sepsiszentgyorgyi_reformatus_vartemplom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sfântu Gheorghe (Hungarian: Sepsiszentgyörgy, German: Gergen)"><img alt="Sfântu Gheorghe (Hungarian: Sepsiszentgyörgy, German: Gergen)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sepsiszentgyorgyi_reformatus_vartemplom.jpg/120px-Sepsiszentgyorgyi_reformatus_vartemplom.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sepsiszentgyorgyi_reformatus_vartemplom.jpg/180px-Sepsiszentgyorgyi_reformatus_vartemplom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sepsiszentgyorgyi_reformatus_vartemplom.jpg/240px-Sepsiszentgyorgyi_reformatus_vartemplom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntu_Gheorghe" title="Sfântu Gheorghe">Sfântu Gheorghe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Sepsiszentgyörgy</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Gergen</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiud-Turnul_dogarilor_si_biserica_reformata-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Aiud Citadel in Aiud (Hungarian: Nagyenyed, German: Straßburg am Mieresch)"><img alt="Aiud Citadel in Aiud (Hungarian: Nagyenyed, German: Straßburg am Mieresch)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Aiud-Turnul_dogarilor_si_biserica_reformata-2.JPG/120px-Aiud-Turnul_dogarilor_si_biserica_reformata-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Aiud-Turnul_dogarilor_si_biserica_reformata-2.JPG/180px-Aiud-Turnul_dogarilor_si_biserica_reformata-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Aiud-Turnul_dogarilor_si_biserica_reformata-2.JPG/240px-Aiud-Turnul_dogarilor_si_biserica_reformata-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aiud Citadel in <a href="/wiki/Aiud" title="Aiud">Aiud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Nagyenyed</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Straßburg am Mieresch</i>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Romania" title="Demographics of Romania">Demographics of Romania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_population">Historical population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania#Historical_population" title="History of Transylvania">History of Transylvania § Historical population</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian minority in Romania">Hungarian minority in Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Transylvanians" title="List of Transylvanians">List of Transylvanians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/350px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/525px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/700px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Ethno-linguistic map of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, 1910.</figcaption></figure> <p>Official censuses with information on Transylvania's population have been conducted since the 18th century. On May 1, 1784 the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> called for the first official census of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg Empire</a>, including Transylvania. The data was published in 1787, and this census showed only the overall population (1,440,986 inhabitants).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nyes_Elek" class="extiw" title="hu:Fényes Elek">Fényes Elek</a>, a 19th-century Hungarian statistician, estimated in 1842 that in the population of Transylvania for the years 1830–1840 the majority were 62.3% <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> and 23.3% <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last quarter of the 19th century, the Hungarian population of Transylvania increased from 24.9% in 1869 to 31.6%, as indicated in the 1910 Hungarian census (the majority of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Jewish population</a> reported Hungarian as their primary language, so they were also counted as ethnically Hungarian in the 1910 census). At the same time, the percentage of the Romanian population decreased from 59.0% to 53.8% and the percentage of the German population decreased from 11.9% to 10.7%, for a total population of 5,262,495. <a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a> policies greatly contributed to this shift.<sup id="cite_ref-ia_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ia-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The percentage of the Romanian majority has significantly increased since the declaration of the union of Transylvania with Romania after World War I in 1918. The proportion of Hungarians in Transylvania was in steep decline as more of the region's inhabitants moved into urban areas, where the pressure to assimilate and Romanianize was greater.<sup id="cite_ref-Varga_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varga-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expropriation of the estates of Magyar <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">magnates</a>, the distribution of the lands to the Romanian peasants, and the policy of cultural <a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a> that followed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> were major causes of friction between Hungary and Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other factors include the emigration of non-Romanian peoples, assimilation and internal migration within Romania (estimates show that between 1945 and 1977, some 630,000 people moved from the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Old_Kingdom" title="Romanian Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> to Transylvania, and 280,000 from Transylvania to the Old Kingdom, most notably to <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Varga_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varga-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_population">Current population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the results of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Romania" title="Demographics of Romania">2011 census</a>, the total population of Transylvania was 6,789,250 inhabitants and the ethnic groups were: Romanians – 70.62%, Hungarians – 17.92%, Roma – 3.99%, Ukrainians – 0.63%, Germans (mostly Transylvanian Saxons and Banat Swabians, but also Zipsers, Sathmar Swabians, or Landlers) – 0.49%, other – 0.77%. Some 378,298 inhabitants (5.58%) have not declared their ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnic Hungarian population of Transylvania form a majority in the counties of <a href="/wiki/Covasna_County" title="Covasna County">Covasna</a> (73.6%) and <a href="/wiki/Harghita_County" title="Harghita County">Harghita</a> (84.8%). The Hungarians are also numerous in the following counties: Mureș (37.8%), Satu Mare (34.5%), Bihor (25.2%), and Sălaj (23.2%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salina_Turda_(panorama),_Cluj,_RO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Salina_Turda_%28panorama%29%2C_Cluj%2C_RO.jpg/220px-Salina_Turda_%28panorama%29%2C_Cluj%2C_RO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Salina_Turda_%28panorama%29%2C_Cluj%2C_RO.jpg/330px-Salina_Turda_%28panorama%29%2C_Cluj%2C_RO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Salina_Turda_%28panorama%29%2C_Cluj%2C_RO.jpg/440px-Salina_Turda_%28panorama%29%2C_Cluj%2C_RO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The former salt mine of <a href="/wiki/Salina_Turda" title="Salina Turda">Salina Turda</a>, now repurposed as a tourist attraction</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landscape_in_Transylvania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Landscape_in_Transylvania.jpg/220px-Landscape_in_Transylvania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Landscape_in_Transylvania.jpg/330px-Landscape_in_Transylvania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Landscape_in_Transylvania.jpg/440px-Landscape_in_Transylvania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Rural landscape in Transylvania, including meadows and small hilly forests.</figcaption></figure> <p>Transylvania is rich in mineral resources, notably <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Transylvania's GDP (nominal) is $194 billion and its GDP per capita measures around $28,574.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Transylvania's Human Development Index is ranked 0.829, which makes Transylvania the 2nd most developed region in Romania after <a href="/wiki/Bucharest-Ilfov" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucharest-Ilfov">Bucharest-Ilfov</a> and makes it comparable to countries like the Czech Republic, Poland and Estonia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are large iron and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, chemical, and <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> industries. Stock raising, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> production and fruit growing are important occupations. Agriculture is widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Plateau" title="Transylvanian Plateau">Transylvanian Plateau</a>, including growing cereals, vegetables, viticulture and breeding cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry. <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">Timber</a> is another valuable resource. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive</a> industries are important in urban and university centers like <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Robert Bosch GmbH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerson_Electric" title="Emerson Electric">Emerson Electric</a>), <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flextronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Flextronics">Flextronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_AG" title="Continental AG">Continental AG</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Romania" title="Arad, Romania">Arad</a>. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Cluj_Napoca" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluj Napoca">Cluj Napoca</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Târgu Mureș">Târgu Mureș</a> are connected with a strong <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medical</a> tradition, and according to the same classifications top performance hospitals exist there.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Native brands include: <a href="/wiki/Roman_(vehicle_manufacturer)" title="Roman (vehicle manufacturer)">Roman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a> (trucks and buses), <a href="/wiki/Azomure%C8%99" title="Azomureș">Azomureș</a> of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Târgu Mureș">Târgu Mureș</a> (fertilizers), <a href="/wiki/Terapia_Ranbaxy" title="Terapia Ranbaxy">Terapia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a> (pharmaceuticals), <a href="/wiki/Banca_Transilvania" title="Banca Transilvania">Banca Transilvania</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a> (finance), <a href="/wiki/Romgaz" title="Romgaz">Romgaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transgaz" title="Transgaz">Transgaz</a> of <a href="/wiki/Media%C8%99" title="Mediaș">Mediaș</a> (natural gas), <a href="/wiki/Jidvei_wines" title="Jidvei wines">Jidvei</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alba_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Alba county">Alba county</a> (alcoholic beverages), <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oreana" class="mw-redirect" title="Timișoreana">Timișoreana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> (alcoholic beverages), the state owned <a href="/wiki/Cugir_Arms_Factory" title="Cugir Arms Factory">Cugir Arms Factory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley" title="Jiu Valley">Jiu Valley</a>, located in the south of <a href="/wiki/Hunedoara_County" title="Hunedoara County">Hunedoara County</a>, has been a major <a href="/wiki/Mining_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining area">mining area</a> throughout the second half of the 19th century and the 20th century, but many mines were closed down in the years following the collapse of the communist regime, forcing the region to diversify its economy. </p><p>During the Second World War, Transylvania (the Southern/Romanian half, as the region was divided during the war) was crucial to the Romanian defense industry. Transylvanian factories built until 1945 over 1,000 warplanes and over 1,000 artillery pieces of all types, among <a href="/wiki/Southern_Transylvania#Armaments_industry" title="Southern Transylvania">others</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Cosbuc_-_Foto02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/George_Cosbuc_-_Foto02.jpg/150px-George_Cosbuc_-_Foto02.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/George_Cosbuc_-_Foto02.jpg/225px-George_Cosbuc_-_Foto02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/George_Cosbuc_-_Foto02.jpg/300px-George_Cosbuc_-_Foto02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1373" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Co%C8%99buc" title="George Coșbuc">George Coșbuc</a>, Romanian poet, translator, teacher, and journalist, best known for his verses describing, praising and eulogizing rural life</figcaption></figure> <p>The culture of Transylvania is complex because of its varied history and longstanding multiculturalism, which has incorporated significant Hungarian (see <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania" title="Hungarians in Romania">Hungarians in Romania</a>) and German (see <a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Romania" title="Germans of Romania">Germans of Romania</a>) influences.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region was the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a> movement, its members, namely <a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Samuil Micu-Klein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Petru Maior</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Gheorghe Șincai</a>, being responsible for the early version of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With regard to architecture, the Transylvanian <a href="/wiki/Gothic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic style">Gothic style</a> is preserved to this day in monuments such as the <a href="/wiki/Biserica_Neagr%C4%83" title="Biserica Neagră">Black Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a> (14th and 15th centuries) and a number of other <a href="/wiki/Cathedrals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedrals">cathedrals</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Bran_Castle" title="Bran Castle">Bran Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_County" title="Brașov County">Brașov County</a> (14th century), and the <a href="/wiki/Hunyad_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunyad Castle">Hunyad Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hunedoara" title="Hunedoara">Hunedoara</a> (15th century). </p><p>Notable writers such as <a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Emil Cioran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Blaga" title="Lucian Blaga">Lucian Blaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Co%C8%99buc" title="George Coșbuc">George Coșbuc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Slavici" title="Ioan Slavici">Ioan Slavici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Octavian Goga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liviu_Rebreanu" title="Liviu Rebreanu">Liviu Rebreanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endre_Ady" title="Endre Ady">Endre Ady</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elek_Benedek" title="Elek Benedek">Elek Benedek</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_K%C3%B3s" title="Károly Kós">Károly Kós</a> were born in Transylvania. Liviu Rebreanu wrote the novel <i>Ion</i>, which introduces the reader to a depiction of the life of Romanian peasants and intellectuals of Transylvania at the turn of the 20th century. Károly Kós was one of the most important writers supporting the movement of <a href="/wiki/Transylvanianism" title="Transylvanianism">Transylvanianism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transylvania has a very rich and unique religious history. Since the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, different Christian denominations have coexisted in this religious melting pot, including <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Orthodox">Romanian Orthodox</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Romania" title="Catholic Church in Romania">Latin Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian Greek Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> branches. <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the largest religion, but other faiths also are present, including <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a>, Transylvania served as a place for "religious undesirables". People who arrived in Transylvania included those that did not conform to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and were sent here forcibly, as well as many religious refugees. Transylvania has a long history of religious tolerance, ensured by its religious pluralism. </p><p>Transylvania has also been (and still is) a center for Christian denominations other than <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, the form of Christianity that most Romanians currently follow. As such, there are significant numbers of inhabitants of Transylvania that follow <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Romania">Latin Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholicism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Romania">Protestantism</a>. Even though before 1948, the population of Transylvania split between Eastern Orthodox, Greek Catholic and other forms of Christianity, during the Communist Period the Orthodox Church was much more favored by the state which has led to Eastern Orthodoxy being the religion of the majority of Transylvanians.<sup id="cite_ref-poperamet_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poperamet-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, among the Hungarian and German minorities only a small part are Eastern Orthodox. The main two religions of the Hungarian minority are Reformed (Calvinism) and Roman Catholicism;<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among Germans the main religions are Roman Catholicism (slightly over half of <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Romania">Germans in Romania</a>), followed by Lutheranism and Eastern Orthodox.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Union_of_Romania" title="Pentecostal Union of Romania">Pentecostals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Christian_Baptist_Churches_in_Romania" title="Union of Christian Baptist Churches in Romania">Baptists</a>, particularly in Banat and Crișana. <a href="/wiki/Babe%C8%99-Bolyai_University" title="Babeș-Bolyai University">Babeș-Bolyai University</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a> is the only university in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> that has four faculties of <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> (Orthodox, Reformed, Roman Catholic, and Greek Catholic).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="2">1930</th> <th colspan="2">2011 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Denomination </th> <td>Number</td> <td>Percent </td> <td>Number</td> <td>Percent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> </td> <td>1,933,589</td> <td>34.85 </td> <td>4,478,532</td> <td>65.96 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholicism</a> </td> <td>1,385,017</td> <td>24.96 </td> <td>142,862</td> <td>2.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Romania" title="Catholic Church in Romania">Latin Catholicism</a> </td> <td>946,100</td> <td>17.05 </td> <td>632,948</td> <td>9.32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline Protestantism">Mainline Protestantism</a> </td> <td>1,038,464</td> <td>18.72 </td> <td>675,107</td> <td>9.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestantism">Evangelical Protestantism</a> </td> <td>37,061</td> <td>0.66 </td> <td>339,472</td> <td>4.70 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are also small denominations like <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> and more. </p><p><b><u>Others</u></b> </p> <ul><li>Nowadays, there is a very small number of Muslims (<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>) and Jews (<a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>), but back in 1930, with 191,877 inhabitants, Jews represented 3.46% of Transylvania's population.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Atheists, agnostics and unaffiliated account for 0.27% of Transylvania's population.</li></ul> <p><i>Data refers to extended Transylvania (with <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a>).</i><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourist_attractions">Tourist attractions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tourist attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm/220px--Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="114" data-mwtitle="Deva_Citadel_Hill_(video_file).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Deva_Citadel_Hill_(video_file).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm/Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm/Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm/Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm/Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm/Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm/Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm/Deva_Citadel_Hill_%28video_file%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Drone footage of the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Deva" title="Fortress of Deva">Fortress of Deva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Déva vára</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Diemricher Burg</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castelul_Corvinilor_din_Hunedoara_in_10_Decembrie_2012._Fotografie_realizata_de_catre_Marian_Lucian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Castelul_Corvinilor_din_Hunedoara_in_10_Decembrie_2012._Fotografie_realizata_de_catre_Marian_Lucian.jpg/220px-Castelul_Corvinilor_din_Hunedoara_in_10_Decembrie_2012._Fotografie_realizata_de_catre_Marian_Lucian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Castelul_Corvinilor_din_Hunedoara_in_10_Decembrie_2012._Fotografie_realizata_de_catre_Marian_Lucian.jpg/330px-Castelul_Corvinilor_din_Hunedoara_in_10_Decembrie_2012._Fotografie_realizata_de_catre_Marian_Lucian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Castelul_Corvinilor_din_Hunedoara_in_10_Decembrie_2012._Fotografie_realizata_de_catre_Marian_Lucian.jpg/440px-Castelul_Corvinilor_din_Hunedoara_in_10_Decembrie_2012._Fotografie_realizata_de_catre_Marian_Lucian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corvin_Castle" title="Corvin Castle">Corvin Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunedoara" title="Hunedoara">Hunedoara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Vajdahunyad</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Eisenmarkt</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cetatea_R%C3%A2%C8%99nov,_v%C4%83zut%C4%83_din_%C8%99oseaua_Cristian-R%C3%A2%C8%99nov..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Cetatea_R%C3%A2%C8%99nov%2C_v%C4%83zut%C4%83_din_%C8%99oseaua_Cristian-R%C3%A2%C8%99nov..jpg/220px-Cetatea_R%C3%A2%C8%99nov%2C_v%C4%83zut%C4%83_din_%C8%99oseaua_Cristian-R%C3%A2%C8%99nov..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Cetatea_R%C3%A2%C8%99nov%2C_v%C4%83zut%C4%83_din_%C8%99oseaua_Cristian-R%C3%A2%C8%99nov..jpg/330px-Cetatea_R%C3%A2%C8%99nov%2C_v%C4%83zut%C4%83_din_%C8%99oseaua_Cristian-R%C3%A2%C8%99nov..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Cetatea_R%C3%A2%C8%99nov%2C_v%C4%83zut%C4%83_din_%C8%99oseaua_Cristian-R%C3%A2%C8%99nov..jpg/440px-Cetatea_R%C3%A2%C8%99nov%2C_v%C4%83zut%C4%83_din_%C8%99oseaua_Cristian-R%C3%A2%C8%99nov..jpg 2x" data-file-width="4702" data-file-height="2954" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2%C8%99nov_Fortress" title="Râșnov Fortress">Râșnov Fortress</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2%C8%99nov" title="Râșnov">Râșnov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Barcarozsnyó</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Rosenau</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirchenburg_Birth%C3%A4lm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kirchenburg_Birth%C3%A4lm.jpg/220px-Kirchenburg_Birth%C3%A4lm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kirchenburg_Birth%C3%A4lm.jpg/330px-Kirchenburg_Birth%C3%A4lm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kirchenburg_Birth%C3%A4lm.jpg/440px-Kirchenburg_Birth%C3%A4lm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biertan_fortified_church" title="Biertan fortified church">Biertan fortified church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biertan" title="Biertan">Biertan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Berethalom</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Birthälm</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bran_Castle_TB1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bran_Castle_TB1.jpg/220px-Bran_Castle_TB1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bran_Castle_TB1.jpg/330px-Bran_Castle_TB1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bran_Castle_TB1.jpg/440px-Bran_Castle_TB1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bran_Castle" title="Bran Castle">Bran Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bran,_Bra%C8%99ov" title="Bran, Brașov">Bran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Törcsvár</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Die Törzburg</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cetatea_Alba_Carolina_Ansamblul_fortifica%C8%9Biei_%E2%80%9ECetatea_Alba_Iulia_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cetatea_Alba_Carolina_Ansamblul_fortifica%C8%9Biei_%E2%80%9ECetatea_Alba_Iulia_14.jpg/220px-Cetatea_Alba_Carolina_Ansamblul_fortifica%C8%9Biei_%E2%80%9ECetatea_Alba_Iulia_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cetatea_Alba_Carolina_Ansamblul_fortifica%C8%9Biei_%E2%80%9ECetatea_Alba_Iulia_14.jpg/330px-Cetatea_Alba_Carolina_Ansamblul_fortifica%C8%9Biei_%E2%80%9ECetatea_Alba_Iulia_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cetatea_Alba_Carolina_Ansamblul_fortifica%C8%9Biei_%E2%80%9ECetatea_Alba_Iulia_14.jpg/440px-Cetatea_Alba_Carolina_Ansamblul_fortifica%C8%9Biei_%E2%80%9ECetatea_Alba_Iulia_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Gate to <a href="/wiki/Alba_Carolina_Citadel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alba Carolina Citadel">Alba Carolina Citadel</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bran_Castle" title="Bran Castle">Bran Castle</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Dracula</a>'s Castle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Deva" title="Fortress of Deva">Fortress of Deva</a></li> <li>The very well preserved medieval towns of <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Youth_Capital" title="European Youth Capital">European Youth Capital</a> 2015), <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> in 2007), <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Târgu Mureș">Târgu Mureș</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sighi%C8%99oara" title="Sighișoara">Sighișoara</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> and alleged birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Vlad_Dracula" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad Dracula">Vlad Dracula</a>)</li> <li>The city of <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a> and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Poiana_Bra%C8%99ov" title="Poiana Brașov">Poiana Brașov</a> ski resort</li> <li>The town of <a href="/wiki/Hunedoara" title="Hunedoara">Hunedoara</a> with the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Corvin_Castle" title="Corvin Castle">Corvin Castle</a></li> <li>The citadel and the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> city centre of <a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Densu%C8%99_Church" title="Densuș Church">Densuș Church</a>, the oldest church in Romania that still holds services<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dacian_Fortresses_of_the_Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_Mountains" title="Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains">Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Regia" title="Sarmizegetusa Regia">Sarmizegetusa Regia</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>)</li> <li>The Roman forts including <a href="/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Ulpia_Traiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmizegetusa Ulpia Traiana">Sarmizegetusa Ulpia Traiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porolissum" title="Porolissum">Porolissum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulum_(castra)" title="Apulum (castra)">Apulum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potaissa_(castra)" title="Potaissa (castra)">Potaissa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drobeta_(castra)" title="Drobeta (castra)">Drobeta</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_(Romania)" title="Red Lake (Romania)">Red Lake</a> (also known as Lake Ghilcoș)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Turda_Gorge" title="Turda Gorge">Turda Gorge</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural reserve">natural reserve</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2%C8%99nov_Citadel" class="mw-redirect" title="Râșnov Citadel">Râșnov Citadel</a> in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2%C8%99nov" title="Râșnov">Râșnov</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a> region <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Merry_Cemetery" title="Merry Cemetery">Merry Cemetery of Săpânța</a> (the only one of that kind in the world)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Wooden_Churches_of_Maramure%C8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooden Churches of Maramureș">Wooden Churches</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>)</li> <li>The cities of <a href="/wiki/Baia_Mare" title="Baia Mare">Baia Mare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sighetu_Marma%C8%9Biei" title="Sighetu Marmației">Sighetu Marmației</a></li> <li>The villages in the <a href="/wiki/Iza_(river)" title="Iza (river)">Iza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mara_(Iza)" title="Mara (Iza)">Mara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vi%C8%99eu" title="Vișeu">Vișeu</a> valleys</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villages_with_fortified_churches_in_Transylvania" title="Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania">The Saxon fortified churches</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Apuseni_Mountains" title="Apuseni Mountains">Apuseni Mountains</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Mo%C8%9Bilor" title="Țara Moților">Țara Moților</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bears%27_Cave" title="Bears' Cave">Bears' Cave</a><sup id="cite_ref-itsromania.com_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itsromania.com-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sc%C4%83ri%C8%99oara_Cave" title="Scărișoara Cave">Scărișoara Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alba_County" title="Alba County">Alba County</a>, the third largest glacier cave in the world<sup id="cite_ref-itsromania.com_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itsromania.com-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rodna_Mountains" title="Rodna Mountains">Rodna Mountains</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Salina_Turda" title="Salina Turda">Salina Turda</a> Salt Mine: according to Business Insider, it is one of the ten "coolest underground places in the world".</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Via_Transilvanica" title="Via Transilvanica">Via Transilvanica</a> hiking and biking trail</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_events">Festivals and events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Festivals and events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film_festivals">Film festivals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Film festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transilvania_International_Film_Festival" title="Transilvania International Film Festival">Transilvania International Film Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a> – Romania's biggest film festival</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Film_Nights" title="Gay Film Nights">Gay Film Nights</a>, Cluj-Napoca</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Cluj" title="Comedy Cluj">Comedy Cluj</a>, Cluj-Napoca</li> <li>Humor Film Festival, <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music_festivals">Music festivals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Stag_Festival" title="Golden Stag Festival">Golden Stag Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%83r%C3%A2na_Jazz_Festival" title="Gărâna Jazz Festival">Gărâna Jazz Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C4%83r%C3%A2na" class="mw-redirect" title="Gărâna">Gărâna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_/_F%C3%A9lsziget_Festival" title="Peninsula / Félsziget Festival">Peninsula / Félsziget Festival</a>, Târgu-Mureș</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untold_Festival" title="Untold Festival">Untold Festival</a>, Cluj-Napoca – Romania's biggest music festival</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toamna_Muzical%C4%83_Clujean%C4%83" title="Toamna Muzicală Clujeană">Toamna Muzicală Clujeană</a>, Cluj-Napoca</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artmania_Festival" title="Artmania Festival">Artmania Festival</a>, Sibiu</li> <li>Rockstadt Extreme Fest, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2%C8%99nov" title="Râșnov">Râșnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_Castle_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric Castle Festival">Electric Castle Festival</a>, Bontida, Cluj-Napoca</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sighi%C8%99oara_Medieval_Festival" title="Sighișoara Medieval Festival">Sighișoara Medieval Festival</a>, Sighișoara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibiu_International_Theatre_Festival" title="Sibiu International Theatre Festival">Sibiu International Theatre Festival</a></li> <li>Festivalul Medieval Cetăți Transilvane Sibiu</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania">Historical coat of arms of Transylvania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historical coat of arms of Transylvania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania">Coat of arms of Transylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Blue, red and yellow shield with an eagle, the sun, moon and seven castle turrets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The historical coat of arms of Transylvania</figcaption></figure> <p>The first heraldic representations of Transylvania date from the 16th century. The <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Diet" title="Transylvanian Diet">Diet</a> of 1659 codified the representation of the privileged nations (<a href="/wiki/Unio_Trium_Nationum" title="Unio Trium Nationum">Unio Trium Nationum</a> (Union of the Three Nations)) in <a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania" title="Flag and coat of arms of Transylvania">Transylvania's coat of arms</a>. It depicted a black eagle (<a href="/wiki/Turul" title="Turul">Turul</a>) on a blue background, representing the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, the Sun and the Moon representing the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a>, and seven red towers on a yellow background representing the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons#Fortification_of_the_towns" title="Transylvanian Saxons">seven fortified cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania" title="Flag and coat of arms of Transylvania">flag and coat of arms of Transylvania</a> were granted by Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> in 1765, when she established a <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Grand Principality</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>. </p><p>In 1596, <a href="/wiki/Levinus_Hulsius" title="Levinus Hulsius">Levinus Hulsius</a> created a coat of arms for Transylvania, consisting of a shield with a rising eagle in the upper field and seven hills with towers on top in the lower field. He published it in his work "<i>Chronologia</i>", issued in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seal from 1597 of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory" title="Sigismund Báthory">Sigismund Báthory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Transylvania" title="Prince of Transylvania">Prince of Transylvania</a>, reproduced the new coat of arms with some slight changes: in the upper field the eagle was flanked by a sun and a moon and in the lower field the hills were replaced by simple towers. The coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory" title="Sigismund Báthory">Sigismund Báthory</a> beside the coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1thory_family" title="Báthory family">Báthory family</a>, included the Transylvanian, Wallachia and Moldavian coat of arms, he used the title <a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Transylvania" title="List of princes of Transylvania">Prince of Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>. A short-lived heraldic representation of Transylvania is found on the seal of <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a>. Besides the Wallachian eagle and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia" title="Flag and coat of arms of Moldavia">Moldavian aurochs</a>, Transylvania is represented by two lions holding a sword standing on seven hills. Hungarian <a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Transylvania" title="List of princes of Transylvania">Transylvanian princes</a> used the symbols of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania" title="Flag and coat of arms of Transylvania">Transylvanian coat of arms</a> usually with the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Hungarian coat of arms</a> since the 16th century because <a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Transylvania" title="List of princes of Transylvania">Transylvanian princes</a> maintained their claims to the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>. </p><p>While neither symbol has official status in present-day <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania" title="Flag and coat of arms of Transylvania">Transylvanian coat of arms</a> is marshalled within the national <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania" title="Coat of arms of Romania">Coat of arms of Romania</a>, it was also a component of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Coat of arms of Hungary</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Transylvania_Country_History_v4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania by Levinus Hulsius (1596)"><img alt="Coat of arms of Transylvania by Levinus Hulsius (1596)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coa_Transylvania_Country_History_v4.svg/99px-Coa_Transylvania_Country_History_v4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coa_Transylvania_Country_History_v4.svg/148px-Coa_Transylvania_Country_History_v4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coa_Transylvania_Country_History_v4.svg/197px-Coa_Transylvania_Country_History_v4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of Transylvania by <a href="/wiki/Levinus_Hulsius" title="Levinus Hulsius">Levinus Hulsius</a> (1596)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SigismundBathory1597.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arm of Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania (1586–1598, 1598–1599, 1601–1602)"><img alt="Coat of arm of Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania (1586–1598, 1598–1599, 1601–1602)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/SigismundBathory1597.jpg/112px-SigismundBathory1597.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/SigismundBathory1597.jpg/168px-SigismundBathory1597.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/SigismundBathory1597.jpg/224px-SigismundBathory1597.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arm of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory" title="Sigismund Báthory">Sigismund Báthory</a>, Prince of Transylvania (1586–1598, 1598–1599, 1601–1602)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Michael the Brave during his personal union of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania (1599–1600)"><img alt="Seal of Michael the Brave during his personal union of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania (1599–1600)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg/120px-Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg/180px-Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg/239px-Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seal of <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a> during his personal union of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and Transylvania (1599–1600)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_Bathory_Zsofia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Sophia Báthory, Princess of Transylvania (1642–1657, 1657–1658, 1659–1660)"><img alt="Coat of arms of Sophia Báthory, Princess of Transylvania (1642–1657, 1657–1658, 1659–1660)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/COA_Bathory_Zsofia.jpg/118px-COA_Bathory_Zsofia.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/COA_Bathory_Zsofia.jpg/177px-COA_Bathory_Zsofia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/COA_Bathory_Zsofia.jpg/236px-COA_Bathory_Zsofia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1739" data-file-height="1767" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophia_B%C3%A1thory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophia Báthory (page does not exist)">Sophia Báthory</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Transylvanian_royal_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Transylvanian royal consorts">Princess of Transylvania</a> (1642–1657, 1657–1658, 1659–1660)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Transilvania_in_Stematographia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania by Hristofor Žefarović (1741)"><img alt="Coat of arms of Transylvania by Hristofor Žefarović (1741)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_arms_of_Transilvania_in_Stematographia.jpg/92px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transilvania_in_Stematographia.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_arms_of_Transilvania_in_Stematographia.jpg/138px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transilvania_in_Stematographia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_arms_of_Transilvania_in_Stematographia.jpg/184px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transilvania_in_Stematographia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of Transylvania by <a href="/wiki/Hristofor_%C5%BDefarovi%C4%87" title="Hristofor Žefarović">Hristofor Žefarović</a> (1741)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Gro%C3%9Ff%C3%BCrstentum_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania by Hugo Gerard Ströhl"><img alt="Coat of arms of Transylvania by Hugo Gerard Ströhl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wappen_Gro%C3%9Ff%C3%BCrstentum_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.png/73px-Wappen_Gro%C3%9Ff%C3%BCrstentum_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.png" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wappen_Gro%C3%9Ff%C3%BCrstentum_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.png/109px-Wappen_Gro%C3%9Ff%C3%BCrstentum_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wappen_Gro%C3%9Ff%C3%BCrstentum_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.png/146px-Wappen_Gro%C3%9Ff%C3%BCrstentum_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="731" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of Transylvania by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Gerard_Str%C3%B6hl" title="Hugo Gerard Ströhl">Hugo Gerard Ströhl</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erdely-Cimere-1765.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania (1765)"><img alt="Coat of arms of Transylvania (1765)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Erdely-Cimere-1765.jpg/84px-Erdely-Cimere-1765.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Erdely-Cimere-1765.jpg/126px-Erdely-Cimere-1765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Erdely-Cimere-1765.jpg/167px-Erdely-Cimere-1765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of Transylvania (1765)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreisregierung_Vorarlberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania in an Austrian coat of arms (1850)"><img alt="Coat of arms of Transylvania in an Austrian coat of arms (1850)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kreisregierung_Vorarlberg.jpg/98px-Kreisregierung_Vorarlberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kreisregierung_Vorarlberg.jpg/147px-Kreisregierung_Vorarlberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kreisregierung_Vorarlberg.jpg/196px-Kreisregierung_Vorarlberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2570" data-file-height="3139" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of Transylvania in an <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> coat of arms (1850)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mid_(1867).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1915)"><img alt="kingdom hungary 1867" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mid_%281867%29.svg/92px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mid_%281867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mid_%281867%29.svg/138px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mid_%281867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mid_%281867%29.svg/184px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mid_%281867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> (1867–1915)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Ungarische_L%C3%A4nder_1867_(Mittel).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1915)"><img alt="Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1915)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wappen_Ungarische_L%C3%A4nder_1867_%28Mittel%29.png/120px-Wappen_Ungarische_L%C3%A4nder_1867_%28Mittel%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wappen_Ungarische_L%C3%A4nder_1867_%28Mittel%29.png/180px-Wappen_Ungarische_L%C3%A4nder_1867_%28Mittel%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wappen_Ungarische_L%C3%A4nder_1867_%28Mittel%29.png/240px-Wappen_Ungarische_L%C3%A4nder_1867_%28Mittel%29.png 2x" data-file-width="5949" data-file-height="4188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> (1867–1915)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Ungarische_L%C3%A4nder_1915_(Mittel).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary (1915–1918)"><img alt="Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary (1915–1918)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wappen_Ungarische_L%C3%A4nder_1915_%28Mittel%29.png/120px-Wappen_Ungarische_L%C3%A4nder_1915_%28Mittel%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wappen_Ungarische_L%C3%A4nder_1915_%28Mittel%29.png/180px-Wappen_Ungarische_L%C3%A4nder_1915_%28Mittel%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wappen_Ungarische_L%C3%A4nder_1915_%28Mittel%29.png/240px-Wappen_Ungarische_L%C3%A4nder_1915_%28Mittel%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4684" data-file-height="3284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> (1915–1918)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Medium_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Romania (1921–1947)"><img alt="Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Romania (1921–1947)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Medium_CoA.svg/115px-Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Medium_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Medium_CoA.svg/172px-Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Medium_CoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Medium_CoA.svg/230px-Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Medium_CoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> (1921–1947)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of Romania (2016)"><img alt="Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of Romania (2016)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/83px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/124px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/166px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="970" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (2016)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transylvania_in_popular_culture" title="Transylvania in popular culture">Transylvania in popular culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula,_anonymous_photograph_from_1931,_Universal_Studios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg/170px-Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg/255px-Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg/340px-Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="1193" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Lugosi</a> as <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the publication of <a href="/wiki/Emily_Gerard" title="Emily Gerard">Emily Gerard</a>'s <i>The Land Beyond the Forest</i> (1888), <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a> wrote his <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">gothic horror</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a></i> in 1897, using Transylvania as a setting. With its success, Transylvania became associated in the English- and Spanish-speaking world with <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampires</a>. Among the first actors to portray <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Dracula</a> <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 English-language film)">in film</a> was <a href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</a>, who was born in Lugos (now <a href="/wiki/Lugoj" title="Lugoj">Lugoj</a>), in present-day Romania. The American animated movie franchise <i><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania" title="Hotel Transylvania">Hotel Transylvania</a></i> also plays on the association of Transylvania with Dracula. </p><p>Transylvania has also been represented in fiction and literature as a land of mystery and magic. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Coelho" title="Paulo Coelho">Paulo Coelho</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Witch_of_Portobello" title="The Witch of Portobello">The Witch of Portobello</a></i>, the main character, Sherine Khalil, is described as a Transylvanian orphan with a <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> mother, in an effort to add to the character's exotic mystique.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The so-called Transylvanian trilogy of historical novels by <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_B%C3%A1nffy" title="Miklós Bánffy">Miklós Bánffy</a>, <i>The Writing on the Wall</i>, is an extended treatment of the 19th- and early 20th-century social and political history of the country. The Principality of Transylvania is also a playable nation in <i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Universalis_IV" title="Europa Universalis IV">Europa Universalis IV</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Transylvania" title="Prehistory of Transylvania">Prehistory of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebenb%C3%BCrgenlied" title="Siebenbürgenlied">Siebenbürgenlied</a>, an unofficial anthem of Transylvania and the anthem of the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxon community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanianism" title="Transylvanianism">Transylvanianism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-data1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-data1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The sixteen counties that form the historical region of Transylvania.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap 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Social Science Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-491-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-491-4"><bdi>978-0-88033-491-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania%3A+From+1606+to+1830&rft.pub=Social+Science+Monographs&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-491-4&rft.au=B%C3%A9la+K%C3%B6peczi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVElpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522%2Bin%2B1690%252C%2Bthe%2BHabsburgs%2Bgained%2Bpossession%2Bof%2BTransylvania%2Bby%2Bright%2Bof%2Bthe%2BHungarian%2Bcrown.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter F. Sugar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LOln4TGdDHYC&dq=independent+principality+that+was+not+reunited+with+Hungary&pg=PA163">"Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804"</a> (<i>History of East Central Europe</i>), University of Washington Press, July 1983, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Lendvai, Ann Major. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9yCmAQGTW28C&dq=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania&pg=PA146"><i>The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat</i></a> C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 146;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.ro/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22princes+of+transylvania%22&btnG=#hl=en&tbm=bks&sclient=psy-ab&q=%22+In+1711%2C+after+the+Peace+Treaty+of+Szatmar%2C+Austrian+control+was+firmly+established+over+all+of+Hungary+and+Erdely%2C+and+the+princes+of+Transylvania+were+replaced+by+Austrian+governors.+%22&oq=%22+In+1711%2C+after+the+Peace+Treaty+of+Szatmar%2C+Austrian+control+was+firmly+established+over+all+of+Hungary+and+Erdely%2C+and+the+princes+of+Transylvania+were+replaced+by+Austrian+governors.+%22&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=serp.3...21238l22034l2l22304l3l2l0l0l0l0l102l180l1j1l2l0.frgbld.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=3cae50351d088142&biw=1137&bih=752">"In 1711, after the Peace Treaty of Szatmar, Austrian control was firmly established over all of Hungary and Erdely, and the princes of Transylvania were replaced by Austrian governors." (Google Search)</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlocknerBagossy2007" class="citation book cs1">Glockner, Peter G.; Bagossy, Nora Varga (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FAAMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22+In+1711,+after+the+Peace+Treaty+of+Szatmar,+Austrian+control+was+firmly+established+over+all+of+Hungary+and+Erdely,+and+the+princes+of+Transylvania+were+replaced+by+Austrian+governors.+%22"><i>Encyclopaedia Hungarica: English</i></a>. Hungarian Ethnic Lexicon Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55383-178-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55383-178-5"><bdi>978-1-55383-178-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Hungarica%3A+English&rft.pub=Hungarian+Ethnic+Lexicon+Foundation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55383-178-5&rft.aulast=Glockner&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rft.au=Bagossy%2C+Nora+Varga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFAAMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522%2BIn%2B1711%2C%2Bafter%2Bthe%2BPeace%2BTreaty%2Bof%2BSzatmar%2C%2BAustrian%2Bcontrol%2Bwas%2Bfirmly%2Bestablished%2Bover%2Ball%2Bof%2BHungary%2Band%2BErdely%2C%2Band%2Bthe%2Bprinces%2Bof%2BTransylvania%2Bwere%2Breplaced%2Bby%2BAustrian%2Bgovernors.%2B%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica3_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603323/Transylvania">"Transylvania"</a> (2009). <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Retrieved July 7, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leopoldinum2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leopoldinum2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1459175/Diploma-Leopoldinum">"Diploma Leopoldinum"</a> (2009). <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Retrieved July 7, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laszlo Péter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzW8aApInY8C&dq=medieval+unitary+hungary&pg=PA56">Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions in a European Perspective</a>, Brill, 2012, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoelseth.com-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hoelseth.com_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoelseth.com/royalty/austria/austrianconst18490304.html">Austrian Constitution of 4 March 1849</a>. (Section I, Art. I and Section IX., Art. LXXIV)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Cadzow, Andrew Ludanyi, Louis J. Elteto, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fX5pAAAAMAAJ&q=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania"><i>Transylvania: The Roots of Ethnic Conflict</i></a>, Kent State University Press, 1983, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Minahan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&q=1867+compromise"><i>One Europe, many nations: an historical dictionary of European national groups</i></a>, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavel2018" class="citation web cs1">Pavel, Eugen (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/70072431">"The Transylvanian School – Premises Underlying the Critical Editions of Texts"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+Transylvanian+School+%E2%80%93+Premises+Underlying+the+Critical+Editions+of+Texts&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Pavel&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F70072431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTörök2015" class="citation journal cs1">Török, Borbála Zsuzsanna (27 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004303058_003">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"1 Landeskunde, honismeret – Patriotic Scholarship and Vernacular Languages". 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"Voievodatul Transilvaniei". <b>I</b>: 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Voievodatul+Transilvaniei&rft.volume=I&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Pascu&rft.aufirst=%C8%98tefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristó2002" class="citation book cs1">Kristó, Gyula (2002). <i>A korai Erdély</i> [<i>The early Transylvania</i>]. Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9634825583" title="Special:BookSources/9634825583"><bdi>9634825583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+korai+Erd%C3%A9ly&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Szegedi+K%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkor%C3%A1sz+M%C5%B1hely&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9634825583&rft.aulast=Krist%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Gyula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrăganu1924" class="citation book cs1">Drăganu, Nicolae (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documente.bcucluj.ro/web/bibdigit/periodice/anuarulinstitutuluideistorienationala/1923/BCUCLUJ_FP_BALP_42_1923_002_001.pdf"><i>Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Națională</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. II. <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. p. 237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anuarul+Institutului+de+Istorie+Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pages=237&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Dr%C4%83ganu&rft.aufirst=Nicolae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocumente.bcucluj.ro%2Fweb%2Fbibdigit%2Fperiodice%2Fanuarulinstitutuluideistorienationala%2F1923%2FBCUCLUJ_FP_BALP_42_1923_002_001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_V%C3%A9kony" title="Gábor Vékony">Vékony, Gábor</a> (2000): <a href="//archive.org/details/daciansromansrom0000veko" class="extiw" title="iarchive:daciansromansrom0000veko">Dacians, Romans, Romanians</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tóth, Endre (1994): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/11.html">The Roman Province of Dacia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gündisch, Konrad: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sibiweb.de/geschi/history_of_transylvania_and_the_transylvanian_saxons.php">Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bóna, István (1994): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/33.html">The Kingdom of the Gepids</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2006): <a href="//archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt" class="extiw" title="iarchive:southeasterneuro0000curt">Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bóna, István (1994): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/41.html">The period of Avar rule</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carlile_Aylmer_Macartney" title="Carlile Aylmer Macartney">Macartney, Carlile Aylmer</a> (1962): <a href="//archive.org/details/hungaryshorthist0000maca" class="extiw" title="iarchive:hungaryshorthist0000maca">Hungary: a short history</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bóna, István (1994): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/49.html">Southern Transylvania under Bulgar rule</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makkai, László (1975): <a href="//archive.org/details/historyofhungary0000magy/page/13" class="extiw" title="iarchive:historyofhungary0000magy/page/13">The origins of the Hungarian people and state</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farkas, Zoltán (2007): <a href="//archive.org/details/transylvania0000fark/" class="extiw" title="iarchive:transylvania0000fark/">Transylvania</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Rady" title="Martyn Rady">Rady, Martyn</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/18975/1/18975.pdf">The <i>Gesta Hungarorum</i> of Anonymus, the anonymous notary of King Béla</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Veszprémy, László; Schaer, Frank (1999): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wYhZEAAAQBAJ">Gesta Hungarorum: The Deeds of the Hungarians</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geréb, László (1993): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/10600/10642/pdf/10642ocr.pdf">Képes Krónika</a> (in Hungarian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geréb, László (1957): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.niif.hu/10600/10633/pdf/10633.pdf">Magyar Krónika</a> (in Hungarian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_2005_27-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Engel_2005_27_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelAndrew_Ayton2005" class="citation book cs1">Engel, Pal; Andrew Ayton (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vEJNBqanT_8C&pg=PA27"><i>The Realm of St Stephen</i></a>. London: Tauris. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-977-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-977-X"><bdi>1-85043-977-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Realm+of+St+Stephen&rft.place=London&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85043-977-X&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=Pal&rft.au=Andrew+Ayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvEJNBqanT_8C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBóna1994" class="citation book cs1">Bóna, István (1994). "From Dacia to Transylvania: The Period of the Great Migrations (271–895); The Hungarian–Slav Period (895–1172)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). <i>History of Transylvania</i>. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. <span class="nowrap">62–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-6703-2" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-6703-2"><bdi>963-05-6703-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Dacia+to+Transylvania%3A+The+Period+of+the+Great+Migrations+%28271%26ndash%3B895%29%3B+The+Hungarian%26ndash%3BSlav+Period+%28895%26ndash%3B1172%29&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=963-05-6703-2&rft.aulast=B%C3%B3na&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristó2003" class="citation book cs1">Kristó, Gyula (2003). <i>Early Transylvania (895-1324)</i>. Lucidus Kiadó. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9465-12-7" title="Special:BookSources/963-9465-12-7"><bdi>963-9465-12-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Transylvania+%28895-1324%29&rft.pub=Lucidus+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=963-9465-12-7&rft.aulast=Krist%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Gyula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedlar-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sedlar_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_W_Sedlar1994" class="citation book cs1">Jean W Sedlar (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&pg=PA9"><i>East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500</i></a>. University of Washington Press. pp. 9–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97291-6"><bdi>978-0-295-97291-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Central+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+1000%E2%80%931500&rft.pages=9-&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97291-6&rft.au=Jean+W+Sedlar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o5lrvuwOVwC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-=De_Medio_Aevo-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-=De_Medio_Aevo_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadgearu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Madgearu, Alexandru (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/DMAE/article/download/76013/4564456556992">"The Mongol domination and the detachment of the Romanians of Wallachia from the domination of the Hungarian Kingdom"</a>. <i>De Medio Aevo</i>: <span class="nowrap">219–</span>220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Medio+Aevo&rft.atitle=The+Mongol+domination+and+the+detachment+of+the+Romanians+of+Wallachia+from+the+domination+of+the+Hungarian+Kingdom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Madgearu&rft.aufirst=Alexandru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.ucm.es%2Findex.php%2FDMAE%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F76013%2F4564456556992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedlar2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sedlar2_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_W_Sedlar1994" class="citation book cs1">Jean W Sedlar (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&pg=PA9"><i>East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500</i></a>. University of Washington Press. pp. 9–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97291-6"><bdi>978-0-295-97291-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Central+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+1000%E2%80%931500&rft.pages=9-&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97291-6&rft.au=Jean+W+Sedlar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o5lrvuwOVwC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:252-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:252_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakkai2001" class="citation book cs1">Makkai, László (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/76.html">"The Mongol Invasion and Its Consequences"</a>. <i>History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526) - 3. From the Mongol Invasion to the Battle of Mohács</i>. Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-479-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-479-7"><bdi>0-88033-479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mongol+Invasion+and+Its+Consequences&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania+Volume+I.+From+the+Beginnings+to+1606+-+III.+Transylvania+in+the+Medieval+Hungarian+Kingdom+%28896%E2%80%931526%29+-+3.+From+the+Mongol+Invasion+to+the+Battle+of+Moh%C3%A1cs&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press%2C+%28The+Hungarian+original+by+Institute+of+History+Of+The+Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-88033-479-7&rft.aulast=Makkai&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.niif.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F76.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3404706129/GVRL?u=aubu98092&sid=GVRL&xid=fed217b4">"Stephen I"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of World Biography</i>. <b>14</b>: <span class="nowrap">427–</span>428. 2004 – via Gale Virtual Reference Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Biography&rft.atitle=Stephen+I&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E427-%3C%2Fspan%3E428&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.galegroup.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FCX3404706129%2FGVRL%3Fu%3Daubu98092%26sid%3DGVRL%26xid%3Dfed217b4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Hungary". <i>Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). 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University of Washington Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80363-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80363-0"><bdi>978-0-295-80363-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+under+Ottoman+Rule%2C+1354-1804&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-295-80363-0&rft.aulast=Sugar&rft.aufirst=Peter+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLOln4TGdDHYC%26dq%3Dindependent%2Bprincipality%2Bthat%2Bwas%2Bnot%2Breunited%2Bwith%2BHungary%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadzowLudanyiElteto1983" class="citation book cs1">Cadzow, John F.; Ludanyi, Andrew; Elteto, Louis J. 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Vienna: Verlag vom Anton Schroll & Co. p. XV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oesterreichish-Ungarische+Wappenrolle&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=XV&rft.pub=Verlag+vom+Anton+Schroll+%26+Co&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Str%C3%B6hl&rft.aufirst=Hugo+Gerard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austria-lexikon.at%2Fattach%2FWissenssammlungen%2FSymbole%2FWappenrolle_Str%25C3%25B6hl_1890%2FWappenrolle_1890_Text.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulsius1596" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hulsius, Levinus (1596). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bsA9AAAAcAAJ"><i>Chronologia in qua provinciae...</i></a> (in Latin). Nuremberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronologia+in+qua+provinciae...&rft.place=Nuremberg&rft.date=1596&rft.aulast=Hulsius&rft.aufirst=Levinus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbsA9AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Bereznay" title="András Bereznay">András Bereznay</a>, <i>Erdély történetének atlasza</i> (<i>Historical Atlas of Transylvania</i>), with text and 102 map plates, the first ever historical atlas of Transylvania (Méry Ratio, 2011; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-89286-45-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-89286-45-4">978-80-89286-45-4</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Transylvania"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Transylvania">"Transylvania" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">210–</span>211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transylvania&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zoltán Farkas and Judit Sós, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070821110702/http://www.keletnyugat.hu/ujkonyvek/transylvania.php">Transylvania Guidebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor" title="Patrick Leigh Fermor">Patrick Leigh Fermor</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Woods_and_the_Water" title="Between the Woods and the Water">Between the Woods and the Water</a></i> (New York Review of Books Classics, 2005; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59017-166-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59017-166-7">1-59017-166-7</a>). Fermor travelled across Transylvania in the summer of 1934, and wrote about it in this account first published more than 50 years later, in 1986.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopNäglerMagyari2018" class="citation book cs1">Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas; Magyari, András (2018). <i>The History of Transylvania, vol. I–III</i>. Cluj-Napoca: Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies – Romanian Cultural Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-8694-78-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-8694-78-8"><bdi>978-606-8694-78-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Transylvania%2C+vol.+I%E2%80%93III&rft.place=Cluj-Napoca&rft.pub=Romanian+Academy%2C+Center+for+Transylvanian+Studies+%E2%80%93+Romanian+Cultural+Institute&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-606-8694-78-8&rft.aulast=Pop&rft.aufirst=Ioan-Aurel&rft.au=N%C3%A4gler%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Magyari%2C+Andr%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöpecziMakkaiMócsySzász1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Köpeczi, Béla; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Szász, Zoltán (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/index.html"><i>History of Transylvania</i></a>. Vol. <span class="nowrap">I–</span>III. Translated by Kovrig, Benett. New Jersey: Atlantic Research and Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-6703-2" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-6703-2"><bdi>963-05-6703-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Atlantic+Research+and+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=963-05-6703-2&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6peczi&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9la&rft.au=Makkai%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft.au=M%C3%B3csy%2C+Andr%C3%A1s&rft.au=Sz%C3%A1sz%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransylvania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Transylvania#Q39473" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Transylvania">Transylvania</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Transylvania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Transylvania">Transylvania</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liveonlineradio.net/germany/rti-radio-transsylvania-international.htm/">Radio Transsylvania International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050421073837/http://www.ce-review.org/99/14/lovatt14.html">"Tolerant Transylvania – Why Transylvania will not become another Kosovo"</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, Katherine Lovatt, in <i>Central Europe Review</i>, Vol. 1, No. 14, 27 September 1999.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040707001956/http://www.sibiweb.de/geschi/7b-history.htm"><i>The History of Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons</i></a> by Dr. Konrad Gündisch, Oldenburg, Germany</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/boner/toc_pag.shtml"><i>Transylvania,Its Products and its People</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180505040138/http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/boner/toc_pag.shtml">Archived</a> 2018-05-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Boner" title="Charles Boner">Charles Boner</a>, 1865</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091220030833/http://www.familyhistory.ro/index.php?id=20061130erdelyi_csaladt_">Transylvanian Family History Database</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Hungarian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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regions of Romania">Historical regions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Banat.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banat"><img alt="Banat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CoA_Banat.svg/15px-CoA_Banat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CoA_Banat.svg/23px-CoA_Banat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CoA_Banat.svg/30px-CoA_Banat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="619" /></a></span> (1918–)<sup>a</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Banat<sup>h</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_Dobrogei.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dobruja"><img alt="Dobruja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stema_Dobrogei.png/15px-Stema_Dobrogei.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stema_Dobrogei.png/23px-Stema_Dobrogei.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stema_Dobrogei.png/30px-Stema_Dobrogei.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> (1878–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a><sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a> (1913–16; 1919–40)<sup>d</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moldavia"><img alt="Moldavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> (1859–)<sup>b</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a><sup>e</sup> (1918–40; 1941–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a> (1918–40; 1941–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> (Southern Bukovina (1918–)<sup>f</sup>; Northern Bukovina (1918–40; 1941–44)<sup>f</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertsa_region" title="Hertsa region">Hertsa</a> (1859–1940; 1941–44)<sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Moldavia" title="Western Moldavia">Western Moldavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transylvania</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transylvania"><img alt="Transylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> (1918–)<sup>a</sup><sup>g</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a><sup>h</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a><sup>i</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a><sup>j</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wallachia"><img alt="Wallachia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> (1859–)<sup>b</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>a</sup><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon"><i>De jure</i></a> since 1920</li> <li><sup>b</sup><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities"><i>De jure</i></a> since 1862</li> <li><sup>c</sup><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)"><i>De jure</i></a> ceded to Bulgaria and the Central Powers (except for the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>) between May 1918 and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">November 1919</a></li> <li><sup>d</sup><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)"><i>De jure</i></a> ceded to Bulgaria between May 1918 and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">November 1919</a></li> <li><sup>e</sup><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bessarabia" title="Southern Bessarabia">Southern Bessarabia</a> in Romania (1859–78)</li> <li><sup>f</sup><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)"><i>De jure</i></a> since 1919</li> <li><sup>g</sup><a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> in Hungary (1940–44)</li> <li><sup>h</sup>Only the eastern part</li> <li><sup>i</sup>Only the southern part</li> <li><sup>j</sup>Transylvania proper</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39473#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1769" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39473#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1769" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39473#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/141322791">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316732297">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128796380">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1240402/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Siebenbürgen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4054835-1">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85137105">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119334698">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119334698">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sedmihradsko (Rumunsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128575&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007546101305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027251357">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044384">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/erdel">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Transylvania&params=46.5_N_25_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">25°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.5°N 25°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.5; 25</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&oldid=1275940493">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&oldid=1275940493</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transylvania" title="Category:Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_regions" 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