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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxford,_Cambridge,_Dublin_(conferred)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxford,_Cambridge,_Dublin_(conferred)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin (conferred)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxford,_Cambridge,_Dublin_(conferred)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3.1</span> <span>Confusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxford,_Cambridge_(earned)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxford,_Cambridge_(earned)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Oxford, Cambridge (earned)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxford,_Cambridge_(earned)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Master of Arts: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_artium" title="Magister artium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Magister artium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ماجستير الآداب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماجستير الآداب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0" title="কলাবিদ্যায় স্নাতকোত্তর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলাবিদ্যায় স্নাতকোত্তর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/MA" title="MA – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="MA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maestr%C3%ADa_en_Artes" title="Maestría en Artes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maestría en Artes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="ام‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ام‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%AC%B8%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C_%EC%84%9D%EC%82%AC" title="인문사회 석사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인문사회 석사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="कला स्नातकोत्तर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कला स्नातकोत्तर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_Artium" title="Magister Artium – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Magister Artium" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A4%B8" title="मास्टर ऑफ आर्ट्‌स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मास्टर ऑफ आर्ट्‌स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ماجستير اداب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماجستير اداب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2" title="Магистр искусств – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Магистр искусств" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="முதுகலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதுகலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="ماسٹر آف آرٹس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماسٹر آف آرٹس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E7%A2%A9%E5%A3%AB" title="文學碩士 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文學碩士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&oldid=930333710" title="Master of Arts">Revision as of 19:48, 11 December 2019</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&oldid=930333710" title="Master of Arts">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2019-12-11T19:48:43Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Helloimjimmyneautron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Helloimjimmyneautron (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="930333710"><bdi>Helloimjimmyneautron</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Helloimjimmyneautron" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Helloimjimmyneautron">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Helloimjimmyneautron" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Helloimjimmyneautron">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>3</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"><span class="comment mw-comment-none">No edit summary</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&diff=prev&oldid=930333710" title="Master of Arts" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&oldid=930333840" title="Master of Arts">Revision as of 19:49, 11 December 2019</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&oldid=930333840" title="Master of Arts">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2019-12-11T19:49:32Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&undoafter=930333710&undo=930333840" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/184.179.24.162" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/184.179.24.162" data-mw-revid="930333840"><bdi>184.179.24.162</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:184.179.24.162" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:184.179.24.162">talk</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><span class="comment mw-comment-none">No edit summary</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&diff=next&oldid=930333840" title="Master of Arts" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Incomplete|Master of Arts in other continents.|date=April 2019}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Incomplete|Master of Arts in other continents.|date=April 2019}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>'''Master of Arts''' ({{lang-la|Magister Artium}}; abbreviated '''M.A.'''; also {{lang-la|Artium Magister}}, abbreviated '''A.M.''') is a person who was admitted to a type of [[master's degree]] awarded by [[University|universities]] in many countries, and the degree is also named ''Master of Arts'' in colloquial speech. The degree is usually contrasted with the [[Master of Science]]. Those admitted to the degree typically study [[linguistics]], [[history]], [[communication studies]], [[diplomacy]], [[public administration]], [[political science]], or other subjects within the scope of the [[humanities]] and [[social sciences]]; however, different universities have different conventions and may also offer the degree for fields typically considered within the natural sciences and mathematics. The degree can be conferred in respect of completing courses and passing examinations, research, or a combination of the two.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A </ins>'''Master of Arts''' ({{lang-la|Magister Artium}}; abbreviated '''M.A.'''; also {{lang-la|Artium Magister}}, abbreviated '''A.M.''') is a person who was admitted to a type of [[master's degree]] awarded by [[University|universities]] in many countries, and the degree is also named ''Master of Arts'' in colloquial speech. The degree is usually contrasted with the [[Master of Science]]. Those admitted to the degree typically study [[linguistics]], [[history]], [[communication studies]], [[diplomacy]], [[public administration]], [[political science]], or other subjects within the scope of the [[humanities]] and [[social sciences]]; however, different universities have different conventions and may also offer the degree for fields typically considered within the natural sciences and mathematics. The degree can be conferred in respect of completing courses and passing examinations, research, or a combination of the two.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The Master of Arts traces its origin to the teaching license or {{lang|la|Licentia docendi}} of the [[University of Paris]].<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Master of Arts}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The Master of Arts traces its origin to the teaching license or {{lang|la|Licentia docendi}} of the [[University of Paris]].<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Master of Arts}}</ref></div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 19:49, 11 December 2019</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of Master's degree in the fields of humanities and social sciences</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Master of Arts (disambiguation)">Master of Arts (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"M.A." redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/MA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="MA (disambiguation)">MA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Master_of_Arts" title="Special:EditPage/Master of Arts">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Master+of+Arts%22">"Master of Arts"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Master+of+Arts%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Master+of+Arts%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Master+of+Arts%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Master+of+Arts%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Master+of+Arts%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about Master of Arts in other continents..<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Master_of_Arts" title="Talk:Master of Arts">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>Master of Arts</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-la&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-la (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-la</a>; abbreviated <b>M.A.</b>; also <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-la&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-la (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-la</a>, abbreviated <b>A.M.</b>) is a person who was admitted to a type of <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> in many countries, and the degree is also named <i>Master of Arts</i> in colloquial speech. The degree is usually contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a>. Those admitted to the degree typically study <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, or other subjects within the scope of the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>; however, different universities have different conventions and may also offer the degree for fields typically considered within the natural sciences and mathematics. The degree can be conferred in respect of completing courses and passing examinations, research, or a combination of the two. </p><p>The Master of Arts traces its origin to the teaching license or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Licentia docendi</i></span> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3></div> <p>In Germany, the traditional equivalent of the postgraduate Master of Arts was the <i>Magister Artium</i>. This degree, which usually required 5 years of studies, did exist in former <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and in reunited Germany, but not in former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> where all degree courses led to <a href="/wiki/Diplom" title="Diplom">Diplom</a> degrees. Traditional Magister degrees were granted in <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a> and most of the humanities (<a href="/wiki/International_business" title="International business">International Business</a>, Affairs, <a href="/wiki/European_studies" title="European studies">European Studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> included), with the exception of visual and performing arts such as music and theatre. </p><p>The Magister Artium was either a double major degree or a combination of one major and two minors. German postgraduate Master's of Arts and Master's of Science degrees were introduced in 2001. Therefore, the new Master of Arts and the old Magister Artium degrees existed side by side until the phase out of the old degrees since 2010; Magister Artium degrees are still awarded (as of 2014). The new Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees together also require 5 years of studies, which is the reason why the new Master of Arts and the old Magister Artium degrees are considered equivalent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3></div> <p>In the Netherlands, the master of Arts and the Master of Science degrees were introduced in 2002. Until that time, a single program that led to the <a href="/wiki/Doctorandus" title="Doctorandus">doctorandus</a> degree (or the <a href="/wiki/Ingenieur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingenieur">ingenieur</a> degree in the case of technical subjects) was in effect, which comprised the same course load as the Bachelor and Master programs put together. Those who had already started the doctorandus program could, upon completing it, opt for the doctorandus degree (before their name, abbreviated to 'drs.'; in the case of ingenieur, this would be 'ir.'), or simply use the master's degree (behind their name) in accordance with the new standard (so, 'MA' or 'MSc'). Because these graduates do not have a separate bachelor's degree (which is in fact – in retrospect – incorporated into the program), the master's degree is their first academic degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3></div> <p>The Polish equivalent of Master of Arts is "magister" (its abbreviation "mgr" is placed before one's name, like dr). At the technical universities, one is awarded with inżynier (engineer) after three years and then with "magister" after completing another two years of study and graduating. Such persons use titles "mgr inż". In the 1990s, the MA programs usually lasting 5 years were replaced by separate 3-year bachelor's and 2-year master's programs. The degree is awarded in the arts (literature, foreign languages, filmmaking, theatre etc.), natural sciences, mathematics, computer science fields, and economics. The completion of a research <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a> is required. All master's degrees in Poland qualify for a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nordic_countries">Nordic countries</h3></div> <p>In Finland, Denmark and Norway, the master's degree is a combined taught/research degree, awarded after 2 years of studies after completing the bachelor's degree. The student is required to write a scientific thesis. </p><p>In Finland, this master's degree is called a <i>filosofian maisteri</i> (Finnish) or <i>filosofie magister</i> (Swedish) degree, and it is abbreviated as <i>FM</i> or "fil.mag.". </p><p>In Sweden, there is still an intermediate degree between the Bachelor (<i>kandidat</i>) and Master called <i>magister</i> which only requires one year of studies, including a scientific thesis after completing the bachelor's degree. This fourth year typically constitutes the first half of Master programme. If not, it may be supplemented by a fifth year and a Master's thesis to obtain a master's degree in the field of study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_and_Ireland">United Kingdom and Ireland</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Most_universities">Most universities</h4></div> <p>The MA is typically a "taught" postgraduate degree, involving lectures, examination, and a dissertation based on independent research. Taught master's programs involve one or two years of full-time study. Many can be done part-time as well. Until recently, both the undergraduate and postgraduate master's degrees were awarded without grade or class (like the class of an <a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">honours degree</a>). Nowadays, however, master's degrees are normally classified into the categories of Fail, Pass, Pass with Merit, or Pass with Distinction. This education pattern in the United Kingdom is followed in India and many <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth Nations</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">Master of Laws</a> (LLM) is the standard degree taught for law, but certain courses may lead to MA, MLitt, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Studies" title="Master of Studies">Master of Studies</a> (MSt), and the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law" title="Bachelor of Civil Law">Bachelor of Civil Law</a> (BCL) at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>. All of these degrees are considered substitutes to one another and are thus generally equivalent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities_of_Scotland" title="Ancient universities of Scotland">ancient universities of Scotland</a>, the degree of Master of Arts is awarded in universities as a four-year undergraduate degree, see <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)" title="Master of Arts (Scotland)">Master of Arts (Scotland)</a>. </p><p>The Master of Arts is awarded in <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>. However, some universities—particularly those in Scotland—award the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Letters" title="Master of Letters">Master of Letters</a> (MLitt) to students in the <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divinity_(academic_discipline)" title="Divinity (academic discipline)">divinity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxford,_Cambridge,_Dublin_(conferred)"><span id="Oxford.2C_Cambridge.2C_Dublin_.28conferred.29"></span>Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin (conferred)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)</a></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dublin" title="University of Dublin">Dublin</a>, the MA is conferred <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)">after a certain number of years</a> without further examination to those who are Bachelors of Arts. </p><p>The title of Master of Arts may also be awarded, in the case of the oldest British universities only, without further examination to those who have graduated as <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> and who have the requisite years' standing as members of the university or as graduates. This happens, in England, only at the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, four years after completing a bachelor's degree, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, six years after the first term of study. It is also the case at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dublin" title="University of Dublin">University of Dublin</a> in Ireland. The abbreviated name of the university (Oxon, Cantab or Dubl) is therefore almost always appended in parentheses to the initials "MA" in the same way that it is to higher degrees, e.g. "John Smith, MA (Cantab), PhD (Lond)", principally so that it is clear (to those who are aware of the system) that these are nominal and unexamined degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MLitt is a research degree at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Philosophy" title="Master of Philosophy">Master of Philosophy</a> (MPhil) is the name given to the standard one-year taught degree with a unique research element, in contrast to the use of MPhil at other institutions for a research degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Confusion">Confusion</h5></div> <p>In February 2011, Labour MP for Nottingham East, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Leslie_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Leslie (politician)">Chris Leslie</a>, sponsored a private member's bill in Parliament, the master's degrees (Minimum Standards) Bill 2010–12, in order to "prohibit universities awarding Master’s degrees unless certain standards of study and assessment are met". The Bill's supporters described the practice as a "historical anachronism” and argued that unearned qualifications should be discontinued in order to preserve the academic integrity of the taught MA. Further, they warned that the title gave Oxbridge graduates an unfair advantage in the job market. </p><p>Research by the universities watchdog, the <a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance_Agency_for_Higher_Education" title="Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education">Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education</a>, in 2000, showed that two-thirds of employers were unaware that the Cambridge MA did not represent any kind of post-graduate achievement involving study.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 October 2011, the master's degrees (Minimum Standards) Bill 2010–12 received its second reading. The Bill failed to complete its passage through Parliament before the end of the session, meaning it made no further progress.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxford,_Cambridge_(earned)"><span id="Oxford.2C_Cambridge_.28earned.29"></span>Oxford, Cambridge (earned)</h4></div> <p>A number of different master's degrees may be earned at Oxford and Cambridge. The most common, the Master of Philosophy (MPhil), is a two-year research degree. The Master of Science (MSc) and the Master of Studies (MSt) degrees each take one year. They often combine some coursework with research. The Master of Letters (MLitt) is a pure research master's degree. More recently, Oxford and Cambridge offer a Masters of Business Administration. Master's degrees are generally offered without classification, though the top five percent may be deemed worthy of Distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both universities also offer a variety of four-year undergraduate integrated master's degrees such as <a href="/wiki/MEng" class="mw-redirect" title="MEng">MEng</a> or <a href="/wiki/MMath" class="mw-redirect" title="MMath">MMath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_master%27s_degrees_in_North_America" title="List of master's degrees in North America">List of master's degrees in North America</a></div> <p>In Canada and the United States, the Master of Arts (<i>Magister Artium</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> (<i>Magister Scientiæ</i>) are the basic graduate-level degrees in most subjects and may be course-based, research-based, or, more typically, a combination of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Admission to a master's program is normally contingent upon holding a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>. Some programs provide for a joint bachelor's and master's after about five years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some universities use the Latin degree names, such as <i>Artium Magister</i> (AM) or <i>Scientiæ Magister</i> (SM). For example, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> use the abbreviations AM and SM for some of their master's degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Master of Arts may be given in a scientific discipline, common at <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League universities</a>. </p><p>Many universities offer Master of Arts programs, which are differentiated either as Thesis or Non-Thesis programs. Usually, the duration for a Non-Thesis option is one to two years of full-time study. The period for a Thesis option may last longer, depending also on the required level of courses and complexity of the <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a>. Sometimes, qualified students who are admitted to a "very high research" Master of Arts might have to earn credits also at the PhD level, and they may need to complete their program in about three years of full-time candidature e.g. at the universities <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> in the US and <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a> in Canada. </p><p>A thesis must be a distinct contribution to knowledge. It must demonstrate ability to plan and carry out research, organize results, and defend the approach and conclusions in a scholarly manner. The research presented must meet current standards of the discipline. Finally, the thesis must clearly demonstrate how the research advances knowledge in the field. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Master of Arts"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Master_of_Arts">"Master of Arts" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Master+of+Arts&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debretts Correct Form (2013 edn) - Academics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8318460/Oxbridge-students-MA-degrees-under-threat.html">"Oxbridge students' MA 'degrees' under threat"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Oxbridge+students%27+MA+%27degrees%27+under+threat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Feducation%2Funiversityeducation%2F8318460%2FOxbridge-students-MA-degrees-under-threat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2010-11/mastersdegreesminimumstandards.html">"Parliamentary business"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.parliament.uk/">http://www.parliament.uk/</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+business&rft.pub=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fservices.parliament.uk%2Fbills%2F2010-11%2Fmastersdegreesminimumstandards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|publisher=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/graduate/courses/courses-a-z-listing">"Graduate courses A-Z listing - University of Oxford"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graduate+courses+A-Z+listing+-+University+of+Oxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fadmissions%2Fgraduate%2Fcourses%2Fcourses-a-z-listing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/camdata/tripos.html">"The structure of undergraduate courses at the University of Cambridge"</a>. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+structure+of+undergraduate+courses+at+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.cam.ac.uk%2Funiv%2Fcamdata%2Ftripos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/courses-listing/mathematics?wssl=1">"Mathematics"</a>. University of Oxford<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mathematics&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fadmissions%2Fundergraduate%2Fcourses-listing%2Fmathematics%3Fwssl%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/courses-listing/engineering-science?wssl=1">"Engineering Science"</a>. University of Oxford<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engineering+Science&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fadmissions%2Fundergraduate%2Fcourses-listing%2Fengineering-science%3Fwssl%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/master.doc"><i>Structure of the U.S. Education System: Master's Degrees</i></a>, International Affairs Office, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a>, February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-25</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structure+of+the+U.S.+Education+System%3A+Master%27s+Degrees&rft.pub=International+Affairs+Office%2C+U.S.+Department+of+Education&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ed.gov%2Fabout%2Foffices%2Flist%2Fous%2Finternational%2Fusnei%2Fus%2Fmaster.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgu.edu/pages/623.asp">the program</a> run by <a href="/wiki/Claremont_Graduate_University" title="Claremont Graduate University">Claremont Graduate University</a> for graduates of the <a href="/wiki/Claremont_Colleges" title="Claremont Colleges">Claremont Colleges</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/programs_of_study/degree_programs.php">"Degree Programs - The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"</a>. Harvard University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Degree+Programs+-+The+Graduate+School+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsas.harvard.edu%2Fprograms_of_study%2Fdegree_programs.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harvard.edu/on-campus/commencement/degree-abbreviations">"Degree Abbreviations - Harvard University"</a>. Harvard University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Degree+Abbreviations+-+Harvard+University&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvard.edu%2Fon-campus%2Fcommencement%2Fdegree-abbreviations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&oldid=930333840">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&oldid=930333840</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Master%27s_degrees" title="Category:Master's degrees">Master's degrees</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_external_links" title="Category:CS1 errors: external links">CS1 errors: external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2009" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2009">Articles needing additional references from July 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_April_2019" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from April 2019">Articles to be expanded from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 December 2019, at 19:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span class="nowraplinks">This version of the page has been <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">revised</a>. 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