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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Extent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecological_collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ecological collapse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protections_and_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protections_and_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Protections and regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protections_and_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="كاتيغات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاتيغات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="কাট্টেগাট প্রণালি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাট্টেগাট প্রণালি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Каттегат – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Каттегат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Катэгат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Катэгат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Катэгат – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Катэгат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Категат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Категат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%84" title="Κάτεγατ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάτεγατ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategato" title="Kategato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kategato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کاتگات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاتگات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catt%C3%A9gat" title="Cattégat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cattégat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%85%8C%EA%B0%80%ED%8A%B8_%ED%95%B4%ED%98%91" title="카테가트 해협 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카테가트 해협" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Կատեգատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կատեգատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Kattegat" title="Teluk Kattegat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teluk Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Каттегат – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Каттегат" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%92%D7%98" title="קטגט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטגט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="კატეგატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კატეგატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Каттегат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Каттегат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategats" title="Kategats – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kategats" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategatas" title="Kategatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kategatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegaat" title="Kattegaat – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kattegaat" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Категат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Категат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="カテガット海峡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カテガット海峡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Каттегат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Каттегат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کاتګات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاتګات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categate" title="Categate – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Categate" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Каттегат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каттегат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Категат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Категат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegatt" title="Kattegatt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kattegatt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="கட்டேகாட் நீர்சந்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டேகாட் நீர்சந்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Каттегат бугазы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Каттегат бугазы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95" title="คัตเทกัต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คัตเทกัต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Каттегат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каттегат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%B9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="卡特加特海峡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡特加特海峡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%B9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="卡特加特海峽 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡特加特海峽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kattegat" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%B9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="卡特加特海峡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡特加特海峡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131716#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=56_30_N_11_30_E_type:waterbody_scale:2500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">11°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.500°N 11.500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.500; 11.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sea area between Denmark and Sweden</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Kattegat</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;">Kattegatt</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_Skagerrak-Kattegat2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of waters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Carte_Skagerrak-Kattegat2.png/264px-Carte_Skagerrak-Kattegat2.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Carte_Skagerrak-Kattegat2.png/396px-Carte_Skagerrak-Kattegat2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Carte_Skagerrak-Kattegat2.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="508" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the Kattegat and <a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location in Europe"><img alt="Location in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/256px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/384px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/512px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.025%;left:38.291%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kattegat"><img alt="Location in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kattegat</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=56_30_N_11_30_E_type:waterbody_scale:2500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">11°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.500°N 11.500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.500; 11.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">"cat's gate"</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">30,000 km<sup>2</sup> (12,000 sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kattegat</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Danish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="da-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">[ˈkʰætəkæt]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Kattegatt</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈkâtːɛˌɡat]</a></span>) is a 30,000 km<sup>2</sup> (12,000 sq mi) sea area bounded by the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> in the west, the <a href="/wiki/Danish_straits" title="Danish straits">Danish straits</a> islands of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> to the south and the Swedish provinces of <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Bohuslän</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halland" title="Halland">Halland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in the east. The Baltic Sea drains into the Kattegat through the <a href="/wiki/Danish_straits" title="Danish straits">Danish straits</a>. The sea area is a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a> and may be seen as a bay of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic Ocean</a>, though this is not the case in traditional <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> usage. </p><p>The Kattegat is a rather shallow sea and can be dangerous to navigate due to many sandy, stony reefs and the tricky shifting currents. In modern times, artificial seabed channels have been dug, many reefs have been <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredged</a> either by sand pumping or boulder clearance,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a well-developed <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">light signaling</a> network has been installed to protect the heavy international traffic on this small sea. </p><p>There are several large cities and major ports on the Kattegat, including, in descending size, <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halmstad" title="Halmstad">Halmstad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varberg" title="Varberg">Varberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederikshavn" title="Frederikshavn">Frederikshavn</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kattegat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gothenburg_juli_2009_(ubt)-000.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gothenburg_juli_2009_%28ubt%29-000.JPG/220px-Gothenburg_juli_2009_%28ubt%29-000.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gothenburg_juli_2009_%28ubt%29-000.JPG/330px-Gothenburg_juli_2009_%28ubt%29-000.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gothenburg_juli_2009_%28ubt%29-000.JPG/440px-Gothenburg_juli_2009_%28ubt%29-000.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvsborg_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Älvsborg Castle">Älvsborg</a> at Gothenburg, a sea fortress in the Kattegat</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the definition established in a 1932 convention signed by Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and Sweden (registered in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty Series">Treaty Series</a> 1933–1934), the northern boundary between the Kattegat and Skagerrak is at the northernmost point of <a href="/wiki/Skagen" title="Skagen">Skagen</a> on Jutland and the southern boundary towards <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund" title="Øresund">Øresund</a> is at the tip of <a href="/wiki/Kullen_Lighthouse" title="Kullen Lighthouse">Kullen</a> Peninsula in Scania.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a> that drain into the Kattegat are the rivers of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ta_%C3%A4lv" title="Göta älv">Göta älv</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Lagan_River_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagan River (Sweden)">Lagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nissan_(river)" title="Nissan (river)">Nissan</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%84tran_(river)" title="Ätran (river)">Ätran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viskan" title="Viskan">Viskan</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Halland" title="Halland">Halland</a> on the Swedish side, and the Danish river of <a href="/wiki/Guden%C3%A5" title="Gudenå">Gudenå</a> in Jutland. </p><p>The main islands of the Kattegat are <a href="/wiki/Sams%C3%B8" title="Samsø">Samsø</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A6s%C3%B8" title="Læsø">Læsø</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anholt_(Denmark)" title="Anholt (Denmark)">Anholt</a>; due to their relatively dry climate, the last two are, perceived to belong to "the Danish desert belt". </p><p>A number of noteworthy coastal areas abut the Kattegat, including the <a href="/wiki/Kullaberg_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Kullaberg Nature Reserve">Kullaberg Nature Reserve</a> in Scania, , which contains a number of <a href="/wiki/Rare_species" title="Rare species">rare species</a> and a scenic <a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">rocky shore</a>, the town of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6lle" title="Mölle">Mölle</a>, which has a picturesque harbour and views into the Kullaberg, and Skagen at the northern tip of Denmark. </p><p>Since the 1950s, a bridge project usually referred to as <i>Kattegatbroen</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Kattegat_Bridge" title="Kattegat Bridge">Kattegat Bridge</a>) connecting Jutland and <a href="/wiki/Zealand_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealand (Denmark)">Zealand</a> across the Kattegat has been considered. Since the late 2000s, the project has seen a renewed interest from several influential politicians in Denmark. The bridge is usually envisioned as connecting Hov (a village south of <a href="/wiki/Odder" title="Odder">Odder</a> in the Aarhus area) with Samsø and <a href="/wiki/Kalundborg" title="Kalundborg">Kalundborg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extent">Extent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kattegat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> defines the limits of the "Kattegat, Sound and Belts" (that is, the Kattegat, <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund" title="Øresund">Øresund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Belt" title="Great Belt">Great Belt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Little_Belt" title="Little Belt">Little Belt</a>) as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>On the North</i>: A line joining <a href="/wiki/Skagen" title="Skagen">Skagen</a> (The Skaw, northernmost point of Denmark) and Paternoster Skær (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=57_54_N_11_27_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">57°54′N</span> <span class="longitude">11°27′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">57.900°N 11.450°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">57.900; 11.450</span></span></span></a></span></span>) and thence northeastward through the shoals to <a href="/wiki/Tj%C3%B6rn_Municipality" title="Tjörn Municipality">Tjörn Island</a>. </p><p><i>On the South</i>: The limits of the Baltic Sea in the Belts and Sound: </p> <ul><li><i>In the Little Belt</i>: A line joining Falshöft (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=54_47_N_9_57.5_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°47′N</span> <span class="longitude">9°57.5′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.783°N 9.9583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.783; 9.9583</span></span></span></a></span></span>) and Vejsnæs Nakke (Ærö: <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=54_49_N_10_26_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°49′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°26′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.817°N 10.433°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.817; 10.433</span></span></span></a></span></span>).</li> <li><i>In the Great Belt</i>: A line joining Gulstav (Southernmost extremity of <a href="/wiki/Langeland" title="Langeland">Langeland</a> Island, <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=54_43_36_N_10_42_42_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°43′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">10°42′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.72667°N 10.71167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.72667; 10.71167</span></span></span></a></span></span>) and Kappel Kirke (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=54_46_N_11_01_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°46′N</span> <span class="longitude">11°01′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.767°N 11.017°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.767; 11.017</span></span></span></a></span></span>) on the island of <a href="/wiki/Lolland" title="Lolland">Laaland</a>.</li> <li><i>In the Guldborg Sund</i>: A line joining Flinthorne-Rev (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=54_38_30_N_11_49_16_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°38′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°49′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.64167°N 11.82111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.64167; 11.82111</span></span></span></a></span></span>) and Skelby (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=54_38_00_N_11_53_14_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°38′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°53′14″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.63333°N 11.88722°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.63333; 11.88722</span></span></span></a></span></span>) ;</li> <li><i>In the Sound</i>: A line joining <a href="/wiki/Stevns_Peninsula" title="Stevns Peninsula">Stevns</a> Lighthouse (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=55_17_N_12_27_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°17′N</span> <span class="longitude">12°27′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.283°N 12.450°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.283; 12.450</span></span></span></a></span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo Point</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=55_23_N_12_49_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°23′N</span> <span class="longitude">12°49′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.383°N 12.817°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.383; 12.817</span></span></span></a></span></span>).</li></ul></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kattegat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">Den Store Danske Encyklopædi</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nudansk_Ordbog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nudansk Ordbog (page does not exist)">Nudansk Ordbog</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudansk_Ordbog" class="extiw" title="da:Nudansk Ordbog">da</a>]</span></i>, the name is from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> words <i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">katte</i></span></i> 'cat's' and <i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">gat</i></span></i> 'gate, passage'. It derives from late <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> navigation jargon, in which captains of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic</a> trading fleets would compare the <a href="/wiki/Danish_straits" title="Danish straits">Danish straits</a> to a passage so tight that even a cat would have difficulty squeezing its way through, owing to the many <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reefs</a> and shoals.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nydansk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nydansk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one point, the passable waters were a mere 3.84 km (2.07 nmi; 4,200 yd) wide. The name of the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> street <i><a href="/wiki/Kattesundet" title="Kattesundet">Kattesundet</a></i> has a comparable etymological meaning, namely 'narrow passage', <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the cat's strait</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nydansk_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nydansk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An archaic name for both the <a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a> and Kattegat was the <i>Norwegian Sea</i> or <i>Jutland Sea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%BDtlinga_saga" title="Knýtlinga saga">Knýtlinga saga</a> mentions the name <i>Jótlandshaf</i>). Its ancient <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> name was <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sinus Codanus</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kattegat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Controlling and having access to the Kattegat have been important throughout the history of international seafaring. Until the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Eider_Canal" title="Eider Canal">Eider Canal</a> in 1784, the Kattegat was the only sea route into and out of the Baltic region.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1429 in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the Danish royal family – and later the state of Denmark – prospered greatly from the <a href="/wiki/Sound_dues" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound dues">Sound dues</a>, a toll charged for passage through the <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund" title="Øresund">Øresund</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> sheltered and repaired ships and provided trade opportunities and protection from <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>. The dues were eventually lifted, in 1857. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kattegat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> in the Kattegat has a pronounced two-layer structure. The upper layer's salinity is between 18‰ and 26‰, while that of the lower layer (separated by a strong <a href="/wiki/Halocline" title="Halocline">halocline</a> at around 15 m (49 ft)) has a salinity between 32‰ and 34‰. The lower layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Skagerrak, with a salinity on par with most other coastal seawaters, while the upper layer, consisting of inflowing seawater from the Baltic Sea, has a much lower salinity, comparable to <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a>, but still a great deal higher than the rest of the Baltic. These two opposing flows transport a net surplus of 475 km<sup>3</sup> (114 cu mi) of seawater from the Baltic to the Skagerrak every year.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During strong winds, the Kattegat's layers are completely mixed in places such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Belt" title="Great Belt">Great Belt</a>, making the overall salinity highly variable. This leads to some distinctive conditions for <a href="/wiki/Sealife" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealife">sealife</a> in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a>, known locally as <i>bubbling reefs</i> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">boblerev</i>), can be found in the northern Kattegat. Unlike those in most other places (including the North Sea and Skagerrak), the Kattegat's cold seeps are at relatively shallow depths, generally from 0 to 30 m (0–100 ft) below the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen1992_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HelcomCS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelcomCS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seeps rely on methane deposited during the <a href="/wiki/Eemian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eemian">Eemian</a> period and during calm weather the bubbles can sometimes be seen on the surface of the water.<sup id="cite_ref-HelcomCS_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelcomCS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbonate <a href="/wiki/Cementation_(geology)" title="Cementation (geology)">cementation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithification" title="Lithification">lithification</a> form slaps or pillars up to 4 m (13 ft) tall and support a rich <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen1992_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HelcomCS_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelcomCS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their distinct properties, the Kattegat bubbling reefs are under protection and are recognised by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) as a <a href="/wiki/Natura_2000" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000</a> habitat (type 1180).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_collapse">Ecological collapse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kattegat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecological collapse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kattegat, characterised by widespread <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_anoxic_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic anoxic event">anoxia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DruonEtAl2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DruonEtAl2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of the first marine <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">dead zones</a> to be noted in the 1970s, when scientists began to study the effects of heavy industry on the natural world.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, research has leant much insight into processes like <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>, and how to deal with it. Since the first Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment in 1985, Denmark and the EU have begun costly, far-reaching domestic projects to stop, repair and prevent these environmentally destructive and economically damaging processes<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are now busy implementing the fourth Action Plan. The action plans sum up a broad range of initiatives and include the so-called Nitrate Directives.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The action plans have generally been viewed as a success, although the work is not finished and not all goals have been met yet.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protections_and_regulation">Protections and regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kattegat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Protections and regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_de_Greenen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Vista_de_Greenen.JPG/220px-Vista_de_Greenen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Vista_de_Greenen.JPG/330px-Vista_de_Greenen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Vista_de_Greenen.JPG/440px-Vista_de_Greenen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Grenen in Denmark is important for bird migrations and is a protected area.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hovs_hallar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hovs_hallar.JPG/220px-Hovs_hallar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hovs_hallar.JPG/330px-Hovs_hallar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hovs_hallar.JPG/440px-Hovs_hallar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Bjärekusten Nature Reserve with Hovs Hallar in Sweden.</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to its very heavy sea traffic and many large coastal settlements, the Kattegat has been designated as a <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_Emission_Control_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur Emission Control Area">Sulphur Emission Control Area</a> as part of the Baltic Sea since 2006. As from 1 January 2016 the benchmark for sulphur in fuels was lowered to 0.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several large areas of the Kattegat are designated under Natura 2000 and various bird protections such as the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a>. The remaining larger shallow reefs are among the protections, as they are important spawning and feeding grounds for fish and marine mammals and support a thriving but threatened <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. Protected areas include: </p><p><b>Denmark</b><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grenen" title="Grenen">Grenen</a></li> <li>The Bay of Aalborg, comprising a 1,774 km<sup>2</sup> (685 sq mi) shallow sea area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_meadow" title="Beach meadow">Beach meadows</a> on <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A6s%C3%B8" title="Læsø">Læsø</a> and the stony <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reefs</a> south of the island.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anholt_(Denmark)" title="Anholt (Denmark)">Anholt</a> and the sea north of the island.</li></ul> <p><b>Sweden</b><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Nordre_%C3%A4lv" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordre älv">Nordre älv</a> <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> north of Gothenburg. An important spot for migratory birds and fish.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vr%C3%A5ng%C3%B6" title="Vrångö">Vrångö</a> archipelago (Swedish: <i>Vrångöskärgården</i>), part of the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_Gothenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Archipelago of Gothenburg">Archipelago of Gothenburg</a>. An important reproduction area for seabirds and seals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kungsbacka_Fjord" title="Kungsbacka Fjord">Kungsbacka Fjord</a>. A shallow water fjord between Gothenburg and <a href="/wiki/Varberg" title="Varberg">Varberg</a>, including important <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marshes</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovs_Hallar" title="Hovs Hallar">Hovs Hallar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullaberg_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Kullaberg Nature Reserve">Kullaberg Nature Reserve</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kattegat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anholt_Havm%C3%B8llepark.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="There are several offshore windfarms in the Kattegat."><img alt="There are several offshore windfarms in the Kattegat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Anholt_Havm%C3%B8llepark.jpg/120px-Anholt_Havm%C3%B8llepark.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Anholt_Havm%C3%B8llepark.jpg/180px-Anholt_Havm%C3%B8llepark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Anholt_Havm%C3%B8llepark.jpg/240px-Anholt_Havm%C3%B8llepark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4113" data-file-height="3140" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">There are several offshore <a href="/wiki/Windfarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Windfarm">windfarms</a> in the Kattegat.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bianca_Rambow_(North_of_Funen).2.ajb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Some of the world's busiest shipping lanes pass through the Kattegat."><img alt="Some of the world's busiest shipping lanes pass through the Kattegat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bianca_Rambow_%28North_of_Funen%29.2.ajb.jpg/120px-Bianca_Rambow_%28North_of_Funen%29.2.ajb.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bianca_Rambow_%28North_of_Funen%29.2.ajb.jpg/180px-Bianca_Rambow_%28North_of_Funen%29.2.ajb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bianca_Rambow_%28North_of_Funen%29.2.ajb.jpg/240px-Bianca_Rambow_%28North_of_Funen%29.2.ajb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2229" data-file-height="1486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Some of the world's busiest shipping lanes pass through the Kattegat.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fladen_Light.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="The larger shallow sand and stony reefs have been equipped with light signaling in modern times."><img alt="The larger shallow sand and stony reefs have been equipped with light signaling in modern times." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fladen_Light.PNG/104px-Fladen_Light.PNG" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fladen_Light.PNG/156px-Fladen_Light.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fladen_Light.PNG/208px-Fladen_Light.PNG 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The larger shallow sand and stony reefs have been equipped with light signaling in modern times. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kung%C3%A4lv_Municipality_from_the_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="There are several small archipelagos near the mainland in the Swedish part of the Kattegat."><img alt="There are several small archipelagos near the mainland in the Swedish part of the Kattegat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kung%C3%A4lv_Municipality_from_the_air.jpg/110px-Kung%C3%A4lv_Municipality_from_the_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kung%C3%A4lv_Municipality_from_the_air.jpg/165px-Kung%C3%A4lv_Municipality_from_the_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kung%C3%A4lv_Municipality_from_the_air.jpg/220px-Kung%C3%A4lv_Municipality_from_the_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">There are several small archipelagos near the mainland in the Swedish part of the Kattegat.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barakullen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Swedish coasts in the Kattegat are rocky shores, like this one in Kullaberg, or sandy or gravel beaches."><img alt="The Swedish coasts in the Kattegat are rocky shores, like this one in Kullaberg, or sandy or gravel beaches." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Barakullen.jpg/120px-Barakullen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Barakullen.jpg/180px-Barakullen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Barakullen.jpg/240px-Barakullen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Swedish coasts in the Kattegat are rocky shores, like this one in Kullaberg, or sandy or gravel beaches.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gren%C3%A5_Strand.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="All the Danish coasts in the Kattegat are sandy or gravel beaches with no exposed bedrock."><img alt="All the Danish coasts in the Kattegat are sandy or gravel beaches with no exposed bedrock." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gren%C3%A5_Strand.JPG/120px-Gren%C3%A5_Strand.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gren%C3%A5_Strand.JPG/180px-Gren%C3%A5_Strand.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gren%C3%A5_Strand.JPG/240px-Gren%C3%A5_Strand.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4606" data-file-height="2915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">All the Danish coasts in the Kattegat are sandy or gravel beaches with no exposed <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kattegat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund_Bridge" title="Øresund Bridge">Øresund Bridge</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kattegat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hojmarine.com/en/project-types/artificial-reefs/">Artificial Reefs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/LON/Volume%20139/v139.pdf">Convention No 3210</a>. League of Nations Treaty Series 139, 1933–1934. Retrieved 27 December 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRolf_Ask_Clausen2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rolf Ask Clausen (2 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ing.dk/artikel/ingenioren-1955-byg-bro-over-samso-81947">"Ingeniøren 1955: Byg bro over Samsø [Build a bridge across Samsø]"</a>. <i>Ingeniøren</i> (in Danish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Oceanography+of+the+Baltic+Sea&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=Springer-Praxis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783540797036&rft.au=Matti+Lepp%C3%A4ranta+and+Kai+Myrberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcsLKtvZNV98C%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKattegat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensen1992-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen1992_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen1992_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensenAagaardBurkeDando1992" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen; Aagaard; Burke; Dando; Jørgensen; Kuijpers; Laier; O'Hara; Schmaljohann (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps083103">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Bubbling reefs" in the Kattegat: Submarine landscapes of carbonate-cemented rocks support a diverse ecosystem at methane seeps"</a>. <i>Marine Ecology Progress Series</i>. <b>83</b>: <span class="nowrap">103–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992MEPS...83..103J">1992MEPS...83..103J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps083103">10.3354/meps083103</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&rft.atitle=%22Bubbling+reefs%22+in+the+Kattegat%3A+Submarine+landscapes+of+carbonate-cemented+rocks+support+a+diverse+ecosystem+at+methane+seeps&rft.volume=83&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fmeps083103&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992MEPS...83..103J&rft.au=Jensen&rft.au=Aagaard&rft.au=Burke&rft.au=Dando&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgensen&rft.au=Kuijpers&rft.au=Laier&rft.au=O%27Hara&rft.au=Schmaljohann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3354%252Fmeps083103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKattegat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HelcomCS-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HelcomCS_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HelcomCS_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HelcomCS_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://helcom.fi/Red%20List%20of%20biotopes%20habitats%20and%20biotope%20complexe/HELCOM%20Red%20List%201180%20Submarine%20structures%20made%20by%20leaking%20gases.pdf">"Red List – Submarine structures made by leaking gases"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/HELCOM" title="HELCOM">HELCOM</a>. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Meeting at the AgriFish Agency, Copenhagen. <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Food,_Agriculture_and_Fisheries_(Denmark)" title="Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (Denmark)">Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (Denmark)</a>. 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposed+measures+for+fisheries+management+in+Natura+2000-sites+in+the+Danish+territorial+area+of+the+Kattegat+and+Sams%C3%B8+Belt&rft.series=Meeting+at+the+AgriFish+Agency%2C+Copenhagen&rft.pub=Minister+for+Food%2C+Agriculture+and+Fisheries+%28Denmark%29&rft.date=2012-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaturerhverv.dk%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2FNaturErhverv%2FFiler%2FFiskeri%2FNatura_2000_hav%2FRev%2FForslag_til_fiskeriregulering_Kattegat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKattegat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DruonEtAl2004-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DruonEtAl2004_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDruonSchrimpfDobricicStips2004" class="citation journal cs1">Druon, Jean-Noël; Schrimpf, Wolfram; Dobricic, Srdjan; Stips, Adolf (19 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2004/272/m272p001.pdf">"Comparative assessment of large-scale marine eutrophication: North Sea area and Adriatic Sea as case studies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Marine Ecology Progress Series</i>. <b>272</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MEPS..272....1D">2004MEPS..272....1D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps272001">10.3354/meps272001</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&rft.atitle=Comparative+assessment+of+large-scale+marine+eutrophication%3A+North+Sea+area+and+Adriatic+Sea+as+case+studies&rft.volume=272&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2004-05-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fmeps272001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004MEPS..272....1D&rft.aulast=Druon&rft.aufirst=Jean-No%C3%ABl&rft.au=Schrimpf%2C+Wolfram&rft.au=Dobricic%2C+Srdjan&rft.au=Stips%2C+Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.int-res.com%2Farticles%2Fmeps2004%2F272%2Fm272p001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKattegat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091004170617/http%3A//www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID%3D486%26ArticleID%3D5393%26l%3Den">"Further Rise in Number of Marine 'Dead Zones'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNEP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNEP">UNEP</a>. 19 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=486&ArticleID=5393&l=en">the original</a> on 4 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Further+Rise+in+Number+of+Marine+%27Dead+Zones%27&rft.pub=UNEP&rft.date=2006-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2FDocuments.Multilingual%2FDefault.asp%3FDocumentID%3D486%26ArticleID%3D5393%26l%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKattegat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarleskint,_Turner_and_Small2013" class="citation book cs1">Karleskint, Turner and Small (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fEKAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>Introduction to Marine Biology</i></a> (4 ed.). Brooks/Cole. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1285402222" title="Special:BookSources/978-1285402222"><bdi>978-1285402222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Marine+Biology&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1285402222&rft.au=Karleskint%2C+Turner+and+Small&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fEKAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKattegat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagermanJosefsonJensen1996" class="citation book cs1">Hagerman, Lars; Josefson, Alf B.; Jensen, Jørgen N. (1996). "Benthic macrofauna and demersal fish". <i>Eutrophication in Coastal Marine Ecosystems</i>. Coastal and Estuarine Studies. Vol. 52. pp. <span class="nowrap">155–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FCE052p0155">10.1029/CE052p0155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87590-266-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87590-266-1"><bdi>978-0-87590-266-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Benthic+macrofauna+and+demersal+fish&rft.btitle=Eutrophication+in+Coastal+Marine+Ecosystems&rft.series=Coastal+and+Estuarine+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FCE052p0155&rft.isbn=978-0-87590-266-1&rft.aulast=Hagerman&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Josefson%2C+Alf+B.&rft.au=Jensen%2C+J%C3%B8rgen+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKattegat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mst.dk/English/Agriculture/nitrates_directive/implementation_in_denmark/">Implementation of the Nitrates directive in Denmark</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203112345/http://www.mst.dk/English/Agriculture/nitrates_directive/implementation_in_denmark/">Archived</a> 3 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Danish Ministry of the Environment</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesper_H._AndersenJacob_Carstensen2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jesper H. Andersen; Jacob Carstensen (25 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politiken.dk/debat/analyse/ECE1422611/vandmiljoeplaner-har-vaeret-en-succes/">"Action Plans for the Aquatic Environment have been a success"</a>. <i>Politiken</i> (in Danish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politiken&rft.atitle=Action+Plans+for+the+Aquatic+Environment+have+been+a+success&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft.au=Jesper+H.+Andersen&rft.au=Jacob+Carstensen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitiken.dk%2Fdebat%2Fanalyse%2FECE1422611%2Fvandmiljoeplaner-har-vaeret-en-succes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKattegat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126111730/http://readmt.com/analysis/article/2014/08/12/new-environmental-requirements-may-lead-to-distortion-of-competition/">"New sulphur regulations may lead to distortion of competition in the shipping industry"</a>. MT Online. 12 August 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://readmt.com/analysis/article/2014/08/12/new-environmental-requirements-may-lead-to-distortion-of-competition/">the original</a> on 26 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+sulphur+regulations+may+lead+to+distortion+of+competition+in+the+shipping+industry&rft.pub=MT+Online&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freadmt.com%2Fanalysis%2Farticle%2F2014%2F08%2F12%2Fnew-environmental-requirements-may-lead-to-distortion-of-competition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKattegat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160210024351/http://naturstyrelsen.dk/naturbeskyttelse/natura-2000/">"Natura 2000"</a> (in Danish). Danish Nature Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naturstyrelsen.dk/naturbeskyttelse/natura-2000/">the original</a> on 10 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natura+2000&rft.pub=Danish+Nature+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaturstyrelsen.dk%2Fnaturbeskyttelse%2Fnatura-2000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKattegat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126085841/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/natura2000">"Natura 2000"</a> (in Swedish). Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturvardsverket.se/natura2000#">the original</a> on 26 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natura+2000&rft.pub=Swedish+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturvardsverket.se%2Fnatura2000%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKattegat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kattegat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cattegat&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKattegat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cattegat"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Cattegat">"Cattegat" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cattegat&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKattegat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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