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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tinnitus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tinnitus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cardiovascular effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_physical_health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_physical_health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other physical health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_physical_health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_impacts_of_noise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_impacts_of_noise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Psychological impacts of noise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_impacts_of_noise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annoyance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annoyance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Annoyance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annoyance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_physical_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_physical_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Child physical development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Child_physical_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Child physical development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Child_physical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognitive_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Cognitive development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efectes_del_soroll_en_la_salut" title="Efectes del soroll en la salut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Efectes del soroll en la salut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efectos_del_ruido_en_la_salud" title="Efectos del ruido en la salud – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Efectos del ruido en la salud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="اثرات ناشی از آلودگی صوتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اثرات ناشی از آلودگی صوتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effets_du_bruit_sur_la_sant%C3%A9" title="Effets du bruit sur la santé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Effets du bruit sur la santé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeitos_da_polui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_sonora_na_sa%C3%BAde" title="Efeitos da poluição sonora na saúde – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Efeitos da poluição sonora na saúde" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9D%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%9B%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="ඝෝෂාවෙන් සෞඛ්‍යය වෙත වන බලපෑම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඝෝෂාවෙන් සෞඛ්‍යය වෙත වන බලපෑම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vpliv_hrupa_na_zdravje" title="Vpliv hrupa na zdravje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vpliv hrupa na zdravje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="ผลต่อสุขภาพจากเสียง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผลต่อสุขภาพจากเสียง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A2nh_h%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_s%E1%BB%A9c_kh%E1%BB%8Fe_t%E1%BB%AB_ti%E1%BA%BFng_%E1%BB%93n" title="Ảnh hưởng sức khỏe từ tiếng ồn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ảnh hưởng sức khỏe từ tiếng ồn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/20230609_Average_noise_levels_outside_US_homes.svg/220px-20230609_Average_noise_levels_outside_US_homes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/20230609_Average_noise_levels_outside_US_homes.svg/330px-20230609_Average_noise_levels_outside_US_homes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/20230609_Average_noise_levels_outside_US_homes.svg/440px-20230609_Average_noise_levels_outside_US_homes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>More than a quarter of US residences have average outside noise levels exceeding the maximum nighttime outside noise level recommended by the World Health Organization.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_20230609_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_20230609-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Noise health effects</b> are the physical and psychological <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> consequences of regular exposure to consistent elevated <a href="/wiki/Sound_exposure_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound exposure level">sound levels</a>. Noise from traffic, in particular, is considered by the World Health Organization to be one of the worst environmental stressors for humans, second only to <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Munzel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munzel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elevated <a href="/wiki/Industrial_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial noise">workplace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Environmental_noise" title="Environmental noise">environmental noise</a> can cause <a href="/wiki/Hearing_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing impairment">hearing impairment</a>, tinnitus, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic heart disease">ischemic heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">annoyance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disturbance">sleep disturbance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes in the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a> have been also attributed to noise exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10698728_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10698728-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although age-related health effects (<a href="/wiki/Presbycusis" title="Presbycusis">presbycusis</a>) occur naturally with age,<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenhall1990_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenhall1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in many countries the cumulative impact of noise is sufficient to impair the hearing of a large fraction of the population over the course of a lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noise exposure has been known to induce <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">noise-induced hearing loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse effects">adverse effects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chronic noise exposure has been associated with sleep disturbances and increased incidence of diabetes. Adverse cardiovascular effects occur from chronic exposure to noise due to the sympathetic nervous system's inability to habituate. The sympathetic nervous system maintains lighter stages of sleep when the body is exposed to noise, which does not allow blood pressure to follow the normal rise and fall cycle of an undisturbed <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stress from time spent around elevated noise levels has been linked with increased <a href="/wiki/Work_accident" title="Work accident">workplace accident</a> rates, aggression, and other anti-social behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-12-427455-2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-12-427455-2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant sources are vehicles, aircraft, prolonged exposure to <a href="/wiki/Loud_music" title="Loud music">loud music</a>, and industrial noise.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prolonged exposure to noise at home has been linked to decreased mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are approximately 10,000 deaths per year as a result of noise in the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noise_induced_hearing_loss">Noise induced hearing loss</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_from_noise&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Noise induced hearing loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HearingExam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a female medical professional is seated in front of a special sound-proof booth with a glass window, controlling diagnostic test equipment. Inside the booth a middle aged man can be seen wearing headphones and is looking straight ahead of himself, not at the audiologist, and appears to be concentrating on hearing something" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/HearingExam.jpg/220px-HearingExam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/HearingExam.jpg/330px-HearingExam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/HearingExam.jpg/440px-HearingExam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Audiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiologist">audiologist</a> conducting an <a href="/wiki/Audiometry" title="Audiometry">audiometric</a> <a href="/wiki/Hearing_test" title="Hearing test">hearing test</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Sound-proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound-proof">sound-proof</a> testing booth</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">Noise-induced hearing loss</a></div><p>Noise-induced hearing loss is a permanent shift in pure-tone thresholds, resulting in sensorineural hearing loss. The severity of a threshold shift is dependent on duration and severity of noise exposure. Noise-induced threshold shifts are seen as a notch on an audiogram from 3000 to 6000 Hz, but most often at 4000 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exposure to loud noises, either in a single traumatic experience or over time, can damage the auditory system and result in hearing loss and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a> as well. Traumatic noise exposure can happen at work (e.g., loud machinery), at play (e.g., loud sporting events, concerts, recreational activities), and/or by accident (e.g., a backfiring engine.) Noise induced hearing loss is sometimes <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_hearing_loss" title="Unilateral hearing loss">unilateral</a> and typically causes patients to lose hearing around the frequency of the triggering sound trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_from_noise&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tinnitus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a> is an auditory disorder characterized by the perception of a sound (ringing, chirping, buzzing, etc.) in the ear in the absence of an external sound source. There are two types of tinnitus: subjective and objective. Subjective is the most common and can only be heard "in the head" by the person affected. Objective tinnitus can be heard from those around the affected person and the audiologist can hear it using a stethoscope. Tinnitus can also be categorized by the way it sounds in one's ear, pulsatile tinnitus <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is caused by the vascular nature of <a href="/wiki/Glomus_tumor" title="Glomus tumor">Glomus tumors</a> and non-pulsatile tinnitus which usually sounds like crickets, the sea and bees. </p><p>Though the pathophysiology of tinnitus is not known, noise exposure can be a contributing factor, therefore tinnitus can be associated with hearing loss, generated by the cochlea and central nervous system (CNS). High frequency hearing loss causes a high pitched tinnitus and low frequency hearing loss causes a roaring tinnitus.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noise-induced tinnitus can be temporary or permanent depending on the type and amount of noise a person was exposed to. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cardiovascular_effects">Cardiovascular effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_from_noise&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cardiovascular effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noise has been associated with important <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular</a> health problems, particularly <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, as it causes an increase in levels of stress hormones and vascular <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Munzel_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munzel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12689488_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12689488-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noise levels of 50 <a href="/wiki/A-weighting" title="A-weighting">dB(A)</a> or greater at night may increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> by chronically elevating <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> production.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12537833_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12537833-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franssen_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franssen-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lercher_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lercher-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traffic noise has several negative effects, including increased risk for <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>, with night-time exposure to noise possibly more harmful than day-time exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-Munzel_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munzel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been shown to increase blood pressure in individuals within the surrounding residential areas, with railways causing the greatest cardiovascular effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roadway noise levels are sufficient to constrict arterial blood flow and lead to <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">elevated blood pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vasoconstriction can result from elevated <a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">adrenaline</a> levels or through <a href="/wiki/Stress_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (medicine)">medical stress</a> reactions. Long-term exposure to noise is correlated to increase in cortisol and angiotensin-II levels which are respectively associated with oxidative stress and vascular inflammation.<sup id="cite_ref-Munzel_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munzel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals subject to great than 80 dB(A) in the workplace are at increased risk of having increased blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2021 systematic review on the effect of occupational exposure to noise on ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke and hypertension, coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> (ILO) located 17 studies that met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 534,688 participants (7.47% females) in 11 countries and in three WHO regions (the Americas, Europe, and the Western Pacific).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found the low quality of evidence the effect of occupational exposure to intense noise (≥85 dBA), compared to occupational exposure below 85 dBA (<85 dBA). They concluded that there is an inadequate evidence of harmfulness for the studied outcomes with the exception for the risk of acquiring IHD, which was 29% higher for those exposed to noise in their workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_physical_health_effects">Other physical health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_from_noise&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other physical health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traffic noise may also increase the risk of sleep disturbances, stroke, diabetes, and becoming overweight.<sup id="cite_ref-Munzel_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munzel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noise pollution is an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental health</a> concern since it is often a risk factor for developing other diseases like tinnitus or impaired speech discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_impacts_of_noise">Psychological impacts of noise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_from_noise&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Psychological impacts of noise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Causal relationships have been discovered between noise and psychological effects such as annoyance, psychiatric disorders, and effects on psychosocial well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10698728_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10698728-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposure to intense levels of noise can cause personality changes and violent reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noise has also been shown to be a factor attributed to violent reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The psychological impacts of noise also include an addiction to loud music. This was researched in a study where non-professional musicians were found to have loudness addictions more often than non-musician control subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychological health effects from noise also include depression and anxiety. Individuals who have hearing loss, including noise induced hearing loss, may have their symptoms alleviated with the use of hearing aids. Individuals who do not seek treatment for their loss are 50% more likely to have depression than their aided peers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These psychological effects can lead to detriments in physical care in the form of reduced self-care, work-tolerance, and increased isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Auditory stimuli can also serve as psychological triggers for individuals with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stress">Stress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_from_noise&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Rockwool_International" title="Rockwool International">Rockwool</a>, a multi-national <a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">insulation</a> manufacturer headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, reveals that in the UK one third (33%) of victims of domestic disturbances claim that loud parties have left them unable to sleep or made them stressed in the last two years. Around one in eleven (9%)<sup id="cite_ref-DE-20090409_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DE-20090409-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of those affected by domestic disturbances claims it has left them continually disturbed and stressed. More than 1.8 million people claim noisy neighbours have made their life a misery and they cannot enjoy their own homes. The impact of noise on health is potentially a significant problem across the UK given that more than 17.5 million Britons (38%) have been disturbed by the inhabitants of neighbouring properties in the last two years. For almost one in ten (7%) Britons this is a regular occurrence.<sup id="cite_ref-DE-20090409_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DE-20090409-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extent of the problem of noise pollution for public health is reinforced by figures collated by Rockwool from local authority responses to a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_2000" title="Freedom of Information Act 2000">Freedom of Information Act</a> (FOI) request. This research reveals in the period April 2008 – 2009 <a href="/wiki/County_council" title="County council">UK councils</a> received 315,838 complaints about noise pollution from private residences. This resulted in environmental health officers across the UK serving 8,069 <a href="/wiki/Noise_abatement" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise abatement">noise abatement</a> notices, or citations under the terms of the Anti-Social Behaviour (Scotland) Act.<sup id="cite_ref-DE-20090409_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DE-20090409-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Westminster_City_Council" title="Westminster City Council">Westminster City Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has received more complaints per head of population than any other district in the UK with 9,814 grievances about noise, which equates to 42.32 complaints per thousand residents. Eight of the top 10 councils ranked by complaints per 1,000 residents were in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annoyance">Annoyance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_from_noise&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Annoyance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sudden impulse noises are typically perceived as more bothersome than noise from traffic of equal volume.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annoyance effects of noise are minimally affected by demographics, but fear of the noise source and sensitivity to noise both strongly affect the 'annoyance' of a noise.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sound levels as low as 40 dB(A) can generate noise complaints<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the lower threshold for noise producing <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disturbance">sleep disturbance</a> is 45 dB(A) or lower.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other factors that affect the annoyance level of sound include beliefs about noise prevention and the importance of the noise source, and annoyance at the cause (i.e., non-noise related factors) of the noise.<sup id="cite_ref-Field1993_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field1993-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the interpretations of the level of annoyance and the relationship between noise levels and resulting health symptoms could be influenced by the quality of interpersonal relationships at the workplace, as well as the stress level generated by the work itself.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10698728_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10698728-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence for impact on annoyance of long-term noise versus recent changes is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-Field1993_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field1993-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately 35% to 40% of office workers find noise levels from 55 to 60 dB(A) extremely irritating.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10698728_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10698728-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The noise standard in Germany for mentally stressful tasks is set at 55 dB(A),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, if the noise source is continuous, the threshold level for tolerability among office workers is lower than 55 dB(A).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10698728_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10698728-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Child_physical_development">Child physical development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_from_noise&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Child physical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> authored a pamphlet in 1978 that suggested a correlation between low-birthweight (using the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> definition of less than 2,500 grams (88 oz)) and high sound levels, and also high rates of <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a> in places where expectant mothers are exposed to elevated sound levels, such as typical <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airport</a> environments. Specific birth abnormalities included <a href="/wiki/Harelip" class="mw-redirect" title="Harelip">harelip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleft_palate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft palate">cleft palate</a>, and defects in the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">spine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Lester W. Sontag of The Fels Research Institute (as presented in the same EPA study): "There is ample evidence that environment has a role in shaping the physique, behavior, and function of animals, including man, from <a href="/wiki/Conception_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conception (biology)">conception</a> and not merely from <a href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">birth</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> is capable of perceiving sounds and responding to them by motor activity and cardiac rate change." The effects of noise exposure are highest when it occurs between 15 and 60 days after conception, a period in which major internal <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> are formed.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later developmental effects occur as vasoconstriction in the mother reduces blood flow and therefore <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and nutrition to the fetus. Low birth weights and noise were also associated with lower levels of certain <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> in the mother. These hormones are thought to affect fetal growth and to be good indicators of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> production. The difference between the hormone levels of pregnant mothers in noisy versus quiet areas increased as birth approached.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2000 publication, a review of studies on birthweight and noise exposure note that while some older studies suggest that when women are exposed to >65 dB aircraft noise, a small decrease in birthweight occurs, in a more recent study of 200 Taiwanese women including noise dosimetry measurements of individual noise exposure, the authors found no significant association between noise exposure and birth weight after adjusting for relevant confounders, e.g. social class, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10698728_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10698728-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_development">Cognitive development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_from_noise&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cognitive development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When young children are regularly exposed to levels of noise that interfere with speech, they may develop speech or reading difficulties, because auditory processing functions are compromised. Children continue to develop their speech perception abilities until they reach their teens. Evidence has shown that when children learn in noisier classrooms, they have more difficulties understanding speech than those who learn in quieter settings.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study conducted by Cornell University in 1993, children exposed to noise in learning environments experienced trouble with word discrimination, as well as various cognitive developmental delays.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the writing learning impairment <a href="/wiki/Dysgraphia" title="Dysgraphia">dysgraphia</a> is commonly associated with environmental <a href="/wiki/Stressor" title="Stressor">stressors</a> in the classroom.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High noise levels have also been known to damage the physical health of small children. Children from noisy residences often have a heart rate that is significantly higher (by 2 beats/min on average) than those of children from quieter homes.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_from_noise&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hearing_protection_device" title="Hearing protection device">Hearing protection device</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg/300px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg/450px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg/600px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>HPD fit testing<sup id="cite_ref-Lee-2022_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2022-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A hearing protection device (HPD) is an <a href="/wiki/Hearing_protection_device" title="Hearing protection device">ear protection</a> device worn in or over the ears while exposed to hazardous <a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a> to help prevent <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">noise-induced hearing loss</a>. HPDs reduce (not eliminate) the level of the noise entering the ear. HPDs can also protect against other effects of noise exposure such as <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperacusis" title="Hyperacusis">hyperacusis</a>. Proper hygiene and care of HPDs may reduce chances of outer ear infections.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many different types of HPDs available for use, including <a href="/wiki/Earmuffs" title="Earmuffs">earmuffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earplug" title="Earplug">earplugs</a>, electronic hearing protection devices, and semi-insert devices.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One can measure the personal attenuation rating through a <a href="/wiki/Hearing_protection_fit-testing" title="Hearing protection fit-testing">hearing protection fit-testing</a> system. </p><p>Earmuff style hearing protection devices are designed to fit over the outer ear, or <a href="/wiki/Auricle_(anatomy)" title="Auricle (anatomy)">pinna</a>. Earmuff HPDs typically consist of two ear cups and a head band.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earplug style hearing protection devices are designed to fit in the <a href="/wiki/Ear_canal" title="Ear canal">ear canal</a>. Earplugs come in a variety of different subtypes.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some HPDs reduce the sound reaching the <a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">eardrum</a> through a combination of electronic and structural components. Electronic HPDs are available in both earmuff and custom earplug styles. Electronic microphones, circuitry, and receivers perform <a href="/wiki/Active_noise_control" title="Active noise control">active noise reduction</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Active_noise_control" title="Active noise control">noise-cancelling</a>, in which a signal that is 180-degrees out-of-phase of the noise is presented, which in theory cancels the noise.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canal caps are similar to earplugs in that they consists of soft tip that is inserted into the opening of the ear canal.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a> requires the use of <a href="/wiki/Hearing_protection_device" title="Hearing protection device">hearing protection</a>. But the HPD (without individual selection, training and <a href="/wiki/Hearing_protection_fit-testing" title="Hearing protection fit-testing">fit testing</a>) does not significantly reduce the risk of hearing loss.<sup id="cite_ref-AIHA-6-11_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIHA-6-11-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, one study covered more than 19 thousand workers, some of whom usually used hearing protective devices, and some did not use them at all. There was no statistically significant difference in the risk of noise-induced hearing loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Groenewold-2014_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groenewold-2014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulations">Regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_from_noise&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Noise_regulation" title="Noise regulation">Noise regulation</a></div> <p>Environmental <a href="/wiki/Noise_regulation" title="Noise regulation">noise regulations</a> usually specify a maximum outdoor noise level of 60 to 65 <a href="/wiki/A-weighting" title="A-weighting">dB(A)</a>, while occupational safety organizations recommend that the maximum exposure to noise is 40 hours per week at 85 to 90 dB(A). For every additional 3 dB(A), the maximum exposure time is reduced by a factor 2, e.g. 20 hours per week at 88 dB(A). Sometimes, a factor of two per additional 5 dB(A) is used, however, these occupational regulations are acknowledged by the health literature as inadequate to protect against <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a> and other health effects. In an effort to prevent noise-induced hearing loss, many programs and initiative have been created, like the <a href="/wiki/Buy_Quiet" title="Buy Quiet">Buy Quiet</a> program, which encourages employers to purchase quieter tools and equipment, and the <a href="/wiki/Safe-In-Sound_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe-In-Sound Award">Safe-In-Sound Award</a>, which recognizes organizations with successful hearing loss prevention strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With regard to indoor noise pollution in residences, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) has not set any restrictions on limits to the level of noise. Rather, it has provided a list of recommended levels in its <i>Model Community Noise Control Ordinance</i>, which was published in 1975. For instance, the recommended noise level for indoor residences is less than or equal to 45 dB.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise pollution</a> control in residences is not funded by the federal government in part because of the disagreements in establishing causal links between sounds and health risks, since the effect of noise is often psychological and also, because it leaves no singular tangible trace of damage on the human body. For instance, hearing loss could be attributed to a variety of factors including age, rather than solely due to excessive exposure to noise.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_2005_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2005-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A state or local government is able to regulate indoor residential noise, however, such as when excessive noise from within a home causes disturbances to nearby residences.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_2005_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2005-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_from_noise&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft noise">Aircraft noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_Quiet" title="Buy Quiet">Buy quiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">Infrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loud_music" title="Loud music">Loud music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mosquito" title="The Mosquito">The Mosquito</a>, an audio device to discourage loitering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise mitigation">Noise mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bark_(sound)#As_nuisance" title="Bark (sound)">Nuisance barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hearing_loss" title="Occupational hearing loss">Occupational hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_tool" title="Power tool">Power tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe-In-Sound_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe-In-Sound Award">Safe-In-Sound Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_from_noise&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes_20230609-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_20230609_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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April 2, 1972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EPA+Identifies+Noise+Levels+Affecting+Health+and+Welfare&rft.date=1972-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fhistory%2Ftopics%2Fnoise%2F01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+effects+from+noise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt_2005-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_2005_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_2005_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2005" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt CW (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1253730">"Noise that annoys: regulating unwanted sound"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>113</b> (1): A42-5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.113-a42">10.1289/ehp.113-a42</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1253730">1253730</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15631959">15631959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Noise+that+annoys%3A+regulating+unwanted+sound&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=A42-5&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1253730%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15631959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.113-a42&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=CW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1253730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+effects+from+noise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaples1996" class="citation journal cs1">Staples SL (February 1996). "Human response to environmental noise. Psychological research and public policy". <i>The American Psychologist</i>. <b>51</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.51.2.143">10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.143</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8746149">8746149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Human+response+to+environmental+noise.+Psychological+research+and+public+policy&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1996-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066X.51.2.143&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8746149&rft.aulast=Staples&rft.aufirst=SL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+effects+from+noise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeighton2009" class="citation news cs1">Leighton P (April 14, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716200226/http://salemnews.com/punews/local_story_103205126.html">"Beverly considers rules to quiet loud parties"</a>. <i>The Salem News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://salemnews.com/punews/local_story_103205126.html">the original</a> on July 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salem+News&rft.atitle=Beverly+considers+rules+to+quiet+loud+parties&rft.date=2009-04-14&rft.aulast=Leighton&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsalemnews.com%2Fpunews%2Flocal_story_103205126.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+effects+from+noise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_from_noise&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961119081746/http://asa.aip.org/">Acoustical Society of America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noiseandhealth.org">Noise and Health</a> International Journal devoted to research on all aspects of noise and its effects on human health</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/docstore/peh/noise/guidelines2.html">World Health Organization: Guidelines for Community Noise</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712063445/http://www.who.int/docstore/peh/noise/guidelines2.html">Archived</a> 2018-07-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icben.org/">ICBEN</a> International Commission on Biological Effects of Noise</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flixxy.com/how-sound-affects-us.htm">How Sound Affects Us</a> (8:18)—<a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> talk by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Treasure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian Treasure (page does not exist)">Julian Treasure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html/">NIOSH Buy Quiet Topic Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/">Occupational Hearing Loss Prevention</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Noise" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Noise"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Noise_(physics_and_telecommunications)164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Noise_(spectral_phenomenon)" title="Noise (spectral phenomenon)">Noise</a> (physics and telecommunications)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_quieting" title="Acoustic quieting">Acoustic quieting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_noise_control" title="Active noise control">Noise cancellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_measurement" title="Noise measurement">Noise measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_power" title="Noise power">Noise power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_reduction" title="Noise reduction">Noise reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_temperature" title="Noise temperature">Noise temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_distortion" title="Phase distortion">Phase distortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noise in...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_regulation" title="Noise regulation">Government regulation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_noise" title="Image noise">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise (radio)">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_and_vibration_on_maritime_vessels" title="Noise and vibration on maritime vessels">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_masking" title="Sound masking">Sound masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(video)" title="Noise (video)">Video</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class of noise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_white_Gaussian_noise" title="Additive white Gaussian noise">Additive white Gaussian noise</a> (AWGN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_noise" title="Atmospheric noise">Atmospheric noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_noise" title="Background noise">Background noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownian_noise" title="Brownian noise">Brownian noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_noise" title="Burst noise">Burst noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_noise" title="Cosmic noise">Cosmic noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flicker_noise" title="Flicker noise">Flicker noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaussian_noise" title="Gaussian noise">Gaussian noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_noise" title="Grey noise">Grey noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">Infrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitter" title="Jitter">Jitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson%E2%80%93Nyquist_noise" title="Johnson–Nyquist noise">Johnson–Nyquist noise</a> (thermal noise)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_noise" title="Pink noise">Pink noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantization error">Quantization error</a> (or q. noise)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_noise" title="Shot noise">Shot noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">White noise</a></li> <li>Coherent noise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Value_noise" title="Value noise">Value noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradient_noise" title="Gradient noise">Gradient noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worley_noise" title="Worley noise">Worley noise</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering <br />terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_noise_level" title="Channel noise level">Channel noise level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_noise_level" title="Circuit noise level">Circuit noise level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_input_noise_temperature" title="Effective input noise temperature">Effective input noise temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_noise_resistance" title="Equivalent noise resistance">Equivalent noise resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_pulse_code_modulation_noise" title="Equivalent pulse code modulation noise">Equivalent pulse code modulation noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_noise_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse noise (audio)">Impulse noise (audio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_figure" title="Noise figure">Noise figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_floor" title="Noise floor">Noise floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_shaping" title="Noise shaping">Noise shaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_spectral_density" title="Noise spectral density">Noise spectral density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise,_vibration,_and_harshness" title="Noise, vibration, and harshness">Noise, vibration, and harshness</a> (NVH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_noise" title="Phase noise">Phase noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudorandom_noise" title="Pseudorandom noise">Pseudorandom noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical noise">Statistical noise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ratios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-to-noise_ratio" title="Carrier-to-noise ratio">Carrier-to-noise ratio</a> (<i>C</i>/<i>N</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-to-receiver_noise_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier-to-receiver noise density">Carrier-to-receiver noise density</a> (<i>C</i>/<i>kT</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DBrnC" class="mw-redirect" title="DBrnC">dBrnC</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eb/N0" title="Eb/N0">E<sub>b</sub>/N<sub>0</sub></a></i> (energy per bit to noise density)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eb/N0#Relation_to_Es.2FN0" title="Eb/N0">E<sub>s</sub>/N<sub>0</sub></a></i> (energy per symbol to noise density)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulation_error_ratio" title="Modulation error ratio">Modulation error ratio</a> (<i>MER</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SINAD" title="SINAD">Signal, noise and distortion</a> (<i>SINAD</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-interference_ratio" title="Signal-to-interference ratio">Signal-to-interference ratio</a> (<i>S</i>/<i>I</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">Signal-to-noise ratio</a> (<i>S</i>/<i>N</i>, <i>SNR</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio_(imaging)" title="Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)">Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-interference-plus-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio">Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio</a> (<i>SINR</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-quantization-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio">Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio</a> (<i>SQNR</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast-to-noise_ratio" title="Contrast-to-noise ratio">Contrast-to-noise ratio</a> (<i>CNR</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_noise_topics" title="List of noise topics">List of noise topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colors_of_noise" title="Colors of noise">Colors of noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interference_(communication)" title="Interference (communication)">Interference (communication)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_generator" title="Noise generator">Noise generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_analyzer" title="Spectrum analyzer">Spectrum analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">Thermal radiation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denoise <br />methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-pass_filter" title="Low-pass filter">Low-pass filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_filter" title="Median filter">Median filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_variation_denoising" title="Total variation denoising">Total variation denoising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet#Wavelet_denoising" title="Wavelet">Wavelet denoising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2D (Image)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaussian_blur" title="Gaussian blur">Gaussian blur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisotropic_diffusion" title="Anisotropic diffusion">Anisotropic diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_filter" title="Bilateral filter">Bilateral filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-local_means" title="Non-local means">Non-local means</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block-matching_and_3D_filtering" title="Block-matching and 3D filtering">Block-matching and 3D filtering</a> (BM3D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_Fields_(image_restoration)" title="Shrinkage Fields (image restoration)">Shrinkage Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder#Denoising_autoencoder_(DAE)" title="Autoencoder">Denoising autoencoder</a> (DAE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Image_Prior" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Image Prior">Deep Image Prior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_effects_of_food,_drink,_and_use_of_natural_substances92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate#Health_effects" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_dairy" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of dairy">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_honey" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_red_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of red meat">Red meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_salt" title="Health effects of salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_saturated_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of saturated fat">Saturated fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_trans_fats" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of trans fats">Trans fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of sugar">Sugar</a> <ul><li><a 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