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id="toc-Types_of_airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Types of airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airport_ownership_and_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport_ownership_and_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Airport ownership and operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport_ownership_and_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Airport funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport_revenue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport_revenue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Airport revenue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport_revenue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aeronautical_revenue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aeronautical_revenue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Aeronautical revenue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aeronautical_revenue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-aeronautical_revenue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-aeronautical_revenue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Non-aeronautical revenue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-aeronautical_revenue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Price_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Price regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landside_and_airside_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landside_and_airside_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Landside and airside areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landside_and_airside_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Facilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Facilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airport_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Airport security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Products_and_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products_and_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Products and services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Products_and_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premium_and_VIP_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premium_and_VIP_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Premium and VIP services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premium_and_VIP_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cargo_and_freight_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cargo_and_freight_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cargo and freight service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cargo_and_freight_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_and_onward_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_and_onward_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Access and onward travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_and_onward_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Internal transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Airport operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Airport_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Airport operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Airport_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_traffic_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_traffic_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Air traffic control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_traffic_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ground_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Ground control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tower_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tower_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Tower control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tower_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traffic_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Traffic pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigational_aids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigational_aids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Navigational aids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigational_aids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxiway_signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxiway_signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Taxiway signs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxiway_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Lighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weather_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Weather observations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport_ground_crew_(ground_handling)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport_ground_crew_(ground_handling)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Airport ground crew (ground handling)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport_ground_crew_(ground_handling)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Maintenance management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Safety management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_concerns_and_sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_concerns_and_sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Environmental concerns and sustainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_concerns_and_sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport_hygiene_and_public_health_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport_hygiene_and_public_health_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Airport hygiene and public health concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport_hygiene_and_public_health_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_air_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_air_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Military air base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_air_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport_designation_and_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport_designation_and_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Airport designation and naming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport_designation_and_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports_in_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports_in_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Airports in entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports_in_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport_directories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport_directories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Airport directories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport_directories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Airport</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">126 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughawe" title="Lughawe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lughawe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyhth%C3%A6fen" title="Flyhthæfen – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Flyhthæfen" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مطار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeropuerto" title="Aeropuerto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aeropuerto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%90" title="ܒܝܬ ܛܘܣܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܬ ܛܘܣܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Օդակայան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օդակայան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeropuertu" title="Aeropuertu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aeropuertu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepo%27at%C3%A3rupa" title="Pepo'atãrupa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pepo'atãrupa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hava_liman%C4%B1" title="Hava limanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hava limanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="هاوا لیمانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هاوا لیمانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_udara" title="Bandar udara – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bandar udara" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0" title="বিমানবন্দর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিমানবন্দর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khong-k%C3%A1ng" title="Khong-káng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khong-káng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аэропорт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аэропорт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аэрапорт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аэрапорт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аэрапорт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аэрапорт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="हवाईअड्डा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हवाईअड्डा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palayogan" title="Palayogan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Palayogan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" title="Летище – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Летище" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodrom" title="Aerodrom – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aerodrom" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerborzh" title="Aerborzh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aerborzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ниидэхэ онгосын буудал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ниидэхэ онгосын буудал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroport" title="Aeroport – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aeroport" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugpahanan" title="Tugpahanan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tugpahanan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leti%C5%A1t%C4%9B" title="Letiště – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Letiště" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maes_awyr" title="Maes awyr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Maes awyr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthavn" title="Lufthavn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lufthavn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flughafen" title="Flughafen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flughafen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennujaam" title="Lennujaam – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lennujaam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Αεροδρόμιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αεροδρόμιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeropuerto" title="Aeropuerto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aeropuerto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flughaveno" title="Flughaveno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flughaveno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aireportu" title="Aireportu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aireportu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87" title="فرودگاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرودگاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9roport" title="Aéroport – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aéroport" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofthaven" title="Lofthaven – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lofthaven" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerfort" title="Aerfort – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aerfort" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroporto" title="Aeroporto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aeroporto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AE-chh%C3%B2ng" title="Kî-chhòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kî-chhòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%AD" title="공항 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공항" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin_jirgin_sama" title="Filin jirgin sama – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Filin jirgin sama" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Օդանավակայան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օդանավակայան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="हवाई अड्डा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हवाई अड्डा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zra%C4%8Dna_luka" title="Zračna luka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zračna luka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroportuo" title="Aeroportuo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aeroportuo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_udara" title="Bandar udara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bandar udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroporto" title="Aeroporto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aeroporto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugv%C3%B6llur" title="Flugvöllur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Flugvöllur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroporto" title="Aeroporto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aeroporto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94" title="נמל תעופה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נמל תעופה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papan_anggegana" title="Papan anggegana – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Papan anggegana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3" title="ವಿಮಾನ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಮಾನ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="აეროპორტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აეროპორტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Әуежай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әуежай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwanja_wa_ndege" title="Uwanja wa ndege – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uwanja wa ndege" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аэропорт – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Аэропорт" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayewop%C3%B2" title="Ayewopò – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ayewopò" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аба майдан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аба майдан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayroporto" title="Ayroporto – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ayroporto" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99" title="ເດີ່ນຍົນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເດີ່ນຍົນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%ABroportus" title="Aëroportus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aëroportus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidosta" title="Lidosta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lidosta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluchhafen" title="Fluchhafen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fluchhafen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro_uostas" title="Oro uostas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oro uostas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochhave" title="Lochhave – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lochhave" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A1nd%C3%A1_lya_mp%C9%9B%CC%81p%C9%94" title="Libándá lya mpɛ́pɔ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Libándá lya mpɛ́pɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BCl%C5%91t%C3%A9r" title="Repülőtér – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Repülőtér" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Аеродром – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аеродром" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82" title="വിമാനത്താവളം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിമാനത്താവളം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B3" title="विमानतळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विमानतळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="აეროპორტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აეროპორტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%AC%D9%87" title="فوروزجه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فوروزجه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapangan_terbang" title="Lapangan terbang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lapangan terbang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangkalan_udaro" title="Pangkalan udaro – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pangkalan udaro" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%85_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Нисэх онгоцны буудал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нисэх онгоцны буудал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လေယာဉ်ကွင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လေယာဉ်ကွင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vliegveld" title="Vliegveld – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vliegveld" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2" title="विमानस्थल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विमानस्थल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B8%AF" title="空港 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="空港" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyplass" title="Flyplass – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flyplass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthamn" title="Lufthamn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lufthamn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerop%C3%B2rt" title="Aeropòrt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aeropòrt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroport" title="Aeroport – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aeroport" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹਵਾਈ ਅੱਡਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਵਾਈ ਅੱਡਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DA%88%D8%A7" title="ہوائی اڈا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہوائی اڈا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerop%C3%B2rt" title="Aeropòrt – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Aeropòrt" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ples_balus" title="Ples balus – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ples balus" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_lotniczy" title="Port lotniczy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Port lotniczy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroporto" title="Aeroporto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aeroporto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroport" title="Aeroport – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Aeroport" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroport" title="Aeroport – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aeroport" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanka_qhispina" title="Antanka qhispina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Antanka qhispina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аэропорт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аэропорт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroporti" title="Aeroporti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aeroporti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariuportu" title="Ariuportu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ariuportu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport" title="Airport – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Airport" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%DA%8F%D9%88" title="ھوائي اڏو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھوائي اڏو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letisko" title="Letisko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Letisko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letali%C5%A1%C4%8De" title="Letališče – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Letališče" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gego_diyaarad" title="Gego diyaarad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gego diyaarad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="فڕۆکەخانە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فڕۆکەخانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ваздушна лука – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ваздушна лука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodrom" title="Aerodrom – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aerodrom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_udara" title="Bandar udara – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bandar udara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentoasema" title="Lentoasema – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lentoasema" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flygplats" title="Flygplats – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Flygplats" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliparan" title="Paliparan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paliparan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வானூர்தி நிலையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வானூர்தி நிலையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аэропорт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аэропорт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="విమానాశ్రయం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విమానాశ్రయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ท่าอากาศยาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ท่าอากาศยาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3" title="Фурудгоҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фурудгоҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaalan%C4%B1" title="Havaalanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Havaalanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiemhy%C9%9Bn_gyinabea" title="Wiemhyɛn gyinabea – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Wiemhyɛn gyinabea" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аеропорт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аеропорт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DA%88%D8%A7" title="ہوائی اڈا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہوائی اڈا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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</div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Airport" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Airports" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/At_the_airport" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1248784" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Apple product series, see <a href="/wiki/AirPort" title="AirPort">AirPort</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Airport_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Airport (disambiguation)">Airport (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airport_infrastructure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Airport_infrastructure.png/400px-Airport_infrastructure.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Airport_infrastructure.png/600px-Airport_infrastructure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Airport_infrastructure.png/800px-Airport_infrastructure.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption>Sample infrastructure of a typical airport. Larger airports usually contain more runways and terminals.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World-airport-map-2008.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/World-airport-map-2008.png/400px-World-airport-map-2008.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/World-airport-map-2008.png/600px-World-airport-map-2008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/World-airport-map-2008.png/800px-World-airport-map-2008.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>Airport distribution as of 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kempegowda_International_Airport,_Bengaluru_(Ank_Kumar,_Infosys)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kempegowda_International_Airport%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys%29_01.jpg/220px-Kempegowda_International_Airport%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kempegowda_International_Airport%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys%29_01.jpg/330px-Kempegowda_International_Airport%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kempegowda_International_Airport%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys%29_01.jpg/440px-Kempegowda_International_Airport%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Bangalore's new Airport <a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_International_Airport" title="Kempegowda International Airport">Kempegowda International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Santa_Marta_-_Aeropuerto_Internacional_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2019_Santa_Marta_-_Aeropuerto_Internacional_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg/220px-2019_Santa_Marta_-_Aeropuerto_Internacional_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2019_Santa_Marta_-_Aeropuerto_Internacional_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg/330px-2019_Santa_Marta_-_Aeropuerto_Internacional_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2019_Santa_Marta_-_Aeropuerto_Internacional_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg/440px-2019_Santa_Marta_-_Aeropuerto_Internacional_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_International_Airport_(Colombia)" title="Simón Bolívar International Airport (Colombia)">Simón Bolívar International Airport (Colombia)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suwarnabhumi_Int._Airport2_09-09_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Suwarnabhumi_Int._Airport2_09-09_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Suwarnabhumi_Int._Airport2_09-09_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Suwarnabhumi_Int._Airport2_09-09_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Suwarnabhumi_Int._Airport2_09-09_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Suwarnabhumi_Int._Airport2_09-09_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Suwarnabhumi_Int._Airport2_09-09_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Suvarnabhumi_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport">Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denver_concourse_B_west_ramp_(29657388588).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Denver_concourse_B_west_ramp_%2829657388588%29.jpg/220px-Denver_concourse_B_west_ramp_%2829657388588%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Denver_concourse_B_west_ramp_%2829657388588%29.jpg/330px-Denver_concourse_B_west_ramp_%2829657388588%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Denver_concourse_B_west_ramp_%2829657388588%29.jpg/440px-Denver_concourse_B_west_ramp_%2829657388588%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3018" data-file-height="3018" /></a><figcaption>Terminal B at <a href="/wiki/Denver_International_Airport" title="Denver International Airport">Denver International Airport</a> (DEN)</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>airport</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">aerodrome</a> with extended facilities, mostly for commercial <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">air transport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They usually consist of a <a href="/wiki/Landing_area" title="Landing area">landing area</a>, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a <a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">runway</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">plane</a> to take off and to land<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a <a href="/wiki/Helipad" title="Helipad">helipad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">control towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">hangars</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">terminals</a>, to maintain and monitor aircraft. Larger airports may have <a href="/wiki/Airport_apron" title="Airport apron">airport aprons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxiway_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxiway bridge">taxiway bridges</a>, air traffic control centres, passenger facilities such as restaurants and <a href="/wiki/Airport_lounge" title="Airport lounge">lounges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">emergency services</a>. In some countries, the US in particular, airports also typically have one or more <a href="/wiki/Fixed-base_operator" title="Fixed-base operator">fixed-base operators</a>, serving <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a>. </p><p>Airport operations are extremely complex, with a complicated system of aircraft support services, passenger services, and aircraft control services contained within the operation. Thus airports can be major employers, as well as important hubs for tourism and other kinds of transit. Because they are sites of operation for heavy machinery, a number of regulations and safety measures have been implemented in airports, in order to reduce hazards. Additionally, airports have major local environmental impacts, as both large sources of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a> and other environmental impacts, making them sites that acutely experience the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">environmental effects of aviation</a>. Airports are also vulnerable infrastructure to <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">climate change caused sea level rise</a> and other disasters. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KSNA_traffic_at_7am_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/KSNA_traffic_at_7am_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-KSNA_traffic_at_7am_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/KSNA_traffic_at_7am_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/330px-KSNA_traffic_at_7am_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/KSNA_traffic_at_7am_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/440px-KSNA_traffic_at_7am_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>Commercial jets wait for the "7am hold" to pass before departing from <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne_Airport" title="John Wayne Airport">John Wayne Airport</a> in Orange County (Santa Ana), California, on February 14, 2015</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gardemoen_airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gardemoen_airport.jpg/220px-Gardemoen_airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gardemoen_airport.jpg/330px-Gardemoen_airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gardemoen_airport.jpg/440px-Gardemoen_airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">Air bridges</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Airport,_Gardermoen" title="Oslo Airport, Gardermoen">Oslo Gardermoen Airport</a> captured from an <a href="/wiki/Icelandair" title="Icelandair">Icelandair</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_757-200" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 757-200">Boeing 757-200</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The terms <i><a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">aerodrome</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Airfield">airfield</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Airstrip" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrip">airstrip</a></i> also refer to airports, and the terms <i>heliport</i>, <i>seaplane base</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/STOLport" title="STOLport">STOLport</a></i> refer to airports dedicated exclusively to <a href="/wiki/Helicopters" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopters">helicopters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seaplanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaplanes">seaplanes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/STOL" title="STOL">short take-off and landing</a> aircraft. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_747-467,_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg/220px-Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg/330px-Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg/440px-Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Hong Kong's old airport Kai Tak airport. Taken the day after the airport closed.</figcaption></figure> <p>In colloquial use in certain environments, the terms <i>airport</i> and <i>aerodrome</i> are often interchanged. However, in general, the term <i>airport</i> may imply or confer a certain stature upon the aviation facility that other <a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">aerodromes</a> may not have achieved. In some jurisdictions, <i>airport</i> is a legal <a href="/wiki/Technical_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical terminology">term of art</a> reserved exclusively for those aerodromes certified or licensed as airports by the relevant <a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_authority" title="Civil aviation authority">civil aviation authority</a> after meeting specified certification criteria or regulatory requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That is to say, all airports are aerodromes, but not all aerodromes are airports. In jurisdictions where there is no legal distinction between <i>aerodrome</i> and <i>airport</i>, which term to use in the name of an aerodrome may be a commercial decision. In US technical/legal usage, <i>landing area</i> is used instead of <i>aerodrome</i>, and <i>airport</i> means "a landing area used regularly by aircraft for receiving or discharging passengers or cargo".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_airports">Types of airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlanta_Airport_%E2%80%93_Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport_in_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Atlanta_Airport_%E2%80%93_Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport_in_Georgia.jpg/220px-Atlanta_Airport_%E2%80%93_Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport_in_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Atlanta_Airport_%E2%80%93_Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport_in_Georgia.jpg/330px-Atlanta_Airport_%E2%80%93_Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport_in_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Atlanta_Airport_%E2%80%93_Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport_in_Georgia.jpg/440px-Atlanta_Airport_%E2%80%93_Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport_in_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2759" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport" title="Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport">Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport</a> is the busiest in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>An airport solely serving helicopters is called a <a href="/wiki/Heliport" title="Heliport">heliport</a>. An airport for use by <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_aircraft" title="Amphibious aircraft">amphibious aircraft</a> is called a <a href="/wiki/Seaplane_base" title="Seaplane base">seaplane base</a>. Such a base typically includes a stretch of open water for <a href="/wiki/Takeoff" title="Takeoff">takeoffs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landing" title="Landing">landings</a>, and seaplane docks for tying-up. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airport</a> has additional facilities for customs and <a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">passport control</a> as well as incorporating all the aforementioned elements. Such airports rank among the most complex and largest of all built typologies, with <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_buildings#Largest_floor_area" title="List of largest buildings">15 of the top 50 buildings by floor area</a> being airport terminals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smaller or less-developed airfields, which represent the vast majority, often have a single runway shorter than 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Larger airports for airline flights generally have paved runways of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) or longer. Skyline Airport in <a href="/wiki/Inkom,_Idaho" title="Inkom, Idaho">Inkom, Idaho</a>, has a runway that is only 122 m (400 ft) long.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the minimum dimensions for dry, hard landing fields are defined by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Regulations" title="Federal Aviation Regulations">FAR Landing And Takeoff Field Lengths</a>. These include considerations for safety margins during landing and takeoff. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_runways" title="List of longest runways">longest public-use runway</a> in the world is at <a href="/wiki/Qamdo_Bamda_Airport" title="Qamdo Bamda Airport">Qamdo Bamda Airport</a> in China. It has a length of 5,500 m (18,045 ft). The world's widest paved runway is at <a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk_Vostochny_Airport" title="Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport">Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport</a> in Russia and is 105 m (344 ft) wide. </p><p>As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> stated that there were approximately 44,000 "airports or airfields recognizable from the air" around the world, including 15,095 in the US, the US having the most in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport_ownership_and_operation">Airport ownership and operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Airport ownership and operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport_Terminal_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport_Terminal_1.jpg/220px-Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport_Terminal_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport_Terminal_1.jpg/330px-Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport_Terminal_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport_Terminal_1.jpg/440px-Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport_Terminal_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6516" data-file-height="4307" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport" title="Berlin Brandenburg Airport">Berlin Brandenburg Airport</a> was publicly financed by the states of Berlin and Brandenburg and the Federal Republic of Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the world's large airports are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies who then lease the airport to private corporations who oversee the airport's operation. For example, in the UK the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport_Holdings" title="Heathrow Airport Holdings">British Airports Authority</a> originally operated eight of the nation's major commercial airports – it was subsequently privatized in the late 1980s, and following its takeover by the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Ferrovial" title="Ferrovial">Ferrovial</a> consortium in 2006, has been further divested and downsized to operating just Heathrow. Germany's <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport" title="Frankfurt Airport">Frankfurt Airport</a> is managed by the quasi-private firm <a href="/wiki/Fraport" title="Fraport">Fraport</a>. While in India <a href="/wiki/GMR_Group" title="GMR Group">GMR Group</a> operates, through joint ventures, <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airport" title="Indira Gandhi International Airport">Indira Gandhi International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport" title="Rajiv Gandhi International Airport">Rajiv Gandhi International Airport</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengaluru International Airport">Bengaluru International Airport</a> is controlled by <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Financial" title="Fairfax Financial">Fairfax</a> .<a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport">Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaudhary_Charan_Singh_International_Airport" title="Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport">Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_International_Airport" title="Mangalore International Airport">Mangalore International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_International_Airport" title="Thiruvananthapuram International Airport">Thiruvananthapuram International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lokpriya_Gopinath_Bordoloi_International_Airport" title="Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport">Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaipur_International_Airport" title="Jaipur International Airport">Jaipur International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport</a> are operated by <a href="/wiki/Adani_Group" title="Adani Group">Adani Group</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Public_Private_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Private Partnership">Public Private Partnership</a> wherein <a href="/wiki/Adani_Group" title="Adani Group">Adani Group</a>, the operator pays <a href="/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_India" title="Airports Authority of India">Airports Authority of India</a>, the owner of the airports, a predetermined sum of money based on the number of passengers handled by the airports. The rest of India's airports are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_India" title="Airports Authority of India">Airports Authority of India</a>. In Pakistan nearly all civilian airports are owned and operated by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Civil_Aviation_Authority" title="Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority">Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority</a> except for <a href="/wiki/Sialkot_International_Airport" title="Sialkot International Airport">Sialkot International Airport</a> which has the distinction of being the first privately owned public airport in Pakistan and South Asia<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>In the US, commercial airports are generally operated directly by government entities or government-created <a href="/wiki/Airport_authority" title="Airport authority">airport authorities</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Port_authority" title="Port authority">port authorities</a>), such as the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_World_Airports" title="Los Angeles World Airports">Los Angeles World Airports</a> authority that oversees several airports in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Los Angeles area">Greater Los Angeles area</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles International Airport</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>In Canada, the federal authority, Transport Canada, divested itself of all but the remotest airports in 1999/2000. Now most airports in Canada are operated by individual legal authorities, such as Vancouver International Airport Authority (although still owned by Transport Canada); some airports, such as Boundary Bay Airport and Pitt Meadows Airport, are municipally owned. </p><p>Many US airports still lease part or all of their facilities to outside firms, who operate functions such as retail management and parking. All US commercial airport runways are certified by the FAA<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a> Title 14 Part 139, "Certification of Commercial Service Airports"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but maintained by the local airport under the regulatory authority of the FAA. </p><p>Despite the reluctance to privatize airports in the US (contrary to the <a href="/wiki/FAA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAA">FAA</a> sponsoring a privatization program since 1996), the government-owned, contractor-operated (GOCO) arrangement is the standard for the operation of commercial airports in the rest of the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport_funding">Airport funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Airport funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Airport_and_Airway_Trust_Fund" title="Airport and Airway Trust Fund">Airport & Airway Trust Fund</a> (AATF) was created by the <a href="/wiki/Airport_and_Airway_Development_Act_of_1970" title="Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970">Airport and Airway Development in 1970</a> which finances aviation programs in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Airport_Improvement_Program" title="Airport Improvement Program">Airport Improvement Program</a> (AIP), Facilities and Equipment (F&E), and Research, Engineering, and Development (RE&D) are the three major accounts of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> which are financed by the AATF, as well as pays for the FAA's Operation and Maintenance (O&M) account.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The funding of these accounts are dependent on the taxes the airports generate of revenues. <a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Passenger tickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_aircraft" title="Fuel economy in aircraft">fuel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cargo_aircraft" title="Cargo aircraft">cargo</a> tax are the taxes that are paid by the passengers and airlines help fund these accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport_revenue">Airport revenue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Airport revenue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Airports revenues are divided into three major parts: <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautical</a> revenue, non-aeronautical revenue, and non-operating revenue. Aeronautical revenue makes up 50% in 2021 (from 54% and 48% in 2019 and 2020, non-aeronautical revenue makes up 34% (40%, 39% in previous years), and non-operating revenue makes up 16% (6%, 14%) of the total revenue of airports.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aeronautical_revenue">Aeronautical revenue</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aeronautical revenue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aeronautical revenue are generated through airline rents and landing, passenger service, parking, and hangar fees. Landing fees are charged per aircraft for landing an airplane in the airport property.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Landing_fee" title="Landing fee">Landing fees</a> are calculated through the landing weight and the size of the aircraft which varies but most of the airports have a fixed rate and a charge extra for extra weight.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passenger service fees are charges per passengers for the facilities used on a flight like water, food, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">wifi</a> and shows which is paid while paying for an <a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">airline ticket</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Aircraft parking is also a major revenue source for airports. Aircraft are parked for a certain amount of time before or after takeoff and have to pay to park there.<sup id="cite_ref-researchgate.net_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every airport has its own rates of parking, for example, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F Kennedy airport</a> in New York City charges $45 per hour for a plane of 100,000 pounds and the price increases with weight.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-aeronautical_revenue">Non-aeronautical revenue</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-aeronautical revenue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-aeronautical revenue is gained through things other than aircraft operations. It includes lease revenue from compatible land-use development, non-aeronautical building leases, retail and concession sales, rental car operations, parking and in-airport advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concession revenue is one big part of non-aeronautical revenue airports makes through <a href="/wiki/Duty-free_shop" title="Duty-free shop">duty free</a>, bookstores, restaurants and money exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-researchgate.net_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Car parking is a growing source of revenue for airports, as more people use the <a href="/wiki/Parking_lot" title="Parking lot">parking facilities</a> of the airport. <a href="/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport" title="O'Hare International Airport">O'Hare International Airport</a> in Chicago charges $2 per hour for every car.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Price_regulation">Price regulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Price regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many airports are local monopolies. To prevent them from abusing their market power, governments regulate how much airports may charge to airlines, using <a href="/wiki/Price-cap_regulation" title="Price-cap regulation">price-cap regulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landside_and_airside_areas">Landside and airside areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Landside and airside areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Airside" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Airside_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Airside (disambiguation)">Airside (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>Airports are divided into landside and airside zones. The landside is subject to fewer <a href="/wiki/Lex_specialis" title="Lex specialis">special laws</a> and is part of the public realm, while access to the airside zone is tightly controlled. Landside facilities may include publicly accessible <a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">airport check-in</a> desks, shops and ground transportation facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airside area includes all parts of the airport around the aircraft, and the parts of the buildings that are restricted to staff, and sections of these extended to travelling, <a href="/wiki/Duty-free_shop" title="Duty-free shop">airside shopping</a>, dining, or waiting passengers. Depending on the airport, passengers and staff must be checked by <a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">security</a> or <a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">border control</a> before being permitted to enter the airside zone. Conversely, passengers arriving from an international flight must pass through <a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">border control</a> and customs to access the landside area, in which they exit, unless in airside transit. Most multi-terminal airports have (variously termed) flight/passenger/air connections buses, <a href="/wiki/Moving_walkway" title="Moving walkway">moving walkways</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">people movers</a> for inter-terminal airside transit. Their airlines can arrange for baggage to be routed directly to the passenger's destination. Most major airports issue a secure <a href="/wiki/Keycard" class="mw-redirect" title="Keycard">keycard</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Airside_pass" title="Airside pass">airside pass</a> to employees, to assist in their reliable, standardized and efficient verification of identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facilities">Facilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Special:FilePath/File:Cape_Town_International_Airport_Departures_Area.jpg" title="Special:FilePath/File:Cape Town International Airport Departures Area.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Cape_Town_International_Airport_Departures_Area.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cape_Town_International_Airport_Departures_Area.jpg/220px-Cape_Town_International_Airport_Departures_Area.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cape_Town_International_Airport_Departures_Area.jpg/330px-Cape_Town_International_Airport_Departures_Area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cape_Town_International_Airport_Departures_Area.jpg/440px-Cape_Town_International_Airport_Departures_Area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Airport" title="Cape Town International Airport">Cape Town International Airport</a>'s check-in hall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018-04-22-10-39-30-IMG_8270_(47054933302).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/2018-04-22-10-39-30-IMG_8270_%2847054933302%29.jpg/220px-2018-04-22-10-39-30-IMG_8270_%2847054933302%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/2018-04-22-10-39-30-IMG_8270_%2847054933302%29.jpg/330px-2018-04-22-10-39-30-IMG_8270_%2847054933302%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/2018-04-22-10-39-30-IMG_8270_%2847054933302%29.jpg/440px-2018-04-22-10-39-30-IMG_8270_%2847054933302%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Helsinki%E2%80%93Vantaa_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki–Vantaa Airport">Helsinki–Vantaa Airport</a>'s security clearance gates</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">terminal</a> is a building with passenger facilities. Small airports have one terminal. Large ones often have multiple terminals, though some large airports, like <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Amsterdam Airport Schiphol</a>, still have one terminal. The terminal has a series of <a href="/wiki/Gate_(airport)" title="Gate (airport)">gates</a>, which provide passengers with access to the plane. </p><p>Passenger facilities typically include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">Airport check-in</a>, including a baggage drop-off</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li>Passport control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_(airport)" title="Gate (airport)">Gates</a></li> <li>Waiting areas</li> <li>Baggage reclaim facilities, often in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Baggage_carousel" title="Baggage carousel">carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a> (international arrivals only)</li></ul> <p>Links between passenger facilities and aircraft include <a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">jet bridges</a> or <a href="/wiki/Airstair" title="Airstair">airstairs</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baggage_handling_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baggage handling systems (page does not exist)">Baggage handling systems</a> transport baggage from the baggage drop-off to departing planes, and from arriving planes to the baggage reclaim. </p><p>The area where the aircraft parks to load passengers and baggage is known as an <i>apron</i> or <i>ramp</i> (or incorrectly,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the tarmac"). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_03-2016_114_Airport_international_terminal_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mumbai_03-2016_114_Airport_international_terminal_interior.jpg/220px-Mumbai_03-2016_114_Airport_international_terminal_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mumbai_03-2016_114_Airport_international_terminal_interior.jpg/330px-Mumbai_03-2016_114_Airport_international_terminal_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mumbai_03-2016_114_Airport_international_terminal_interior.jpg/440px-Mumbai_03-2016_114_Airport_international_terminal_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4867" data-file-height="2738" /></a><figcaption>Terminal 2 at <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_International_Airport" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport">Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport_security">Airport security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Airport security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Airport_security_repercussions_due_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks">Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flughafenkontrolle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flughafenkontrolle.jpg/220px-Flughafenkontrolle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flughafenkontrolle.jpg/330px-Flughafenkontrolle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flughafenkontrolle.jpg/440px-Flughafenkontrolle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Baggage is scanned using <a href="/wiki/X-ray_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray generator">X-ray machines</a> as passengers walk through <a href="/wiki/Metal_detector" title="Metal detector">metal detectors</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Airport security normally requires baggage checks, metal screenings of individual persons, and rules against any object that could be used as a weapon. Since the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Real_ID_Act" title="Real ID Act">Real ID Act of 2005</a>, airport security has dramatically increased and gotten tighter and stricter than ever before. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Products_and_services">Products and services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Products and services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HFX_Airport_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/HFX_Airport_5.jpg/220px-HFX_Airport_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/HFX_Airport_5.jpg/330px-HFX_Airport_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/HFX_Airport_5.jpg/440px-HFX_Airport_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2486" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Food court and shops, <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Stanfield_International_Airport" title="Halifax Stanfield International Airport">Halifax Stanfield International Airport</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kempegowda_International_Airport,_Bengaluru_(Ank_Kumar)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kempegowda_International_Airport%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%29_01.jpg/220px-Kempegowda_International_Airport%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kempegowda_International_Airport%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%29_01.jpg/330px-Kempegowda_International_Airport%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kempegowda_International_Airport%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%29_01.jpg/440px-Kempegowda_International_Airport%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Duty-free shop at <a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_International_Airport" title="Kempegowda International Airport">Kempegowda International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services. Most of these companies, many of which are internationally known brands, are located within the departure areas. These include clothing boutiques and restaurants and in the US amounted to $4.2 billion in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prices charged for items sold at these outlets are generally higher than those outside the airport. However, some airports now regulate costs to keep them comparable to "street prices". This term is misleading as prices often match the <a href="/wiki/Manufacturers%27_suggested_retail_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturers' suggested retail price">manufacturers' suggested retail price</a> (MSRP) but are almost never discounted.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many new airports include walkthrough duty-free stores that require air passengers to enter a retail store upon exiting security.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Airport planners sometimes incorporate winding routes within these stores such that passengers encounter more goods as they walk towards their gate. Planners also install artworks next to the airport's shops in order to draw passengers into the stores. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoking_room_at_Abu_Dhabi_International_Airport_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Smoking_room_at_Abu_Dhabi_International_Airport_07.jpg/170px-Smoking_room_at_Abu_Dhabi_International_Airport_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Smoking_room_at_Abu_Dhabi_International_Airport_07.jpg/255px-Smoking_room_at_Abu_Dhabi_International_Airport_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Smoking_room_at_Abu_Dhabi_International_Airport_07.jpg/340px-Smoking_room_at_Abu_Dhabi_International_Airport_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Smoking area inside Abu Dhabi airport.</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from major fast food chains, some airport restaurants offer regional cuisine specialties for those in transit so that they may sample local food without leaving the airport.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some airport structures include on-site hotels built within or attached to a terminal building. Airport hotels have grown popular due to their convenience for transient passengers and easy accessibility to the airport terminal. Many airport hotels also have agreements with airlines to provide overnight lodging for displaced passengers. </p><p>Major airports in such countries as Russia and Japan offer miniature sleeping units within the airport that are available for rent by the hour. The smallest type is the <a href="/wiki/Capsule_hotel" title="Capsule hotel">capsule hotel</a> popular in Japan. A slightly larger variety is known as a <a href="/wiki/Sleep_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep box">sleep box</a>. An even larger type is provided by the company <a href="/wiki/YOTEL" class="mw-redirect" title="YOTEL">YOTEL</a>. </p><p>Some airports provide smoking areas and prayer areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premium_and_VIP_services">Premium and VIP services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Premium and VIP services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZiaAirportVIP-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ZiaAirportVIP-01.jpg/220px-ZiaAirportVIP-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ZiaAirportVIP-01.jpg/330px-ZiaAirportVIP-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ZiaAirportVIP-01.jpg/440px-ZiaAirportVIP-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shahjalal_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahjalal International Airport">Shahjalal International Airport</a>'s VIP <a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">Terminal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, Bangladesh </figcaption></figure> <p>Airports may also contain premium and <a href="/wiki/VIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VIP">VIP</a> services. The premium and VIP services may include express <a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">check-in</a> and dedicated check-in counters. These services are usually reserved for <a href="/wiki/First_class_(aviation)" title="First class (aviation)">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">business class</a> passengers, premium <a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">frequent flyers</a>, and members of the airline's clubs. Premium services may sometimes be open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program. This can sometimes be part of a reciprocal deal, as when multiple airlines are part of the same alliance, or as a ploy to attract premium customers away from rival airlines. </p><p>Sometimes these premium services will be offered to a non-premium passenger if the airline has made a mistake in handling of the passenger, such as unreasonable delays or mishandling of checked baggage. </p><p>Airline lounges frequently offer free or reduced cost food, as well as alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. Lounges themselves typically have <a href="/wiki/Airport_seating" title="Airport seating">seating</a>, showers, quiet areas, televisions, computer, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> and Internet access, and power outlets that passengers may use for their electronic equipment. Some airline lounges employ baristas, bartenders and gourmet chefs. </p><p>Airlines sometimes operate multiple lounges within the one airport terminal allowing ultra-premium customers, such as first class customers, additional services, which are not available to other premium customers. Multiple lounges may also prevent overcrowding of the lounge facilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cargo_and_freight_service">Cargo and freight service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cargo and freight service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to people, airports move cargo around the clock. <a href="/wiki/Cargo_airline" title="Cargo airline">Cargo airlines</a> often have their own on-site and adjacent infrastructure to transfer parcels between ground and air. </p><p>Cargo Terminal Facilities are areas where international airports export cargo has to be stored after customs clearance and prior to loading the aircraft. Similarly, import cargo that is offloaded needs to be in bond before the consignee decides to take delivery. Areas have to be kept aside for examination of export and import cargo by the airport authorities. Designated areas or sheds may be given to airlines or freight forward ring agencies. </p><p>Every cargo terminal has a landside and an airside. The landside is where the exporters and importers through either their agents or by themselves deliver or collect shipments while the airside is where loads are moved to or from the aircraft. In addition, cargo terminals are divided into distinct areas – export, import, and interline or transshipment. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeroporto_Internacional_de_Guararapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Aeroporto_Internacional_de_Guararapes.jpg/220px-Aeroporto_Internacional_de_Guararapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Aeroporto_Internacional_de_Guararapes.jpg/330px-Aeroporto_Internacional_de_Guararapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Aeroporto_Internacional_de_Guararapes.jpg/440px-Aeroporto_Internacional_de_Guararapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Recife_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Recife International Airport">Recife International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>, Brazil.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_and_onward_travel">Access and onward travel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Access and onward travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Airports require parking lots, for passengers who may leave the cars at the airport for a long period of time. Large airports will also have car-rental firms, taxi ranks, bus stops and sometimes a train station. </p><p>Many large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of <a href="/wiki/Multimodal_transport" title="Multimodal transport">multimodal transport</a>, for instance <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport" title="Frankfurt Airport">Frankfurt Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Amsterdam Airport Schiphol</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Haneda_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Haneda Airport">Tokyo Haneda Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Narita_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Narita Airport">Tokyo Narita Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamad_International_Airport" title="Hamad International Airport">Hamad International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Gatwick_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Gatwick Airport">London Gatwick Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport" title="London Stansted Airport">London Stansted Airport</a>. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> lines or other non-road public transport systems. Some examples of this would include the <a href="/wiki/AirTrain_JFK" title="AirTrain JFK">AirTrain JFK</a> at <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_New_York_City" title="Transportation in New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Link_light_rail" title="Link light rail">Link light rail</a> that runs from the heart of downtown <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Seattle%E2%80%93Tacoma_International_Airport" title="Seattle–Tacoma International Airport">Seattle–Tacoma International Airport</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Line_(MBTA)" title="Silver Line (MBTA)">Silver Line T</a> at <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan International Airport</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority" title="Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority">Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority</a> (MBTA). Such a connection lowers risk of missed flights due to <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a>. Large airports usually have access also through <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access highways</a> ('freeways' or 'motorways') from which motor vehicles enter either the departure loop or the arrival loop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_transport">Internal transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Internal transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_International_Airport_APM_Midfield_Concourse_Station_Train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hong_Kong_International_Airport_APM_Midfield_Concourse_Station_Train.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_International_Airport_APM_Midfield_Concourse_Station_Train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hong_Kong_International_Airport_APM_Midfield_Concourse_Station_Train.jpg/330px-Hong_Kong_International_Airport_APM_Midfield_Concourse_Station_Train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hong_Kong_International_Airport_APM_Midfield_Concourse_Station_Train.jpg/440px-Hong_Kong_International_Airport_APM_Midfield_Concourse_Station_Train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport_Automated_People_Mover" title="Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover">Automated People Mover</a> system at <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airport_people_mover_systems" title="List of airport people mover systems">List of airport people mover systems</a></div> <p>The distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide <a href="/wiki/Moving_walkway" title="Moving walkway">moving walkways</a>, buses, and rail transport systems. Some airports like <a href="/wiki/Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport" title="Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport">Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport" title="London Stansted Airport">London Stansted Airport</a> have a transit system that connects some of the gates to a main terminal. Airports with more than one terminal have a transit system to connect the terminals together, such as <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_International_Airport" title="Mexico City International Airport">Mexico City International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Gatwick_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Gatwick Airport">London Gatwick Airport</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Airport_operations">Airport operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Airport operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HFX_Airport_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/HFX_Airport_4.jpg/220px-HFX_Airport_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/HFX_Airport_4.jpg/330px-HFX_Airport_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/HFX_Airport_4.jpg/440px-HFX_Airport_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1755" /></a><figcaption>The apron from the top floor observation room, <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Stanfield_International_Airport" title="Halifax Stanfield International Airport">Halifax Stanfield International Airport</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>Airport operations are made possible by an organized network of trained <a href="/wiki/Team" title="Team">personnel</a>, specialized equipment, and <a href="/wiki/Spatial_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatial data">spatial data</a>. After thousands of ground operations staff left the industry during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, there have been discussions on the need for systemic improvements in three primary areas: </p> <ul><li>Improving talent acquisition and retention</li> <li>Implementing global standardizations</li> <li>Digitizing and automating processes<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Impervious_surface" title="Impervious surface">surfaces</a> where ground operations occur are generally divided into three regions: <a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">runways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxiway" title="Taxiway">taxiways</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Airport_apron" title="Airport apron">aprons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_traffic_control">Air traffic control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Air traffic control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangalore_Traffic_India_Atc_Tower_Airport_Control_(48186335651).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bangalore_Traffic_India_Atc_Tower_Airport_Control_%2848186335651%29.jpg/220px-Bangalore_Traffic_India_Atc_Tower_Airport_Control_%2848186335651%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bangalore_Traffic_India_Atc_Tower_Airport_Control_%2848186335651%29.jpg/330px-Bangalore_Traffic_India_Atc_Tower_Airport_Control_%2848186335651%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bangalore_Traffic_India_Atc_Tower_Airport_Control_%2848186335651%29.jpg/440px-Bangalore_Traffic_India_Atc_Tower_Airport_Control_%2848186335651%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Airport Tower, <a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_International_Airport" title="Kempegowda International Airport">Kempegowda International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a> (ATC) is the task of managing aircraft movements and making sure they are safe, orderly and expeditious. At the largest airports, air traffic control is a series of highly complex operations that requires managing frequent traffic that moves in all three dimensions. </p><p>A "towered" or "controlled" airport has a <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control#Air_traffic_control_tower" title="Air traffic control">control tower</a> where the air traffic controllers are based. Pilots are required to maintain two-way radio communication with the controllers, and to acknowledge and comply with their instructions. A "<a href="/wiki/Non-towered_airport" title="Non-towered airport">non-towered</a>" airport has no operating control tower and therefore two-way radio communications are not required, though it is good operating practice for pilots to transmit their intentions on the airport's <a href="/wiki/Common_traffic_advisory_frequency" title="Common traffic advisory frequency">common traffic advisory frequency</a> (CTAF) for the benefit of other aircraft in the area. The CTAF may be a Universal Integrated Community (UNICOM), MULTICOM, Flight Service Station (FSS), or tower frequency. </p><p>The majority of the world's airports are small facilities without a tower. Not all towered airports have <a href="/wiki/24/7" class="mw-redirect" title="24/7">24/7</a> ATC operations. In those cases, non-towered procedures apply when the tower is not in use, such as at night. Non-towered airports come under <a href="/wiki/Area_control_center" title="Area control center">area (en-route) control</a>. <a href="/wiki/Remote_and_virtual_tower" title="Remote and virtual tower">Remote and virtual tower</a> (RVT) is a system in which ATC is handled by controllers who are not present at the airport itself. </p><p>Air traffic control responsibilities at airports are usually divided into at least two main areas: <i>ground</i> and <i>tower</i>, though a single controller may work both stations. The busiest airports may subdivide responsibilities further, with <i>clearance delivery</i>, <i>apron control</i>, and/or other specialized ATC stations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ground_control">Ground control</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ground control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ground control is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated "<a href="/wiki/Maneuvering_area" title="Maneuvering area">movement areas</a>", except the traffic on runways. This includes planes, baggage trains, snowplows, grass cutters, fuel trucks, stair trucks, airline food trucks, conveyor belt vehicles and other vehicles. Ground Control will instruct these vehicles on which taxiways to use, which runway they will use (in the case of planes), where they will park, and when it is safe to cross runways. When a plane is ready to takeoff it will be turned over to tower control. Conversely, after a plane has landed it will depart the runway and be "handed over" from Tower to Ground Control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tower_control">Tower control</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tower control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tower control is responsible for aircraft on the runway and in the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_airspace" title="Controlled airspace">controlled airspace</a> immediately surrounding the airport. Tower controllers may use radar to locate an aircraft's position in 3D space, or they may rely on pilot position reports and visual observation. They coordinate the sequencing of aircraft in the traffic pattern and direct aircraft on how to safely join and leave the circuit. Aircraft which are only passing through the airspace must also contact tower control to be sure they remain clear of other traffic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traffic_pattern">Traffic pattern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Traffic pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Airfield_traffic_pattern" title="Airfield traffic pattern">Airfield traffic pattern</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Airport_Traffic_Pattern_with_Upwind_Leg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Left-hand circuit pattern"><img alt="Left-hand circuit pattern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Airport_Traffic_Pattern_with_Upwind_Leg.svg/400px-Airport_Traffic_Pattern_with_Upwind_Leg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Airport_Traffic_Pattern_with_Upwind_Leg.svg/600px-Airport_Traffic_Pattern_with_Upwind_Leg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Airport_Traffic_Pattern_with_Upwind_Leg.svg/800px-Airport_Traffic_Pattern_with_Upwind_Leg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="105" /></a><figcaption>Left-hand circuit pattern</figcaption></figure> <p>At all airports the use of a <a href="/wiki/Airfield_traffic_pattern" title="Airfield traffic pattern">traffic pattern</a> (often called a <i>traffic circuit</i> outside the US) is possible. They may help to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There is no technical need within modern commercial aviation for performing this pattern, <i>provided there is no queue</i>. And due to the so-called SLOT-times, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided. If for instance an aircraft approaches runway 17 (which has a heading of approx. 170 degrees) from the north (coming from 360/0 degrees heading towards 180 degrees), the aircraft will land as fast as possible by just turning 10 degrees and follow the <a href="/wiki/Glidepath" class="mw-redirect" title="Glidepath">glidepath</a>, without orbit the runway for visual reasons, whenever this is possible. For smaller piston engined airplanes at smaller airfields without <a href="/wiki/Instrument_Landing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument Landing System">ILS</a> equipment, things are very different though. </p><p>Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five "legs" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to join and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude, usually 800 or 1,000 ft (244 or 305 m) <a href="/wiki/Above_ground_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above ground level">above ground level</a> (AGL). Standard traffic patterns are <i>left-handed</i>, meaning all turns are made to the left. One of the main reason for this is that pilots sit on the left side of the airplane, and a Left-hand patterns improves their visibility of the airport and pattern. Right-handed patterns do exist, usually because of obstacles such as a mountain, or to reduce noise for local residents. The predetermined circuit helps traffic flow smoothly because all pilots know what to expect, and helps reduce the chance of a <a href="/wiki/Mid-air_collision" title="Mid-air collision">mid-air collision</a>. </p><p>At controlled airports, a circuit can be in place but is not normally used. Rather, aircraft (usually only commercial with long routes) request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport; the destination airport can then plan a queue of arrivals, and planes will be guided into one queue per active runway for a "straight-in" approach. While this system keeps the airspace free and is simpler for pilots, it requires detailed knowledge of how aircraft are planning to use the airport ahead of time and is therefore only possible with large commercial airliners on pre-scheduled flights. The system has recently become so advanced that controllers can predict whether an aircraft will be delayed on landing before it even takes off; that aircraft can then be delayed on the ground, rather than wasting expensive fuel waiting in the air. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigational_aids">Navigational aids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Navigational aids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasi-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vasi-1.JPG/220px-Vasi-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vasi-1.JPG/330px-Vasi-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Vasi-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>Standard <a href="/wiki/Visual_Approach_Slope_Indicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Approach Slope Indicator">Visual Approach Slope Indicator</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are a number of aids, both visual and electronic, though not at all airports. A <a href="/wiki/Visual_approach_slope_indicator" title="Visual approach slope indicator">visual approach slope indicator</a> (VASI) helps pilots fly the approach for landing. Some airports are equipped with a <a href="/wiki/VHF_omnidirectional_range" title="VHF omnidirectional range">VHF omnidirectional range</a> (VOR) to help pilots find the direction to the airport. VORs are often accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Distance_measuring_equipment" title="Distance measuring equipment">distance measuring equipment</a> (DME) to determine the distance to the VOR. VORs are also located off airports, where they serve to provide airways for aircraft to navigate upon. In poor weather, pilots will use an <a href="/wiki/Instrument_landing_system" title="Instrument landing system">instrument landing system</a> (ILS) to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground. The number of instrument approaches based on the use of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) is rapidly increasing and may eventually become the primary means for instrument landings. </p><p>Larger airports sometimes offer <a href="/wiki/Precision_approach_radar" title="Precision approach radar">precision approach radar</a> (PAR), but these systems are more common at military air bases than civilian airports. The aircraft's horizontal and vertical movement is tracked via radar, and the controller tells the pilot his position relative to the <a href="/wiki/Final_approach_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Final approach (aviation)">approach slope</a>. Once the pilots can see the runway lights, they may continue with a visual landing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxiway_signs">Taxiway signs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Taxiway signs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Taxiway#Taxiway_signs" title="Taxiway">Taxiway § Taxiway signs</a></div> <p>Airport guidance signs provide direction and information to taxiing aircraft and airport vehicles. Smaller aerodromes may have few or no signs, relying instead on diagrams and charts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lighting">Lighting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Taxiway#Taxiway_lights" title="Taxiway">Taxiway § Taxiway lights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Runway#Runway_lighting" title="Runway">Runway § Runway lighting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATL_TWY_B_-_RWY_Crossing_(13534655025).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ATL_TWY_B_-_RWY_Crossing_%2813534655025%29.jpg/220px-ATL_TWY_B_-_RWY_Crossing_%2813534655025%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ATL_TWY_B_-_RWY_Crossing_%2813534655025%29.jpg/330px-ATL_TWY_B_-_RWY_Crossing_%2813534655025%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ATL_TWY_B_-_RWY_Crossing_%2813534655025%29.jpg/440px-ATL_TWY_B_-_RWY_Crossing_%2813534655025%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4602" data-file-height="3068" /></a><figcaption>Airport lighting</figcaption></figure> <p>Many airports have <a href="/wiki/Runway_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Runway lighting">lighting</a> that help guide planes using the runways and taxiways at night or in rain or fog. </p><p>On runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing, while red lights indicate the end of the runway. <a href="/wiki/Runway_edge_lights" title="Runway edge lights">Runway edge lighting</a> consists of white lights spaced out on both sides of the runway, indicating the edges. Some airports have more complicated lighting on the runways including lights that run down the centerline of the runway and lights that help indicate the approach (an <a href="/wiki/Approach_lighting_system" title="Approach lighting system">approach lighting system</a>, or ALS). Low-traffic airports may use <a href="/wiki/Pilot-controlled_lighting" title="Pilot-controlled lighting">pilot-controlled lighting</a> to save electricity and staffing costs. </p><p>Along taxiways, blue lights indicate the taxiway's edge, and some airports have embedded green lights that indicate the centerline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weather_observations">Weather observations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Weather observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Surface_weather_observation" title="Surface weather observation">Surface weather observation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">Weather station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automated_airport_weather_station" title="Automated airport weather station">Automated airport weather station</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Automatic_weather_station" title="Automatic weather station">Automatic weather station</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-07-09_Eureka_Airport_AWOS_viewed_from_the_south.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/2008-07-09_Eureka_Airport_AWOS_viewed_from_the_south.jpg/220px-2008-07-09_Eureka_Airport_AWOS_viewed_from_the_south.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/2008-07-09_Eureka_Airport_AWOS_viewed_from_the_south.jpg/330px-2008-07-09_Eureka_Airport_AWOS_viewed_from_the_south.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/2008-07-09_Eureka_Airport_AWOS_viewed_from_the_south.jpg/440px-2008-07-09_Eureka_Airport_AWOS_viewed_from_the_south.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Automated weather system</figcaption></figure> <p>Weather observations at the airport are crucial to safe takeoffs and landings. In the United States and Canada, the vast majority of airports, large and small, will either have some form of <a href="/wiki/Automated_airport_weather_station" title="Automated airport weather station">automated airport weather station</a>, whether an AWOS, ASOS, or AWSS, a human observer or a combination of the two. These weather observations, predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/METAR" title="METAR">METAR</a> format, are available over the radio, through <a href="/wiki/Automatic_terminal_information_service" title="Automatic terminal information service">automatic terminal information service</a> (ATIS), via the ATC or the <a href="/wiki/Flight_service_station" title="Flight service station">flight service station</a>. </p><p>Planes take-off and land <i>into</i> the wind to achieve maximum performance. Because pilots need instantaneous information during landing, a <a href="/wiki/Windsock" title="Windsock">windsock</a> can also be kept in view of the runway. Aviation windsocks are made with lightweight material, withstand strong winds and some are lit up after dark or in foggy weather. Because visibility of windsocks is limited, often multiple glow-orange windsocks are placed on both sides of the runway.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport_ground_crew_(ground_handling)"><span id="Airport_ground_crew_.28ground_handling.29"></span>Airport ground crew (ground handling)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Airport ground crew (ground handling)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ground_support_equipment" title="Ground support equipment">Ground support equipment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KLM_777_pushback.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/KLM_777_pushback.jpg/220px-KLM_777_pushback.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/KLM_777_pushback.jpg/330px-KLM_777_pushback.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/KLM_777_pushback.jpg/440px-KLM_777_pushback.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>An aircraft tow tractor moving a <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Narita" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Narita">Tokyo Narita</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-02-22_10-06-11_South_Africa_Kwa_Zulu_Natal_Tongaat_King_Shaka_International_Airport.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/2013-02-22_10-06-11_South_Africa_Kwa_Zulu_Natal_Tongaat_King_Shaka_International_Airport.JPG/220px-2013-02-22_10-06-11_South_Africa_Kwa_Zulu_Natal_Tongaat_King_Shaka_International_Airport.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/2013-02-22_10-06-11_South_Africa_Kwa_Zulu_Natal_Tongaat_King_Shaka_International_Airport.JPG/330px-2013-02-22_10-06-11_South_Africa_Kwa_Zulu_Natal_Tongaat_King_Shaka_International_Airport.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/2013-02-22_10-06-11_South_Africa_Kwa_Zulu_Natal_Tongaat_King_Shaka_International_Airport.JPG/440px-2013-02-22_10-06-11_South_Africa_Kwa_Zulu_Natal_Tongaat_King_Shaka_International_Airport.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Ground operations with a <a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways" title="South African Airways">South African Airways</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320-200" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A320-200">Airbus A320-200</a> at <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>'s <a href="/wiki/King_Shaka_International_Airport" title="King Shaka International Airport">King Shaka International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport%2C_Osaka%2C_Japan.webm/220px--Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport%2C_Osaka%2C_Japan.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport,_Osaka,_Japan.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport,_Osaka,_Japan.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7e/Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport%2C_Osaka%2C_Japan.webm/Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport%2C_Osaka%2C_Japan.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7e/Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport%2C_Osaka%2C_Japan.webm/Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport%2C_Osaka%2C_Japan.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7e/Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport%2C_Osaka%2C_Japan.webm/Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport%2C_Osaka%2C_Japan.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport%2C_Osaka%2C_Japan.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7e/Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport%2C_Osaka%2C_Japan.webm/Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport%2C_Osaka%2C_Japan.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7e/Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport%2C_Osaka%2C_Japan.webm/Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport%2C_Osaka%2C_Japan.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7e/Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport%2C_Osaka%2C_Japan.webm/Time-lapse_and_tilt-shift_views_of_Osaka_International_Airport%2C_Osaka%2C_Japan.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Time-lapse (<a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">tilt-shifted</a>) of ground crew operations at <a href="/wiki/Itami_Airport" title="Itami Airport">Osaka International Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most airports have <a href="/wiki/Groundcrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundcrew">groundcrew</a> handling the loading and unloading of passengers, crew, baggage and other services. Some groundcrew are linked to specific airlines. </p><p>Among the vehicles that serve an airliner on the ground are: </p> <ul><li>A tow tractor to move the aircraft in and out of the berth.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">jet bridge</a> (in some airports) or stairs unit to allow passengers to embark and disembark.</li> <li>A ground power unit for supplying electricity. As the engines will be switched off, they will not be generating electricity as they do in flight.</li> <li>A cleaning service.</li> <li>A catering service to deliver food and drinks for a flight.</li> <li>A toilet waste truck to empty the tank which holds the waste from the toilets in the aircraft.</li> <li>A water truck to fill the water tanks of the aircraft.</li> <li>A refueling vehicle. The fuel may come from a tanker, or from underground fuel tanks.</li> <li>A conveyor belt unit for loading and unloading luggage.</li> <li>A vehicle to transport luggage to and from the terminal.</li></ul> <p>The length of time an aircraft remains on the ground in between consecutive flights is known as "<a href="/wiki/Turnaround_time" title="Turnaround time">turnaround time</a>". Airlines seek to minimize turnaround times, with times scheduled as low as 25 minutes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintenance_management">Maintenance management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Maintenance management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like industrial equipment or facility management, airports require tailor-made maintenance management due to their complexity. With many tangible assets spread over a large area in different environments, these infrastructures must therefore effectively monitor these assets and store spare parts to maintain them at an optimal level of service.<sup id="cite_ref-Mothes_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mothes-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To manage these airport assets, several solutions are competing for the market: <a href="/wiki/Computerized_maintenance_management_system" title="Computerized maintenance management system">CMMS (computerized maintenance management system)</a> predominate, and mainly enable a company's maintenance activity to be monitored, planned, recorded and rationalized.<sup id="cite_ref-Mothes_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mothes-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_management">Safety management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Safety management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altenburg-Nobitz_Airport_Rosenbauer_Panther.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Altenburg-Nobitz_Airport_Rosenbauer_Panther.jpg/220px-Altenburg-Nobitz_Airport_Rosenbauer_Panther.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Altenburg-Nobitz_Airport_Rosenbauer_Panther.jpg/330px-Altenburg-Nobitz_Airport_Rosenbauer_Panther.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Altenburg-Nobitz_Airport_Rosenbauer_Panther.jpg/440px-Altenburg-Nobitz_Airport_Rosenbauer_Panther.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>"FLF Panther" airport crash tender in Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/220px--Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="36" data-mwtitle="Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Road crossing of (<a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>) A970 with <a href="/wiki/Sumburgh_Airport" title="Sumburgh Airport">Sumburgh Airport</a>'s runway. The movable barrier closes when aircraft land or take off.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a> is an important concern in the operation of an airport, and almost every airfield includes equipment and procedures for handling emergency situations. <a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a> crews are equipped for dealing with airfield accidents, crew and passenger extractions, and the hazards of highly flammable <a href="/wiki/Aviation_fuel" title="Aviation fuel">aviation fuel</a>. The crews are also trained to deal with situations such as bomb threats, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">hijacking</a>, and terrorist activities. </p><p>Hazards to aircraft include debris, nesting birds, and reduced friction levels due to environmental conditions such as ice, snow, or rain. Part of runway maintenance is <a href="/wiki/Airfield_rubber_removal" title="Airfield rubber removal">airfield rubber removal</a> which helps maintain friction levels. The fields must be kept clear of debris using cleaning equipment so that loose material does not become a projectile and enter an engine duct (see <a href="/wiki/Foreign_object_damage" title="Foreign object damage">foreign object damage</a>). In adverse weather conditions, ice and snow clearing equipment can be used to improve traction on the landing strip. For waiting aircraft, equipment is used to spray special <a href="/wiki/Deicing" title="Deicing">deicing</a> fluids on the wings. </p><p>Many airports are built near open fields or <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>. These tend to attract bird populations, which can pose a hazard to aircraft in the form of <a href="/wiki/Bird_strike" title="Bird strike">bird strikes</a>. Airport crews often need to discourage birds from taking up residence. </p><p>Some airports are located next to parks, golf courses, or other low-density uses of land. Other airports are located near densely populated urban or suburban areas. </p><p>An airport can have areas where collisions between aircraft on the ground tend to occur. Records are kept of any <a href="/wiki/Runway_incursion" title="Runway incursion">incursions</a> where aircraft or vehicles are in an inappropriate location, allowing these "hot spots" to be identified. These locations then undergo special attention by transportation authorities (such as the FAA in the US) and airport administrators. </p><p>During the 1980s, a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Microburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Microburst">microburst</a> became a growing concern due to <a href="/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Aviation accidents and incidents">aircraft accidents</a> caused by microburst <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_191" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 191">Delta Air Lines Flight 191</a>. Microburst radar was developed as an aid to safety during landing, giving two to five minutes' warning to aircraft in the vicinity of the field of a microburst event. </p><p>Some airfields now have a special surface known as soft concrete at the end of the runway (<a href="/wiki/Blast_pad" class="mw-redirect" title="Blast pad">stopway</a> or blastpad) that behaves somewhat like <a href="/wiki/Styrofoam" title="Styrofoam">styrofoam</a>, bringing the plane to a relatively rapid halt as the material disintegrates. These surfaces are useful when the runway is located next to a body of water or other hazard, and prevent the planes from overrunning the end of the field. </p><p>Airports often have <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_rescue_and_firefighting" title="Aircraft rescue and firefighting">on-site firefighters</a> to respond to emergencies. These use specialized vehicles, known as <a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">airport crash tenders</a>. Most civil aviation authorities have required levels of on-site emergency response capabilities based on an airport's traffic. At airports where civil and military operations share a common set of runways and infrastructure, emergency response is often managed by the relevant military unit as part of their base's operations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_concerns_and_sustainability">Environmental concerns and sustainability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Environmental concerns and sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_cells_near_cargo_terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Solar_cells_near_cargo_terminal.jpg/220px-Solar_cells_near_cargo_terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Solar_cells_near_cargo_terminal.jpg/330px-Solar_cells_near_cargo_terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Solar_cells_near_cargo_terminal.jpg/440px-Solar_cells_near_cargo_terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Solar panels at <a href="/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport" title="Cochin International Airport">Cochin International Airport</a>, India, the world's first airport to be fully powered by solar energy.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pista_Congonhas01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pista_Congonhas01.jpg/220px-Pista_Congonhas01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pista_Congonhas01.jpg/330px-Pista_Congonhas01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pista_Congonhas01.jpg/440px-Pista_Congonhas01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Runway at <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo-Congonhas_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo-Congonhas Airport">São Paulo-Congonhas Airport</a> in Brazil.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">Environmental impact of aviation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft noise">Aircraft noise</a> is a major cause of <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise disturbance</a> to residents living near airports. Sleep can be affected if the airports operate night and early morning flights. Aircraft noise occurs not only from take-offs and landings but also from ground operations including maintenance and testing of aircraft. Noise can have <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">other health effects</a> as well. Other noises and environmental concerns are vehicle traffic causing noise and pollution on roads leading to the airport.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction of new airports or addition of runways to existing airports, is often resisted by local residents because of the effect on countryside, historical sites, and local flora and fauna. Due to the risk of collision between birds and aircraft, large airports undertake population control programs where they frighten or shoot birds.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction of airports has been known to change local weather patterns. For example, because they often flatten out large areas, they can be susceptible to fog in areas where fog rarely forms. In addition, they generally replace trees and grass with pavement, they often change drainage patterns in agricultural areas, leading to more flooding, run-off and erosion in the surrounding land.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Airports are often built on low-lying coastal land, globally 269 airports are at risk of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">coastal flooding</a> now.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A temperature rise of 2<sup>o</sup>C – consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> – would lead to 100 airports being below mean sea level and 364 airports at risk of flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If global mean temperature rise exceeds this then as many as 572 airports will be at risk by 2100, leading to major disruptions without appropriate adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EFKU_Terminal_1966_HKMS000005_D234.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/EFKU_Terminal_1966_HKMS000005_D234.jpg/220px-EFKU_Terminal_1966_HKMS000005_D234.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/EFKU_Terminal_1966_HKMS000005_D234.jpg/330px-EFKU_Terminal_1966_HKMS000005_D234.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/EFKU_Terminal_1966_HKMS000005_D234.jpg/440px-EFKU_Terminal_1966_HKMS000005_D234.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>Open area near the runway at the <a href="/wiki/Kuopio_Airport" title="Kuopio Airport">Kuopio Airport</a>, in 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the airport administrations prepare and publish annual environmental reports to show how they consider these environmental concerns in airport management issues and how they protect environment from airport operations. These reports contain all <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a> measures performed by airport administration in terms of water, air, soil and noise pollution, resource conservation and protection of natural life around the airport. </p><p>A 2019 report from the Cooperative Research Programs of the US <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Research_Board" title="Transportation Research Board">Transportation Research Board</a> showed all airports have a role to play in advancing greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction initiatives. Small airports have demonstrated leadership by using their less complex organizational structure to implement newer technologies and to serve as a proving ground for their feasibility. Large airports have the economic stability and staff resources necessary to grow in-house expertise and fund comprehensive new programs.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A growing number of airports are installing solar <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a> arrays to offset their electricity use.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="National Renewable Energy Lab">National Renewable Energy Lab</a> has shown this can be done safely.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can also be done on the roofs of the airports and it has been found that the solar panels on these buildings work more effectively when compared to residential panels.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The world's first airport to be fully powered by solar energy is located at <a href="/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport" title="Cochin International Airport">Kochi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India. Another airport known for considering environmental concerns is <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Airport" title="Seymour Airport">Seymour Airport</a> in the Galapagos Islands. </p><p>As a part of their sustainability efforts, more and more airports are starting to explore the consequences of more electric aircraft coming into service. Electric aircraft need a lot of energy; operating 49 small 50 passenger short range battery electric aircraft would demand at least 16 GWh/year,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with short turnaround times between different flights, the charging powers have to be substantial. To tackle these issues, more airports are starting to look into alternative energy production such as solar power and wind power, but also how to use airport areas for biomass production.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another solution investigated is to use energy storage to charge during the night and use to charge the aircraft during daytime.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Airport_hygiene_and_public_health_concerns">Airport hygiene and public health concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Airport hygiene and public health concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Airports, as major international travel hubs, have the potential to be significant transmission points for infectious diseases. A notable study conducted during the peak of the 2015–2016 <a href="/wiki/Flu_season" title="Flu season">flu season</a> at Helsinki-Vantaa airport in Finland revealed that commonly touched surfaces in airports, especially the plastic security screening trays, are highly susceptible to contamination by respiratory viruses. These trays are touched by hundreds of passengers daily and, being made of plastic, a non-porous material, provide an environment where viruses can survive for extended periods. In comparison, bathroom surfaces in the same airport tested negative for respiratory viruses, possibly indicating a heightened awareness of hygiene in these spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hand hygiene plays a pivotal role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases in airports. Research indicates that only about 70% of individuals wash their hands after using the toilet, and of those, only 50% do so correctly. In airport settings, just one in five individuals maintain clean hands—defined as washing with soap for at least 15 seconds in the preceding hour. Given the frequent touching of shared surfaces in airports, such as trays, railings, and touch panels, this poses a significant risk for disease transmission. A study from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cyprus" title="University of Cyprus">University of Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> used models and simulations to demonstrate that increasing hand cleanliness from 20% to 30% in all airports could reduce the potential global impact of a disease by 24%. If cleanliness levels reached 60%, this impact could decrease by 69%. Focusing on just the top 10 most influential airports for disease spread, enhancing hand hygiene practices could still significantly reduce disease transmission rates from 45% to 37%. The findings underscore the importance of promoting hand-washing in airports as a key measure in preventing the global spread of diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_air_base"><span class="anchor" id="Military_airbase"></span> Military air base</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Military air base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_base" title="Air base">Air base</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Air_Contingent,_NATO_Baltic_Air-policing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/French_Air_Contingent%2C_NATO_Baltic_Air-policing.jpg/220px-French_Air_Contingent%2C_NATO_Baltic_Air-policing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/French_Air_Contingent%2C_NATO_Baltic_Air-policing.jpg/330px-French_Air_Contingent%2C_NATO_Baltic_Air-policing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/French_Air_Contingent%2C_NATO_Baltic_Air-policing.jpg/440px-French_Air_Contingent%2C_NATO_Baltic_Air-policing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighter aircraft</a> at an airbase in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An airbase, sometimes referred to as an <i>air station</i> or <i>airfield</i>, provides basing and support of <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">military aircraft</a>. Some airbases, known as <i>military airports</i>, provide facilities similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton" title="RAF Brize Norton">RAF Brize Norton</a> in the UK has a terminal that caters to passengers for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>'s scheduled flights to the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>. Some airbases are co-located with civilian airports, sharing the same ATC facilities, runways, taxiways and emergency services, but with separate terminals, parking areas and hangars. <a href="/wiki/Bardufoss_Airport" title="Bardufoss Airport">Bardufoss Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bardufoss_Air_Station" title="Bardufoss Air Station">Bardufoss Air Station</a> in Norway and <a href="/wiki/Pune_Airport" title="Pune Airport">Pune Airport</a> in India are examples of this. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> is a warship that functions as a mobile airbase. Aircraft carriers allow a <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">naval force</a> to project <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">air power</a> without having to depend on local bases for land-based aircraft. After their development in World War I, aircraft carriers replaced the battleship as the centrepiece of a modern fleet during World War II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Airport_designation_and_naming">Airport designation and naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Airport designation and naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of airports">List of airports</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tallinn_Airport_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tallinn_Airport_entrance.jpg/220px-Tallinn_Airport_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tallinn_Airport_entrance.jpg/330px-Tallinn_Airport_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tallinn_Airport_entrance.jpg/440px-Tallinn_Airport_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Entrance of <a href="/wiki/Tallinn_Airport" title="Tallinn Airport">Tallinn Airport</a>, also known as <i>Lennart Meri Airport</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Most airports in the United States are designated "private-use airports" meaning that, whether publicly- or privately owned, the airport is not open or available for use by the public (although use of the airport may be made available by invitation of the owner or manager). </p><p>Most airport names include the location. Many airport names honour a public figure, commonly a politician (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Charles de Gaulle Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lennart_Meri_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lennart Meri Airport">Lennart Meri Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/O._R._Tambo_International_Airport" title="O. R. Tambo International Airport">O.R. Tambo International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soekarno%E2%80%93Hatta_International_Airport" title="Soekarno–Hatta International Airport">Soekarno–Hatta International Airport</a>), a monarch (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport">Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Shaka_International_Airport" title="King Shaka International Airport">King Shaka International Airport</a>), a cultural leader (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport" title="Liverpool John Lennon Airport">Liverpool John Lennon Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci-Fiumicino_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport">Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong_New_Orleans_International_Airport" title="Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport">Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport</a>) or a prominent figure in aviation history of the region (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Kingsford_Smith_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Kingsford Smith Airport">Sydney Kingsford Smith Airport</a>), sometimes even famous writers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_International_Airport" title="Allama Iqbal International Airport">Allama Iqbal International Airport</a>) and explorers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Venice_Marco_Polo_Airport" title="Venice Marco Polo Airport">Venice Marco Polo Airport</a>). </p><p>Some airports have unofficial names, possibly so widely circulated that its official name is little used or even known.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some airport names include the word "International" to indicate their ability to handle <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international air traffic</a>. This includes some airports that do not have scheduled international airline services (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth International Airport">Port Elizabeth International Airport</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest aircraft takeoff and landing sites were grassy fields.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plane could approach at any angle that provided a favorable wind direction. A slight improvement was the dirt-only field, which eliminated the drag from grass. However, these functioned well only in dry conditions. Later, concrete surfaces would allow landings regardless of meteorological conditions. </p><p>The title of "world's oldest airport" is disputed. <a href="/wiki/Toussus-le-Noble_Airport" title="Toussus-le-Noble Airport">Toussus-le-Noble airport</a> near Paris was established in 1907 and has been operating since. <a href="/wiki/College_Park_Airport" title="College Park Airport">College Park Airport</a> in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a> serves only <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> traffic. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Nanyuan_Airport" title="Beijing Nanyuan Airport">Beijing Nanyuan Airport</a> in China, which was built to accommodate planes in 1904, and airships in 1907, opened in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in operation until September 2019. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Field_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Field Airport">Pearson Field Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver, Washington</a>, United States, was built to accommodate planes in 1905 and airships in 1911, and is still in use as of February 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Airport" title="Hamburg Airport">Hamburg Airport</a> opened in January 1911, making it the oldest commercial airport in the world which is still in operation. <a href="/wiki/Bremen_Airport" title="Bremen Airport">Bremen Airport</a> opened in 1913 and remains in use, although it served as an American military field between 1945 and 1949. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Amsterdam Airport Schiphol</a> opened on September 16, 1916, as a military airfield, but has accepted <a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation" title="Civil aviation">civil aircraft</a> only since December 17, 1920, allowing <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Airport" title="Sydney Airport">Sydney Airport</a>—which started operations in January 1920—to claim to be one of the world's oldest continuously operating commercial airports.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis-Saint_Paul_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport">Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport</a> in the US opened in 1920 and has been in continuous commercial service since. It serves about 35,000,000 passengers each year and continues to expand, recently opening a new 11,000-foot (3,355 m) runway. Of the airports constructed during this early period in aviation, it is one of the largest and busiest that is still currently operating. <a href="/wiki/Don_Mueang_International_Airport" title="Don Mueang International Airport">Don Mueang International Airport</a> near Bangkok, Thailand, opened 1914, is also a contender, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Ciampino_Airport" title="Rome Ciampino Airport">Rome Ciampino Airport</a>, which opened in 1916. Increased aircraft traffic during World War I led to the construction of landing fields. Aircraft had to approach these from certain directions and this led to the development of aids for directing the approach and landing slope. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosasairp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bosasairp.jpg/220px-Bosasairp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bosasairp.jpg/330px-Bosasairp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bosasairp.jpg/440px-Bosasairp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bender_Qassim_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bender Qassim International Airport">Bender Qassim International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bosaso" title="Bosaso">Bosaso</a>, Somalia (2007).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Orleans_postcard_Moissant_Airport_1960s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/New_Orleans_postcard_Moissant_Airport_1960s.jpg/220px-New_Orleans_postcard_Moissant_Airport_1960s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/New_Orleans_postcard_Moissant_Airport_1960s.jpg/330px-New_Orleans_postcard_Moissant_Airport_1960s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/New_Orleans_postcard_Moissant_Airport_1960s.jpg/440px-New_Orleans_postcard_Moissant_Airport_1960s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans International Airport">New Orleans International Airport</a> passenger terminal building in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> (1960s).</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was <a href="/wiki/Paris_%E2%80%93_Le_Bourget_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris – Le Bourget Airport">Paris – Le Bourget Airport</a> at <a href="/wiki/Le_Bourget" title="Le Bourget">Le Bourget</a>, near Paris. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was <a href="/wiki/Hounslow_Heath_Aerodrome" title="Hounslow Heath Aerodrome">Hounslow Heath Aerodrome</a> in August 1919, but it was closed and supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Croydon_Airport" title="Croydon Airport">Croydon Airport</a> in March 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922, the first permanent airport and commercial terminal solely for commercial aviation was opened at <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Devau_Airport" title="Kaliningrad Devau Airport">Flughafen Devau</a> near what was then <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>, East Prussia. The airports of this era used a paved "apron", which permitted night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft. </p><p>The first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Approach_lighting_system" title="Approach lighting system">approach lighting</a> came into use. These indicated the proper direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO). In the 1940s, the slope-line approach system was introduced. This consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel indicating an aircraft's position on the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_landing_system" title="Instrument landing system">glideslope</a>. Additional lights indicated incorrect altitude and direction. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariehamn_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mariehamn_Airport.jpg/220px-Mariehamn_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mariehamn_Airport.jpg/330px-Mariehamn_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mariehamn_Airport.jpg/440px-Mariehamn_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mariehamn_Airport" title="Mariehamn Airport">Mariehamn Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jomala" title="Jomala">Jomala</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (2009).</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, airport design became more sophisticated. Passenger buildings were being grouped together in an island, with runways arranged in groups about the terminal. This arrangement permitted expansion of the facilities. But it also meant that passengers had to travel further to reach their plane. </p><p>An improvement in the landing field was the introduction of grooves in the concrete surface. These run perpendicular to the direction of the landing aircraft and serve to draw off excess rainwater that could build up in front of the plane's wheels. </p><p>Airport construction boomed during the 1960s with the increase in <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a> traffic. Runways were extended out to 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The fields were constructed out of <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">slip-form machine</a> that produces a continuous slab with no disruptions along the length. The early 1960s also saw the introduction of jet bridge systems to modern airport terminals, an innovation which eliminated outdoor passenger boarding. These systems became commonplace in the United States by the 1970s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The malicious use of UAVs has led to the deployment of <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare#Anti-UAV_defences" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">counter unmanned air system</a> (C-UAS) technologies such as the Aaronia <a href="/w/index.php?title=AARTOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AARTOS (page does not exist)">AARTOS</a> which have been installed on major international airports.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Airports_in_entertainment">Airports in entertainment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Airports in entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Dulles_International_Airport_at_Dusk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport_at_Dusk.jpg/220px-Washington_Dulles_International_Airport_at_Dusk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport_at_Dusk.jpg/330px-Washington_Dulles_International_Airport_at_Dusk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport_at_Dusk.jpg/440px-Washington_Dulles_International_Airport_at_Dusk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="1633" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Dulles International Airport">Washington Dulles International Airport</a>, ostensibly the setting for <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Hard_2" title="Die Hard 2">Die Hard 2</a></i>; the movie was actually filmed at <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Airports have played major roles in films and television programs due to their very nature as a transport and international hub, and sometimes because of distinctive architectural features of particular airports. One such example of this is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Terminal" title="The Terminal">The Terminal</a></i>, a film about a man who becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal and must survive only on the food and shelter provided by the airport. They are also one of the major elements in movies such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_V.I.P.s_(film)" title="The V.I.P.s (film)">The V.I.P.s</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Speed_(1994_film)" title="Speed (1994 film)">Speed</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Airplane!" title="Airplane!">Airplane!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Airport_(1970_film)" title="Airport (1970 film)">Airport</a></i> (1970), <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Hard_2" title="Die Hard 2">Die Hard 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Soul_Plane" title="Soul Plane">Soul Plane</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Brown" title="Jackie Brown">Jackie Brown</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Get_Shorty_(film)" title="Get Shorty (film)">Get Shorty</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Home_Alone" title="Home Alone">Home Alone</a></i> (1990), <i><a href="/wiki/Home_Alone_2:_Lost_in_New_York" title="Home Alone 2: Lost in New York">Home Alone 2: Lost in New York</a></i> (1992), <i><a href="/wiki/Liar_Liar" title="Liar Liar">Liar Liar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Passenger_57" title="Passenger 57">Passenger 57</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Destination_(film)" title="Final Destination (film)">Final Destination</a></i> (2000), <i><a href="/wiki/Unaccompanied_Minors" title="Unaccompanied Minors">Unaccompanied Minors</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Catch_Me_If_You_Can" title="Catch Me If You Can">Catch Me If You Can</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rendition_(film)" title="Rendition (film)">Rendition</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Langoliers_(miniseries)" title="The Langoliers (miniseries)">The Langoliers</a></i>. They have also played important parts in television series like <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_(2004_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost (2004 TV series)">Lost</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Race" title="The Amazing Race">The Amazing Race</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_10)" class="mw-redirect" title="America's Next Top Model (season 10)">America's Next Top Model (season 10)</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/90_Day_Fianc%C3%A9" title="90 Day Fiancé">90 Day Fiancé</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Air_Crash_Investigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Crash Investigation">Air Crash Investigation</a></i> which have significant parts of their story set within airports. In other programmes and films, airports are merely indicative of journeys, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Good_Will_Hunting" title="Good Will Hunting">Good Will Hunting</a></i>. </p><p>Several computer simulation games put the player in charge of an airport. These include the <a href="/wiki/Airport_Tycoon" title="Airport Tycoon">Airport Tycoon</a> series, SimAirport and Airport CEO. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Airport_directories">Airport directories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Airport directories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_authority" title="Civil aviation authority">Civil aviation authority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_Information_Service" title="Aeronautical Information Service">Aeronautical Information Service</a></div> <p>Each civil aviation authority provides a source of information about airports in their country. This will contain information on airport elevation, airport lighting, runway information, communications facilities and frequencies, hours of operation, nearby <a href="/wiki/Navigational_aid" title="Navigational aid">NAVAIDs</a> and contact information where prior arrangement for landing is necessary. </p> <dl><dt>Australia</dt> <dd>Information can be found on-line in the <i>En route Supplement Australia</i> (ERSA)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is published by <a href="/wiki/Airservices_Australia" title="Airservices Australia">Airservices Australia</a>, a government owned corporation charged with managing Australian ATC.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Brazil</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Infraero" title="Infraero">Infraero</a> is responsible for the airports in Brazil</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Canada</dt> <dd>Two publications, the <i><a href="/wiki/Canada_Flight_Supplement" title="Canada Flight Supplement">Canada Flight Supplement</a></i> (CFS) and the <i>Water Aerodrome Supplement</i>, published by <a href="/wiki/Nav_Canada" title="Nav Canada">Nav Canada</a> under the authority of <a href="/wiki/Transport_Canada" title="Transport Canada">Transport Canada</a> provides equivalent information.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Europe</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Safety_of_Air_Navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation">European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation</a> (EUROCONTROL) provides an <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_Information_Publication" title="Aeronautical Information Publication">Aeronautical Information Publication</a> (AIP), <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_chart" title="Aeronautical chart">aeronautical charts</a> and <a href="/wiki/NOTAM" title="NOTAM">NOTAM</a> services for multiple European countries.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Germany</dt> <dd>Provided by the <a href="/wiki/Luftfahrt-Bundesamt" title="Luftfahrt-Bundesamt">Luftfahrt-Bundesamt</a> (Federal Office for Civil Aviation of Germany).</dd></dl> <dl><dt>France</dt> <dd><i>Aviation Generale Delage</i> edited by Delville and published by Breitling.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>The United Kingdom</dt> <dd>The information is found in Pooley's Flight Guide, a publication compiled with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)">United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority</a> (CAA). Pooley's also contains information on some continental European airports that are close to Great Britain. <a href="/wiki/National_Air_Traffic_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="National Air Traffic Services">National Air Traffic Services</a>, the UK's <a href="/wiki/Air_Navigation_Service_Provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Navigation Service Provider">Air Navigation Service Provider</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">public–private partnership</a> also publishes an online AIP for the UK.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>The United States</dt> <dd>The US uses the <i><a href="/wiki/Airport/Facility_Directory" title="Airport/Facility Directory">Airport/Facility Directory</a></i> (A/FD) (now officially termed the Chart Supplement) published in seven volumes. <a href="/wiki/DAFIF" title="DAFIF">DAFIF</a> also includes extensive airport data but has been unavailable to the public at large since 2006.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Japan</dt> <dd><i>Aeronautical Information Publication</i> (AIP)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is provided by Japan Aeronautical Information Service Center, under the authority of <a href="/wiki/Japan_Civil_Aviation_Bureau" title="Japan Civil Aviation Bureau">Japan Civil Aviation Bureau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Japan)">Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan</a>.</dd></dl> <p><i>A comprehensive, consumer/business directory of commercial airports in the world (primarily for airports as businesses, rather than for pilots) is organized by the trade group <a href="/wiki/Airports_Council_International" title="Airports Council International">Airports Council International</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airpark" title="Airpark">Airpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altiport" title="Altiport">Altiport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects of aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_airport" title="Model airport">Model airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports" title="List of the busiest airports">List of the busiest airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaplane_base" title="Seaplane base">Seaplane base</a></li></ul> <p><b>Lists:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aviation_articles" title="Index of aviation articles">Index of aviation articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_more_than_one_commercial_airport" title="List of cities with more than one commercial airport">List of cities with more than one commercial airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_without_an_airport" title="List of countries without an airport">List of countries without an airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_international_airports" title="List of defunct international airports">List of defunct international airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hub_airports" title="List of hub airports">List of hub airports</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wragg, D.; <i>Historical dictionary of aviation</i>, History Press 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/airport">"Airport – Definition of airport by Merriam-Webster"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181210124239/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/airport">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airport+%E2%80%93+Definition+of+airport+by+Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fairport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/runway?show=0&t=1422938979">"Runway – Definition of runway by Merriam-Webster"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162256/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/runway?show=0&t=1422938979">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Runway+%E2%80%93+Definition+of+runway+by+Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Frunway%3Fshow%3D0%26t%3D1422938979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/helipad">"Helipad – Definition of helipad by Merriam-Webster"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015521/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/helipad">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helipad+%E2%80%93+Definition+of+helipad+by+Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhelipad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hangars">"Hangar – Definition of hangar by Merriam-Webster"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023940/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hangars">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hangar+%E2%80%93+Definition+of+hangar+by+Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhangars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Canada Flight Supplement</i>. Effective 0901<a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Z</a> 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">49 U.S.C. § 40102(a) (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airnav.com/airport/1ID9">"AirNav: 1ID9 – Skyline Airport"</a>. <i>airnav.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180410201912/http://www.airnav.com/airport/1ID9">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airnav.com&rft.atitle=AirNav%3A+1ID9+%E2%80%93+Skyline+Airport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airnav.com%2Fairport%2F1ID9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140625161845/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2053.html">"The World Factbook"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2053.html">the original</a> on June 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2053.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530055415/https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2053rank.html">"The World Factbook"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ffaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/part139_cert/">"Part 139 Airport Certification"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAA">FAA</a>. June 19, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100729055419/http://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/part139_cert/">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+139+Airport+Certification&rft.pub=FAA&rft.date=2009-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fairports%2Fairport_safety%2Fpart139_cert%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/about/budget/aatf/">"Airport & Airway Trust Fund (AATF)"</a>. <i>faa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417164524/https://www.faa.gov/about/budget/aatf/">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 10, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330022346/https://www.nps.gov/fova/learn/historyculture/pearson.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Pearson+Field+%E2%80%93+Fort+Vancouver+National+Historic+Site&rft.date=2020-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Ffova%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fpearson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401043447/http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/353DC91E-A259-449B-8B68-C8E88CB58691/0/FactSheetHistory1.pdf">"Airport History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sydney Airport</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/353DC91E-A259-449B-8B68-C8E88CB58691/0/FactSheetHistory1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 1, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Airport&rft.atitle=Airport+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sydneyairport.com.au%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F353DC91E-A259-449B-8B68-C8E88CB58691%2F0%2FFactSheetHistory1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bluffield (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/uv-online/heathrows-picks-new-c-uas-combat-drone-disruption/">"Heathrow picks C-UAS to combat drone disruption"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109111036/https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/uv-online/heathrows-picks-new-c-uas-combat-drone-disruption/">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heathrow+picks+C-UAS+to+combat+drone+disruption&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shephardmedia.com%2Fnews%2Fuv-online%2Fheathrows-picks-new-c-uas-combat-drone-disruption%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unmannedairspace.info/counter-uas-systems-and-policies/muscat-international-airport-install-usd10-million-aaronia-counter-uas-system/">"Muscat International Airport to install USD10 million Aaronia counter-UAS system"</a>. January 21, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109111704/https://www.unmannedairspace.info/counter-uas-systems-and-policies/muscat-international-airport-install-usd10-million-aaronia-counter-uas-system/">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muscat+International+Airport+to+install+USD10+million+Aaronia+counter-UAS+system&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unmannedairspace.info%2Fcounter-uas-systems-and-policies%2Fmuscat-international-airport-install-usd10-million-aaronia-counter-uas-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110301050216/http://www.airservices.gov.au/publications/aip.asp?pg=10">"En route Supplement Australia (ERSA)"</a>. Airservices.gov.au. July 16, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airservices.gov.au/publications/aip.asp?pg=10">the original</a> on March 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=En+route+Supplement+Australia+%28ERSA%29&rft.pub=Airservices.gov.au&rft.date=2010-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airservices.gov.au%2Fpublications%2Faip.asp%3Fpg%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722105350/https://aisjapan.mlit.go.jp/Login.do">"Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), NOTAMs in Japan"</a>. <i>Japan Aeronautical Information Service Center</i>. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Civil_Aviation_Bureau" title="Japan Civil Aviation Bureau">Japan Civil Aviation Bureau</a>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aisjapan.mlit.go.jp/Login.do">the original</a></span> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japan+Aeronautical+Information+Service+Center&rft.atitle=Aeronautical+Information+Publication+%28AIP%29%2C+NOTAMs+in+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faisjapan.mlit.go.jp%2FLogin.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ashford, Norman J., Saleh Mumayiz, and Paul H. Wright. (2011) <i>Airport engineering: planning, design, and development of 21st century airports</i> (John Wiley & Sons, 2011).</li> <li>Bluffield, Robert. (2009). <i>Imperial Airways – The Birth of the British Airline Industry 1914–1940</i> (Ian Allan) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906537-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906537-07-4">978-1-906537-07-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreidenbach2020" class="citation journal cs1">Breidenbach, Philipp (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00343404.2019.1659948">"Ready for take-off? The economic effects of regional airport expansions in Germany"</a>. <i>Regional Studies</i>. <b>54</b> (8): 1084–1097. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020RegSt..54.1084B">2020RegSt..54.1084B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00343404.2019.1659948">10.1080/00343404.2019.1659948</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F225046">10419/225046</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regional+Studies&rft.atitle=Ready+for+take-off%3F+The+economic+effects+of+regional+airport+expansions+in+Germany&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1084-1097&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F225046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00343404.2019.1659948&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020RegSt..54.1084B&rft.aulast=Breidenbach&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00343404.2019.1659948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Burghouwt, Guillaume. (2012) <i>Airline network development in Europe and its implications for airport planning</i> (Ashgate, 2012).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gillen, David (2011). "The evolution of airport ownership and governance". <i>Journal of Air Transport Management</i>. <b>17</b>: 3–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jairtraman.2010.10.003">10.1016/j.jairtraman.2010.10.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Air+Transport+Management&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+airport+ownership+and+governance&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=3-13&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jairtraman.2010.10.003&rft.aulast=Gillen&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gordon, Alastair. (2008) <i>Naked Airport: A Cultural History of the World's Most Revolutionary Structure</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2008).</li> <li>Halpern, Nigel, and Anne Graham. (2013) <i>Airport marketing</i> (Routledge, 2013).</li> <li>Horonjeff, Robert, Francis X. McKelvey, William J. Sproule, and Seth B. Young. (2010) <i>Planning and Design of Airports</i> 5th ed. (McGraw-Hill, 2010).</li> <li>Hubregtse, Menno. (2020) <i>Wayfinding, Consumption, and Air Terminal Design</i> (Routledge, 2020).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamuraManagi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nakamura, H.; Managi, S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7328638">"Airport risk of importation and exportation of the COVID-19 pandemic"</a>. <i>Transport Policy</i>. <b>96</b>: 40–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tranpol.2020.06.018">10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.06.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7328638">7328638</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32834679">32834679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transport+Policy&rft.atitle=Airport+risk+of+importation+and+exportation+of+the+COVID-19+pandemic&rft.volume=96&rft.pages=40-47&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7328638%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32834679&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tranpol.2020.06.018&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Managi%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7328638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pearman, Hugh. (2004) <i>Airports: A Century of Architecture</i> (Harry N. Abrams, 2004).</li> <li>Salter, Mark. 2008. <i>Politics at the Airport</i> (University of Minnesota Press). This book brings together leading scholars to examine how airports both shape and are shaped by current political, social, and economic conditions.</li> <li>Sheard, Nicholas. (2019) "Airport size and urban growth." <i>Economica</i> 86.342 (2019): 300–335; In USA, airport size has a positive effect on local employment, with an elasticity of 0.04.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWandeltSunZhang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wandelt, Sebastian; Sun, Xiaoqian; Zhang, Jun (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m3nets.de/publications/TRMB2017.pdf">"Evolution of domestic airport networks: A review and comparative analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics</i>. <b>7</b>: 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21680566.2017.1301274">10.1080/21680566.2017.1301274</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52970361">52970361</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.m3nets.de/publications/TRMB2017.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transportmetrica+B%3A+Transport+Dynamics&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+domestic+airport+networks%3A+A+review+and+comparative+analysis&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21680566.2017.1301274&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52970361%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wandelt&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=Sun%2C+Xiaoqian&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m3nets.de%2Fpublications%2FTRMB2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirport" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_air_travel" title="Template:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_air_travel" title="Template talk:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_air_travel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commercial_aviation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">Commercial aviation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airlines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_codes" title="Airline codes">Airline codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airline_holding_companies" title="List of airline holding companies">Airline holding companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_airline" title="Cargo airline">Cargo airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charter_airlines" title="List of charter airlines">Charter airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">Flag carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_low-cost_airlines" title="List of low-cost airlines">Low-cost airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-scheduled_airline" title="Non-scheduled airline">Non-scheduled airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_passenger_airlines" title="List of passenger airlines">Passenger airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airlines" title="List of regional airlines">Regional airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">Alliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oneworld" title="Oneworld">Oneworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_Alliance" title="Value Alliance">Value Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_Alliance" title="Vanilla Alliance">Vanilla Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-FLY_Alliance" title="U-FLY Alliance">U-FLY Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Airline_Cooperative" title="The Airline Cooperative">ACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Action_Group" title="Air Transport Action Group">ATAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Travel_Agents_Network" title="International Association of Travel Agents Network">IATAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Air_Line_Pilots%27_Associations" title="International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations">IFALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Transport_Aircraft_Trading" title="International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading">ISTAT</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_America" title="Airlines for America">A4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Airline_Association" title="Regional Airline Association">RAA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_Europe" title="Airlines for Europe">A4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cockpit_Association" title="European Cockpit Association">ECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Business_Aviation_Association" title="European Business Aviation Association">EBAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Regions_Airline_Association" title="European Regions Airline Association">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Transport_Workers%27_Federation" title="European Transport Workers' Federation">ETWF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Air_Carriers%27_Organization" title="Arab Air Carriers' Organization">AACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Asia_Pacific_Airlines" title="Association of Asia Pacific Airlines">AAPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Airlines_Association" title="African Airlines Association">AFRAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Aviation_Association_of_Australia" title="Regional Aviation Association of Australia">RAAA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">Aircrew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">Pilot in command (Captain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_officer_(aviation)" title="First officer (aviation)">First officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_officer_(aviation)" title="Second officer (aviation)">Second officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_officer_(aviation)" title="Third officer (aviation)">Third officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_crew_relief" title="In-flight crew relief">Relief crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">Flight attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">Flight engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadmaster" title="Loadmaster">Loadmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Aircraft pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purser#Aircraft" title="Purser">Purser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_class_(aviation)" title="First class (aviation)">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">Business class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_economy_class" title="Premium economy class">Premium economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">Economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_economy_class" title="Basic economy class">Basic economy class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">Aircraft cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_seat_map" title="Aircraft seat map">Aircraft seat map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_seat" title="Airline seat">Airline seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_on_board" title="Buy on board">Buy on board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_rest_compartment" title="Crew rest compartment">Crew rest compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_smoking" title="Inflight smoking">Inflight smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickness_bag" title="Sickness bag">Sickness bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Airport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">Aerodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">Airline hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">Airport check-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_lounge" title="Airport lounge">Airport lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">Airport terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airside_pass" title="Airside pass">Airside pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstair" title="Airstair">Airstair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_airport" title="Domestic airport">Domestic airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_(airport)" title="Gate (airport)">Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">Jet bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier_terminal" title="Low-cost carrier terminal">Low-cost carrier terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">Runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_hotel" title="Transit hotel">Transit hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrival_card" title="Arrival card">Arrival card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">Border control</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_border_control" title="Internal border control">internal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departure_card" title="Departure card">Departure card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timatic" title="Timatic">Timatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visa" title="Electronic visa">(Electronic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects of aviation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_agreement" title="Air transport agreement">Air transport agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_route_authority_between_the_United_States_and_China" title="Air route authority between the United States and China">Air route authority between the United States and China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Agreement" title="Bermuda Agreement">Bermuda Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1946–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_II_Agreement" title="Bermuda II Agreement">Bermuda II Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1978–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_charter" title="Cross-strait charter">Cross-strait charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Convention" title="Beijing Convention">Beijing Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation">Chicago Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Marking_of_Plastic_Explosives" title="Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives">Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_permit" title="Flight permit">Flight permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">Freedoms of the air</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93US_Open_Skies_Agreement" title="EU–US Open Skies Agreement">EU–US Open Skies Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Hijacking_Convention" title="Hague Hijacking Convention">Hague Hijacking Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Protocol" title="Hague Protocol">Hague Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Convention" title="Montreal Convention">Montreal Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_of_1919" title="Paris Convention of 1919">Paris Convention of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_on_Damage_Caused_by_Foreign_Aircraft_to_Third_Parties_on_the_Surface" title="Rome Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface">Rome Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_Unlawful_Acts_against_the_Safety_of_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation">Sabotage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Convention" title="Tokyo Convention">Tokyo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Convention" title="Warsaw Convention">Warsaw Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Intergovernmental organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">ENCASIA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baggage" title="Baggage">Baggage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_tag" title="Bag tag">Bag tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_allowance" title="Baggage allowance">Baggage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_carousel" title="Baggage carousel">Baggage carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_cart" title="Baggage cart">Baggage cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_reclaim" title="Baggage reclaim">Baggage reclaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handling_system" title="Baggage handling system">Baggage handling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_sizer" title="Baggage sizer">Baggage sizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_luggage" title="Hand luggage">Hand luggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_luggage" title="Lost luggage">Lost luggage</a> (<a href="/wiki/WorldTracer" title="WorldTracer">WorldTracer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luggage_lock" title="Luggage lock">Luggage lock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rage" title="Air rage">Air rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_service" title="Air traffic service">Air traffic service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_safety_card" title="Aircraft safety card">Aircraft safety card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_authority" title="Airport authority">Airport authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_police" title="Airport police">Airport police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspace_class" title="Airspace class">Airspace class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_control_center" title="Area control center">Area control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_position" title="Brace position">Brace position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_authority" title="Civil aviation authority">Civil aviation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_area_(aviation)" title="Control area (aviation)">Control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_zone" title="Control zone">Control zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_airspace" title="Controlled airspace">Controlled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_slide" title="Evacuation slide">Evacuation slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_region" title="Flight information region">Flight information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_service" title="Flight information service">Flight information service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules" title="Instrument flight rules">Instrument flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwing_exits" title="Overwing exits">Overwing exits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-flight_safety_demonstration" title="Pre-flight safety demonstration">Pre-flight safety demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_marshal" title="Sky marshal">Sky marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_use_airspace" title="Special use airspace">Special use airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visual_flight_rules" title="Special visual flight rules">Special visual flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_area" title="Terminal control area">Terminal control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal control center">Terminal control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_airspace" title="Uncontrolled airspace">Uncontrolled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_information_region" title="Upper information region">Upper information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_flight_rules" title="Visual flight rules">Visual flight rules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_booking_ploys" title="Airline booking ploys">Airline booking ploys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_reservations_system" title="Airline reservations system">Airline reservations system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_timetable" title="Airline timetable">Airline timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_flight" title="Bereavement flight">Bereavement flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_pass" title="Boarding pass">Boarding pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeshare_agreement" title="Codeshare agreement">Codeshare agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continent_pass" title="Continent pass">Continent pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_ticket" title="Electronic ticket">Electronic ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_basis_code" title="Fare basis code">Fare basis code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_cancellation_and_delay" title="Flight cancellation and delay">Flight cancellation and delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">Frequent-flyer program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_contract_flight" title="Government contract flight">Government contract flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_travel" title="One-way travel">One-way travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-jaw_ticket" title="Open-jaw ticket">Open-jaw ticket</a></li> <li>Overbooking (<a href="/wiki/Overselling" title="Overselling">Overselling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_name_record" title="Passenger name record">Passenger name record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_flight" title="Red-eye flight">Red-eye flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-the-world_ticket" title="Round-the-world ticket">Round-the-world ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standby_(air_travel)" title="Standby (air travel)">Standby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_tracking" title="Flight tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_agency" title="Travel agency">Travel agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel website</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_crew" title="Ground crew">Ground crew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_technician" title="Aircraft maintenance technician">Aircraft maintenance technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_ground_handling" title="Aircraft ground handling">Aircraft ground handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_dispatcher" title="Flight dispatcher">Flight dispatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">Air cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_taxation_and_subsidies" title="Aviation taxation and subsidies">Aviation taxation and subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_high_club" title="Mile high club">Mile high club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_transport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_transport" title="Template:Public transport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_transport" title="Template talk:Public transport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_transport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public transport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_transport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_bus_service" title="Public transport bus service">Bus service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">Bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_driver" title="Bus driver">driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buses" title="List of buses">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Express bus service">Express bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_bus" title="Guided bus">Guided bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Rail_Rapid_Transit" title="Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit">Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercity_bus_service" title="Intercity bus service">Intercity bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_top_bus" title="Open top bus">Open top bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charabanc" title="Charabanc">Charabanc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_replacement_bus_service" title="Rail replacement bus service">Rail replacement bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi/Taxibus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle bus service">Shuttle bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_bus" title="Transit bus">Transit bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">Trolleybus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_terminology" title="Passenger rail terminology">Passenger rail terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_railway" title="Elevated railway">Elevated railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_streetcar" title="Heritage streetcar">Heritage streetcar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-speed_rail" title="Higher-speed rail">Higher-speed rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow-gauge railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">People mover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railbus" title="Railbus">Railbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Metro/Rapid Transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_system" title="Medium-capacity rail system">Medium-capacity rail system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">Rubber-tyred metro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_railway" title="Suspension railway">Suspension railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">Cable car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">Tram-train</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_for_hire" title="Vehicle for hire">Vehicles<br /> for hire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaw taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boda_boda" title="Boda boda">Boda boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_bus" title="Combination bus">Combination bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand-responsive_transport" title="Demand-responsive transport">Demand-responsive transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microtransit" title="Microtransit">Microtransit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratransit" title="Paratransit">Paratransit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar van">Dollar van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmu%C5%9F" title="Dolmuş">Dolmuş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_taxi" title="Motorcycle taxi">Motorcycle taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny_van" title="Nanny van">Nanny van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">Pulled rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songthaew" title="Songthaew">Songthaew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">Taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Tuk tuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpooling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_jockey" title="Car jockey">Car jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_carpooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible carpooling">Flexible carpooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Real-time ridesharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slugging" title="Slugging">Slugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanpool" title="Vanpool">Vanpool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Ship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporetto" title="Vaporetto">Vaporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">Water taxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_transport" title="Cable transport">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">Aerial tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">Cable railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">Gondola lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicable_gondola_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicable gondola lift">bicable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricable_gondola_lift" title="Tricable gondola lift">tricable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">Scooter-sharing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">Escalator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_walkway" title="Moving walkway">Moving walkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotaxi" title="Robotaxi">Robotaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweeb" title="Shweeb">Shweeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slope_car" title="Slope car">Slope car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackless_train" title="Trackless train">Trackless train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bulb" title="Bus bulb">Bus bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_garage" title="Bus garage">Bus garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_lane" title="Bus lane">Bus lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stand" title="Bus stand">Bus stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_station" title="Bus station">Bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stop" title="Bus stop">Bus stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_turnout" title="Bus turnout">Bus turnout (bus bay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">Dry dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_terminal_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger terminal (maritime)">Ferry terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">Hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layover" title="Layover">Layover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_station" title="Metro station">Metro station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">Park and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_jump" title="Queue jump">Queue jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi_stand" title="Taxi stand">Taxicab stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Train station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram_stop" title="Tram stop">Tram stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_mall" title="Transit mall">Transit mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">Transport hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">Ticketing</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Fare" title="Fare">fares</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_fare_collection" title="Automated fare collection">Automated fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_advertising" title="Bus advertising">Bus advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">Contract of carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_fare" title="Exit fare">Exit fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_avoidance" title="Fare avoidance">Fare avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_capping" title="Fare capping">Fare capping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_evasion" title="Fare evasion">Fare evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_travel_pass" title="Free travel pass">Free travel pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_ticketing" title="Integrated ticketing">Integrated ticketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_fare_collection" title="Manual fare collection">Manual fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_train" title="Money train">Money train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_area" title="Paid area">Paid area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_fare" title="Penalty fare">Penalty fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof-of-payment" title="Proof-of-payment">Proof-of-payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_fare_program" title="Reduced fare program">Reduced fare program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(public_transit)" title="Transfer (public transit)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_pass" title="Transit pass">Transit pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Routing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_route" title="Circle route">Circle route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-city_route" title="Cross-city route">Cross-city route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_length_(transport)" title="Network length (transport)">Network length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-revenue_track" title="Non-revenue track">Non-revenue track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_route" title="Radial route">Radial route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_network_analysis" title="Transport network analysis">Transport network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_class_commuter_transport_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first class commuter transport services">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_passenger" title="Standing passenger">Standing passenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheduling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bunching" title="Bus bunching">Bus bunching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock-face_scheduling" title="Clock-face scheduling">Clock-face scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headway" title="Headway">Headway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_service_(public_transport)" title="Night service (public transport)">Night (owl) service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-time_performance" title="On-time performance">On-time performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Public transport timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_turn" title="Short turn">Short turn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">Green transport hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farebox_recovery_ratio" title="Farebox recovery ratio">Farebox recovery ratio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_security" title="Public transport security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_district" title="Transit district">Transit district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_police" title="Transit police">Transit police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_authority" title="Transportation authority">Transportation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_demand_management" title="Transportation demand management">Transportation demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development (TOD)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology<br /> and signage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destination_sign" title="Destination sign">Destination sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_information_system" title="Passenger information system">Passenger information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_display" title="Platform display">Platform display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_transport_smart_cards" title="List of public transport smart cards">Smart cards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIPURSE" title="CIPURSE">CIPURSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(electronic_ticketing_system)" title="Calypso (electronic ticketing system)">Calypso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_machine" title="Ticket machine">Ticket machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_map" title="Transit map">Transit map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit_creep" title="Bus rapid transit creep">Bus rapid transit creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_load" title="Crush load">Crush load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwell_time_(transportation)" title="Dwell time (transportation)">Dwell time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_and_ride" title="Hail and ride">Hail and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_transport" title="Land transport">Land transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Outline of transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_load_factor" title="Passenger load factor">Passenger load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop">Request stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_point" title="Timing point">Timing point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromobility" title="Micromobility">Micromobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1248784#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1248784#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1248784#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/803726/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4154752-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85002960">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aéroports"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936051t">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aéroports"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936051t">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566973">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="letiště"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122268&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524708">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000052515&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292913505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639886">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=42716">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airport&oldid=1256935902">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airport&oldid=1256935902</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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