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id="toc-English_separatist_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_separatist_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>English separatist view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_separatist_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anabaptist_influence_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anabaptist_influence_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Anabaptist influence view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anabaptist_influence_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perpetuity_and_succession_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perpetuity_and_succession_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Perpetuity and succession view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perpetuity_and_succession_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptist_origins_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptist_origins_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Baptist origins in the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptist_origins_in_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptist_origins_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptist_origins_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Baptist origins in North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptist_origins_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptist_origins_in_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptist_origins_in_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Baptist origins in Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptist_origins_in_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptist_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptist_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Baptist churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptist_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missionary_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missionary_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Missionary organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missionary_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beliefs_that_vary_among_Baptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs_that_vary_among_Baptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Beliefs that vary among Baptists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs_that_vary_among_Baptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_Baptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_Baptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types of Baptists</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_Baptists-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of Baptists subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_Baptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_Baptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Baptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>General Baptists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_Baptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particular_Baptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particular_Baptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Particular Baptists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particular_Baptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missionary_Baptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missionary_Baptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Missionary Baptists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missionary_Baptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primitive_Baptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primitive_Baptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Primitive Baptists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primitive_Baptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Baptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Baptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Independent Baptists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Baptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Independent_Baptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Independent_Baptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>New Independent Baptists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Independent_Baptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_Day_Baptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_Day_Baptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Seventh Day Baptists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_Day_Baptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmark_Baptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmark_Baptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Landmark Baptists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmark_Baptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Missions_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Missions crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Slavery crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Caribbean islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmark_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmark_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Landmark crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmark_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernist_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernist_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Modernist crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernist_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Baptists</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الكنيسة المعمدانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكنيسة المعمدانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesia_baptista" title="Ilesia baptista – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ilesia baptista" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismo" title="Baptismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Baptismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesies_bautistes" title="Ilesies bautistes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ilesies bautistes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptizm" title="Baptizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Baptizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Баптизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Баптизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Баптызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баптызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Баптызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Баптызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Баптизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Баптизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badezouriezh" title="Badezouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Badezouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sia_Baptista" title="Església Baptista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Església Baptista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismus" title="Baptismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baptismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglwys_y_Bedyddwyr" title="Eglwys y Bedyddwyr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eglwys y Bedyddwyr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptistkirken" title="Baptistkirken – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baptistkirken" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptisten" title="Baptisten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baptisten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Baptism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Βαπτιστές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαπτιστές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesias_bautistas" title="Iglesias bautistas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesias bautistas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismo" title="Baptismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baptismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismo" title="Baptismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baptismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="باپتیست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باپتیست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptisme" title="Baptisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baptisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptisme" title="Baptisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Baptisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baisteachas" title="Baisteachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Baisteachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baisteach" title="Baisteach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Baisteach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismo" title="Baptismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Baptismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chim-sin-fi" title="Chim-sin-fi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chim-sin-fi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%A8%EB%A1%80%EA%B5%90" title="침례교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="침례교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Բապտիստական եկեղեցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բապտիստական եկեղեցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A" title="बैप्टिस्ट चर्च – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बैप्टिस्ट चर्च" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptisti" title="Baptisti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baptisti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Baptis" title="Gereja Baptis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Baptis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptistas" title="Baptistas – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Baptistas" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptiste" title="Baptiste – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Baptiste" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibandla_LamaBapist" title="Ibandla LamaBapist – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ibandla LamaBapist" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battismo" title="Battismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="בפטיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בפטיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%C9%9Bs%C9%A9_%C6%90s%C9%94_s%C9%9Bt%CA%8A_%C5%8Bgb%C9%9By%C9%9B" title="Johanɛsɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Johanɛsɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბაპტიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაპტიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Баптизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Баптизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptisti" title="Baptisti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Baptisti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Баптизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Баптизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptistae" title="Baptistae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Baptistae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptisti" title="Baptisti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baptisti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptistai" title="Baptistai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baptistai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptista_mozgalom" title="Baptista mozgalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baptista mozgalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Баптизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Баптизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batisma" title="Batisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Batisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="बॅप्टिस्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बॅप्टिस्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الكنيسه المعمدانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكنيسه المعمدانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="သင်ဗလိုက် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သင်ဗလိုက်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Pembaptisan" title="Gereja Pembaptisan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gereja Pembaptisan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigreija_Batista" title="Eigreija Batista – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eigreija Batista" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptisme" title="Baptisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baptisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%97%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="バプテスト教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バプテスト教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptisme" title="Baptisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baptisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptisme" title="Baptisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Baptisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptizm" title="Baptizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baptizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptis_Choch" title="Baptis Choch – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Baptis Choch" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91" title="បាទីស្ទ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បាទីស្ទ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptisten" title="Baptisten – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Baptisten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptyzm" title="Baptyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Baptyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_Batista" title="Igreja Batista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja Batista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Baptism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Баптизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баптизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Baptists" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptizmi" title="Baptizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Baptizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_Battista" title="Chiesa Battista – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chiesa Battista" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist" title="Baptist – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Baptist" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptizmus" title="Baptizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baptizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Баптисти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Баптисти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptisti" title="Baptisti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Baptisti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismi" title="Baptismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baptismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baptism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="แบปทิสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบปทิสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Баптизм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баптизм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptistler" title="Baptistler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baptistler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1ba%CC%B1ptis" title="A̱ba̱ptis – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱ba̱ptis" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Баптизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баптизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اصطباغی کلیسیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اصطباغی کلیسیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptizm" title="Baptizm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Baptizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1p-t%C3%ADt" title="Báp-tít – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Báp-tít" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B8%E7%A4%BC%E5%AE%97" title="浸礼宗 – Wu" lang="wuu" 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title="Baptist">Baptist</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Denomination of Protestant Christianity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Baptist" redirects here. For the Christian practice, see <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a>. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:16em;border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#73C2FB;color;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Baptist_Christianity" title="Category:Baptist Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#73C2FB;color;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Baptists</span></a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baptism at Northolt Park Baptist Church, in Greater London, Baptist Union of Great Britain, 2015."><img alt="Baptism at Northolt Park Baptist Church, in Greater London, Baptist Union of Great Britain, 2015." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2834" data-file-height="1857" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#73C2FB;color;;padding:0.2em;background-color:#73C2FB;color:white;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#73C2FB;color;;padding:0.2em;background-color:#73C2FB;color:white;color: var(--color-base)">Doctrine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_beliefs" title="Baptist beliefs">Baptist beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baptist_confessions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Baptist confessions">Confessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers%27_Church" title="Believers' Church">Believers' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_competency" title="Soul competency">Individual soul liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_ordinance" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist ordinance">Ordinances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_offices" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist offices">Offices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#73C2FB;color;;padding:0.2em;background-color:#73C2FB;color:white;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baptists" title="List of Baptists">List of Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(Baptist_minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smyth (Baptist minister)">John Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Helwys" title="Thomas Helwys">Thomas Helwys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grantham_(Baptist)" title="Thomas Grantham (Baptist)">Thomas Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clarke_(Baptist_minister)" title="John Clarke (Baptist minister)">John Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubal_Stearns" title="Shubal Stearns">Shubal Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fuller" title="Andrew Fuller">Andrew Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spurgeon" title="Charles Spurgeon">Charles Spurgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_Graves" title="James Robinson Graves">James Robinson Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bullein_Johnson" title="William Bullein Johnson">William Bullein Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Rice" title="Luther Rice">Luther Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">John Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Petigru_Boyce" title="James Petigru Boyce">James P Boyce</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#73C2FB;color;;padding:0.2em;background-color:#73C2FB;color:white;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baptist_denominations" title="List of Baptist denominations">Baptist denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance" title="Baptist World Alliance">Baptist World Alliance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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title="Template talk:Baptist"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baptist" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baptist"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="color: black;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestantism" title="Category:Protestantism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;;padding:0.2em; background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Christian_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations"><img alt="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/120px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/250px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Protestantism" title="Outline of Protestantism">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Protestant_relations" title="Catholic–Protestant relations">Relations with Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologies" title="Protestant theologies">Theologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Solas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Solas">Five Solas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Protestantism" title="Crypto-Protestantism">Crypto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings in America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meetings</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Protestant" title="List of Christian denominations">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Protestants">Proto-Protestants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" 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Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a 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height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Baptists</b> are a denomination of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> distinguished by baptizing only professing Christian believers (<a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">believer's baptism</a>) and doing so by complete <a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">immersion</a>. Baptist churches generally subscribe to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">doctrines</a> of <a href="/wiki/Soul_competency" title="Soul competency">soul competency</a> (the responsibility and accountability of every person before <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">sola fide</a></i> (salvation by faith alone), <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a></i> (the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> is the sole infallible authority, as the rule of faith and practice) and <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">congregationalist church government</a>. Baptists recognize generally two <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christianity)" title="Ordinance (Christianity)">sacraments</a>: <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">communion</a>. </p><p>Diverse from their beginning, those identifying as Baptists today may differ widely from one another in what they believe, how they worship, their attitudes toward other Christians, and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship.<sup id="cite_ref-Shurden_turning_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shurden_turning-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baptist missionaries have spread various Baptist churches to every continent.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_self_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_self-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest Baptist communion of churches is the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance" title="Baptist World Alliance">Baptist World Alliance</a>, and there are many different groupings of Baptist churches and Baptist congregations. </p><p>Historians trace the Baptists to the Puritan <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Nonconformism</a>, more specifically, to the congregation led by <a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">John Smyth</a> exiled to <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> in 1609.<sup id="cite_ref-Gourley_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gourley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with their reading of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, they rejected <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">paedobaptism</a> and instituted baptism only of professing believers.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_self_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_self-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baptists spread across England, where the <a href="/wiki/General_Baptists" title="General Baptists">General Baptists</a> considered Christ's atonement to <a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">extend to all people</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptists" title="Reformed Baptists">Particular Baptists</a> believed that it extended only to <a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">the elect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedict1848_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedict1848-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Helwys" title="Thomas Helwys">Thomas Helwys</a> formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">church and the state be kept separate</a> in matters of law, so that individuals might have <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>. Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious conflict with English Dissenters under <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins: </p> <ol><li>the modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Separatists</a>,</li> <li>the view that it was an outgrowth of the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a> movement of <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">believer's baptism</a> begun in 1525 on the European continent,</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_successionism" title="Baptist successionism">perpetuity</a> view which assumes that the Baptist <i>faith and practice</i> has existed since the time of Christ, and</li> <li>the successionist view, which argues that Baptist <i>churches</i> actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Gourley_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gourley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people prior to the reformation acknowledge the existence of Baptists and their separation from the church.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_separatist_view">English separatist view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: English separatist view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John-Smyth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/John-Smyth.png/250px-John-Smyth.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/John-Smyth.png/330px-John-Smyth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/John-Smyth.png/500px-John-Smyth.png 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">John Smyth</a> led the first Baptist church in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> in 1609.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the 17th century, over a century after the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> during the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brackney_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brackney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-ETS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adherents to this position consider the influence of <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> upon early Baptists to be minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-Gourley_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gourley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical "truth" had been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-leonard24_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Reformation, the Church of England (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a>) separated from the Roman <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-Shurden_turning_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shurden_turning-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Briggs_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the church's direction, some chose to stay and try to make constructive changes from within the Anglican Church. They became known as "<a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>" and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a> because of their dissatisfaction and became known as the Separatists.<sup id="cite_ref-Gourley_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gourley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1579, <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Sozzini" title="Fausto Sozzini">Faustus Socinus</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Brethren" title="Polish Brethren">Polish Brethren</a> in <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland-Lithuania</a>, which was a tolerant country. The Unitarians taught <a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">baptism by immersion</a>. After their expulsion from the Commonwealth in 1658, many of them fled to the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, the Unitarians introduced immersion baptism to the <a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_the_Netherlands" title="Mennonites in the Netherlands">Dutch Mennonites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baptist churches have their origins in a movement started by <a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">John Smyth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Helwys" title="Thomas Helwys">Thomas Helwys</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because they shared beliefs with the <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregationalists</a>, they went into exile in 1607 with other believers who held the same positions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe that the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> is to be the only guide and that the believer's baptism is what the scriptures require.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_&_Landers_p258_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_&_Landers_p258-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1609, the year considered to be the foundation of the movement, they baptized believers and founded the first Baptist church.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled "The Character of the Beast". In it he expressed two propositions: first, <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infants are not to be baptized</a>; and second, "Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism."<sup id="cite_ref-leonard24_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, his conviction was that a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a confession of faith. He rejected the Separatist movement's doctrine of infant baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly thereafter, Smyth left the group.<sup id="cite_ref-Gourley_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gourley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Smyth became committed to believers' baptism as the only biblical baptism. He was convinced on the basis of his interpretation of Scripture that infants would not be damned should they die in infancy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonard200325_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonard200325-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smyth, convinced that his self-baptism was invalid, applied with the Mennonites for membership. He died while waiting for membership, and some of his congregation became Mennonites. Helwys and others kept their baptism and commitments that would originate the Baptist Tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonard200325_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonard200325-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern Baptist denomination is an outgrowth of this movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baptists rejected the name Anabaptist when they were called that by opponents in derision. McBeth writes that as late as the 18th century, many Baptists referred to themselves as "the Christians commonly—though <i>falsely</i>—called Anabaptists."<sup id="cite_ref-McBeth_Bapt_Beg_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McBeth_Bapt_Beg-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Helwys took over the leadership, leading the church back to England in 1611, and he published the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Baptist_confessions_of_faith" title="List of Baptist confessions of faith">first Baptist confession of faith</a> "A Declaration of Faith of English People" in 1611.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded the first <a href="/wiki/General_Baptists" title="General Baptists">General Baptist</a> Church in <a href="/wiki/Spitalfields" title="Spitalfields">Spitalfields</a>, east London, in 1612.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another milestone in the early development of Baptist doctrine was in 1638 with <a href="/wiki/John_Spilsbury_(Baptist_minister)" title="John Spilsbury (Baptist minister)">John Spilsbury</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> minister who helped to promote the strict practice of believer's baptism by immersion (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Affusion" title="Affusion">affusion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aspersion" title="Aspersion">aspersion</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ETS_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tom Nettles, professor of historical theology at <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Theological_Seminary" title="Southern Baptist Theological Seminary">Southern Baptist Theological Seminary</a>, "Spilsbury's cogent arguments for a gathered, disciplined congregation of believers baptized by immersion as constituting the New Testament church gave expression to and built on insights that had emerged within separatism, advanced in the life of John Smyth and the suffering congregation of Thomas Helwys, and matured in <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptists" title="Reformed Baptists">Particular Baptists</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-ETS_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anabaptist_influence_view">Anabaptist influence view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anabaptist influence view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A minority view is that early 17th century Baptists were influenced by (but not directly connected to) continental Anabaptists.<sup id="cite_ref-Priest_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priest-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this view, the General Baptists shared similarities with Dutch Waterlander Mennonites (one of many Anabaptist groups) including believer's baptism only, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religious liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminian</a> views of salvation, predestination and original sin. </p><p>It is certain that the early Baptist church led by Smyth had contacts with the Anabaptists; however it is debated if these influences found their way into the English General Baptists.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representatives of this theory include A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley writes that among some contemporary Baptist scholars who emphasize the faith of the community over soul liberty, the Anabaptist influence theory is making a comeback.<sup id="cite_ref-Gourley_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gourley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view was also taught by the Reformed historian <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the relations between Baptists and Anabaptists were early strained. In 1624, the five existing Baptist churches of London issued a condemnation of the Anabaptists.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the original group associated with Smyth (popularly believed to be the first Baptists) broke with the Waterlander Mennonite Anabaptists after a brief period of association in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perpetuity_and_succession_view">Perpetuity and succession view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Perpetuity and succession view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baptist_successionism" title="Baptist successionism">Baptist successionism</a></div> <p>Traditional Baptist historians write from the perspective that Baptists had existed since the time of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorbet197518–9_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorbet197518–9-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of the Baptist successionist or perpetuity view consider the Baptist movement to have existed independently from Roman Catholicism and prior to the Protestant Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-H._Leon_McBeth_pages_59-60_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._Leon_McBeth_pages_59-60-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view has been characterized as "apologetic and polemical" and "without consideration of a critical, scientific methodology".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorbet197519_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorbet197519-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The perpetuity view is often identified with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trail_of_Blood" title="The Trail of Blood">The Trail of Blood</a></i>, a booklet of five lectures by <a href="/wiki/James_Milton_Carroll" title="James Milton Carroll">James Milton Carroll</a> published in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-H._Leon_McBeth_pages_59-60_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._Leon_McBeth_pages_59-60-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Baptist writers who advocate the successionist theory of Baptist origins are <a href="/wiki/John_T._Christian" title="John T. Christian">John T. Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crosby_(Baptist)" title="Thomas Crosby (Baptist)">Thomas Crosby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H._Leon_McBeth_pages_59-60_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._Leon_McBeth_pages_59-60-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorbet197518_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorbet197518-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view was held by English Baptist preacher <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spurgeon" title="Charles Spurgeon">Charles Spurgeon</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Mercer" title="Jesse Mercer">Jesse Mercer</a>, the namesake of <a href="/wiki/Mercer_University" title="Mercer University">Mercer University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1898 William Whitsitt was pressured to resign his presidency of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary for denying Baptist successionism.<sup id="cite_ref-James_H._Slatton_pages_278-293_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_H._Slatton_pages_278-293-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptist_origins_in_the_United_Kingdom">Baptist origins in the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Baptist origins in the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Union of Great Britain">Baptist Union of Great Britain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Title_Page_A_Short_Declaration_of_the_Mistery_of_Iniquity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Title_Page_A_Short_Declaration_of_the_Mistery_of_Iniquity.jpg/250px-Title_Page_A_Short_Declaration_of_the_Mistery_of_Iniquity.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Title_Page_A_Short_Declaration_of_the_Mistery_of_Iniquity.jpg/255px-Title_Page_A_Short_Declaration_of_the_Mistery_of_Iniquity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Title_Page_A_Short_Declaration_of_the_Mistery_of_Iniquity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption><i>A Short Declaration of the Mistery of Iniquity</i> (1612) by Thomas Helwys. For Helwys, religious liberty was a right for everyone, even for those he disagreed with.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1612 Helwys established a Baptist congregation in London, consisting of congregants from Smyth's church. A number of other Baptist churches sprang up, and they became known as the General Baptists. The Particular Baptists were established when a group of Calvinist Separatists adopted believers' Baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2004_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2004-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Particular Baptists consisted of seven churches by 1644 and had created a confession of faith called the First London Confession of Faith.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptist_origins_in_North_America">Baptist origins in North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Baptist origins in North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_United_States" title="Baptists in the United States">Baptists in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_Canada" title="Baptists in Canada">Baptists in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Baptist_Church_in_America_from_Angell_St_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/First_Baptist_Church_in_America_from_Angell_St_2.jpg/170px-First_Baptist_Church_in_America_from_Angell_St_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/First_Baptist_Church_in_America_from_Angell_St_2.jpg/255px-First_Baptist_Church_in_America_from_Angell_St_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/First_Baptist_Church_in_America_from_Angell_St_2.jpg/340px-First_Baptist_Church_in_America_from_Angell_St_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2773" data-file-height="4671" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_in_America" title="First Baptist Church in America">First Baptist Church in America</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Both <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Clarke_(Baptist_minister)" title="John Clarke (Baptist minister)">John Clarke</a> are variously credited as founding the earliest Baptist church in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Newport_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newport-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1639 Williams established a Baptist church in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>, and Clarke began a Baptist church in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>. According to a Baptist historian who has researched the matter extensively, "There is much debate over the centuries as to whether the Providence or Newport church deserved the place of 'first' Baptist congregation in America. Exact records for both congregations are lacking."<sup id="cite_ref-Brackney_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brackney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> energized the Baptist movement, and the Baptist community experienced spectacular growth. Baptists became the largest Christian community in many southern states, including among the enslaved Black population.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_self_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_self-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baptist missionary work in Canada began in the British colony of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> (present day Nova Scotia and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>) in the 1760s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBumstead198440_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBumstead198440-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first official record of a Baptist church in Canada was Horton Baptist Church (now Wolfville) in <a href="/wiki/Wolfville" title="Wolfville">Wolfville</a>, Nova Scotia on 29 October 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBumstead198462_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBumstead198462-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church was established with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Old_and_New_Lights" title="Old and New Lights">New Light</a> evangelist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Alline" title="Henry Alline">Henry Alline</a>. Many of Alline's followers, after his death, converted and strengthened the Baptist presence in the Atlantic region.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlyk_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlyk-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two major groups of Baptists formed the basis of the churches in <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">the Maritimes</a>. These were referred to as Regular Baptist (Calvinistic in their doctrine) and <a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptists</a> (Arminian in their doctrine).<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlyk_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlyk-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1845, the Baptist congregations in the United States split over slavery and missions. The <a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Home_Mission_Society" title="American Baptist Home Mission Society">Home Mission Society</a> prevented slaveholders from being appointed as missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Early_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The split created the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>, while the northern congregations formed their own umbrella organization now called the <a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Churches_USA" title="American Baptist Churches USA">American Baptist Churches USA</a> (ABC-USA).<sup id="cite_ref-Southern_Baptist_Beginnings_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern_Baptist_Beginnings-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_United_States" title="Baptists in the United States">Baptists in the U.S.</a> number 50 million people and constitute roughly one-third of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">American Protestants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptist_origins_in_Ukraine">Baptist origins in Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Baptist origins in Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_Ukraine" title="Baptists in Ukraine">Baptists in Ukraine</a></div> <p>The Baptist churches in Ukraine were preceded by the German Anabaptist and <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonite</a> communities, who had been living in southern Ukraine since the 16th century, and who practiced adult believer's baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Baptist baptism (adult baptism by full immersion) in Ukraine took place in 1864 on the river <a href="/wiki/Inhul" title="Inhul">Inhul</a> in the Yelizavetgrad region (now <a href="/wiki/Kropyvnytskyi" title="Kropyvnytskyi">Kropyvnytskyi</a> region), in a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine,_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union">German settlement</a>. In 1867, the first Baptist communities were organized in that area. From there, the Baptist movement spread across the south of Ukraine and then to other regions as well. </p><p>One of the first Baptist communities was registered in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> in 1907, and in 1908 the First All-<a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> Convention of Baptists was held there, as Ukraine was still controlled by the Russian Empire. The All-Russian Union of Baptists was established in Yekaterinoslav (now <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a>) in southern Ukraine. At the end of the 19th century, there were between 100,000 and 300,000 Baptists in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An independent All-Ukrainian Baptist Union of Ukraine was established during the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">brief period of Ukraine's independence</a> in early 20th-century and once again after the fall of the Soviet Union, the largest of which is currently known as the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Baptist_Union_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Baptist Union of Ukraine">Evangelical Baptist Union of Ukraine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baptist_churches">Baptist churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Baptist churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Baptist_denominations" title="List of Baptist denominations">List of Baptist denominations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptist_Hospital_Mutengene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Baptist_Hospital_Mutengene.jpg/220px-Baptist_Hospital_Mutengene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Baptist_Hospital_Mutengene.jpg/330px-Baptist_Hospital_Mutengene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Baptist_Hospital_Mutengene.jpg/440px-Baptist_Hospital_Mutengene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Baptist Hospital Mutengene (<a href="/wiki/Tiko" title="Tiko">Tiko</a>), member of the <a href="/wiki/Cameroon_Baptist_Convention" title="Cameroon Baptist Convention">Cameroon Baptist Convention</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Refectory_at_Regent%27s_Park_College,_Oxford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1548097.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Refectory_at_Regent%27s_Park_College%2C_Oxford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1548097.jpg/250px-Refectory_at_Regent%27s_Park_College%2C_Oxford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1548097.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Refectory_at_Regent%27s_Park_College%2C_Oxford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1548097.jpg/330px-Refectory_at_Regent%27s_Park_College%2C_Oxford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1548097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Refectory_at_Regent%27s_Park_College%2C_Oxford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1548097.jpg/500px-Refectory_at_Regent%27s_Park_College%2C_Oxford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1548097.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_College,_Oxford" title="Regent's Park College, Oxford"> Regent's Park College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Union of Great Britain">Baptist Union of Great Britain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some Baptist church congregations choose to be independent of larger church organizations (<a href="/wiki/Independent_Baptist" title="Independent Baptist">Independent Baptist</a>). Other Baptist churches choose to be part of an international or national Baptist <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a> or association while still adhering to a <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">congregationalist polity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cooperative relationship allows the development of common organizations, for <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">mission</a> and societal purposes, such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_humanitarian_aid" title="Christian humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a>, schools, <a href="/wiki/Bible_college" title="Bible college">theological institutes</a> and hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of Baptist churches are part of national denominations (or 'associations' or 'cooperative groups'), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance" title="Baptist World Alliance">Baptist World Alliance</a> (BWA), formed in 1905 by 24 Baptist denominations from various countries.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BWA's goals include caring for the needy, leading in world evangelism and defending human rights and religious freedom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missionary_organizations">Missionary organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Missionary organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Missionary organizations favored the development of the movement on all continents. The <a href="/wiki/BMS_World_Mission" title="BMS World Mission">BMS World Mission</a> was founded in 1792 at <a href="/wiki/Kettering" title="Kettering">Kettering</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In United States, <a href="/wiki/International_Ministries_(organization)" title="International Ministries (organization)">International Ministries</a> was founded in 1814, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Mission_Board" title="International Mission Board">International Mission Board</a> was founded in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_Baptiste_le_Rocher_Lom%C3%A9_culte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%C3%89glise_Baptiste_le_Rocher_Lom%C3%A9_culte.jpg/250px-%C3%89glise_Baptiste_le_Rocher_Lom%C3%A9_culte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%C3%89glise_Baptiste_le_Rocher_Lom%C3%A9_culte.jpg/330px-%C3%89glise_Baptiste_le_Rocher_Lom%C3%A9_culte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%C3%89glise_Baptiste_le_Rocher_Lom%C3%A9_culte.jpg/500px-%C3%89glise_Baptiste_le_Rocher_Lom%C3%A9_culte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="1652" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Worship_service_(evangelicalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Worship service (evangelicalism)">Worship service</a> at The Rock Baptist Church of <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Togo_Baptist_Convention" title="Togo Baptist Convention">Togo Baptist Convention</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossway_Church_service.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Crossway_Church_service.jpg/250px-Crossway_Church_service.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Crossway_Church_service.jpg/330px-Crossway_Church_service.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Crossway_Church_service.jpg/500px-Crossway_Church_service.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Worship_service_(evangelicalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Worship service (evangelicalism)">Worship service</a> at <a href="/wiki/Crossway_Baptist_Church" title="Crossway Baptist Church">Crossway Baptist Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Australian_Baptist_Ministries" title="Australian Baptist Ministries">Australian Baptist Ministries</a>, 2008</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KABA_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/KABA_2.jpg/220px-KABA_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/KABA_2.jpg/330px-KABA_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/KABA_2.jpg/440px-KABA_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4868" data-file-height="3245" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Worship_service_(evangelicalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Worship service (evangelicalism)">Worship service</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kohima_Ao_Baptist_Church" title="Kohima Ao Baptist Church">Kohima Ao Baptist Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a>, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Baptist_Church_Council" title="Nagaland Baptist Church Council">Nagaland Baptist Church Council</a> (India), 2019</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Membership policies vary due to the autonomy of churches, but generally an individual becomes a member of a church through believer's baptism (which is a public <a href="/wiki/Profession_of_faith" title="Profession of faith">profession of faith</a> in Jesus, followed by immersion baptism).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Baptists do not believe that baptism is a requirement for salvation but rather a public expression of inner repentance and faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Brackney_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brackney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, Baptist churches do not have a stated age restriction on membership, but believer's baptism requires that an individual be able to freely and earnestly profess their faith.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, an estimated 100 million Christians identified as Baptist or belonging to a Baptist-type church.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, according to the researcher <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Fath" title="Sébastien Fath">Sébastien Fath</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">CNRS</a>, the Baptist movement has around 170 million believers in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a census released in 2024, the BWA includes 266 participating fellowships in 134 countries, with 178,000 churches and 51 million baptized members.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These statistics may not be fully representative, however, since some churches in the United States have dual or triple national Baptist affiliation, causing a church and its members to be counted possibly by more than one Baptist association, if these associations are members of the BWA.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the censuses carried out by individual Baptist associations in 2023, those which claimed the most members on each continent were: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275448275">.mw-parser-output .defaultleft{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .defaultcenter{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .defaultright{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .col1left td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2left td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3left td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4left 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<th>Region</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Churches</th> <th>Members</th> <th>Ref. </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">46,906</td> <td style="text-align:right">12,982,090</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA" title="National Baptist Convention, USA">National Baptist Convention, USA</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">21,145</td> <td>8,415,100</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Baptist_Convention" title="Brazilian Baptist Convention">Brazilian Baptist Convention</a></td> <td>9,288</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,809,230</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Baptist_Convention_of_Argentina" title="Evangelical Baptist Convention of Argentina">Evangelical Baptist Convention of Argentina</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,216</td> <td>85,000</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Baptist_Convention" title="Nigerian Baptist Convention">Nigerian Baptist Convention</a></td> <td>14,523</td> <td style="text-align:right">8,925,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Convention_of_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Convention of Tanzania">Baptist Convention of Tanzania</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,391</td> <td>2,690,730</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Community_of_the_Congo_River" title="Baptist Community of the Congo River">Baptist Community of the Congo River</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,685</td> <td>1,765,836</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Baptist_Convention" title="Myanmar Baptist Convention">Myanmar Baptist Convention</a></td> <td>5,337</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,013,499</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Baptist_Church_Council" title="Nagaland Baptist Church Council">Nagaland Baptist Church Council</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,724</td> <td>716,495</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Philippine_Baptist_Churches" title="Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches">Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,079</td> <td>600,000</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/All-Ukrainian_Union_of_Churches_of_Evangelical_Christian_Baptists" title="All-Ukrainian Union of Churches of Evangelical Christian Baptists">All-Ukrainian Union of Churches of Evangelical Christian Baptists</a></td> <td>2,192</td> <td style="text-align:right">105,189</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Union of Great Britain">Baptist Union of Great Britain</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,875</td> <td>100,103 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Christian_Baptist_Churches_in_Romania" title="Union of Christian Baptist Churches in Romania">Union of Christian Baptist Churches in Romania</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,697</td> <td>83,853</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Baptist Union of Papua New Guinea">Baptist Union of Papua New Guinea</a></td> <td>493</td> <td style="text-align:right">84,700</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Baptist_Ministries" title="Australian Baptist Ministries">Australian Baptist Ministries</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,029</td> <td>78,416</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Baptist_beliefs" title="Baptist beliefs">Baptist beliefs</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Baptist_confessions_of_faith" title="List of Baptist confessions of faith">List of Baptist confessions of faith</a></div><p>Since the early days of the Baptist movement, various associations have adopted common confessions of faith as the basis for cooperative work among churches.<sup id="cite_ref-William_H._Brackney_2020,_p._160-161_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_H._Brackney_2020,_p._160-161-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each church has a particular confession of faith and a common confession of faith if it is a member of an association of churches.<sup id="cite_ref-William_H._Brackney_2020,_p._160-161_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_H._Brackney_2020,_p._160-161-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historically significant Baptist doctrinal documents include the <a href="/wiki/Confession_of_Faith_(1689)" title="Confession of Faith (1689)">1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith</a>, 1742 Philadelphia Baptist Confession, the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Confession_of_Faith" title="New Hampshire Confession of Faith">1833 New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith</a>, and written <a href="/wiki/Church_covenant" title="Church covenant">church covenants</a> which some individual Baptist churches adopt as a statement of their faith and beliefs. </p><p>Baptist theology shares many doctrines with <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">evangelical theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is based on <a href="/wiki/Believers%27_Church" title="Believers' Church">believers' Church</a> doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-WS08_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS08-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baptists, like other Christians, are defined by school of thought—some of it common to all orthodox and evangelical groups, and a portion of it distinctive to Baptists.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the years, different Baptist groups have issued confessions of faith—without considering them to be <i><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creeds</a></i>—to express their particular doctrinal distinctions in comparison to other Christians as well as in comparison to other Baptists.<sup id="cite_ref-Shurden_fragile_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shurden_fragile-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baptist denominations are traditionally seen as belonging to two parties, <a href="/wiki/General_Baptists" title="General Baptists">General Baptists</a> who uphold <a href="/wiki/Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian">Arminian</a> theology, and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptists" title="Reformed Baptists">Particular Baptists</a> who uphold Reformed theology (Calvinism).<sup id="cite_ref-Benedict1848_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedict1848-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness movement</a>, some General Baptists accepted the teaching of a <a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">second work of grace</a> and formed denominations that emphasized this belief, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Association_of_the_Christian_Baptist_Churches_of_God" title="Ohio Valley Association of the Christian Baptist Churches of God">Ohio Valley Association of the Christian Baptist Churches of God</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_Baptist_Association" title="Holiness Baptist Association">Holiness Baptist Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2002_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2002-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Baptists are evangelical in doctrine, but their beliefs may vary due to the congregational governance system that gives autonomy to individual local Baptist churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Baptist_Origins_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baptist_Origins-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, Baptists have played a key role in encouraging religious freedom and the doctrine of separation of church and state.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shared doctrines would include beliefs about one God; the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth of Jesus</a>; miracles; <a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary atonement</a> for sins through the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">burial</a>, and bodily <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>; the need for salvation (through belief in Jesus Christ as the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a>, his death and resurrection); grace; the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a>; last things (<a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">eschatology</a>) (Jesus <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Christ will return</a> personally and visibly in glory to Earth; the <a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">dead will be raised</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Christ will judge everyone</a> in righteousness); and <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missions</a>. </p><p>Most Baptists hold that no church or ecclesiastical organization has inherent authority over a Baptist church. Churches can properly relate to each other under this polity only through voluntary cooperation, never by any sort of coercion. Furthermore, this Baptist polity calls for freedom from governmental control.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exceptions to this local form of local governance include a few churches that submit to the leadership of a body of <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)#Baptists" title="Elder (Christianity)">elders</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Baptists" title="Episcopal Baptists">Episcopal Baptists</a> who have an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal system</a>. </p><p>Baptists generally believe in the literal Second Coming of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beliefs among Baptists regarding the "end times" include <a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">amillennialism</a>, both dispensational and historic <a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">premillennialism</a>, with views such as <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">postmillennialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">preterism</a> receiving some support. </p><p>Some additional distinctive Baptist principles held by many Baptists:<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>The supremacy of the canonical Scriptures as a norm of faith and practice. For something to become a matter of faith and practice, it is not sufficient for it to be merely <i>consistent with</i> and not contrary to scriptural principles. It must be something <i>explicitly</i> ordained through command or example in the Bible. For instance, this is why Baptists do not practice infant baptism: they say the Bible neither commands nor exemplifies infant baptism as a Christian practice. More than any other Baptist principle, this one when applied to infant baptism is said to separate Baptists from other evangelical Christians.</li> <li>Baptists believe that faith is a matter between God and the individual. It is connected in theory with the advocacy of absolute liberty of conscience.</li> <li>Insistence on immersion believer's baptism as the only mode of baptism. Baptists do not believe that baptism is necessary for salvation. Therefore, for Baptists, baptism is an <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christianity)" title="Ordinance (Christianity)">ordinance</a>, not a <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a>, since in their view it imparts no saving grace.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beliefs_that_vary_among_Baptists">Beliefs that vary among Baptists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Beliefs that vary among Baptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/General_Baptists" title="General Baptists">General Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bapticostal_movement" title="Bapticostal movement">Bapticostal movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regular_Baptists" title="Regular Baptists">Regular Baptists</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KJV_1611_Rice_Baptist_Church_New_Market_Alabama_2012-06-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/KJV_1611_Rice_Baptist_Church_New_Market_Alabama_2012-06-13.jpg/250px-KJV_1611_Rice_Baptist_Church_New_Market_Alabama_2012-06-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/KJV_1611_Rice_Baptist_Church_New_Market_Alabama_2012-06-13.jpg/330px-KJV_1611_Rice_Baptist_Church_New_Market_Alabama_2012-06-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/KJV_1611_Rice_Baptist_Church_New_Market_Alabama_2012-06-13.jpg/500px-KJV_1611_Rice_Baptist_Church_New_Market_Alabama_2012-06-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>Church sign indicating that the congregation uses the <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">Authorized King James Version</a> of the Bible of 1611</figcaption></figure> <p>Since there is no hierarchical authority and each Baptist church is autonomous, there is no official set of Baptist theological beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These differences exist among associations and even among churches within the associations. Some doctrinal issues on which there is widespread difference among Baptists are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li>Arminianism versus Calvinism (General Baptists uphold Arminian theology while Particular Baptists teach Calvinist theology).<sup id="cite_ref-Benedict1848_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedict1848-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_separation" title="Doctrine of separation">doctrine of separation</a> from "the world" and whether to associate with those who are "of the world"</li> <li>Belief in a <a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">second work of grace</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a> (held by General Baptists in the Holiness tradition)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Speaking-in-tongues</a> and the operation of other <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">charismatic gifts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> in the charismatic churches<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>How the Bible should be interpreted (<a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a>)</li> <li>The extent to which missionary boards should be used to support missionaries</li> <li>The extent to which non-members may participate in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Lord's Supper</a> services</li> <li>Which translation of Scripture to use (e.g., <a href="/wiki/King_James_Only_movement" title="King James Only movement">King James Only movement</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li>The role of <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">women in marriage</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_Protestant_denominations#Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordination of women in Protestant denominations">ordination of women</a> as deacons or pastors.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Attitudes to and involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical movement</a>.</li> <li>The role of repentance and perseverance in salvation (<a href="/wiki/Lordship_salvation_controversy" title="Lordship salvation controversy">Lordship salvation controversy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>How to distinguish the persons of the trinity (<a href="/wiki/Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">social trinitarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_trinitarianism" title="Classical trinitarianism">classical trinitarianism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">Excommunication</a> may be used as a last resort by some denominations and churches for members who do not want to repent of beliefs or behavior at odds with the confession of faith of the community. When an entire congregation is excluded, it is often called disfellowship.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_Baptists">Types of Baptists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Types of Baptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_Baptists">General Baptists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: General Baptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/General_Baptists" title="General Baptists">General Baptists</a> are Baptists who hold to the view of unlimited atonement, believing that God died for every human being and not just the elect. These Baptists are generally closer to <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminian theology</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptists</a> belong to this grouping.<sup id="cite_ref-Jonas2008_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jonas2008-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garrett2009_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett2009-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brackney2009_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brackney2009-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The General Baptists also emerged from English Separatists, who contended that the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> was a false church, from which one should separate from completely.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particular_Baptists">Particular Baptists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Particular Baptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptists" title="Reformed Baptists">Particular Baptists</a> or Reformed Baptists are Baptists who hold to the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Calvinistic</a> view of salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the denomination, Calvinistic Baptists adhere to varying degrees of Reformed theology, ranging from simply embracing the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism#Five_Points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Five Points of Calvinism</a>, to accepting a modified form of <a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">federalism</a>; all Calvinistic Baptists reject the classical Reformed teaching on <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a>. While the Reformed Baptist confessions affirm views of the nature of baptism similar to those of the classical Reformed, they reject infants as the proper subjects of baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In distinction to the General Baptists who emphasized separation from the Church of England, the Particular Baptists sought more <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missionary_Baptists">Missionary Baptists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Missionary Baptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Missionary_Baptists" title="Missionary Baptists">Missionary Baptists</a> were a group of Baptists that came from the missionary controversy in the United States, where the Missionary Baptists supported the usage of missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett212_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett212-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primitive_Baptists">Primitive Baptists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Primitive Baptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Baptists" title="Primitive Baptists">Primitive Baptists</a> are a type of Baptists who adhere to some type of Calvinistic beliefs, who came out of the controversy among Baptists on the use of mission boards, tract societies and temperamence societies.<sup id="cite_ref-Mead1_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mead1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowley2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9cJjleldIVECpgPA158_158]_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9cJjleldIVECpgPA158_158]-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primitive Baptists reject some elements of classical Reformed theology, such as infant baptism, and avoid the term "Calvinist".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowley2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9cJjleldIVECpgPA158_158]_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9cJjleldIVECpgPA158_158]-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are still Calvinist in the sense of holding strongly to the Five Points of Calvinism and they explicitly reject <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowley2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9cJjleldIVECpgPA158_158]_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9cJjleldIVECpgPA158_158]-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garrett2122_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett2122-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also characterized by "intense conservatism".<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowley1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6TTtLEXwYCUCpgPP17_xi]_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6TTtLEXwYCUCpgPP17_xi]-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Baptists">Independent Baptists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Independent Baptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Independent_Baptist" title="Independent Baptist">Independent Baptists</a> are Baptists who arose from local Baptist congregations whose members were concerned about the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">theological liberalism</a> in national Baptist conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marsden_1980,_pp._55–62,_118-23_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsden_1980,_pp._55–62,_118-23-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent Baptists are primarily <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and although they may differ on multiple issues such as soteriology, dress standards, music, the practice of communion among others, they are homogenous on issues such as opposition to <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">charismatic movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Independent_Baptists">New Independent Baptists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: New Independent Baptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/New_Independent_Fundamental_Baptist_Movement" title="New Independent Fundamental Baptist Movement">New Independent Fundamental Baptist movement</a> was founded out of the Independent Baptist movement by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Anderson_(pastor)" title="Steven Anderson (pastor)">Steven Anderson</a>. However, this movement has been heavily criticized by Independent Baptists due to many doctrinal differences.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some former New IFB pastors have also charged the association of being a <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh_Day_Baptists">Seventh Day Baptists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Seventh Day Baptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Day_Baptists" title="Seventh Day Baptists">Seventh Day Baptists</a> are Baptists who practice Sabbatarianism. However, it is not certain when Seventh Day Baptists took denominational form, and they do not claim an unbroken succession of church organization from before the Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmark_Baptists">Landmark Baptists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Landmark Baptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Landmarkism" title="Landmarkism">Landmark Baptists</a> are a Baptist movement which originated in the 19th century in United States, with leaders such as <a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_Graves" title="James Robinson Graves">J. R. Graves</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Pendleton" title="James Madison Pendleton">J. M. Pendleton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amos_Cooper_Dayton" title="Amos Cooper Dayton">A. C. Dayton</a>, although they denied being a new movement, but a continuation of the old-fashioned Baptists. Landmark Baptists believe that the term "church" should be reserved for Baptist churches exclusively, arguing that groups such as <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a> are not churches at all, but only religious societies. They believe that Baptists share an unbroken line of succession from the early church.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="2233" /></a><figcaption>Show on the life of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus</a> at <a href="/wiki/City_Church_(Brazil)" title="City Church (Brazil)">City Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_dos_Campos" title="São José dos Campos">São José dos Campos</a>, affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Baptist_Convention" title="Brazilian Baptist Convention">Brazilian Baptist Convention</a>, 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chumukedima_Ao_Baptist_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Chumukedima_Ao_Baptist_Church.jpg/250px-Chumukedima_Ao_Baptist_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Chumukedima_Ao_Baptist_Church.jpg/330px-Chumukedima_Ao_Baptist_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Chumukedima_Ao_Baptist_Church.jpg/500px-Chumukedima_Ao_Baptist_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4506" data-file-height="2670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%BCmoukedima" title="Chümoukedima">Chümoukedima</a> Ao Baptist Church, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Baptist_Church_Council" title="Nagaland Baptist Church Council">Nagaland Baptist Church Council</a> (India)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Baptist churches, <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">worship service</a> is part of the life of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">church</a> and includes <a href="/wiki/Praise" title="Praise">praise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">prayers</a> to <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offering_(Christianity)" title="Offering (Christianity)">offering</a>, and periodically the Lord's Supper.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some churches have services with traditional <a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Christian music</a>, others with <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">contemporary Christian music</a>, and some offer both in separate services.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many churches, there are services adapted for children, even teenagers.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prayer meetings are also held during the week.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The architecture is generally sober, and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a> is one of the only spiritual symbols that can usually be seen on the building of a Baptist church and that identifies the place where it belongs.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_HongKongBaptistTheologicalSeminary_Admin%26EdBlock.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HK_HongKongBaptistTheologicalSeminary_Admin%26EdBlock.JPG/250px-HK_HongKongBaptistTheologicalSeminary_Admin%26EdBlock.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HK_HongKongBaptistTheologicalSeminary_Admin%26EdBlock.JPG/330px-HK_HongKongBaptistTheologicalSeminary_Admin%26EdBlock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HK_HongKongBaptistTheologicalSeminary_Admin%26EdBlock.JPG/500px-HK_HongKongBaptistTheologicalSeminary_Admin%26EdBlock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="1032" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Baptist_Theological_Seminary" title="Hong Kong Baptist Theological Seminary">Hong Kong Baptist Theological Seminary</a>, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Convention_of_Hong_Kong" title="Baptist Convention of Hong Kong">Baptist Convention of Hong Kong</a>, 2008</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crandall_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Crandall_University.jpg/250px-Crandall_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Crandall_University.jpg/330px-Crandall_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Crandall_University.jpg/500px-Crandall_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3143" data-file-height="2205" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Crandall_University" title="Crandall University">Crandall University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a>, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Baptists_of_Atlantic_Canada" title="Canadian Baptists of Atlantic Canada">Canadian Baptists of Atlantic Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Baptist_Ministries" title="Canadian Baptist Ministries">Canadian Baptist Ministries</a>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loreto_D._Tupaz_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Loreto_D._Tupaz_Hall.jpg/250px-Loreto_D._Tupaz_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Loreto_D._Tupaz_Hall.jpg/330px-Loreto_D._Tupaz_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Loreto_D._Tupaz_Hall.jpg/500px-Loreto_D._Tupaz_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">College of Nursing, <a href="/wiki/Central_Philippine_University" title="Central Philippine University">Central Philippine University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo City</a>, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Philippine_Baptist_Churches" title="Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches">Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches</a>, 2018.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Baptist churches established elementary and secondary schools, <a href="/wiki/Bible_colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible colleges">Bible colleges</a>, colleges and universities as early as the 1680s in England,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before continuing in various countries.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Baptist_Colleges_and_Universities" title="International Association of Baptist Colleges and Universities">International Association of Baptist Colleges and Universities</a> was founded in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, it had 42 member universities.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedding_at_First_Baptist_Church_of_Rivas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wedding_at_First_Baptist_Church_of_Rivas.jpg/250px-Wedding_at_First_Baptist_Church_of_Rivas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wedding_at_First_Baptist_Church_of_Rivas.jpg/330px-Wedding_at_First_Baptist_Church_of_Rivas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wedding_at_First_Baptist_Church_of_Rivas.jpg/500px-Wedding_at_First_Baptist_Church_of_Rivas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Wedding ceremony at First Baptist Church of <a href="/wiki/Rivas,_Nicaragua" title="Rivas, Nicaragua">Rivas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Convention_of_Nicaragua" title="Baptist Convention of Nicaragua">Baptist Convention of Nicaragua</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Many churches promote <a href="/wiki/Abstinence_pledge" title="Abstinence pledge">virginity pledges</a> to young Baptist Christians, who are invited to engage in a public ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">sexual abstinence</a> until Christian marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pact is often symbolized by a <a href="/wiki/Purity_ring" title="Purity ring">purity ring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programs like <a href="/wiki/True_Love_Waits_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="True Love Waits (organization)">True Love Waits</a>, founded in 1993 by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> have been developed to support the commitments.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Baptist associations around the world believe only in marriage between a man and a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Baptist associations do not have official beliefs about marriage in a <a href="/wiki/Confession_of_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Confession of faith">confession of faith</a> and invoke <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism" title="Congregationalism">congregationalism</a> to leave the choice to each church to decide.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the case of <a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Churches_USA" title="American Baptist Churches USA">American Baptist Churches USA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_National_Baptist_Convention" title="Progressive National Baptist Convention">Progressive National Baptist Convention</a> (USA), <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Baptist_Fellowship" title="Cooperative Baptist Fellowship">Cooperative Baptist Fellowship</a> (USA), <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA" title="National Baptist Convention, USA">National Baptist Convention, USA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Union of Great Britain">Baptist Union of Great Britain</a>. Some Baptist associations support same-sex marriage. This is the case of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Baptists" title="Alliance of Baptists">Alliance of Baptists</a> (USA),<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Canadian Association for Baptist Freedoms,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Aliança de Batistas do Brasil,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Fraternidad de Iglesias Bautistas de Cuba,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Welcoming_and_Affirming_Baptists" title="Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists">Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists</a> (international).<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baptists have faced many controversies in their 400-year history, controversies of the level of crises. Baptist historian Walter Shurden says the word <i>crisis</i> comes from the Greek word meaning 'to decide.' Shurden writes that contrary to the presumed negative view of crises, some controversies that reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive." He claims that even <a href="/wiki/Schism_in_Christianity" title="Schism in Christianity">schism</a>, though never ideal, has often produced positive results. In his opinion, crises among Baptists each have become decision moments that shaped their future.<sup id="cite_ref-Shurden_crises_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shurden_crises-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missions_crisis">Missions crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Missions crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the 19th century, the rise of the modern <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">missions</a> movement, and the backlash against it, led to widespread and bitter controversy among the American Baptists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian1926404–20_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian1926404–20-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this era, the American Baptists were split between missionary and anti-missionary. A substantial secession of Baptists went into the movement led by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(minister)" title="Alexander Campbell (minister)">Alexander Campbell</a> to return to a more fundamental church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian1926421–36_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian1926421–36-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery_crisis">Slavery crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Slavery crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christian views on slavery</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biden_at_Ebenezer_Baptist_Church_(52635229253).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Biden_at_Ebenezer_Baptist_Church_%2852635229253%29.jpg/250px-Biden_at_Ebenezer_Baptist_Church_%2852635229253%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Biden_at_Ebenezer_Baptist_Church_%2852635229253%29.jpg/500px-Biden_at_Ebenezer_Baptist_Church_%2852635229253%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption> Service at <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Baptist_Church" title="Ebenezer Baptist Church">Ebenezer Baptist Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> (Georgia), affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_National_Baptist_Convention" title="Progressive National Baptist Convention">Progressive National Baptist Convention</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Leading up to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Baptists became embroiled in the controversy over <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the United States</a>. Whereas in the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> and Baptist preachers had opposed slavery and urged <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a>, over the decades they made more of an accommodation with the institution. They worked with slaveholders in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> to urge a <a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">paternalistic</a> institution. Both denominations made direct appeals to slaves and free Blacks for conversion. The Baptists particularly allowed them active roles in congregations. By the mid-19th century, northern Baptists tended to oppose slavery. As tensions increased, in 1844 the Home Mission Society refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary who had been proposed by Georgia. It noted that missionaries could not take servants with them, and also that the board did not want to appear to condone slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1845, a group of churches in favor of slavery and in disagreement with the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionism</a> of the Triennial Convention (now American Baptist Churches USA) left to form the Southern Baptist Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believed that the Bible sanctions slavery, and that it was acceptable for Christians to own slaves. They believed slavery was a human institution which Baptist teaching could make less harsh. By this time, many <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planters</a> were part of Baptist congregations, and some of the denomination's prominent preachers, such as <a href="/wiki/Basil_Manly_Sr." title="Basil Manly Sr.">Basil Manly Sr.</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a>, were also planters who owned slaves. </p><p>As early as the late 18th century, Black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies. Blacks set up some independent Baptist congregations in the South before the Civil War. White Baptist associations maintained some oversight of these churches. </p><p>In the postwar years, <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a> quickly left the white congregations and associations, setting up their own churches.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1866, the Consolidated American Baptist Convention, formed from Black Baptists of the South and West, helped southern associations set up Black state conventions, which they did in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>. In 1880, Black state conventions united in the national Foreign Mission Convention to support Black Baptist missionary work. Two other national Black conventions were formed, and in 1895 they united as the <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.">National Baptist Convention</a>. This organization later went through its own changes, spinning off other conventions. It is the largest Black religious organization and the second-largest Baptist organization in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baptists are numerically most dominant in the Southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>'s Religious Landscape Survey found that 45% of all African Americans identify with Baptist denominations, with the vast majority of those being within the historically Black tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington,_D.C._(Dr._Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.)_-_NARA_-_542015_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015_-_Restoration.jpg/250px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015_-_Restoration.jpg/330px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015_-_Restoration.jpg/500px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1565" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, a Baptist minister and civil rights leader, at the 1963 civil rights march on Washington, D.C. The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights movement">Civil Rights movement</a> divided various Baptists in the U.S., as slavery had more than a century earlier.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the American South, the interpretation of the Civil War, abolition of slavery and postwar period has differed sharply by race since those years. Americans have often interpreted great events in religious terms. Historian <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Fallin" title="Wilson Fallin">Wilson Fallin</a> contrasts the interpretation of Civil War and <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> in White versus Black memory by analyzing Baptist sermons documented in Alabama. They quickly organized their own congregations and developed their own regional and state associations and, by the end of the 19th century, a national convention.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White preachers in Alabama after Reconstruction expressed the view that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>God had chastised them and given them a special mission – to maintain orthodoxy, strict biblicism, personal piety, and "traditional" race relations. Slavery, they insisted, had not been sinful. Rather, emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God's favor.</p></blockquote> <p>Black preachers interpreted the Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation</a> and Reconstruction as "God's gift of freedom." They had a gospel of liberation, having long identified with the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a> from slavery in the Old Testament. They took opportunities to exercise their independence, to worship in their own way, to affirm their worth and dignity, and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. Most of all, they quickly formed their own churches, associations, and conventions to operate freely without white supervision. These institutions offered self-help and racial uplift, a place to develop and use leadership, and places for proclamation of the gospel of liberation. As a result, Black preachers said that God would protect and help him and God's people; God would be their rock in a stormy land.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Southern Baptist Convention supported <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> and its results: <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">disenfranchising most Blacks and many poor whites</a> at the turn of the 20th century by raising barriers to voter registration, and passage of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> laws that enforced the system of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its members largely resisted the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the South, which sought to enforce their constitutional rights for public access and voting; and enforcement of midcentury federal civil rights laws.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, the Southern Baptist Convention passed a resolution that recognized the failure of their ancestors to protect the civil rights of African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 20,000 Southern Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta. The resolution declared that messengers, as SBC delegates are called, "unwaveringly denounce racism, in all its forms, as deplorable sin" and "lament and repudiate historic acts of evil such as slavery from which we continue to reap a bitter harvest." It offered an apology to all African Americans for "condoning and/or perpetuating individual and systemic racism in our lifetime" and repentance for "racism of which we have been guilty, whether consciously or unconsciously." Although Southern Baptists have condemned racism in the past, this was the first time the convention, predominantly White since the Reconstruction era, had specifically addressed the issue of slavery. </p><p>The statement sought forgiveness "from our African-American brothers and sisters" and pledged to "eradicate racism in all its forms from Southern Baptist life and ministry." In 1995, about 500,000 members of the 15.6-million-member denomination were African Americans and another 300,000 were ethnic minorities. The resolution marked the denomination's first formal acknowledgment that racism played a role in its founding.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caribbean_islands">Caribbean islands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Caribbean islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> A healthy Church kills error, and tears evil in pieces! Not so very long ago our nation tolerated slavery in our colonies. Philanthropists endeavored to destroy slavery, but when was it utterly abolished? It was when <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">Wilberforce</a> roused the Church of God, and when the Church of God addressed herself to the conflict—then she tore the evil thing to pieces! – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spurgeon" title="Charles Spurgeon">C.H. Spurgeon</a> an outspoken British Baptist opponent of slavery in 'The Best War Cry' (1883)<sup id="cite_ref-CHS_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHS-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Elsewhere in the Americas, in the Caribbean in particular, Baptist missionaries and members took an active role in the anti-slavery movement. In Jamaica, for example, <a href="/wiki/William_Knibb" title="William Knibb">William Knibb</a>, a prominent British Baptist missionary, worked toward the emancipation of slaves in the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a> (which took place in full in 1838). Knibb supported the creation of "<a href="/wiki/Free_Villages" title="Free Villages">Free Villages</a>" and sought funding from English Baptists to buy land for freedmen to cultivate; the Free Villages were envisioned as rural communities to be centered around a Baptist church where emancipated slaves could farm their own land. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Burchell" title="Thomas Burchell">Thomas Burchell</a>, missionary minister in <a href="/wiki/Montego_Bay" title="Montego Bay">Montego Bay</a>, was active in this movement, gaining funds from Baptists in England to buy land for what became known as Burchell Free Village. </p><p>Prior to emancipation, Baptist deacon <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sharpe" title="Samuel Sharpe">Samuel Sharpe</a>, who served with Burchell, organized a general strike of slaves seeking better conditions. It developed into a major rebellion of as many as 60,000 slaves, which became known as the Christmas Rebellion or the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Baptist War</a>. It was put down by government troops within two weeks. During and after the rebellion, an estimated 200 slaves were killed outright, with more than 300 judicially executed later by prosecution in the courts, sometimes for minor offenses. </p><p>Baptists were active after emancipation in promoting the education of former slaves; for example, Jamaica's <a href="/wiki/Calabar_High_School" title="Calabar High School">Calabar High School</a>, named after the port of <a href="/wiki/Calabar" title="Calabar">Calabar</a> in Nigeria, was founded by Baptist missionaries. At the same time, during and after slavery, slaves and free Blacks formed their own <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist" title="Spiritual Baptist">Spiritual Baptist</a> movements—breakaway spiritual movements which theology often expressed resistance to oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmark_crisis">Landmark crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Landmark crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southern Baptist <a href="/wiki/Landmarkism" title="Landmarkism">Landmarkism</a> sought to reset the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_separatism" title="Ecclesiastical separatism">ecclesiastical separation</a> which had characterized the old Baptist churches, in an era when inter-denominational union meetings were the order of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_Graves" title="James Robinson Graves">James Robinson Graves</a> was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some Landmarkers eventually separated from the Southern Baptist Convention, the movement continued to influence the Convention into the 20th and 21st centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernist_crisis">Modernist crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Modernist crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist-Modernist_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy">Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spurgeon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Spurgeon.png/170px-Spurgeon.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Spurgeon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spurgeon" title="Charles Spurgeon">Charles Spurgeon</a> later in life</figcaption></figure> <p>The rise of theological modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries also greatly affected Baptists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorbet1975424–45_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorbet1975424–45-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Landmark movement has been described as a reaction among Southern Baptists in the United States against incipient modernism.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spurgeon" title="Charles Spurgeon">Charles Spurgeon</a> fought against modernistic views of the Scripture in the <a href="/wiki/Downgrade_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Downgrade Controversy">Downgrade Controversy</a> and severed his church from the Baptist Union as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorbet1975114_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorbet1975114-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-downgrade_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-downgrade-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nettles_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nettles-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Baptist_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Baptist Convention">Northern Baptist Convention</a> in the United States had internal conflict over modernism in the early 20th century, ultimately embracing it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorbet1975395,_436_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorbet1975395,_436-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two new conservative associations of congregations that separated from the convention were founded as a result: the <a href="/wiki/General_Association_of_Regular_Baptist_Churches" title="General Association of Regular Baptist Churches">General Association of Regular Baptist Churches</a> in 1933 and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Baptist_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Baptist Association of America">Conservative Baptist Association of America</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorbet1975395,_436_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorbet1975395,_436-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following similar conflicts over modernism, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention_conservative_resurgence" title="Southern Baptist Convention conservative resurgence">the Southern Baptist Convention adhered to conservative theology</a> as its official position.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 20th century, Southern Baptists who disagreed with this direction founded two new groups: the liberal <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Baptists" title="Alliance of Baptists">Alliance of Baptists</a> in 1987 and the more moderate <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Baptist_Fellowship" title="Cooperative Baptist Fellowship">Cooperative Baptist Fellowship</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-BrackneyBNA138_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrackneyBNA138-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally both schisms continued to identify as Southern Baptist, but over time they "became permanent new families of Baptists."<sup id="cite_ref-BrackneyBNA138_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrackneyBNA138-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1963 book, <i>Strength to Love</i>, Baptist pastor <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> criticized some Baptist churches for their <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectualism</a>, especially because of the lack of theological training among pastors.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, Baptist theologian <a href="/wiki/Russell_D._Moore" title="Russell D. Moore">Russell D. Moore</a> criticized some Baptists in the United States for their <a href="/wiki/Moralism" title="Moralism">moralism</a> emphasizing strongly the condemnation of certain personal sins, but silent on the social injustices that afflict entire populations, such as racism.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_Baptist_Fellowship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American Baptist Fellowship (page does not exist)">North American Baptist Fellowship</a>, a region of the Baptist World Alliance, officially made a commitment to social justice and spoke out against <a href="/wiki/Institutionalized_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutionalized discrimination">institutionalized discrimination</a> in the American justice system.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the Baptist World Alliance adopted a resolution encouraging Baptist churches and associations that have historically contributed to the sin of slavery to engage in <a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">restorative justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG/23px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG/34px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG/46px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="201" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evangelical_Christianity" title="Portal:Evangelical Christianity">Evangelical Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baptist_denominations" title="List of Baptist denominations">List of Baptist denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baptist_World_Alliance_National_Fellowships" title="List of Baptist World Alliance National Fellowships">List of Baptist World Alliance National Fellowships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baptists" title="List of Baptists">List of Baptists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shurden_turning-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shurden_turning_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shurden_turning_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShurden2001" class="citation web cs1">Shurden, Walter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerforbaptiststudies.org/pamphlets/style/turningpoints.htm">"Turning Points in Baptist History"</a>. Macon, GA: The Center for Baptist Studies, Mercer University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turning+Points+in+Baptist+History&rft.place=Macon%2C+GA&rft.pub=The+Center+for+Baptist+Studies%2C+Mercer+University&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Shurden&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centerforbaptiststudies.org%2Fpamphlets%2Fstyle%2Fturningpoints.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODCC_self-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_self_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_self_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_self_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFiddes2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fiddes, Paul (2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199642465.001.0001/acref-9780199642465-e-688">"Baptists"</a></span>. In Andrew Louth (ed.). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191744396" title="Special:BookSources/9780191744396"><bdi>9780191744396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baptists&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780191744396&rft.aulast=Fiddes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199642465.001.0001%2Facref-9780199642465-e-688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gourley-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gourley_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gourley_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gourley_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gourley_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gourley_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gourley_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gourley, Bruce. "A Very Brief Introduction to Baptist History, Then and Now." <i>The Baptist Observer.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benedict1848-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benedict1848_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benedict1848_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benedict1848_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenedict1848" class="citation book cs1">Benedict, David (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory00benegoog"><i>A General History of the Baptist Denomination in America and Other Parts of the World</i></a>. Lewis Colby. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory00benegoog/page/n222">325</a>. <q>It is, however, well known by the community at home and abroad, that from a very early period they have been divided into two parties, which have been denominated <i>General</i> and <i>Particular</i>, which differ from each other mainly in their doctrinal sentiments; the Generals being Arminians, and the other, Calvinists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+History+of+the+Baptist+Denomination+in+America+and+Other+Parts+of+the+World&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Lewis+Colby&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Benedict&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageneralhistory00benegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The First Church, J. T. Mann</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brackney-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brackney_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brackney_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brackney_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrackney2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Brackney" title="William H. Brackney">Brackney, William H</a> (2006). <i>Baptists in North America: an historical perspective</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptist+Origins&rft.pub=Baptist+History+and+Heritage+Society&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baptisthistory.org%2Fcontissues%2Fbriggs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_O.J._Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold O.J. Brown (page does not exist)">Brown, Harold O.J.</a> (1988). <i>Heresies: Heresy and Orthodoxy in the History of the Church</i>. 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Gordon Melton and Martin Baumann, <i>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices</i>, ABC-CLIO, US, 2010, p. 298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. Brackney, <i>Historical Dictionary of the Baptists</i>, Scarecrow Press, US, 2009, p. 530</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olivier Favre, <i>Les églises évangéliques de Suisse: origines et identités</i>, Labor et Fides, Genève, 2006, p. 328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Glenn Jonas Jr., <i>The Baptist River</i>, Mercer University Press, US, 2008, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_&_Landers_p258-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_&_Landers_p258_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Andrew Baker, John M. Landers, <i>A Summary of Christian History</i>, B&H Publishing Group, US, 2005, p. 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E. Johnson, <i>A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches</i>, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2010, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Edward Williams, Walter B. Shurden, <i>Turning Points in Baptist History</i>, Mercer University Press, US, 2008, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNettles2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nettles, Tom J. (Spring 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329222721/http://www.founders.org/journal/fj76/article1.html">"Once Upon a Time, Four Hundred Years Ago..."</a> <i>Founders Journal</i>. <b>76</b>: <span class="nowrap">2–</span>8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.founders.org/journal/fj76/article1.html">the original</a> on 29 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Founders+Journal&rft.atitle=Once+Upon+a+Time%2C+Four+Hundred+Years+Ago...&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=76&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nettles&rft.aufirst=Tom+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.founders.org%2Fjournal%2Ffj76%2Farticle1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVedder" class="citation web cs1">Vedder, HC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformedreader.org/history/vedder/ch14.htm">"A Short History of the Baptists"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Baptists&rft.pub=The+Reformed+Reader&rft.aulast=Vedder&rft.aufirst=HC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformedreader.org%2Fhistory%2Fvedder%2Fch14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonard200325-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonard200325_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonard200325_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeonard2003">Leonard 2003</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McBeth_Bapt_Beg-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McBeth_Bapt_Beg_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcBeth" class="citation web cs1">McBeth, H Leon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baptisthistory.org/baptistbeginnings.htm">"Baptist Beginnings"</a>. 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Briggs, <i>A Dictionary of European Baptist Life and Thought</i>, Wipf and Stock Publishers, US, 2009, p. 467</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sébastien Fath, <i>Une autre manière d'être chrétien en France: socio-histoire de l'implantation baptiste, 1810–1950</i>, Editions Labor et Fides, Genève, 2001, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Priest-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Priest_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPriest2010" class="citation cs2">Priest, Gerald L (14 October 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620124136/http://www.dbts.edu/pdf/macp/2007/Priest,%20Are%20Baptists%20Protestants.pdf"><i>Are Baptists Protestants?</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Detroit Baptist Theological Seminary, archived from the original on 20 June 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Are+Baptists+Protestants%3F&rft.pub=Detroit+Baptist+Theological+Seminary&rft.date=2010-10-14&rft.aulast=Priest&rft.aufirst=Gerald+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbts.edu%2Fpdf%2Fmacp%2F2007%2FPriest%2C%2520Are%2520Baptists%2520Protestants.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBelyea" class="citation web cs1">Belyea, Gordon L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/article/origins-of-the-particular-baptists/">"Origins of the Particular Baptists"</a>. <i>The Gospel Coalition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2023</span>. <q>The English and American Baptists have inherited some of the principles without the eccentricities and excesses of the Continental Anabaptists and Mennonites.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+Creeds+of+Christendom%2C+with+a+History+and+Critical+notes.+Volume+I.+The+History+of+Creeds.+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fcreeds1.x.vi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurrage1912" class="citation book cs1">Burrage, Champlin (1912). <i>The Early English Dissenters in the Light of Recent Research</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/major.religions/baptists">the original</a> on 20 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RISU+%2F+English+%2F+Major+Religions+%2F+Baptists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risu.org.ua%2Feng%2Fmajor.religions%2Fbaptists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecbua.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=44&Itemid=29">History of the AUC ECB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805104147/http://ecbua.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=44&Itemid=29">Archived</a> 5 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Всеукраїнський Союз Церков Євангельських Християн-Баптистів web site <span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/us-religion/history/family-trees?F=96">"Family Trees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>. <q>Modern Baptists are a group of Christian denominations and churches who subscribe to a theology of believer's baptism (as opposed to infant baptism), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Family+Trees&rft.pub=Association+of+Religion+Data+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fus-religion%2Fhistory%2Ffamily-trees%3FF%3D96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsShurden2008" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Michael Edward; Shurden, Walter B. (2008). <i>Turning Points in Baptist History</i>. Mercer University Press. pp. 63, 72. <q>63: "Baptists' practice of congregational church government means that all authority and power in Baptist life is focused in the local congregation of believers, not in any extra-local ecclesiastical body. From their beginnings, especially in America, the Baptist people consistently and repeatedly affirmed the local church as the center of their life together. For that reason there is no "The Baptist Church" in the same sense that there is "The Methodist Church," "The Episcopal Church," or "The Presbyterian Church." There are only "Baptist churches." Baptists have formed "conventions" of churches, "unions" of churches, and "associations" of churches, but final authority in Baptist life resides in the local congregation of believers. That authority does not rest in a denomination or any extra-local church body of any kind, civil or ecclesiastical." 72: " If you examine Baptist associations among different national Baptist bodies in contemporary America or if you compare Baptist associations in various countries today, you will find a wide divergence in the nature and practice of associations. This leads to the conclusion that Baptists really have no consistent or obvious theology of church order beyond the local church. Baptists do not have an ecclesiology beyond the local church that tells them how they must organize or structure their local churches into a Baptist denomination. For the most part, each group of Baptists has been guided primarily by practical issues, though they usually conscript both the Bible and Baptist theology in making the case for church connectionalism."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turning+Points+in+Baptist+History&rft.pages=63%2C+72&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Michael+Edward&rft.au=Shurden%2C+Walter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlankmanAugustine2010" class="citation book cs1">Blankman, Drew; Augustine, Todd (17 April 2010). <i>Pocket Dictionary of North American Denominations: Over 100 Christian Groups Clearly & Concisely Defined</i>. InterVarsity Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-6706-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-6706-6"><bdi>978-0-8308-6706-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pocket+Dictionary+of+North+American+Denominations%3A+Over+100+Christian+Groups+Clearly+%26+Concisely+Defined&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2010-04-17&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-6706-6&rft.aulast=Blankman&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft.au=Augustine%2C+Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Stephen R. Holmes, <i>Baptist Theology</i>, T&T Clark, Edinburgh, 2012, p. 104-105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. Brackney, <i>Historical Dictionary of the Baptists</i>, Scarecrow Press, US, 2020, p. 173–174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E. Johnson, <i>A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches</i>, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2010, p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrackney2009" class="citation book cs1">Brackney, William H. (2009). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Baptists</i>. Scarecrow Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>40. <q>ASSOCIATIONS, BAPTIST. Groups of Baptist churches formed for the purpose of mutual support, aid to destitute congregations, and advice on matters of order, discipline, expansion, and identity. Based upon a principle common to most Christian organizations, Baptists have almost from their beginnings associated in this way with other churches of like faith and order. The Baptist association is not considered a superior body to the local congregation but rather an advisory body voluntarily covenanting with local churches for specific tasks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Baptists&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Brackney&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2008" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, C. Douglas (2008). <i>In Search of the New Testament Church: The Baptist Story</i>. Mercer University Press. p. 26. <q>Interdependence of Churches: Associations. Baptist life has accented the independence of the local church more than the interdependence of churches. At the same time, Baptists from their earliest decades of existence sought to practice cooperative work with other Baptist churches in associations. Churches met for fellowship and mutual encouragement and sought doctrinal unity with like-minded churches.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+New+Testament+Church%3A+The+Baptist+Story&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=C.+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E. 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The Judson Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+Manual+For+Baptist+Churches&rft.pub=The+Judson+Press&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Pendleton&rft.aufirst=James+Madison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformedreader.org%2Frbb%2Fpendleton%2Fchurchmanual%2Fbcm01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbc.net/bfm/">"Baptist Faith and Mission"</a>. Southern Baptist Convention<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=R%C3%A9forme&rft.atitle=Qui+sont+les+baptistes+%3F&rft.date=2020-07-28&rft.aulast=Fraysse&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reforme.net%2Freligion%2Fprotestantisme%2F2020%2F07%2F28%2Fqui-sont-les-baptistes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baptistworld.org/member-unions/">"Member Unions | Baptist World Alliance"</a>. <i>baptistworld.org</i>. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wintz, <i>Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century Five-volume Set</i>, Oxford University Press, US, 2009, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern Baptist Convention, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbc.net/about/what-we-do/fast-facts/">Fast Facts About the SBC</a>, sbc.net, USA, accessed July 24, 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_H._Brackney_2020,_p._160-161-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_H._Brackney_2020,_p._160-161_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_H._Brackney_2020,_p._160-161_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Foundation+for+the+Future%3A+The+Southern+Baptist+Message+and+Mission&rft.au=Nettles%2C+Thomas+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformedreader.org%2Fbaptists.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shurden_fragile-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shurden_fragile_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShurden,_Walter_B1993" class="citation book cs1">Shurden, Walter B (1993). <i>The Baptist Identity: Four Fragile Freedoms</i>. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/22329">Baptist Origins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920071007/http://www.teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/22329">Archived</a> 20 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachinghistory.org/">Teaching History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926205612/https://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24484">Archived</a> 26 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Jr (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013130242/http://baptisthistory.org/contissues/pinson.htm">"Trends in Baptist Polity"</a>. Baptist Heritage and the 21st Century. Baptist History and Heritage Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baptisthistory.org/contissues/pinson.htm">the original</a> on 13 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trends+in+Baptist+Polity&rft.series=Baptist+Heritage+and+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Baptist+History+and+Heritage+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Pinson&rft.aufirst=William+M.+Jr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baptisthistory.org%2Fcontissues%2Fpinson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. 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Oliver-Nelson Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8407-9095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8407-9095-8"><bdi>978-0-8407-9095-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eternal+Security%3A+Can+You+be+Sure%3F&rft.pub=Oliver-Nelson+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8407-9095-8&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhmMK2HRDgdIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrudem2016" class="citation book cs1">Grudem, Wayne (18 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NTC6DAAAQBAJ"><i>"Free Grace" Theology: 5 Ways It Diminishes the Gospel</i></a>. Crossway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-5117-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-5117-8"><bdi>978-1-4335-5117-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Free+Grace%22+Theology%3A+5+Ways+It+Diminishes+the+Gospel&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2016-07-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-5117-8&rft.aulast=Grudem&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNTC6DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmersonMorganStamps2020" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, Matthew Y.; Morgan, Christopher W.; Stamps, R. Lucas (15 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=epjnDwAAQBAJ"><i>Baptists and the Christian Tradition: Toward an Evangelical Baptist Catholicity</i></a>. B&H Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4336-5062-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4336-5062-8"><bdi>978-1-4336-5062-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptists+and+the+Christian+Tradition%3A+Toward+an+Evangelical+Baptist+Catholicity&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4336-5062-8&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Y.&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Christopher+W.&rft.au=Stamps%2C+R.+Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DepjnDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. Brackney, <i>Historical Dictionary of the Baptists</i>, Scarecrow Press, US, 2009, p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jonas2008-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jonas2008_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonas2008" class="citation book cs1">Jonas, W. Glenn (2008). <i>The Baptist River: Essays on Many Tributaries of a Diverse Tradition</i>. Mercer University Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881461206" title="Special:BookSources/9780881461206"><bdi>9780881461206</bdi></a>. <q>General Baptists in North Carolina (the Palmer/Parker heritage) were often called "free willers" by their Regular (Reformed) Baptist neighbors. The name was becoming popular by the beginning of the nineteenth century, and in 1828 the group there adopted the name "Free Will Baptists." The reference, of course, was to the doctrine of General Atonement taught by the General Baptists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baptist+River%3A+Essays+on+Many+Tributaries+of+a+Diverse+Tradition&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780881461206&rft.aulast=Jonas&rft.aufirst=W.+Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrett2009-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garrett2009_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarrett2009" class="citation book cs1">Garrett, James Leo (2009). <i>Baptist Theology: A Four-century Study</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptist+Theology%3A+A+Four-Century+Study&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-88146-129-9&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=James+Leo+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DepEHq0mTsKgC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Baptists.aspx#1">"Baptists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Columbia_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Columbia Encyclopedia"><i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i></a> (sixth ed.). 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Glenn Jonas Jr., <i>The Baptist River</i>, Mercer University Press, USA, 2008, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsden_1980,_pp._55–62,_118-23-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marsden_1980,_pp._55–62,_118-23_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marsden (1980), pp. 55–62, 118–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill J. Leonard, Jill Y. Crainshaw, <i>Encyclopedia of Religious Controversies in the United States, Volume 1</i>, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 387</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wayoflife.org/database/whatisifb.html">"What is Independent Baptist?"</a>. <i>Way of Life Literature</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Brackney, <i>Historical Dictionary of the Baptists</i>, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 519</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> William H. Brackney, <i>Historical Dictionary of the Baptists</i>, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 503</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Bill J. Leonard, <i>Baptists in America</i>, Columbia University Press, USA, 2005, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. Brackney, <i>Historical Dictionary of the Baptists</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2021, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> William H. Brackney, <i>Historical Dictionary of the Baptists</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2021, p. 628 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renato Cavallera, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noticias.gospelmais.com.br/alianca-batista-aprova-uniao-gay-boa-nova-20090.html">Aliança batista aprova o reconhecimento da união gay no Brasil e afirma que é uma "boa nova"</a>, noticias.gospelmais.com.br, Brazil, May 25, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Javier Roque Martínez, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsweekespanol.com/2022/02/cristianismo-no-papel-relevante-gobierno-cubano/">'El cristianismo no jugará un papel relevante en la oposición al gobierno cubano'</a>, newsweekespanol.com, Mexico, February 17, 2022 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. Brackney, <i>Historical Dictionary of the Baptists</i>, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 603</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shurden_crises-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shurden_crises_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShurden" class="citation book cs1">Shurden, Walter B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050112160105/http://www.baptistdistinctives.org/crises.pdf"><i>Crises in Baptist Life</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baptistdistinctives.org/crises.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 January 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crises+in+Baptist+Life&rft.aulast=Shurden&rft.aufirst=Walter+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baptistdistinctives.org%2Fcrises.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian1926404–20-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian1926404–20_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristian1926">Christian 1926</a>, pp. 404–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian1926421–36-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian1926421–36_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristian1926">Christian 1926</a>, pp. 421–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E. Johnson, <i>A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches</i>, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2010, p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel S. Hill, Charles H. Lippy, Charles Reagan Wilson, <i>Encyclopedia of Religion in the South</i>, Mercer University Press, US, 2005, p. 796</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitts1985" class="citation cs2">Fitts, Leroy (1985), <i>A History of Black Baptists</i>, Nashville, TN: Broadman Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>106</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Black+Baptists&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=Broadman+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Fitts&rft.aufirst=Leroy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitts (1985)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522053048/http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/pics/geo200/religion/baptist.gif"><i>Baptists as a Percentage of all Residents, 2000</i></a>, Department of Geography and Meteorology, <a href="/wiki/Valparaiso_University" title="Valparaiso University">Valparaiso University</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/pics/geo200/religion/baptist.gif">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/GIFF" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="GIFF">GIFF</a>)</span> on 22 May 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptists+as+a+Percentage+of+all+Residents%2C+2000&rft.pub=Department+of+Geography+and+Meteorology%2C+Valparaiso+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valpo.edu%2Fgeomet%2Fpics%2Fgeo200%2Freligion%2Fbaptist.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425171741/http://www.pewforum.org/A-Religious-Portrait-of-African-Americans.aspx">"A Religious Portrait of African-Americans"</a>. Pew forum. 30 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/A-Religious-Portrait-of-African-Americans.aspx">the original</a> on 25 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Religious+Portrait+of+African-Americans&rft.pub=Pew+forum&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FA-Religious-Portrait-of-African-Americans.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1922" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks, Walter H. (1 January 1922). "The Evolution of the Negro Baptist Church". <i>The Journal of Negro History</i>. <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2713578">10.2307/2713578</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2992">0022-2992</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713578">2713578</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149662445">149662445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Negro+Baptist+Church&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1922-01-01&rft.issn=0022-2992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149662445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2713578%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2713578&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Walter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson Fallin Jr., <i>Uplifting the People: Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama</i> (2007) pp. 52–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHassan2018" class="citation news cs1">Hassan, Adeel (12 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/12/us/southern-baptist-slavery.html">"Oldest Institution of Southern Baptist Convention Reveals Past Ties to Slavery"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/12/us/southern-baptist-slavery.html">the original</a></span> on 1 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Oldest+Institution+of+Southern+Baptist+Convention+Reveals+Past+Ties+to+Slavery&rft.date=2018-12-12&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Adeel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F12%2F12%2Fus%2Fsouthern-baptist-slavery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHankins2002" class="citation book cs1">Hankins, Barry (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b59T47P8CaUC"><i>Uneasy in Babylon: Southern Baptist Conservatives and American Culture</i></a>. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1142-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1142-1"><bdi>978-0-8173-1142-1</bdi></a>. <q>One scholar has called the proslavery racism that gave birth to the SBC the denomination's original sin. He argued that the controversy of the 1980s was part of God's judgment on a denomination that for most of its history engaged in racism, sexism, and a sense of denominational superiority. Whatever the merits of this particular argument, the Southern Baptist Convention, like most southern institutions, reflected, manifested, and in many instances led the racism of the region as a whole. Nowhere was this more prevalent than during the Civil Rights era of the 1960s, when most of the leaders of the opposition to desegregation were Southern Baptists. For just one example of a fairly typical Southern Baptist attitude, one can turn to Douglas Hudgins, pastor of one of the South's most prominent churches in the 1950s and 1960s, First Baptist, Jackson, Mississippi. Hudgins used the moderate theology of E. Y. Mullins, with its emphasis on individualism and soul competency, to argue that the Christian faith had nothing to do with a corporate, societal problem like segregation. He, therefore, refused to speak up for African Americans and, in more ways than he could have known, helped inspire a whole generation of Southern Baptists to rest comfortably in their belief that segregation was natural and that the Civil Rights movement was a perversion of the gospel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uneasy+in+Babylon%3A+Southern+Baptist+Conservatives+and+American+Culture&rft.place=Tuscaloosa%2C+Alabama&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1142-1&rft.aulast=Hankins&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db59T47P8CaUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marisa Iati, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2018/12/12/southern-baptist-conventions-flagship-seminary-admits-all-four-its-founders-owned-slaves/">Southern Baptist Convention's flagship seminary details its racist, slave-owning past in stark report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221055908/https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2018/12/12/southern-baptist-conventions-flagship-seminary-admits-all-four-its-founders-owned-slaves/">Archived</a> 21 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, washingtonpost.com, US, 12 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"SBC renounces racist past – Southern Baptist Convention", <i>The Christian Century</i>. 5 July 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHS-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CHS_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpurgeon1883" class="citation web cs1">Spurgeon, Charles (4 March 1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsforchristians.com/spurgeon/chs1709.html">"The Best War Cry"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Best+War+Cry&rft.date=1883-03-04&rft.aulast=Spurgeon&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsforchristians.com%2Fspurgeon%2Fchs1709.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBesson2002" class="citation cs2">Besson, Jean (2002), <i>Martha Brae's Two Histories</i>, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martha+Brae%27s+Two+Histories&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Besson&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshcraft2003" class="citation book cs1">Ashcraft, Robert (2003). <i>Landmarkism Revisited</i>. Mabelvale, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">AR</a>: Ashcraft Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">84–</span>85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landmarkism+Revisited&rft.place=Mabelvale%2C+AR&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.pub=Ashcraft+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ashcraft&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBogard1900" class="citation book cs1">Bogard, Ben M. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pillarsoforthodo00boga"><i>Pillars of Orthodoxy</i></a>. Louisville: Baptist Book Concern. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pillarsoforthodo00boga/page/199">199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pillars+of+Orthodoxy&rft.place=Louisville&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Baptist+Book+Concern&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Bogard&rft.aufirst=Ben+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpillarsoforthodo00boga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmithHandyLoetscher1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Smith; Handy; Loetscher (1963). <i>American Christianity: An Historical Interpretation With Representative Documents</i>. Vol. II: 1820–1960. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Christianity%3A+An+Historical+Interpretation+With+Representative+Documents&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Smith&rft.au=Handy&rft.au=Loetscher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorbet1975424–45-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorbet1975424–45_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorbet1975">Torbet 1975</a>, pp. 424–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshcraft2000" class="citation cs2">Ashcraft, Robert, ed. (2000), <i>History of the American Baptist Association</i>, Texarkana, History and Archives Committee of the American Baptist Association, pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>6</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+American+Baptist+Association&rft.series=Texarkana&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=History+and+Archives+Committee+of+the+American+Baptist+Association&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorbet1975114-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorbet1975114_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorbet1975">Torbet 1975</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-downgrade-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-downgrade_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpurgeon2009" class="citation book cs1">Spurgeon, Charles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140623204825/http://www.spurgeon.org/misc/dwngrd.htm"><i>The "Down Grade" Controversy</i></a>. Pasadena, Texas: Pilgrim Publications. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1561862115" title="Special:BookSources/978-1561862115"><bdi>978-1561862115</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spurgeon.org/misc/dwngrd.htm">the original</a> on 23 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Down+Grade%22+Controversy&rft.place=Pasadena%2C+Texas&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Pilgrim+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1561862115&rft.aulast=Spurgeon&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spurgeon.org%2Fmisc%2Fdwngrd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nettles-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nettles_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNettles2013" class="citation book cs1">Nettles, Tom (21 July 2013). <i>Living By Revealed Truth The Life and Pastoral Theology of Charles Haddon Spurgeon</i>. Ross-shire: Christian Focus Publishing. p. 700. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781911228" title="Special:BookSources/9781781911228"><bdi>9781781911228</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+By+Revealed+Truth+The+Life+and+Pastoral+Theology+of+Charles+Haddon+Spurgeon&rft.place=Ross-shire&rft.pages=700&rft.pub=Christian+Focus+Publishing&rft.date=2013-07-21&rft.isbn=9781781911228&rft.aulast=Nettles&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorbet1975395,_436-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorbet1975395,_436_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorbet1975395,_436_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorbet1975">Torbet 1975</a>, pp. 395, 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hefley, James C., <i>The Truth in Crisis, Volume 6: The Conservative Resurgence in the Southern Baptist Convention</i>, Hannibal Books, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929292-19-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-929292-19-7">0-929292-19-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, Rob B. <i>The Fundamentalist Takeover in the Southern Baptist Convention</i>, 4th ed., Wilkes Publishing, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_Georgia" title="Washington, Georgia">Washington, Georgia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrackneyBNA138-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BrackneyBNA138_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BrackneyBNA138_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrackney2006" class="citation book cs1">Brackney, William H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=elSI3WJy1kMC&pg=PA138"><i>Baptists in North America: An Historical Perspective</i></a>. Wiley. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1865-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1865-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-1865-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptists+in+North+America%3A+An+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1865-1&rft.aulast=Brackney&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DelSI3WJy1kMC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeadHillAtwood2001" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Frank Spencer; Hill, Samuel S; Atwood, Craig D (2001). <i>Handbook of Denominations in the United States</i>. Abingdon Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-687-06983-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-687-06983-5"><bdi>978-0-687-06983-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Denominations+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-687-06983-5&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Frank+Spencer&rft.au=Hill%2C+Samuel+S&rft.au=Atwood%2C+Craig+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2007" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Bill J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/baptistsinameric0000leon/page/228"><i>Baptists in America</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/baptistsinameric0000leon/page/228">228</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12703-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12703-5"><bdi>978-0-231-12703-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptists+in+America&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12703-5&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Bill+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbaptistsinameric0000leon%2Fpage%2F228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130075936/http://thefellowship.info/About-Us/FAQ">"CBF History"</a>. Cooperative Baptist Fellowship. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefellowship.info/About-Us/FAQ">the original</a> on 30 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBF+History&rft.pub=Cooperative+Baptist+Fellowship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefellowship.info%2FAbout-Us%2FFAQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis Baldwin, <i>The Voice of Conscience: The Church in the Mind of Martin Luther King, Jr.</i>, Oxford University Press, US, 2010, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Samuel (13 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianpost.com/news/russell-moore-john-macarthur-social-justice-statement-bible-doesnt-make-these-artificial-distinctions.html">"Moore on MacArthur's Social Justice Statement: 'Bible Doesn't Make These Artificial Distinctions'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Christian Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Post&rft.atitle=Moore+on+MacArthur%27s+Social+Justice+Statement%3A+%27Bible+Doesn%27t+Make+These+Artificial+Distinctions%27&rft.date=2018-09-13&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianpost.com%2Fnews%2Frussell-moore-john-macarthur-social-justice-statement-bible-doesnt-make-these-artificial-distinctions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCamp2020" class="citation web cs1">Camp, Ken (4 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baptiststandard.com/news/baptists/baptist-groups-lament-and-decry-racial-injustice/">"Baptist groups lament and decry racial injustice"</a>. <i>Baptist Standard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baptist+Standard&rft.atitle=Baptist+groups+lament+and+decry+racial+injustice&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft.aulast=Camp&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baptiststandard.com%2Fnews%2Fbaptists%2Fbaptist-groups-lament-and-decry-racial-injustice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ken Camp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baptiststandard.com/news/world/bwa-resolutions-condemn-racism-commend-reparations/">BWA resolutions condemn racism, commend reparations</a>, baptiststandard.com, USA, July 16, 2022</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrackney1999" class="citation cs2">Brackney, William H. (1999), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000brac"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Baptists</i></a></span>, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810836525" title="Special:BookSources/9780810836525"><bdi>9780810836525</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1244775694">1244775694</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Baptists&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1244775694&rft.isbn=9780810836525&rft.aulast=Brackney&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio0000brac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBumstead1984" class="citation cs2">Bumstead, JM (1984), <i>Henry Alline, 1748–1784</i>, Hantsport, NS: <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Press" title="Lancelot Press">Lancelot Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Alline%2C+1748%E2%80%931784&rft.place=Hantsport%2C+NS&rft.pub=Lancelot+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Bumstead&rft.aufirst=JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristian1926" class="citation cs2">Christian, John T (1926), <i>History of the Baptists</i>, vol. 2, Nashville: Broadman Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Baptists&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pub=Broadman+Press&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Christian&rft.aufirst=John+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrowley1998" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, John G (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6TTtLEXwYCUC"><i>Primitive Baptists of the Wiregrass South: 1815 to the Present</i></a>. University of Florida Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1640-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1640-5"><bdi>978-0-8130-1640-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primitive+Baptists+of+the+Wiregrass+South%3A+1815+to+the+Present&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-1640-5&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=John+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6TTtLEXwYCUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2006" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, John G. (2006). "The Primitive or Old School Baptists". In Jonas, William Glenn (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9cJjleldIVEC"><i>The Baptist River: Essays on Many Tributaries of a Diverse Tradition</i></a>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88146-030-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88146-030-3"><bdi>0-88146-030-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Primitive+or+Old+School+Baptists&rft.btitle=The+Baptist+River%3A+Essays+on+Many+Tributaries+of+a+Diverse+Tradition&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-88146-030-3&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9cJjleldIVEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kidd, Thomas S. and Barry Hankins, <i>Baptists in America: A History</i> (2015)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2003" class="citation cs2">Leonard, Bill J (2003), <i>Baptist Ways: A History</i>, Judson Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8170-1231-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8170-1231-1"><bdi>978-0-8170-1231-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptist+Ways%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Judson+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8170-1231-1&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Bill+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span>, comprehensive international History.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTorbet1975" class="citation cs2">Torbet, Robert G (1975) [1950], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbaptist0000torb"><i>A History of the Baptists</i></a>, Valley Forge, PA: Judson Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8170-0074-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8170-0074-5"><bdi>978-0-8170-0074-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Baptists&rft.place=Valley+Forge%2C+PA&rft.pub=Judson+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8170-0074-5&rft.aulast=Torbet&rft.aufirst=Robert+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbaptist0000torb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2004" class="citation cs2">Wright, Stephen (2004), <i>Early English Baptists 1603–1649</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+English+Baptists+1603%E2%80%931649&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bebbington, David. <i>Baptists through the Centuries: A History of a Global People</i> (Baylor University Press, 2010) emphasis on the United States and Europe; the last two chapters are on the global context.</li> <li>Brackney, William H. <i>A Genetic History of Baptist Thought: With Special Reference to Baptists in Britain and North America</i> (Mercer University Press, 2004), focus on confessions of faith, hymns, theologians, and academics.</li> <li>Brackney, William H. ed., <i>Historical Dictionary of the Baptists</i> (2nd ed. Scarecrow, 2009).</li> <li>Cathcart, William, ed. <i>The Baptist Encyclopedia</i> (2 vols. 1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/baptistencyclope02cathuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Gavins, Raymond. <i>The Perils and Prospects of Southern Black Leadership: Gordon Blaine Hancock, 1884–1970.</i> Duke University Press, 1977.</li> <li>Harrison, Paul M. <i>Authority and Power in the Free Church Tradition: A Social Case Study of the American Baptist Convention</i> Princeton University Press, 1959.</li> <li>Harvey, Paul. <i>Redeeming the South: Religious Cultures and Racial Identities among Southern Baptists, 1865–1925</i> University of North Carolina Press, 1997.</li> <li>Heyrman, Christine Leigh. <i>Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt</i> (1997).</li> <li>Isaac, Rhy. "Evangelical Revolt: The Nature of the Baptists' Challenge to the Traditional Order in Virginia, 1765 to 1775", <i>William and Mary Quarterly,</i> 3d ser., XXXI (July 1974), 345–368.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Life & Practice in the Early Church: A Documentary Reader</i>, New York University press, 2001, pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>7, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5648-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5648-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-5648-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+%26+Practice+in+the+Early+Church%3A+A+Documentary+Reader&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=New+York+University+press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-5648-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Kidd, Thomas S., Barry Hankins, Oxford University Press, 2015</li> <li>Leonard, Bill J. <i>Baptists in America</i> (Columbia University Press, 2005).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMenikoff,_Aaron2014" class="citation book cs1">Menikoff, Aaron (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2oANBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR9"><i>Politics and Piety: Baptist Social Reform in America, 1770–1860</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781630872823" title="Special:BookSources/9781630872823"><bdi>9781630872823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Piety%3A+Baptist+Social+Reform+in+America%2C+1770%E2%80%931860&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781630872823&rft.au=Menikoff%2C+Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2oANBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pitts, Walter F. <i>Old Ship of Zion: The Afro-Baptist Ritual in the African Diaspora</i> Oxford University Press, 1996.</li> <li>Rawlyk, George. <i>Champions of the Truth: Fundamentalism, Modernism, and the Maritime Baptists</i> (1990), Canada.</li> <li>Spangler, Jewel L. "Becoming Baptists: Conversion in Colonial and Early National Virginia" <i>Journal of Southern History.</i> Volume: 67. Issue: 2. 2001. pp. 243+</li> <li>Stringer, Phil. <i>The Faithful Baptist Witness,</i> Landmark Baptist Press, 1998.</li> <li>Underwood, A. C. <i>A History of the English Baptists.</i> London: Kingsgate Press, 1947.</li> <li>Whitley, William Thomas <i>A Baptist Bibliography: being a register of the chief materials for Baptist history, whether in manuscript or in print, preserved in Great Britain, Ireland, and the Colonies</i>. 2 vols. London: Kingsgate Press, 1916–1922 (reissued) Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1984 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3487074567" title="Special:BookSources/3487074567">3487074567</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilhite2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wilhite, David E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+baptists+%22and+the+son%22%3a+the+Filioque+clause+in+noncreedal...-a0205746293">"The Baptists "And the Son": The Filioque Clause in Noncreedal Theology"</a>. <i>Journal of Ecumenical Studies</i>. <b>44</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">285–</span>302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecumenical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Baptists+%22And+the+Son%22%3A+The+Filioque+Clause+in+Noncreedal+Theology&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wilhite&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FThe%2Bbaptists%2B%2522and%2Bthe%2Bson%2522%253a%2Bthe%2BFilioque%2Bclause%2Bin%2Bnoncreedal...-a0205746293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptists" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wills, Gregory A. <i>Democratic Religion: Freedom, Authority, and Church Discipline in the Baptist South, 1785–1900,</i> Oxford.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>McBeth, H. Leon, ed. <i>A Sourcebook for Baptist Heritage</i> (1990), primary sources for Baptist history.</li> <li>McKinion, Steven A., ed. <i>Life and Practice in the Early Church: A Documentary Reader</i> (2001)</li> <li>McGlothlin, W. J., ed. <i>Baptist Confessions of Faith.</i> Philadelphia: The American Baptist Publication Society, 1911.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptists&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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title="wikisource:Portal:Baptists">Portal:Baptists</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchfathers.org/infant-baptism/">Early Church Fathers on Baptism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographiesonline.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0192.xml?rskey=nvgEkL&result=14">Oxford bibliographies: "Baptists" (2015) by Janet Moore Lindman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.isl.lib.in.us/repositories/2/resources/298">Baptist church history collection</a>, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Centuries9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Truce_of_God" title="Peace and Truce of God">Peace and Truce of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity965" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this 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Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Baptists" title="Missionary Baptists">Missionary Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Church_Network" title="Venture Church Network">Conservative Baptist Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Association_of_Regular_Baptist_Churches" title="General Association of Regular Baptist Churches">General Association of Regular Baptist Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod" title="Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church USA">Presbyterian Church USA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA" title="Assemblies of God USA">Assemblies of God USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Church" title="Foursquare Church">Foursquare Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Pentecostal Church of God">Pentecostal Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Assemblies_of_the_World" title="Pentecostal Assemblies of the World">Pentecostal Assemblies of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Pentecostal_Church_International" title="United Pentecostal Church International">United Pentecostal Church International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian churches and churches of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism" title="Congregationalism">Congregationalist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Congregational_Christian_Conference" title="Conservative Congregational Christian Conference">Conservative Congregational Christian Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson,_Indiana)" title="Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)">Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_North_America" title="Christian Reformed Church in North America">Christian Reformed Church in North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vineyard_Churches" title="Association of Vineyard Churches">Association of Vineyard Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Chapel_Association" title="Calvary Chapel Association">Calvary Chapel Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy" title="Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy">Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93modernist_controversy" title="Fundamentalist–modernist controversy">Fundamentalist–modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_revival" title="Healing revival">Healing revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Crusade_(1949)" title="Los Angeles Crusade (1949)">Los Angeles Crusade (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_1800" title="Revival of 1800">Revival of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_by_fire" title="Baptism by fire">Baptism by fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers%27_Church" title="Believers' Church">Believers' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_patriarchy" title="Biblical patriarchy">Biblical patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_womanhood" title="Biblical womanhood">Biblical womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theology" title="Decision theology">Decision theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_theology" title="Kingdom theology">Kingdom theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Quiverfull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_preacher" title="Child preacher">Child preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship" title="Contemporary worship">Contemporary worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">Contemporary worship music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air preaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_warrior" title="Prayer warrior">Prayer warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinner%27s_prayer" title="Sinner's prayer">Sinner's prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_church" title="Bible church">Bible church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">Megachurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">Televangelism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement" title="Apostolic-Prophetic Movement">Apostolic-Prophetic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapticostal_movement" title="Bapticostal movement">Bapticostal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exvangelical" title="Exvangelical">Exvangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-evangelicalism" title="Post-evangelicalism">Post-evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Reformation" title="New Apostolic Reformation">New Apostolic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-Letter_Christians" title="Red-Letter Christians">Red-Letter Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Mountain_Mandate" title="Seven Mountain Mandate">Seven Mountain Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformational_Christianity" title="Transformational Christianity">Transformational Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Biblical_Manhood_and_Womanhood" title="Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood">Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Climate_Initiative" title="Evangelical Climate Initiative">Evangelical Climate Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Ecumenical_Women%27s_Caucus" title="Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus">Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Theological_Seminary" title="Fuller Theological Seminary">Fuller Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute" title="Moody Bible Institute">Moody Bible Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Broadcasters" title="National Religious Broadcasters">National Religious Broadcasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promise_Keepers" title="Promise Keepers">Promise Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vision_United_States" title="World Vision United States">World Vision United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Christ" title="Youth for Christ">Youth for Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Sunday" title="Billy Sunday">Billy Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._I._Scofield" title="C. I. Scofield">C. I. Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93191#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2584" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93191#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2584" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93191#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140381970">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4125244-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Baptists"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85011739">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Baptistes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963420j">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Baptistes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963420j">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560518">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="baptismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph218047&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="baptisté"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph218049&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="baptistky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph608297&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000069367&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007283150805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/043206">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=40307">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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